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Are Seed Banks a Means of Restoration?

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Are Seed Banks a Means of Restoration? University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1-1-2011 Response of riparian plant communities to hydrological alteration: Are seed banks a means of restoration? Siobhan Boyer Gorham University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Gorham, Siobhan Boyer, "Response of riparian plant communities to hydrological alteration: Are seed banks a means of restoration?" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1348. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/1348 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RESPONSE OF RIPARIAN PLANT COMMUNITIES TO HYDROLOGICAL ALTERATION: ARE SEED BANKS A MEANS OF RESTORATION? A Dissertation Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biology The University of Mississippi Siobhan Gorham May 2011 Copyright © 2011 by Siobhan Gorham All rights reserved ABSTRACT The effects of anthropogenic modifications of stream systems on in situ plant community composition and seed bank composition were examined at five riparian sites in the Yazoo River watershed in northern Mississippi. This analysis was performed to determine if the soil seed bank can provide a means for the restoration of riparian floodplain plant communities. The study sites represented five different kinds of hydrological alteration: a highly incised riparian terrace isolated from the stream channel, a deforested original stream with reduced flow due to channelization and standing water due to levees, a forested original stream with reduced flow due to channelization, a stream above a reservoir, and a stream below an embankment dam. The study of the in situ community revealed that functional group richness and species richness were strongly correlated, that wetland functional groups were outnumbered by facultative functional groups at all sites except for one site managed as a marsh, that canopy openings were related to increased wetland species richness, and that laterally expanded floodplains created high species richness of wetland, facultative, and upland species. The seed bank analysis revealed that when the aboveground species assemblages were dominated by upland species the functional group and species richness in the seed banks of riparian floodplains were reduced, seed banks were composed of species adapted to conditions not currently at a site, and wetland species were more abundant in seed banks at drier sites. This study found an assemblage of species in the seed bank that would most successfully contribute to restoration projects in conjunction with restoration of some level of flood hydrology and selective clearing. ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Will Gorham, who made it possible. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................ v CHAPTER I. THE RESPONSE OF RIPARIAN PLANT COMMUNITIES TO DIFFERENT ANTHROPOGENIC MODIFICATION REGIMES......................... 1 CHAPTER II. THE POTENTIAL FOR RIPARIAN FLOODPLAIN PLANT COMMUNITY RESTORATION FROM THE SOIL SEED BANK IN NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI...................................................................................47 LIST OF REFERENCES................................................................................................... 75 VITA.................................................................................................................................. 83 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Stephen Threlkeld for keeping me on track, editing, and re-editing. I would like to thank the University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center for research support, aswell as the Graduate School for additional funding, and the University of Mississippi Biological Field Station for funding and use of their greenhouse facilities. I would like to thank Dr. Lucile McCook for her assistance in plant identification and for the privilege of using the Pullen Herbarium in my research. I would like to thank my committee, Dr. Steve Brewer, Dr. Gregg Davidson, Dr. Marge Holland, and Dr. Reza Pezeshki, for their time in reviewing and editing and discussing my work. I’d like to thank my parents for believing in me, Pete and Judy Gorham for their support, and Hilda Kauffman, Karen Reagan, and Marilyn Reagan for giving me the time to finish the first chapter. Lastly I would like to thank my family, Will, Larkin, and Isme, for their patience and support during the writing of this document. v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Map of study sites............................................................................................................ 7 2. Species and functional group richness at each site........................................................ 22 3. Relationship of functional group richness and species ricness at each site................... 26 4. Herbaceous species richness, and ranges in light values at each site............................. 33 5. Light levels at each site increase as basal densities decrease......................................... 34 6. NMS ordination graph showing the relationship between the environmental and site type variables............................................................................................................ 37 7. CCA ordination graph showing relationships between site species assemblages and site variables............................................................................................................. 38 8. NMS ordination showing the relationship between species and environmental site variables................................................................................................................... 40 9. Functional group richness per site.................................................................................. 61 10.Species richness per site................................................................................................ 62 11. NMS ordination graph showing the relationship between the environmental variables and seed bank treatment............................................................................ 64 12. NMS ordination showing the relationship between species and environmental site variables................................................................................................................... 65 vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Description of sites by modification characteristics........................................................ 8 2. Plants and traits examined in this study......................................................................... 18 3. Twenty-two functional types found in five sites in northern Mississippi floodplains... 24 4. Indicator species for each site and USDA Indicator status for herbaceous species....... 27 5. Importance values (IV) for canopy species at each site................................................. 30 6. Site characteristics for the five riparian communities.................................................... 35 7. Significant plants in situ, single factor ANOVA............................................................ 43 8. Similarity in plant species composition for functional groups....................................... 44 9. Twenty-two functional types found in five sites in northern Mississippi floodplains, greenhouse................................................................................................................ 58 10. Twenty-two functional types found in five sites in northern Mississippi floodplains, cleared plots.......................................................................................... 60 11. Significant species in cleared plots, single-factor ANOVA......................................... 68 12. Significant plants in greenhouse, single-factor ANOVA............................................. 69 13. Similarity in plant species composition for cleared plots............................................ 70 vii CHAPTER I THE RESPONSE OF RIPARIAN PLANT COMMUNITIES TO DIFFERENT ANTHROPOGENIC MODIFICATION REGIMES Abstract The riparian plant community composition under different types of hydrological alteration was examined at five sites: a highly incised riparian terrace isolated from the stream channel, a deforested channelized stream currently managed for marsh conditions, a forested original stream with reduced flow due to channelization, a stream above a reservoir delta, and a stream below an embankment dam. The five study sites were located in original floodplains of modified streams in northern Mississippi. At each site plant surveys were conducted using modular quadrats with nested sampling quadrats, to assess plant community composition, functional group richness, and the influence of environmental variables on plant community assemblages using dominance and richness evaluations,
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