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Apraxia: the Neuropsychology of Action Apraxia: The Neuropsychology of Action edited by Leslie j. Gonzalez Rothi and Kenneth M. Heilman Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Ca inesville, FL 32610, USA 'P ~~~~~~~;?c9XP Press LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1997 by Psychology Press Published 2014 by Psychology Press 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex, BN3 2FA and by Psychology Press 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Psychology Press is an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1997 by Psychology Press Ltd All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-86377-743-1 (pbk) ISBN 978-0-863-77743-1 (hbk) ISSN 0967-9944 Coverdesign by Joyce Chester TypesetinTimes by Gilbert Composing Services, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent. Contents Chapter I. Introduction to Limb Apraxia 1 Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi and Kenneth M. Heilman Chapter 2. Limb Apraxia: A Look Back 7 Kenneth M. Heilman and Leslie J.Gonzalez Rothi Chapter 3. Handedness 19 Kenneth M. Heilman Chapter 4. A Cognitive Neuropsychological Model of Limb Praxis and Apraxia 29 Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi, Cynthia Ochipa, and Kenneth M. Heilman Chapter 5. Conceptual Praxis 51 Anastasia M. Raymer and Cynthia Ochipa Chapter 6. Limb Praxis Assessment 61 Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi, Anastasia M. Raymer and Kenneth M. Heilman Chapter 7. Management and Treatment of Limb Apraxia 75 Lynn M. Maher and Cynthia Ochipa Chapter 8. Kinematic Approaches to the Study of Apraxic Disorders 93 Howard Poizner, Alma S. Merians, Mary Ann Clark, Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi, and Kenneth M. Heilman iii iv CONTENTS Chapter 9. Representations of Actions in Ideomotor Limb Apraxia: Clues from Motor Programming and Control 111 Deborah L. Rarrington and Kathleen Y. Haaland Chapter 10. Disorders ofWriting 149 Steven Z. Rapscak Chapter I I. Apraxia of Speech: Another Form of Praxis Disruption 173 Paula A. Square, Eric A. Roy, and Ruth E. Martin Chapter 12. Subcortical Limb Apraxia 207 Bruce Crosson Chapter 13. Developmental Dyspraxia 245 Mary K. Morris Chapter 14. Naturalistic Action 269 Myrna F. Schwartz and Laure/ J. Buxbaum Glossary 291 Author Index 299 Subject Index 309 Contributors Laurel J. Buxbaum, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA MaryAnn Clark, Seton Hall University, Newark, NJ, USA. Bruce Crosson, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Kathleen Y. Haaland, Psychology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Deborah L. Harrington, Psychology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments ofPsychology and Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Kenneth M. Heilman, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, and Neurology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA. Lyon M. Maher, Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Ruth E. Martin, Department ofCommunicative Disorders, University ofWestem Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. Alma S. Merians, University ofMedicine and Dentistry ofNew Jersey, Newark, NJ,USA. Mary K. Morris, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA Cynthia Ochipa, Audiology and Speech Pathology Service, James A. Haley Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA. V vi CONTRIBUTORS Howard Poizner, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA. Anastasia M. Raymer, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi, Audiology and Speech Pathology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Eric A. Roy, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Myrna F. Schwartz, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Paula A. Square, Graduate Department of Speech Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Brain Damage, Behaviour and Cognition Developments in Clinical Neuropsychology Series Editors Chris Code, University of Sydney, Australia Glyn Humphreys, University of Birmingham, UK Dave Müller, University College Suffolk, UK Published titles Cognitive Rehabilitation Using Microcomputers Veronica A. Bradley, John L. Welch and Clive E. Skilbeck The Characteristics of Aphasia Chris Code (Ed.) Classic Cases in Neuropsychology Chris Code, C/aus-W. Wal/esch, Yves Joanette, and Andre Roch Lecours (Eds) The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia Anthony S. David and John C. Cutfing (Eds) Neuropsychology and the Demenlias Siobhan Hart and James M. Sempie Clinical Neuropsychology of Alcoholism Robert G. Knight and Barry E. Langmore Acquired Neurological Speech/Language Disorders in Childhood Bruce E. Murdoch (Ed.) Neuropsychology of the Amnesie Syndrome Alan J. Parkin and Nicholas R.C. Leng Clinical and Neuropsychological Aspects of Closed Head Injury John T.E. Richardson Unilateral Neglect: Clinical and Experimental Studies /an H. Robertson and J.C. Marshall (Eds.) Apraxia: The Neuropsychology of Action Les/ie J. Gonzalez Rothi and Kenneth Heilman (Eds.) Acquired Apraxia of Speech in Aphasie Adults Pau/a A. Square (Ed.) Developmental Cognitive Neuropsychology Christine Temple Cognitive Rehabilitation in Perspective Rodger Wood and /an Fussey (Eds.) Series Preface From being an area primarily on the periphery of mainstream behavioural and cognitive science, neuropsychology has developed in recent years into an area of central concern for a range of disciplines. We are witnessing not only a revolution in the way in which brain-behaviour-cognition relationships are viewed, but a widening of interest concerning developments in neuropsychology on the part of a range of workers in a variety of fields. Major advances in brain-imaging techniques and the cognitive modeHing of the impairments following brain darnage promise a wider understanding of the nature of the representation of cognition and behaviour in the damaged and undamaged brain. Neuropsychology is now centrally important for those working with brain­ damaged people, but the very rate of expansion in the area makes it difficult to keep up with findings from current research. The aim of the Brain Damage, Behaviour and Cognition series is to publish a wide range of books which present comprehensive and up-to-date overviews of current developments in specific areas of interest. These books will be of particular interest to those working with the brain­ damaged. lt is the editors' intention that undergraduates, postgraduates, clinicians and researchers in psychology, speech pathology and medicine will find this series a useful source of information on important current develop­ ments. The authors and editors of the books in this series are experts in their respective fields, working at the forefront of contemporary research. They have produced texts which are accessible and scholarly. We thank them for their contribution and their hard work in fulfilling the aims of the series. CCandGH Sydney, Australia and Birmingham, UK Series Editors viii 1lntroduction to Limb Apraxia Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi and Kenneth M. Heilman ADEFINITION OF APRAXIA The term apraxia was coined by Steinthai in 1871. During the last century it has been used to describe a wide variety of neuro1ogically induced, acquired, and developmental disorders including buccofacial apraxia, constructional apraxia, dressing apraxia, gait apraxia, gaze apraxia, limb apraxia, speech apraxia, truncal apraxia, and swallowing apraxia. Although the term apraxia is applied in each of these cases (and others), many of these disorders seem tobe unrelated neurologically and psychologically. De Ajuriaguerra and Tissot (1969) therefore suggested that it may be necessary to abandon the general concept of apraxia as a class of disorders in favour of a description of various specific apraxias. But the term apraxia does have functional implications and we wondered about the attributes it implied to us. When Steinthai initially used this term apraxia it was not clear whether it reflected motor, sensory or gnosic deficits. Liepmann's (1977) earliest writings at the turn ofthe century suggested that the term apraxia should be used when the genesis of the disorder was motor in nature. The term apraxia is sometimes used to indicate a disorder of volitional movement where nonvolitional movement is spared. However, volition is operationally difficult to define and discriminate. Others describe apraxia as a disorder of movement from memory. For example, when a person is asked to "pretend to blow out a match" they fail to do so, but when a lit match
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