The Neuropsychology of Attention
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'Peanut Butter' Test Can Help Diagnose Alzheimer's Disease 9 October 2013
Researchers find that 'peanut butter' test can help diagnose Alzheimer's disease 9 October 2013 (Medical Xpress)—A dollop of peanut butter and a and held the ruler next to the open nostril while the ruler can be used to confirm a diagnosis of early patient breathed normally. The clinician then moved stage Alzheimer's disease, University of Florida the peanut butter up the ruler one centimeter at a Health researchers have found. time during the patient's exhale until the person could detect an odor. The distance was recorded Jennifer Stamps, a graduate student in the UF and the procedure repeated on the other nostril McKnight Brain Institute Center for Smell and after a 90-second delay. Taste, and her colleagues reported the findings of a small pilot study in the Journal of the The clinicians running the test did not know the Neurological Sciences. patients' diagnoses, which were not usually confirmed until weeks after the initial clinical testing. Stamps came up with the idea of using peanut butter to test for smell sensitivity while she was The scientists found that patients in the early working with Dr. Kenneth Heilman, the James E. stages of Alzheimer's disease had a dramatic Rooks distinguished professor of neurology and difference in detecting odor between the left and health psychology in the UF College of Medicine's right nostril—the left nostril was impaired and did not department of neurology. detect the smell until it was an average of 10 centimeters closer to the nose than the right nostril She noticed while shadowing in Heilman's clinic had made the detection in patients with Alzheimer's that patients were not tested for their sense of disease. -
Psychological and Neuroscientific Perspectives on Gratitude As an Emotion
Psychological and Neuroscientific Perspectives on Gratitude as an Emotion Bachelor Degree Project in Cognitive Neuroscience Basic level 15 ECTS Spring term 2016 Mirna Solaka Supervisor: Kristoffer Ekman Examiner: Judith Annett GRATITUDE; AS AN EMOTION 2 Abstract Gratitude is an emotional response when people feel grateful for the good things that happen to them or acknowledgment of a benefit received from another person. Gratitude is an important component of positive psychology and the world’s largest religions emphasize the importance of gratitude in their teaching. Research has begun to explore factors that enhance human life and one such factor is the effect of positive emotions on mental health outcomes. Gratitude is considered to be a positive emotion and grateful individuals tend to be happier, less depressed, less stressed and more satisfied with their lives. Gratitude may have a strong link with mental health and wellbeing and research has recently started to understand its positive effects. Despite the research findings showing the effectiveness of gratitude interventions, the neural mechanisms involved in gratitude are relatively unknown. It is important to investigate the neural processes involved in gratitude because it may provide clues as to how gratitude as a positive emotion can influence mental health and wellbeing. Gratitude has many definitions and this essay will present the different definitions of the experience of gratitude, what happens in the brain when experiencing gratitude and as a positive emotion and how -
Brainnovations Mobiliser
Converge. Discover. Deliver Brainnovations Mobiliser. Découvrir. Produire Funding provided, in part, by the Government of Ontario March 2014 - Volume 4 86 billion: that is the number of neurons, or cells, estimated to OBI Founders make up the human brain. Lawrence and Frances Bloomberg - Mount Sinai Hospital Within each cell there is a universe of complexity and activity. Sydney and Florence Cooper But the remarkable abilities of the brain to think, remember, - Baycrest respond, and feel, cannot be explained by just scaling up the Gerald and Geraldine Heffernan individual actions of each cell. - University of Toronto It comes down to the connections. No neuron works in William and Susanne Holland - Holland Bloorview isolation, in fact each cell is thought to make up to 10,000 Richard M. Ivey connections with other cells; the outcome of this - Western University interconnectivity, some 100 trillion connections, is the network Dr. Donald Stuss Robert and Linda Krembil of the human brain. - University Health Network President and Scientific Director Like the brain itself, the Ontario Brain Institute’s strength is its Arthur and Sonia Labatt - The Hospital for Sick Children Ontario Brain Institute ability to create connections. Joseph and Sandra Rotman Learn More - Ontario Brain Institute Lawrence and Judith Tanenbaum - Brain Canada Eli Lilly Canada Inc. Peering Into Dementia GE Healthcare Canada GlaxoSmithKline Inc. IBM Canada Ltd. The eyes are said to be the ‘windows into Medtronic of Canada Ltd. the soul’. Now a novel technique is allowing Nestlé Health Science, Canada researchers to take this romantic thought to a Pfizer Canada Ltd. new level and use the eye as a ‘window into the Valeant Canada LP brain’- to better understand and diagnose brain disorders. -
Applied Psychophysiology and Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Sex Offenders1
Biofeedback Volume 38, Issue 4, pp. 148–154 EAssociation for Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback DOI: 10.5298/1081-5937-38.2.04 www.aapb.org FEATURE ARTICLE Applied Psychophysiology and Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Sex Offenders1 John A. Corson, PhD Dartmouth College and Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, White River Junction, VT Keywords: applied psychophysiology, biofeedback, cognitive and behavioral therapy, sex offenders This article presents an application of applied psychophys- have called ‘‘cruising’’ or ‘‘trolling’’. However, as far as I iological and cognitive and behavioral strategies to the can determine, there has been very little tailoring of treatment of sex offenders. The participants were 21 sex treatment to such individual differences. offenders treated as outpatients at the Veterans Adminis- The most promising outcome study I have seen is by tration Medical Center in White River Junction, Vermont. A McGrath, Cumming, Livingston, and Hoke (2003). They repeated-case-study format was used. Because hyperventi- examined the recidivism rates of 195 inmates who had lation destabilizes the autonomic nervous system (disrupt- been referred to a prison-based cognitive-behavioral ing and/or preventing erection and other aspects of male treatment program for sex offenders. They wrote, ‘‘Over sexual arousal) and dramatically changes brain function a mean follow-up period of almost 6 years, the sexual (degrading train of thought and shifting neuroendocrine re-offense rate for the completed-treatment group (N 5 function), clients were taught to hyperventilate in response 56) was 5.4 percent vs. 30.6 percent for the some- to thoughts and images of the targets of their illegal treatment and 30.0 percent for the no treatment groups’’ behavior. -
Psychology 450: Cognitive Psychophysiology
UIUC Department of Psychology Psych 450, Spring 2016 Psychology 450: Cognitive Psychophysiology Tuesdays and Thursdays, 9:30 am - 10:50 am Room 17, Psychology Building Prerequisite: PSYCH 224, Cognitive Psychology (or equivalent); PSYCH 210, Brain and Mind (or a similar course) is recommended Credit Hours: 3 (1 graduate unit) Instructor: Dr. Kara Federmeier Email: [email protected] Office: 831 Psychology Building / 2115 Beckman Institute Course Description and Goals This course surveys the theory and practice of using recordings of electrical (and magnetic) activity of the brain to study cognition and behavior. It explores what brain-waves reveal about normal and abnormal perception, attention, decision-making, memory, response preparation, and language comprehension. The course aims to give students: (1) knowledge (at both a technical and inferential level) of how electrophysiological techniques can be used to address issues in cognitive psychology, (2) practice with critically reading and evaluating research reports and reviews in the area, and (3) experience in developing research questions, designing experiments to test those questions, and writing research proposals. Course Web Site The course website can be found at compass2g.illinois.edu. You will be asked to login with your NetID and password. The website contains: • a copy of the syllabus and any other handouts • lecture notes, slides, and review questions • the gradebook, where I will post your exam scores, paper/homework grades, and final grades (accessible only to you); please make sure to check the gradebook after due dates and exams, and report any problems (e.g., missing scores) within one week. Readings For the technical section, some readings will be derived from the textbook “An Introduction to the Event-related Potential Technique (second edition)” by Steven J. -
Atlanta Dist Career
INS Distinguished Career Award Atlanta Alexandre Castro-Caldas Alexandre Castro-Caldas has had a prolific scientific career, and has made important contributions in several areas of investigation in the areas of Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology including Parkinson ’s Disease, illiteracy, and the effects of dental amalgam. He has published nearly 200 papers and book chapters. He has had a major leadership role within INS as well as other national and international organizations. Dr. Castro-Caldas was a member of the INS Board of Governors from 1984-1986; organizer of the 1983 meeting in Lisbon and the 1993 mid-year meeting in Madeira, and was elected president of INS from 2001-2002. Dr. Castro-Caldas has also been highly influential in the field of Behavioral Neurology in Portugal and internationally. He has held positions of leadership in numerous organizations including: Director of the Institute of Health Sciences of Portuguese Catholic University; President of the College of Neurology (Ordem dos Médicos) (1994-97); Member of the International Committee of the International Neuropsychiatric Association; Member of Advisory Board of Portuguese Society of Cognitive Sciences; Advisory Board member The European Graduate School of Child Neuropsychology; President of the Portuguese Society of Neurology (1989-92); board member of the Portuguese Association of Psychology; Board member of the International Association for the Study of Traumatic Brain Injury; and the advisory board for the European Association of Neuropharmacology. Martha Denckla Gerald Goldstein Kenneth Heilman In 1938, parents Samuel and Rosalind Heilman and big brother Fred, welcomed baby boy Kenneth Martin Heilman at what is now Maimonides Hospital. -
Apraxia: the Neuropsychology of Action
Apraxia: The Neuropsychology of Action edited by Leslie j. Gonzalez Rothi and Kenneth M. Heilman Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Ca inesville, FL 32610, USA 'P ~~~~~~~;?c9XP Press LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1997 by Psychology Press Published 2014 by Psychology Press 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex, BN3 2FA and by Psychology Press 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Psychology Press is an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1997 by Psychology Press Ltd All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-86377-743-1 (pbk) ISBN 978-0-863-77743-1 (hbk) ISSN 0967-9944 Coverdesign by Joyce Chester TypesetinTimes by Gilbert Composing Services, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent. Contents Chapter I. Introduction to Limb Apraxia 1 Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi and Kenneth M. Heilman Chapter 2. Limb Apraxia: A Look Back 7 Kenneth M. -
111 Luria Layout 1
111 Luria:Layout 1 2012-12-12 09:54 Strona 1 HISTORICAL PAPER ACTAVol. 10, No. 3, 2012, 341-369 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICA Received: 28.09.2012 Accepted: 20.10.2012 ALEXANDER ROMANOVICH LURIA A – Study Design (1902-1977) AND THE MICROGENETIC B – Data Collection C – Statistical Analysis APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND D – Data Interpretation E – Manuscript Preparation F – Literature Search REHABILITATION OF TBI PATIENTS G – Funds Collection Maria Pąchalska1,2(A,B,D,E,F,G) Bożydar L. J. Kaczmarek3(A,B,D,E) 1 Andrzej Frycz-Modrzewski Cracow University, Cracow, Poland 2 Center for Cognition and Communication, New York, N.Y., USA 3 University of Economics and Innovation, Lublin, Poland SUMMARY Alexander Romanovich Luria (1902-1977), Russian psycho - logist and neuropsychologist, is recognized throughout the world as one of the most eminent and influential psycholo- gists of the 20th century, who made advances in many areas, including cognitive psychology, the processes of learning and forgetting, mental retarda tion and neuropsychology. Luria’s scientific career was build in “the stages of a journey under- taken” (as the Russian title of Luria’s autobiography says): co-working with Lev S. Vygotsky (1896-1934) and the foun- dation of the cultural-historical school (the 1920s), cross-cul- tural research, an expedition to Central Asia, and studies on twins (the 1930s), the war and the first works on brain injured patients (the 1940s), research into mentally retarded children, brain injuries and rehabilitation (1950s), the systematic devel- opment of neuropsychological research (the 1960s and 70s). The research on the functioning of the brain, touching on learn- ing and forgetting, attention and perception as psychological con- structs, was to engage Luria for forty years. -
Individual Differences in Risky Decision Making: a Meta-Analysis of Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity with the Balloon Analogue Risk Task
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, J. Behav. Dec. Making (2013) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1784 Individual Differences in Risky Decision Making: A Meta-analysis of Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity with the Balloon Analogue Risk Task MARCO LAURIOLA1*, ANGELO PANNO1, IRWIN P. LEVIN2 and CARL W. LEJUEZ3 1Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Italy 2Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, USA 3Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, USA SUMMARY To represent the state-of-the-art in an effort to understand the relation between personality and risk taking, we selected a popular decision task with characteristics that parallel risk taking in the real world and two personality traits commonly believed to influence risk taking. A meta-analysis is presented based on 22 studies of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task from which correlations with sensation seeking and impulsivity assessments could be obtained. Results calculated on a total of 2120 participants showed that effect size for the relation of sensation seeking with risk taking was in the small–moderate range (r = .14), whereas the effect size for impulsivity was just around the small effect size threshold (r = .10). Although we considered participants’ demographics as moderators, we found only significantly larger effect sizes for the older adolescents and young adults compared with other ages. The findings of the present review supported the view that inconsistencies in personality–risk research were mostly due to random fluctuations of specific effect sizes, rather than to lack of theoretical ties or to measurement unreliability. It is also concluded that studies aimed at relating individual differences in personality to performance in experimental decision tasks need an appropriate sample size to achieve the power to produce significant results. -
With God on Our Side: Religious Primes Reduce the Envisioned Physical Formidability of A
With God on our side: Religious primes reduce the envisioned physical formidability of a menacing adversary Colin Holbrooka, Daniel M. T. Fesslera, and Jeremy Pollackb Department of Anthropology and Center for Behavior, Evolution, & Culturea University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, 90095 Department of Anthropologyb California State University, Fullerton Fullerton, CA, 92831 ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION IN COGNITION Author Note Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Colin Holbrook, Center for Behavior, Evolution and Culture, Department of Anthropology, 341 Haines Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553 USA. E-mail: [email protected] Running head: GOD AND FORMIDABILITY Abstract The imagined support of benevolent supernatural agents attenuates anxiety and risk perception. Here, we extend these findings to judgments of the threat posed by a potentially violent adversary. Conceptual representations of bodily size and strength summarize factors that determine the relative threat posed by foes. The proximity of allies moderates the envisioned physical formidability of adversaries, suggesting that cues of access to supernatural allies will reduce the envisioned physical formidability of a threatening target. Across two studies, subtle cues of both supernatural and earthly social support reduced the envisioned physical formidability of a violent criminal. These manipulations had no effect on the perceived likelihood of encountering non-conflictual physical danger, raising the possibility that imagined supernatural support leads participants to view themselves not as shielded from encountering perilous situations, but as protected should perils arise. Keywords: violence, social cognition, religion, threat-detection 1 Running head: GOD AND FORMIDABILITY 1. Introduction Belief in supernatural agents is a ubiquitous feature of human societies (Atran & Norenzayan, 2004; Guthrie, 1993). -
Overcoming Learning Disabilities: a Vygotskian-Lurian
overcoming learning disabilities Based on the ideas of Russian psychologists Lev Vygotsky and Alexander Luria, this book explores methods of preventing or overcoming learning disabili- ties. Tatiana V. Akhutina and Natalia M. Pylaeva follow Vygotsky and Luria’s sociocultural theory and their principles of a systemic structure and dynamic organization of higher mental functions, building on their theoretical founda- tion by focusing on the interactive scaffolding of the weak components of the child’s functional systems, the transition from joint child–adult co-actions, and the emotional involvement of the child. The authors discuss effective methods of remediation of attention, executive functions (working memory and cognitive control), and spatial and visual- verbal functions. Overcoming Learning Disabilities translates complex problems into easily understandable concepts that will be appreciated by school psychol- ogists, special and general education teachers, and parents of children with learning disabilities. Tatiana V. Akhutina is the head of the Laboratory of Neuropsychology at Lomonosov Moscow State University and of the Laboratory of Learning Dis- abilities at Moscow State University of Psychology and Education. She has published in Russian, English, Spanish, Finnish, and German. In 2003 the Jour- nal of Russian and East European Psychology dedicated a special issue to her research on psychology of language and neuropsychology. Natalia M. Pylaeva is a neuropsychologist at Lomonosov Moscow State Univer- sity. She is a coauthor with Tatiana V. Akhutina of five books on methods of remediation of learning disabilities. Her articles and books have been translated into English, Finnish, Slovak, and Spanish. Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Tue Oct 09 10:26:09 BST 2012. -
Risk-Taking and the Media
Risk Analysis, Vol. 31, No. 5, 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01538.x Perspective Risk-Taking and the Media Peter Fischer,1,∗ Evelyn Vingilis,2 Tobias Greitemeyer,3 and Claudia Vogrincic1 In recent years, media formats with risk-glorifying content, such as video games that simulate illegal street racing (“bang and crash” games), films about extreme sports, and risky stunts have emerged as top sellers of the media industry. A variety of recent studies conducted by several researchers revealed that exposure to risk-glorifying media content (e.g., video games that simulate reckless driving, smoking and drinking in movies, or depictions that glorify ex- treme sports) increases the likelihood that recipients will show increased levels of risk-taking inclinations and behaviors. The present article (1) reviews the latest research on the detri- mental impact of risk-glorifying media on risk-taking inclinations (cognitions, emotions, be- haviors), (2) puts these findings in the theoretical context of recent sociocognitive models on media effects, and (3) makes suggestions to science and policymakers on how to deal with these effects in the future. KEY WORDS: Media effects; risk-glorifying media; risk taking; sociocognitive models Use your car as a weapon and battle your way to the haviors. For example, binge drinking is on the rise front of the pack by taking down rivals and causing spec- in Western countries;(10) with Germany witnessing a tacular crashes. (advertising slogan for the video racing doubling in the number of 15- to 19-year-old ado- game Burnout 3) lescents being treated in hospital due to extreme al- In as much as risk-taking behavior is among the cohol abuse between 2002 and 2009.