Appendix B. Plant Species Detected in Sampling Locations

Home , Melanthium woodii, Orbexilum, Orbexilum pedunculatum, Oxalis grandis, Penthorum sedoides, Phlox paniculata

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Vegetation Community Monitoring at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2014/707

ON THE COVER Bright blue fruits of silky dogwood (Cornus amomum) at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area. Photograph by: Sarah C. Heath, SECN Botanist.

Vegetation Community Monitoring at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2014/707

Sarah Corbett Heath1 Michael W. Byrne2

1USDI National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network Cumberland Island National Seashore 101 Wheeler Street Saint Marys, Georgia 31558

2USDI National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network 135 Phoenix Road Athens, Georgia 30605

October 2014

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.

This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

This report is available in digital format from the Southeast Coast Network website (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/secn), and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected].

Please cite this publication as:

Heath, Sarah Corbett and M. W. Byrne. 2014. Vegetation community monitoring at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011. Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2014/707. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

NPS 636/126775, October 2014

Contents Page Figures...... v Tables ...... v Executive Summary ...... vii List of Terms ...... ix Introduction ...... 1 Overview ...... 1 Monitoring Objectives ...... 2 Methods ...... 3 Study Area ...... 3 Sampling Design ...... 5 Sampling Methodology ...... 6 Findings...... 9 Literature Cited ...... 37 Appendix A. Plant species known to occur at CHAT...... 39 Appendix B. Plant species detected in sampling locations...... 67

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Figures Page Figure 1. Location of Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, GA...... 4 Figure 2. Spatially-balanced random sampling locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011...... 5 Figure 3. Southeast Coast Network vegetation community monitoring plot and subplot layout identifying the juxtaposition of canopy cover, canopy diameter, shrub, and groundcover plots within a circular array ...... 7

Tables Page Table 1. Cover estimation coverage class, percent cover range, and value used for analyses...... 7 Table 2. New vascular plant species, subspecies, or varieties found at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011...... 11 Table 3. Average canopy cover for vegetation monitoring macroplots at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011 ...... 12 Table 4. Percentage of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations ...... 13 Table 5. Percentage of area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations ...... 16 Table 6. Percentage of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of groundcover species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations ...... 19 Table 7. Percentage of area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence by groundcover species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations ...... 25 Table 8. Average canopy species size, measured as diameter (cm) at breast height (DBH) for species sampled in vegetation monitoring macroplots at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011 ...... 31 Table 9. Seedling frequency for canopy and shrub species in vegetation monitoring macroplots at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011...... 34 Table A-1. Vascular plant species known occur at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (NPSpecies 2011) and species detected during 2011 monitoring efforts...... 39 Table B-1. Vascular plant species detected at each sampling location across all strata at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011...... 68

Executive Summary In 2009, the National Park Service (NPS) Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Inventory and Monitoring Network began collecting vegetation community data as part of the NPS Vital Signs monitoring program. Information collected under this Vital Sign will be used to help managers make better-informed decisions by understanding trends and variability related to plant species, frequency of occurrence, percent cover, diversity, and distribution in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

Within each stratum, vegetation communities were sampled using hybrid methods following the North Carolina Vegetation Survey nested-subplot design (Peet et al. 1998) within a circular plot similar to the Forest Inventory and Analysis protocol (Bechtold and Patterson 2005). This report summarizes vegetation community data collected at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in 2011.

• Data were collected at 30 sampling locations at the park from 6/7/2011 through 6/23/2011.

• Monitoring efforts resulted in the addition of nine species, subspecies, or varieties to the park’s species list.

• Absolute canopy cover across the park was approximately 87.92%.

• Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) and Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) had the highest relative cover in the groundcover stratum.

• Muscadine grape and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) had the highest absolute cover in the groundcover stratum.

• Mockernut hickory (Carya alba), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) were the most frequently occurring species in the shrub stratum.

• Sweetgum and Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) had the highest relative cover in the shrub stratum.

• Southern sugar maple (Acer barbatum) and Chinese privet had the highest absolute cover in the shrub stratum.

• Mockernut hickory, American beech, and sweetgum were the most frequently occurring species in the shrub stratum.

• Muscadine grape and Virginia creeper were the most frequently occurring species in the groundcover stratum.

• Leaf litter was the most frequently occurring ground condition in the park, and also had the highest relative and absolute cover of all ground conditions.

vii

• Southern red oak (Quercus falcata) had the largest average diameter at breast height (DBH) of any canopy species at the park where more than two individuals were measured.

• Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) had the highest estimated seedling density.

The full dataset, and associated metadata, can be acquired from the data store at http://irma.nps.gov.

viii

List of Terms Absolute cover: The total amount of ground surface that is covered by each species or group. This metric describes the amount of cover that each species or group represents in a stratum and is expressed as a percentage that can exceed 100% due to overlap. This metric is calculated as the total cover of each species or group divided by the total possible cover for a plot.

Canopy species: Woody species known to occur in the midstory or overstory of the canopy, or shrub species that grow greater than or equal to four centimeters DBH and are measureable at breast height (1.4 m).

Canopy stratum: The structural zone above 1.1 meters (i.e., elbow height of a typical observer per densiometer instructions), which consists of all live and dead plant material that affects the amount of light penetrating to the ground. This includes individual elements whose cover is also potentially measured and accounted for in the shrub- or groundcover-stratum measurements but exceeds 1.1 meters in height, is detected by the densiometer, and contributes to canopy cover. This stratum can also be referred to as the midstory, overstory, or sub-canopy.

Cover: The vertical projection of the outermost extent of a species, or the extent of the shadow cast by the species if the sun were directly overhead. Cover is also known as foliar cover.

DBH: Diameter at breast height, or 1.4 meters above the ground surface.

Frequency: The number of times a species or group is detected in a plot, expressed as a percentage. This provides information on the regularity with which a species or group is encountered.

Groundcover stratum: The structural zone that consists of all non-woody species (i.e., forbs and graminoids) and all woody species (i.e., shrubs and trees) with a DBH of less than four centimeters and seedlings 30 centimeters or less in height.

Relative cover: The cover of each species or group as a function of all other plant species that occurred in a plot. This metric describes the percentage of cover that each species represents out of the total vegetative cover in a stratum, is expressed as a percentage, and always sums to 100%. Relative cover is calculated as the total cover of each species or group divided by the sum of the cover of all other species that occur in a plot.

Seedlings: Woody dicotyledonous plants less than 30 centimeters in height.

Shrub stratum: All woody species greater than 30 centimeters in height with a DBH of less than four centimeters.

Stratum: A structural size category of vegetation at a site. These are the canopy, shrub, and groundcover layers.

Introduction Overview Vegetation communities are the primary drivers of a range of ecological processes and are integral to the proper function of park ecosystems. Moreover, vegetation communities integrate the biological and physical environment. They serve as the foundation for food webs and wildlife habitat for many species, and function as a carbon sink, produce oxygen, cycle nutrients and energy through an ecosystem. Additionally, plants influence the local climate, improve water quality, and moderate flooding and erosion. Determining trends in vegetation communities is vital to understanding the ecological processes occurring at a site and identifying stressors and their impacts.

Vegetation communities are dynamic with constant changes in composition, cover, distribution, and structure in response to natural or anthropogenic stressors. Disturbance is the primary stressor and regulating mechanism of Southeast Coast Network (SECN) vegetation communities. The timing, type, and extent of a disturbance generally evoke a distinguishable response in the species composition, diversity, and structure of the landscape (Foster et al. 1998; Turner et al. 1990). The primary natural disturbance processes in SECN parks are fire and weather (e.g., hurricanes and drought). Anthropogenic influences include fire suppression, landscape fragmentation, altered hydrology, and non-native species introduction.

The SECN parks host a diverse assemblage of vegetation communities. Approximately 180 vegetation associations (i.e., fine-resolution floristic description), as defined by the National Vegetation and Classification System (FGDC 2008), occur in the SECN. These include sparsely vegetated primary dune communities, late successional old-growth bottomland hardwood forest communities, and highly diverse herbaceous-dominated mesic pine savannah communities.

Given the widespread anthropogenic influences in SECN parks and the importance of vegetation communities, quantifying trends in vegetation cover, frequency, diversity, and distribution is a high priority (DeVivo et al. 2008). An evaluation of trends in these metrics provides a measure for assessing the ecological integrity and sustainability in southeastern systems and identifying the need for specific management activities on our park lands. The National Park Service Omnibus Management Act of 1998, and other reinforcing policies and regulations, require park managers “to establish baseline information and to provide information on the long-term trends in the condition of National Park System resources” (Title II, Sec. 204). The vegetation community monitoring data summarized herein is a tool to assist park managers in fulfilling this mandate.

This report summarizes vegetation community Vital Signs monitoring data collected at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in June, 2011.

Monitoring Objectives To characterize the effects of landscape and local ecosystem drivers on vegetation communities, the SECN monitors several components of community structure, function, and composition. Each component illustrates community change dynamics, and data from the following five monitoring objectives are presented:

1. Determine trends in plant species richness and diversity in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

2. Determine trends in the percent cover of vegetation in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

3. Determine trends in the frequency of species in the groundcover stratum.

4. Determine trends in the diameter at breast height (DBH) of canopy species.

5. Determine trends in woody species seedling counts in the groundcover stratum.

Methods Study Area Located in north-central Georgia, the Chattahoochee National Recreation Area (CHAT) extends for 77 km (48 mi) along the Chattahoochee River corridor between the city of Atlanta and Lake Lanier to the north (Figure 1). The upstream terminus of the park is Buford Dam, which is operated by the Army Corps of Engineers, and generates electricity and provides water to the greater Atlanta metropolitan region. The operation of the dam dramatically alters river flows and water temperatures within the park. The park’s entire length runs along the Brevard Fault Zone, which forms the Chattahoochee River channel, one of the oldest river channels in the United States. The Brevard Fault is a major 320+ mi long geological feature that, in part, delineates the Appalachian Mountains and the Piedmont Plateau physiographic provinces.

NPS owns 4,000 ha (9,886 ac) of land along the river. The park has one of the most prominent wildland-urban interfaces of all SECN parks, resulting in property-encroachment issues, non-native plants and animals, pesticide use, contaminated runoff (i.e., sewage, nutrients), air quality issues, and several other management challenges. According to the 2010 census, the five counties in which the park occurs have been some of the fastest growing and most densely populated in Georgia since 1990.

Despite these challenges, the park hosts a diverse array of flora and fauna, ecological communities, topography, and other attributes that make this park a unique and highly prized resource by its users. The vegetation communities vary with topography and proximity to the river. Uplands include mixed hardwood communities dominated by oaks, tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera), and American beech (Fagus grandiflora), and pine forests containing loblolly pine and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). Lowlands include floodplains and riparian areas with canopy species such as river birch (Betula nigra), mesic oaks (i.e., Quercus nigra, Q. laurifolia), red maple (Acer rubrum), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and hackberry (Celtis laevigata).

Because CHAT occurs in a highly fragmented and developed landscape, it hosts many rare species but also is subject to many vectors for non-native species. Twenty state-listed plant species occur at the park, including the rare pink ladyslipper (Cypripedium acaule), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), Ozark bunchflower (Melanthium woodii), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), baystar vine (Schisandra glabra), yellow ladyslipper (Cypripedium parviflorum), and Georgia aster (Symphyotrichum georgianum). Populations of many of these rare species have exhibited declines in recent years in the park. Invasive species are a significant challenge at CHAT, including priority species such as privet (Ligustrum spp.), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), kudzu (Pueraria lobata), autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), English ivy (Hedera helix), Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), thorny olive (Elaeagnus pungens), Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa), Oregon grape (Mahonia bealei), mimosa (Albizzia julibrissin), and Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis).

CHAT has 984 known vascular plant species, subspecies, and varieties (Appendix A). Nine species new to the park species list have been amended in this study.

Figure 1. Location of Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, GA.

Sampling Design To allow for park-wide inference, the park’s administrative boundary was used as the sampling frame, in which 30 permanent spatially-balanced random sampling locations were selected for monitoring vegetation, landbird, and vocal anuran communities. Sampling locations were selected using the Reversed Randomized Quadrant-Recursive Raster (RRQRR) algorithm (Figure 2; Theobald et al. 2007 as presented in Byrne et al. 2013). All sampling locations occur within naturally-vegetated areas suitable for co-located Vital Signs monitoring efforts (Byrne et al. 2013).

Vegetation communities were monitored at CHAT from 6/7/2011 through 6/23/2011.

Figure 2. Spatially-balanced random sampling locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011.

Sampling Methodology Vegetation community measures were divided into three strata based on height, canopy, shrub, and groundcover. Within each stratum, vegetation communities were sampled using hybrid methods following the North Carolina Vegetation Survey nested-subplot design (Peet et al. 1998) within a circular plot similar to the Forest Inventory and Analysis protocol (Bechtold and Patterson 2005).

The plot layout consisted of a circular plot with a radius of 15 m within each 0.5-ha sampling location. Subplots were systematically placed along six transects that radiated out from the center point at azimuths of 0°/360°, 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, and 300° (Figure 3). To avoid overlap, subplots originated four meters from the plot array (i.e., 0.5-ha grid) center point and extended away from the center point. Canopy cover, shrub cover, DBH, canopy species seedling frequency, and herbaceous cover data were collected in the nested subplots within each plot. Canopy cover was measured from the center point of the 0.5-ha sampling location. Shrub coverage was measured in two 2- by 4-m shrub plots along each transect. Shrub plots were further subdivided into 2- by 2-m subplots to improve cover estimation accuracy and precision (solid gray shading; Figure 3). Shrub and herbaceous cover is estimated in one of eight coverage classes (Table 1). Groundcover coverage, groundcover nested frequency, and seedling frequency were measured in two 1- by 1-m groundcover plots (solid black shading; Figure 3) along each transect. Canopy species DBH was measured in three sections, each representing 1/3 of the total circular plot (hashed gray shading; Figure 3). A comprehensive species list was also compiled for all species occurring in the 0.5-ha sampling location. See Byrne and Corbett 2012; Byrne, Corbett, and Smrekar 2013; Corbett and Byrne 2012a; Corbett and Byrne 2012b; Corbett 2013 for detailed field methods.

0° 1 A

300° 11 2 A 60° A A B 3 BB B 12 A 4 A B BB

1m2

B B 10 A A 6 B B B A 9 A 240° A 8 5 120°

A 7 180°

Groundcover Plot Shrub Plot Canopy DBH Plot

Permanent Marker (Rebar) Figure 3. Southeast Coast Network vegetation community monitoring plot and subplot layout identifying the juxtaposition of canopy cover, canopy diameter, shrub, and groundcover plots within a circular array. Although not depicted, the above array is positioned at the center point of each 0.5-ha sampling location.

Table 1. Cover estimation coverage class, percent cover range, and value used for analyses.

Coverage Class Percent Cover Range Value Used for Analyses 0 0% 0.0 1 Trace (<1%) 0.5 2 1-5% 2.5 3 5-25% 15.0 4 25-50% 37.5 5 50-75% 62.5 6 75-95% 85.0 7 95-100% 97.5

Findings We detected 248 species, subspecies, and varieties during this monitoring effort (Appendix A), including seven species, subspecies, and varieties not previously known to occur at the park (Table 2). We detected 47 occurrences with uncertain taxonomic affinity (Appendix A) that were identified only to genus, family, or higher taxonomic level.

Highlights by monitoring objective include:

Plant species richness and diversity in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

• Nine species new to the Recreation Area species list were detected, including four exotic species (Table 2).

Percent cover of vegetation in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

• Absolute canopy cover showed little variability across all sampling locations ( = 87.92%, SD = 3.95; Table 3). 푥̅ • Mockernut hickory was the most frequently occurring shrub species (f = 60.00), followed by American beech (f = 56.67) and sweetgum (f = 50.00).

• Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) had the highest relative cover of all shrub species ( = 12.24%, SD = 25.78; Table 4), while the exotic invasive Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) 푥̅ had the second highest relative cover of all shrub species ( = 8.26%, SD = 22.49; Table 4).

• Southern sugar maple (Acer barbatum) had the highest absolute푥̅ cover in the shrub stratum ( = 3.91%, SD = 11.32; Table 5). Chinese privet had the second highest absolute cover ( = 푥̅ 3.65%, SD = 11.29) in the shrub stratum (Table 5). 푥̅ • Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) had the highest relative cover in the groundcover stratum ( = 5.44%, SD = 6.93), followed by the exotic invasive grass Japanese stiltgrass ( = 2.13%, SD = 9.38; Table 6). 푥̅ 푥̅ • Muscadine grape had the highest absolute cover ( = 25.97%, SD = 28.33), while Virginia creeper had the second highest absolute cover ( = 4.94%, SD = 8.85; Table 7). 푥̅ • Leaf litter was the most common ground condition,푥̅ with a relative cover of 89.31% (SD = 11.67; Table 6) and an absolute cover of 91.86% (SD = 11.28; Table 7).

Frequency of species in the groundcover stratum.

• Muscadine grape (f = 86.67) and Virginia creeper (f = 80.00) were the most frequently occurring species in the groundcover stratum, respectively (Table 6).

• Leaf litter was the most frequently occurring ground condition at the park (f = 100; Table 6).

DBH of canopy species.

• The largest tree detected on average where more than one individual was measured was Southern red oak (Quercus falcata; = 41.20 cm, SD = 11.01; Table 8).

Woody species seedling counts in the groundcover푥̅ stratum.

• Green ash had the highest estimated seedling density at the Recreation Area where more than one seedling was detected (3.42/m2, SD = 6.28; Table 9).

• Chinese privet seedlings were estimated at 2.43/m2 (SD = 2.61; Table 9).

Table 2. New vascular plant species, subspecies, or varieties found at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011.

Order Family Species Non-Native Asterales Asteraceae Gnaphalium obtusifolium var. obtusifolium Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum prunifolium Ericales Theaceae Camellia sasanqua X Poales Poaceae Briza minor X Poales Poaceae Eremochloa ophiuroides X Poales Poaceae Paspalum notatum X Rosales Rosaceae Photinia pyrifolia Rosales Rosaceae Prunus americana Rosales Rosaceae Prunus pennsylvanica

Table 3. Average canopy cover for vegetation monitoring macroplots at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011. Average canopy cover is based on data pooled across observers at each sampling location.

Sampling Location Average Standard Deviation CHAT1 89.42 0.58 CHAT2 88.67 0.38 CHAT3 89.00 0.25 CHAT4 88.08 1.76 CHAT5 89.92 0.95 CHAT6 87.67 1.01 CHAT7 88.50 0.25 CHAT9 81.67 2.43 CHAT10 89.42 0.72 CHAT11 83.83 1.70 CHAT12 90.25 1.00 CHAT13 86.67 2.67 CHAT14 93.92 0.63 CHAT15 88.83 0.58 CHAT16 90.50 1.09 CHAT17 91.00 1.15 CHAT18 87.08 2.38 CHAT19 87.25 0.25 CHAT20 87.83 1.18 CHAT21 91.58 1.26 CHAT22 90.50 1.30 CHAT23 88.08 1.15 CHAT24 90.42 0.38 CHAT26 90.42 0.29 CHAT27 85.08 0.72 CHAT28 86.33 0.14 CHAT29 89.25 2.05 CHAT30 71.92 2.93 CHATalt1 87.08 2.04 CHATalt2 87.50 1.25 Park Average 87.92 3.95

Table 4. Percentage of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011. Relative cover is averaged across shrub plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Std Species Freq Avg Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Acer barbatum 23.33 7.42 21.11 6.63 38.56 1.64 1.73 71.33 87.93 14.85

Acer rubrum 23.33 2.37 6.55 3.26 15.30 13.15 5.06 31.06 1.32 1.85

Aesculus pavia 33.33 5.54 13.34 13.64 21.29 4.32 3.68 46.30 13.47 5.63 1.55 55.21 1.15

Amelanchier 16.67 1.18 3.10 4.70 9.74 6.87 12.35 1.85 arborea

Aralia spinosa 3.33 0.20 1.10 6.01

Asimina triloba 33.33 0.66 1.16 2.41 0.25 1.10 1.64 1.34 2.66 0.67 2.89 2.61 4.18

Camellia 3.33 0.15 0.79 4.35 sasanqua

Carpinus 26.67 3.14 6.60 19.26 4.58 25.90 8.49 10.99 0.35 12.40 12.22 caroliniana

Carya alba 60.00 7.28 10.89 32.53 0.40 26.80 8.29 23.59 0.15 25.77 32.06 4.70 10.18 1.64 0.61 1.33 1.15 10.40 4.34 23.56 10.90

Carya glabra 30.00 2.44 5.81 4.54 7.37 2.02 7.97 7.26 1.30 29.50 5.45 7.77

Carya sp. 3.33 0.65 3.55 19.42

Castanea 6.67 0.18 0.76 4.01 1.33 pumila

Celtis 13.33 2.19 10.25 7.02 1.45 1.30 56.00 13 occidentalis

Cercis 3.33 0.13 0.71 3.87 canadensis

Chionanthus 6.67 0.05 0.25 1.34 0.22 virginicus

Cornus 3.33 0.06 0.35 1.91 amomum

Cornus florida 46.67 1.70 2.59 3.65 2.65 4.79 2.11 0.48 3.68 1.34 3.47 3.98 11.02 1.40 7.36 2.48 2.62

Cornus foemina 3.33 0.04 0.24 1.31

Crataegus sp. 20.00 0.82 2.34 3.01 4.23 4.32 11.45 0.22 1.40

Diospyros 33.33 1.04 2.30 3.65 0.83 2.82 3.56 1.73 11.51 1.50 0.61 2.82 2.18 virginiana

Euonymus 20.00 0.62 1.93 3.81 0.91 1.34 9.77 0.23 2.65 americanus

Fagus 56.67 7.08 12.76 2.65 36.52 4.76 4.42 5.28 54.49 4.32 20.75 1.64 3.01 25.14 7.77 4.29 5.17 24.34 7.63 0.31 grandifolia

Fraxinus 20.00 0.52 1.74 0.61 1.50 8.63 0.19 0.22 4.36 americana

Fraxinus 6.67 0.08 0.32 1.52 0.95 pennsylvanica

Halesia carolina 6.67 0.90 4.47 24.42 2.54

Halesia sp. 6.67 0.13 0.51 1.33 2.48

Hydrangea 3.33 0.14 0.79 4.32 arborescens

Ilex ambigua 3.33 0.00 0.01 0.04

Table 4. (Continued.)

Std Species Freq Avg Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Ilex opaca 20.00 0.49 1.44 2.41 1.10 0.98 1.50 7.43 1.30

Ilex vomitoria 3.33 0.48 2.60 14.25

Kalmia latifolia 6.67 0.57 2.65 14.36 2.66

Ligustrum 16.67 8.26 22.49 100.00 50.82 6.67 46.35 44.00 sinense

Lindera benzoin 10.00 0.99 3.48 3.26 10.01 16.39

Liquidambar 50.00 12.24 25.78 54.74 0.40 100.00 20.81 26.86 2.06 1.92 1.73 4.70 23.50 4.51 92.38 17.32 3.68 12.65 styraciflua

Liriodendron 10.00 1.31 4.46 20.92 12.53 5.86 tulipifera

Magnolia 10.00 0.16 0.48 1.31 1.50 1.85 grandiflora

Magnolia 6.67 0.66 3.47 19.01 0.91 macrophylla

Magnoliopsida 6.67 0.67 3.39 18.54 1.52

Morus rubra 13.33 0.65 2.03 7.77 1.92 1.73 8.08

Nyssa sylvatica 43.33 3.36 6.11 2.65 4.51 1.10 5.04 1.03 18.20 3.32 7.26 11.04 1.15 17.20 5.50 22.83

Ostrya 33.33 5.09 10.74 5.52 23.02 0.15 32.88 1.13 30.60 16.56 5.33 2.30 35.15 virginiana 14 Oxydendrum 20.00 1.44 3.61 1.10 4.23 3.04 12.84 12.53 9.56 arboreum

Pinus taeda 10.00 0.24 0.99 0.38 1.64 5.24

Prunus 6.67 0.11 0.41 1.34 1.85 americana

Prunus 3.33 0.43 2.36 12.95 caroliniana

Prunus serotina 30.00 1.04 2.56 0.25 1.06 0.88 1.73 3.36 11.77 1.30 7.27 3.70

Prunus sp. 6.67 0.16 0.79 4.33 0.55

Prunus 3.33 0.04 0.21 1.13 umbellata

Quercus alba 43.33 1.59 3.39 4.54 1.50 1.10 0.88 1.57 1.33 9.52 0.61 1.33 0.22 1.32 13.44 10.18

Quercus falcata 16.67 0.23 0.57 0.38 1.31 1.40 1.52 2.18

Quercus 10.00 0.77 3.17 16.42 6.26 0.36 laurifolia

Quercus nigra 10.00 0.57 2.90 1.10 15.92 0.22

Quercus prinus 20.00 0.92 2.14 4.54 2.11 1.57 7.57 7.17 4.62

Quercus rubra 43.33 2.73 5.32 11.04 3.01 2.39 12.68 2.68 1.73 8.23 3.28 0.23 1.33 8.69 2.64 23.98

Quercus sp. 10.00 0.21 0.86 4.54 0.45 1.32

Rhododendron 3.33 0.04 0.24 1.33 arborescens

Rhododendron 6.67 0.52 2.02 6.42 9.25 canescens

Sassafras 20.00 0.77 2.48 0.50 0.35 0.22 8.91 2.64 10.49

Table 4. (Continued.)

Std Species Freq Avg Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 albidum

Styrax 3.33 0.16 0.89 4.89 grandifolius

Toxicodendron 3.33 0.13 0.69 3.76 radicans

Ulmus alata 13.33 1.01 3.01 9.76 11.55 7.96 1.15

Ulmus rubra 6.67 0.14 0.54 2.65 1.40

Vaccinium 23.33 2.13 5.70 23.83 1.10 2.87 18.57 11.55 1.32 4.72 arboreum

Vaccinium 10.00 0.15 0.56 0.18 1.73 2.61 corymbosum

Vaccinium 6.67 0.63 2.83 3.87 15.14 elliottii

Vaccinium 10.00 0.33 1.21 6.20 1.54 2.16 pallidum

Vaccinium 10.00 0.14 0.48 2.27 1.34 0.55 stamineum

Viburnum 30.00 0.91 1.66 2.65 4.51 2.46 5.30 0.58 3.81 4.78 1.32 1.85 acerifolium

Viburnum 3.33 0.03 0.16 0.88 15 dentatum

Viburnum 13.33 0.38 1.24 0.35 5.04 1.18 4.70 rufidulum

Viburnum sp. 10.00 0.30 0.99 4.42 3.01 1.64

Table 5. Percentage of area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011. Absolute cover is averaged across shrub plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Species Freq Avg Std Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Acer 23.33 3.91 11.32 3.75 27.29 0.63 0.63 33.44 47.81 3.75 barbatum

Acer rubrum 23.33 1.01 3.01 1.35 3.33 7.29 2.10 14.90 0.63 0.63

Aesculus 33.33 1.78 3.94 3.54 8.85 0.63 2.60 17.60 6.27 3.13 0.73 9.38 0.63 pavia

Amelanchier 16.67 0.47 1.21 2.19 4.58 3.25 3.54 0.63 arborea

Aralia spinosa 3.33 0.08 0.46 2.50

Asimina 33.33 0.27 0.49 0.63 0.10 0.63 0.63 0.63 1.25 0.31 0.73 1.25 1.98 triloba

Camellia 3.33 0.14 0.76 4.17 sasanqua

Carpinus 26.67 1.22 2.61 5.00 1.35 3.75 3.23 10.52 0.13 6.88 5.73 caroliniana

Carya alba 60.00 2.80 4.13 8.96 0.10 11.15 4.69 6.98 0.10 12.00 11.56 2.60 4.79 0.73 0.10 0.63 0.63 2.63 2.08 11.15 3.13

Carya glabra 30.00 1.06 2.71 1.25 4.17 0.73 3.75 3.02 0.63 13.96 1.56 2.63

Carya sp. 3.33 0.09 0.51 2.81

Castanea 6.67 0.08 0.32 1.67 0.63

16 pumila

Celtis 13.33 0.30 0.98 3.27 0.65 0.63 4.38 occidentalis

Cercis 3.33 0.07 0.40 2.19 canadensis

Chionanthus 6.67 0.02 0.12 0.63 0.10 virginicus

Cornus 3.33 0.05 0.25 1.35 amomum

Cornus florida 46.67 0.63 1.06 0.63 0.73 2.71 0.63 0.10 2.60 0.63 1.25 1.88 4.58 0.63 1.25 0.63 0.75

Cornus 3.33 0.04 0.23 1.25 foemina

Crataegus sp. 20.00 0.31 1.01 1.25 1.25 0.63 5.33 0.10 0.63

Diospyros 33.33 0.39 1.03 0.63 0.23 0.83 1.35 0.63 5.42 0.63 0.10 1.35 0.63 virginiana

Euonymus 20.00 0.32 1.04 1.58 0.65 0.63 5.42 0.10 1.27 americanus

Fagus 56.67 2.19 3.73 0.73 9.48 1.98 2.50 1.56 11.88 0.63 14.69 0.63 1.67 4.79 3.23 0.73 2.81 6.15 2.19 0.10 grandifolia

Fraxinus 20.00 0.11 0.33 0.10 0.63 1.25 0.10 0.10 1.25 americana

Fraxinus 6.67 0.05 0.27 1.46 0.10 pennsylvanica

Halesia 6.67 0.48 2.47 13.54 0.73 carolina

Halesia sp. 6.67 0.04 0.16 0.63 0.63

Table 5. (Continued.)

Species Freq Avg Std Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Hydrangea 3.33 0.08 0.44 2.40 arborescens

Ilex ambigua 3.33 0.00 0.00 0.02

Ilex opaca 20.00 0.18 0.42 0.63 0.63 0.94 0.63 1.88 0.63

Ilex vomitoria 3.33 0.45 2.49 13.65

Kalmia latifolia 6.67 0.31 1.49 8.13 1.25

Ligustrum 16.67 3.65 11.29 35.94 48.65 0.73 20.63 3.44 sinense

Lindera 10.00 0.39 1.41 1.35 7.08 3.13 benzoin

Liquidambar 50.00 2.06 3.46 9.38 0.10 0.21 11.77 5.85 1.46 0.73 0.63 2.60 4.48 1.88 10.10 7.71 0.63 4.27 styraciflua

Liriodendron 10.00 0.36 1.17 3.58 5.21 1.98 tulipifera

Magnolia 10.00 0.08 0.27 1.25 0.63 0.63 grandiflora

Magnolia 6.67 0.21 1.03 5.63 0.65 macrophylla

Magnoliopsida 6.67 0.21 0.91 4.81 1.46

Morus rubra 13.33 0.30 0.99 3.23 0.73 0.63 4.48 17 Nyssa 43.33 1.23 2.30 0.73 1.88 0.63 0.73 0.73 6.56 1.56 3.02 1.88 0.63 8.25 2.60 7.71 sylvatica

Ostrya 33.33 1.37 2.94 3.13 3.33 0.10 12.50 0.63 5.83 2.81 2.50 1.25 8.88 virginiana

Oxydendrum 20.00 0.60 1.53 0.63 1.25 1.69 6.04 5.21 3.23 arboreum

Pinus taeda 10.00 0.09 0.35 0.10 0.73 1.77

Prunus 6.67 0.04 0.16 0.63 0.63 americana

Prunus 3.33 0.41 2.26 12.40 caroliniana

Prunus 30.00 0.40 1.00 0.10 0.31 0.63 0.63 1.58 4.90 0.63 2.08 1.25 serotina

Prunus sp. 6.67 0.06 0.29 1.56 0.10

Prunus 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63 umbellata

Quercus alba 43.33 0.57 1.13 1.25 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.73 0.63 3.96 0.10 0.63 0.10 0.63 3.85 3.44

Quercus 16.67 0.09 0.23 0.10 0.73 0.63 0.73 0.63 falcata

Quercus 10.00 0.18 0.69 2.81 2.60 0.10 laurifolia

Quercus nigra 10.00 0.26 1.29 0.63 7.08 0.10

Quercus 20.00 0.39 0.97 1.25 0.63 0.73 3.56 3.44 2.19 prinus

Quercus rubra 43.33 0.96 1.69 3.04 1.25 1.35 3.75 1.25 0.63 3.88 0.63 0.10 0.63 4.17 1.25 6.88

Table 5. (Continued.)

Species Freq Avg Std Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Quercus sp. 10.00 0.07 0.25 1.25 0.21 0.63

Rhododendron 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63 arborescens

Rhododendron 6.67 0.20 0.84 1.67 4.38 canescens

Sassafras 20.00 0.32 1.01 0.21 0.10 0.10 4.27 1.25 3.54 albidum

Styrax 3.33 0.08 0.42 2.29 grandifolius

Toxicodendron 3.33 0.05 0.25 1.35 radicans

Ulmus alata 13.33 0.46 1.37 5.52 4.17 3.54 0.63

Ulmus rubra 6.67 0.08 0.36 1.88 0.63

Vaccinium 23.33 0.75 2.04 6.56 0.63 0.63 8.65 4.17 0.63 1.35 arboreum

Vaccinium 10.00 0.07 0.25 0.10 0.63 1.25 corymbosum

Vaccinium 6.67 0.22 0.90 2.19 4.48 elliottii

Vaccinium 10.00 0.15 0.55 2.92 0.73 0.73 pallidum 18 Vaccinium 10.00 0.05 0.16 0.63 0.63 0.10 stamineum

Viburnum 30.00 0.42 0.88 0.73 1.88 0.73 3.75 0.21 1.79 2.29 0.63 0.63 acerifolium

Viburnum 3.33 0.02 0.11 0.63 dentatum

Viburnum 13.33 0.13 0.44 0.10 0.73 0.83 2.19 rufidulum

Viburnum sp. 10.00 0.18 0.64 3.13 1.67 0.73

Table 6. Percentage of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of groundcover species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011. Relative cover is averaged across groundcover plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Std Species Avg Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Acer barbatum 0.40 1.61 10.00 8.13 3.79 0.13

Acer negundo 0.17 0.68 10.00 0.04 3.42 1.67

Acer rubrum 0.14 0.41 36.67 0.04 1.92 0.08 0.25 0.04 1.25 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.25 0.21

Acer barbatum 0.06 0.30 3.33 1.67

Aesculus pavia 0.06 0.31 6.67 0.21 1.67

Allium sp. 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04

Ambrosia 0.02 0.06 10.00 0.21 0.13 0.21 artemisiifolia

Amelanchier 0.02 0.06 10.00 0.21 0.21 0.21 arborea

Aralia spinosa 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21

Arisaema 0.06 0.31 6.67 0.21 1.71 triphyllum

Aristolochia 0.02 0.06 16.67 0.21 0.21 0.04 0.04 0.21 serpentaria

Arundinaria 0.08 0.32 6.67 1.25 1.25 gigantea 19 Asimina triloba 0.13 0.50 10.00 2.50 1.25 0.21

Asplenium 0.37 1.14 23.33 4.17 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 4.79 1.25 platyneuron

Asteraceae 0.06 0.27 10.00 1.46 0.21 0.04

Athyrium filix- 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 femina

Bignonia 0.25 0.85 20.00 0.04 1.25 4.42 0.21 0.42 1.25 capreolata

Boehmeria 0.01 0.06 3.33 0.33 cylindrica

Botrychium 0.02 0.06 6.67 0.21 0.25 virginianum

Briza minor 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04

Campsis 0.42 1.17 20.00 5.75 1.25 2.50 1.25 0.25 1.50 radicans

Carex sp. 0.04 0.08 20.00 0.21 0.21 0.04 0.21 0.21 0.21

Carpinus 0.01 0.05 3.33 0.25 caroliniana

Carya alba 0.17 0.42 23.33 0.21 1.46 0.42 1.46 1.25 0.21 0.08

Carya glabra 0.03 0.08 16.67 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21

Carya sp. 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04

Celtis 0.06 0.28 6.67 0.21 1.50 occidentalis

Cercis 0.01 0.05 10.00 0.04 0.04 0.25 canadensis

Table 6. (Continued.)

Std Species Avg Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Chamaesyce 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 maculata

Chasmanthium 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 laxum

Cimicifuga 0.53 2.08 6.67 6.46 9.58 racemosa

Clematis 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 virginiana

Cocculus 0.18 0.73 10.00 0.21 1.46 3.75 carolinus

Conyza 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 canadensis

Cornus amomum 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25

Cornus florida 0.08 0.24 23.33 1.25 0.21 0.21 0.25 0.21 0.21 0.04

Cornus foemina 0.04 0.21 3.33 1.13

Crataegus sp. 0.01 0.04 6.67 0.04 0.21

Cynodon 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 dactylon

Cyperaceae 0.12 0.46 16.67 0.21 2.50 0.46 0.21 0.25

20 Decumaria 0.05 0.23 6.67 1.25 0.21

barbara

Desmodium sp. 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21

Dioscorea 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 oppositifolia

Dioscorea villosa 0.17 0.44 13.33 0.83 1.46 1.46 1.25

Diospyros 0.02 0.11 6.67 0.63 0.04 virginiana

Elymus virginicus 0.08 0.32 6.67 1.25 1.25

Epifagus 0.01 0.05 3.33 0.25 virginiana

Eremochloa 0.38 2.05 3.33 11.25 ophiuroides

Euonymus 0.16 0.35 26.67 0.67 1.25 0.25 0.25 0.71 0.21 0.25 1.25 americanus

Eupatorium 0.15 0.80 3.33 4.38 fistulosum

Fabaceae 0.11 0.57 6.67 0.29 3.13

Fagus grandifolia 0.01 0.05 6.67 0.21 0.21

Filicopsida 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25

Fraxinus 0.01 0.04 6.67 0.21 0.08 americana

Fraxinus 0.16 0.57 13.33 2.83 0.21 1.46 0.21 pennsylvanica

Fraxinus sp. 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21

Table 6. (Continued.)

Std Species Avg Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Galax urceolata 0.01 0.05 3.33 0.25

Galium sp. 0.01 0.04 10.00 0.04 0.21 0.04

Gnaphalium 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 obtusifolium var. obtusifolium

Hedera helix 2.03 11.14 3.33 61.04

Hepatica nobilis 0.01 0.06 3.33 0.33 var. obtusa

Hexastylis 0.11 0.33 20.00 0.42 1.71 0.25 0.63 0.13 0.25 arifolia

Ilex opaca 0.01 0.08 3.33 0.42

Ilex vomitoria 0.10 0.57 3.33 3.13

Ipomoea sp. 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04

Iris sp. 0.10 0.53 3.33 2.92

Juncus effusus 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25

Juncus sp. 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21

Kalmia latifolia 0.11 0.54 6.67 2.96 0.21

Lepidium 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21

21 virginicum

Lespedeza sp. 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25

Ligustrum 0.79 1.91 26.67 0.08 5.21 7.71 0.04 4.83 2.92 0.42 2.50 sinense

Liliopsida 0.01 0.05 3.33 0.25

Lindera benzoin 0.04 0.17 6.67 0.42 0.83

Liquidambar 0.16 0.51 23.33 1.25 2.54 0.21 0.25 0.21 0.04 0.21 styraciflua

Lonicera 1.10 2.83 43.33 0.04 0.63 1.25 3.75 0.04 4.58 0.21 7.13 0.42 13.38 0.67 0.04 0.83 japonica

Lysimachia 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 quadrifolia

Lysimachia sp. 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21

Magnoliopsida 0.43 1.36 26.67 0.21 0.04 1.46 2.08 7.08 0.21 0.42 1.46

Menispermum 0.66 3.61 3.33 19.79 canadense

Microstegium 2.13 9.38 10.00 1.50 50.42 11.88 vimineum

Mikania 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 scandens

Nyssa sylvatica 0.06 0.23 10.00 1.25 0.21 0.21

Ostrya virginiana 0.08 0.24 20.00 0.21 0.21 1.25 0.25 0.08 0.29

Oxalis sp. 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04

Oxydendrum 0.01 0.04 6.67 0.21 0.04 arboreum

Table 6. (Continued.)

Std Species Avg Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Panax 0.11 0.61 3.33 3.33 quinquefolius

Panicum sp. 0.25 0.65 30.00 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 1.25 2.21 2.71

Parthenocissus 1.08 1.58 80.00 0.50 0.33 0.21 1.08 1.92 2.96 1.42 0.50 0.17 0.96 5.75 0.25 1.71 1.50 0.63 1.46 0.29 6.25 0.04 0.58 0.21 3.13 0.25 0.21 quinquefolia

Paspalum urvillei 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25

Passiflora lutea 0.06 0.27 10.00 0.21 0.21 1.46

Phytolacca 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04 americana

Pinus echinata 0.05 0.23 10.00 0.21 0.04 1.25

Pinus sp. 0.01 0.05 6.67 0.29 0.08

Pinus taeda 0.02 0.08 6.67 0.04 0.46

Plantago 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 lanceolata

Poaceae 0.29 0.49 50.00 0.04 0.42 0.21 0.67 1.50 0.21 0.63 0.25 1.29 1.67 1.29 0.21 0.04 0.21 0.21

Podophyllum 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 peltatum

Polygonatum 0.14 0.54 23.33 0.21 0.21 0.42 2.96 0.25 0.04 0.21 biflorum 22 Polygonum sp. 0.24 0.94 6.67 2.92 4.38

Polystichum 0.33 0.65 33.33 1.46 1.46 0.04 0.21 2.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.21 0.21 acrostichoides

Potentilla 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04 canadensis

Prenanthes sp. 0.03 0.13 6.67 0.63 0.42

Prunus 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 caroliniana

Prunus serotina 0.14 0.30 43.33 0.13 0.21 0.08 0.46 0.04 0.42 0.29 0.21 0.21 1.50 0.50 0.13 0.04

Quercus alba 0.11 0.35 16.67 0.42 0.83 0.21 1.71 0.21

Quercus 0.00 0.01 10.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 laurifolia

Quercus nigra 0.01 0.02 10.00 0.08 0.04 0.04

Quercus prinus 0.11 0.53 13.33 0.21 0.21 0.04 2.92

Quercus rubra 0.12 0.34 20.00 0.21 1.46 0.21 0.21 0.21 1.25

Quercus sp. 0.03 0.09 16.67 0.04 0.21 0.42 0.04 0.21

Rhododendron 0.09 0.49 3.33 2.71 arborescens

Rubus sp. 0.56 2.16 20.00 0.54 0.04 3.33 1.25 0.21 11.46

Ruellia 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 caroliniensis

Rumex crispus 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04

Sanguinaria 0.01 0.08 3.33 0.42 canadensis

Table 6. (Continued.)

Std Species Avg Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Sanicula 0.10 0.49 10.00 2.71 0.04 0.21 canadensis

Sassafras 0.11 0.35 16.67 0.04 0.42 0.04 1.46 1.25 albidum

Schisandra 0.14 0.72 6.67 3.96 0.25 glabra

Scleria oligantha 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25

Scrophulariacea 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 e

Smilax glauca 0.31 0.65 23.33 1.25 1.46 1.25 1.25 2.50 0.21 1.46

Smilax 0.38 1.61 6.67 3.13 8.33 rotundifolia

Smilax sp. 0.49 1.10 60.00 0.08 1.46 0.25 0.67 0.25 0.13 0.54 0.25 2.75 0.46 0.25 0.21 0.13 0.04 0.13 0.33 5.42 1.29

Solanum 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21 carolinense

Solidago sp. 0.09 0.46 6.67 0.21 2.50

Stachys sp. 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04

Styrax 0.04 0.24 3.33 1.29 grandifolius

23 Thalictrum 0.17 0.67 6.67 2.92 2.29

thalictroides

Toxicodendron 2.08 6.04 46.67 0.04 15.83 0.04 0.13 0.21 2.92 1.25 6.25 1.25 0.04 0.21 29.38 0.21 4.79 radicans

Trillium sp. 0.02 0.08 6.67 0.42 0.21

Ulmus alata 0.02 0.06 6.67 0.25 0.21

Ulmus sp. 0.01 0.07 3.33 0.38

Uvularia sp. 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25

Vaccinium 0.05 0.27 6.67 0.04 1.46 arboreum

Vaccinium elliottii 0.08 0.46 3.33 2.50

Vaccinium 0.40 1.59 13.33 0.21 8.54 1.88 1.25 pallidum

Verbena sp. 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04

Verbesina sp. 0.22 0.97 6.67 1.25 5.21

Viburnum 0.24 0.75 23.33 0.21 1.46 3.75 0.42 0.04 1.25 0.21 acerifolium

Viburnum 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25 dentatum

Viburnum 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.04 rufidulum

Viburnum sp. 0.09 0.49 3.33 2.71

Vicia caroliniana 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.21

Viola sp. 0.05 0.12 23.33 0.42 0.08 0.25 0.04 0.08 0.25 0.42

Table 6. (Continued.)

Std Species Avg Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Vitis aestivalis 0.04 0.23 3.33 1.25

Vitis rotundifolia 5.44 6.93 86.67 0.04 10.00 0.67 0.08 6.46 9.00 24.38 0.21 0.29 1.67 0.58 13.54 7.71 6.25 24.79 0.21 6.25 0.04 1.25 3.96 0.25 6.46 8.13 16.67 10.42 4.00

Ground Condition

Bare Ground 3.44 6.09 80.00 0.42 1.88 0.21 9.58 5.21 0.42 28.54 1.67 2.50 1.25 3.13 0.21 1.46 0.21 1.67 14.58 4.21 0.21 1.25 0.21 1.25 6.46 3.13 13.54

Exposed Rock 0.53 2.10 20.00 1.25 1.25 0.42 0.04 1.46 11.46

Leaf Litter/Duff 89.31 11.67 100.00 89.42 84.58 95.42 97.50 87.50 94.58 90.63 96.46 73.54 93.54 97.50 91.46 93.54 95.42 97.50 93.54 95.42 86.67 96.46 63.96 85.63 84.38 97.50 96.46 96.46 96.46 97.50 44.79 90.63 74.79

Open Water 1.63 8.90 3.33 48.75

Tree Base 1.40 2.55 30.00 8.33 7.08 5.21 7.08 3.13 1.25 3.13 1.46 5.21

Upland Non- 0.97 2.29 36.67 1.25 1.25 0.42 0.42 0.21 1.46 1.25 8.33 1.25 9.38 3.75 Vascular/Lichen

Table 7. Percentage of area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence by groundcover species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011. Absolute cover is averaged across groundcover plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Species Avg Std Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Acer barbatum 1.18 4.46 10.00 12.34 21.51 1.63

Acer negundo 0.23 0.94 10.00 0.27 4.88 1.86

Acer rubrum 1.33 3.88 36.67 0.24 20.18 4.08 5.94 0.06 4.77 0.27 0.05 0.33 1.77 2.06

Acer saccharum 2.42 13.28 3.33 72.73

Aesculus pavia 0.53 2.47 6.67 2.46 13.38

Allium sp. 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.24

Ambrosia 0.09 0.38 10.00 2.04 0.40 0.24 artemisiifolia

Amelanchier 0.07 0.22 10.00 0.69 0.45 0.97 arborea

Aralia spinosa 0.02 0.09 3.33 0.52

Arisaema 0.68 3.69 6.67 0.32 20.20 triphyllum

Aristolochia 0.13 0.35 16.67 1.49 1.08 0.06 0.49 0.69 serpentaria

Arundinaria 0.26 1.20 6.67 6.48 1.39 gigantea

Asimina triloba 0.59 2.04 10.00 6.24 9.40 2.06 25

Asplenium 1.65 5.16 23.33 24.15 0.30 4.95 2.46 0.79 15.44 1.45 platyneuron

Asteraceae 0.33 1.55 10.00 8.45 1.35 0.09

Athyrium filix- 0.05 0.25 3.33 1.35 femina

Bignonia 0.47 1.12 20.00 2.04 1.45 5.14 1.67 2.36 1.39 capreolata

Boehmeria 0.12 0.64 3.33 3.51 cylindrica

Botrychium 0.05 0.20 6.67 0.79 0.81 virginianum

Briza minor 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.05

Campsis 1.98 6.54 20.00 33.33 1.79 9.54 12.24 0.81 1.75 radicans

Carex sp. 0.19 0.48 20.00 2.19 1.08 0.41 0.67 0.24 0.97

Carpinus 0.20 1.08 3.33 5.94 caroliniana

Carya alba 0.47 1.12 23.33 1.35 3.64 1.28 4.80 1.45 0.45 1.09

Carya glabra 0.51 1.70 16.67 1.08 1.67 9.09 1.47 2.06

Carya sp. 0.03 0.18 3.33 0.99

Celtis 0.08 0.33 6.67 0.69 1.67 occidentalis

Cercis 0.40 1.99 10.00 0.22 0.99 10.91 canadensis

Table 7. (Continued.)

Species Avg Std Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Chamaesyce 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.24 maculata

Chasmanthium 0.05 0.25 3.33 1.39 laxum

Cimicifuga 1.02 3.90 6.67 16.13 14.56 racemosa

Clematis 0.05 0.25 3.33 1.39 virginiana

Cocculus 0.34 1.14 10.00 1.21 4.70 4.18 carolinus

Conyza 0.41 2.24 3.33 12.24 canadensis

Cornus 0.06 0.35 3.33 1.90 amomum

Cornus florida 0.74 2.21 23.33 6.48 10.20 0.32 2.96 1.57 0.24 0.33

Cornus foemina 0.39 2.16 3.33 11.84

Crataegus sp. 0.03 0.13 6.67 0.10 0.69

Cynodon 0.05 0.27 3.33 1.45 dactylon

Cyperaceae 0.85 3.09 16.67 1.49 16.22 5.42 0.24 2.01

26 Decumaria 0.09 0.34 6.67 1.45 1.18

barbara

Desmodium sp. 0.07 0.37 3.33 2.04

Dioscorea 0.05 0.25 3.33 1.39 oppositifolia

Dioscorea 0.36 1.06 13.33 1.19 2.22 4.80 2.69 villosa

Diospyros 0.12 0.66 6.67 3.62 0.09 virginiana

Elymus 0.09 0.36 6.67 1.45 1.39 virginicus

Epifagus 0.05 0.30 3.33 1.62 virginiana

Eremochloa 0.44 2.39 3.33 13.09 ophiuroides

Euonymus 0.92 2.07 26.67 4.32 3.12 1.30 5.94 1.08 1.57 1.42 8.85 americanus

Eupatorium 0.16 0.89 3.33 4.88 fistulosum

Fabaceae 0.21 0.91 6.67 1.69 4.75

Fagus 0.39 1.87 6.67 1.35 10.20 grandifolia

Filicopsida 0.05 0.26 3.33 1.45

Fraxinus 0.02 0.10 6.67 0.24 0.47 americana

Table 7. (Continued.)

Species Avg Std Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Fraxinus 1.20 5.50 13.33 29.82 0.30 5.56 0.23 pennsylvanica

Fraxinus sp. 0.05 0.25 3.33 1.35

Galax urceolata 0.05 0.30 3.33 1.62

Galium sp. 0.05 0.19 10.00 0.99 0.32 0.33

Gnaphalium 0.05 0.27 3.33 1.45 obtusifolium var. obtusifolium

Hedera helix 2.36 12.92 3.33 70.77

Hepatica nobilis 0.02 0.09 3.33 0.51 var. obtusa

Hexastylis 0.44 0.95 20.00 2.70 2.59 2.96 1.35 1.00 2.47 arifolia

Ilex opaca 0.05 0.29 3.33 1.59

Ilex vomitoria 0.40 2.18 3.33 11.92

Ipomoea sp. 0.01 0.03 3.33 0.16

Iris sp. 0.15 0.81 3.33 4.43

Juncus effusus 0.05 0.25 3.33 1.39

Juncus sp. 0.02 0.12 3.33 0.67 27 Kalmia latifolia 0.53 2.80 6.67 15.33 0.45

Lepidium 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.24 virginicum

Lespedeza sp. 0.41 2.24 3.33 12.24

Ligustrum 2.06 6.05 26.67 0.48 7.44 29.41 0.41 15.57 3.39 2.36 2.79 sinense

Liliopsida 0.01 0.07 3.33 0.36

Lindera benzoin 0.13 0.54 6.67 2.70 1.27

Liquidambar 1.40 5.00 23.33 7.25 26.75 1.08 2.45 0.67 1.82 2.06 styraciflua

Lonicera 2.95 7.80 43.33 0.24 4.05 3.12 5.70 0.49 5.31 2.04 40.52 1.34 15.56 3.78 0.54 5.90 japonica

Lysimachia 0.19 1.06 3.33 5.80 quadrifolia

Lysimachia sp. 0.08 0.45 3.33 2.46

Magnoliopsida 1.65 5.48 26.67 1.21 0.44 2.08 3.16 27.03 0.69 0.48 14.29

Menispermum 0.74 4.03 3.33 22.07 canadense

Microstegium 4.00 14.71 10.00 9.73 72.07 38.26 vimineum

Mikania 0.05 0.25 3.33 1.39 scandens

Nyssa sylvatica 0.20 0.66 10.00 3.12 1.57 1.18

Ostrya virginiana 0.83 2.40 20.00 1.35 2.46 12.24 1.42 3.64 3.80

Table 7. (Continued.)

Species Avg Std Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Oxalis sp. 0.00 0.02 3.33 0.13

Oxydendrum 0.36 1.86 6.67 10.20 0.54 arboreum

Panax 1.31 7.20 3.33 39.41 quinquefolius

Panicum sp. 0.93 3.25 30.00 1.08 0.30 0.32 2.04 1.18 0.67 1.45 17.73 3.02

Parthenocissus 4.94 8.85 80.00 2.90 2.16 0.52 5.62 5.88 4.23 33.66 0.76 1.97 3.66 18.93 1.88 3.68 8.53 2.01 1.70 2.34 35.46 0.54 4.13 0.91 3.49 1.16 2.06 quinquefolia

Paspalum 0.05 0.27 3.33 1.45 urvillei

Passiflora lutea 0.16 0.48 10.00 1.57 1.47 1.63

Phytolacca 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.05 americana

Pinus echinata 0.29 1.30 10.00 0.64 0.99 7.09

Pinus sp. 0.02 0.09 6.67 0.44 0.27

Pinus taeda 0.16 0.83 6.67 0.22 4.53

Plantago 0.05 0.27 3.33 1.45 lanceolata

Poaceae 1.63 3.39 50.00 0.24 2.70 0.30 15.84 2.28 2.46 2.06 2.45 4.16 1.94 10.37 1.18 0.54 1.47 0.97

28 Podophyllum 0.01 0.06 3.33 0.32 peltatum

Polygonatum 0.33 0.89 23.33 1.35 0.52 1.28 4.49 0.54 0.24 1.47 biflorum

Polygonum sp. 0.30 1.15 6.67 4.17 4.88

Polystichum 1.48 2.72 33.33 9.46 7.56 0.99 2.46 2.90 2.69 7.11 7.09 2.72 1.47 acrostichoides

Potentilla 0.01 0.06 3.33 0.33 canadensis

Prenanthes sp. 0.16 0.75 6.67 4.05 0.63

Prunus 0.16 0.87 3.33 4.77 caroliniana

Prunus serotina 1.67 4.78 43.33 0.72 1.35 0.43 22.45 0.06 0.63 3.45 0.69 1.57 14.69 2.84 1.00 0.24

Quercus alba 1.23 4.40 16.67 20.41 1.27 0.69 13.71 0.97

Quercus 0.02 0.06 10.00 0.24 0.24 0.13 laurifolia

Quercus nigra 0.03 0.11 10.00 0.43 0.41 0.05

Quercus prinus 0.28 1.17 13.33 1.49 0.64 0.14 6.28

Quercus rubra 0.57 1.40 20.00 1.49 4.48 1.57 2.72 0.91 5.80

Quercus sp. 0.20 0.56 16.67 2.04 0.30 1.37 0.31 2.06

Rhododendron 0.39 2.16 3.33 11.82 arborescens

Rubus sp. 0.99 3.01 20.00 3.14 0.22 10.74 1.45 1.47 12.78

Ruellia 0.05 0.27 3.33 1.45 caroliniensis

Table 7. (Continued.)

Species Avg Std Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Rumex crispus 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.05

Sanguinaria 0.02 0.12 3.33 0.63 canadensis

Sanicula 0.18 0.76 10.00 4.11 0.49 0.67 canadensis

Sassafras 0.82 2.88 16.67 0.22 1.28 0.31 10.32 12.35 albidum

Schisandra 0.25 1.12 6.67 6.01 1.42 glabra

Scleria oligantha 0.19 1.06 3.33 5.80

Scrophulariaceae 0.05 0.25 3.33 1.39

Smilax glauca 1.43 3.45 23.33 8.96 2.22 4.12 9.40 2.79 0.97 14.40

Smilax 0.43 1.80 6.67 3.64 9.29 rotundifolia

Smilax sp. 2.29 3.30 60.00 0.48 10.45 1.62 3.46 0.77 6.12 12.87 1.88 5.92 4.49 1.42 0.67 0.71 1.82 1.63 2.36 6.04 6.00

Solanum 0.01 0.04 3.33 0.24 carolinense

Solidago sp. 0.15 0.59 6.67 1.49 2.91

Stachys sp. 0.00 0.02 3.33 0.13

29 Styrax 0.24 1.34 3.33 7.33 grandifolius

Thalictrum 0.75 3.49 6.67 18.92 3.48 thalictroides

Toxicodendron 4.36 10.01 46.67 0.44 39.54 0.06 2.97 0.32 9.60 9.40 7.25 2.69 0.41 0.67 34.17 1.18 22.24 radicans

Trillium sp. 0.08 0.31 6.67 1.28 1.18

Ulmus alata 0.06 0.27 6.67 1.45 0.24

Ulmus sp. 0.13 0.72 3.33 3.95

Uvularia sp. 0.06 0.35 3.33 1.90

Vaccinium 0.23 0.94 6.67 2.04 4.80 arboreum

Vaccinium 0.26 1.40 3.33 7.67 elliottii

Vaccinium 1.31 4.18 13.33 0.52 18.39 8.18 12.35 pallidum

Verbena sp. 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.05

Verbesina sp. 0.44 1.67 6.67 7.25 5.81

Viburnum 0.65 1.55 23.33 1.49 3.64 5.70 0.90 0.29 5.45 2.06 acerifolium

Viburnum 0.06 0.35 3.33 1.90 dentatum

Viburnum 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.06 rufidulum

Viburnum sp. 0.14 0.75 3.33 4.11

Table 7. (Continued.)

Species Avg Std Dev Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Vicia caroliniana 0.04 0.22 3.33 1.21

Viola sp. 0.30 0.73 23.33 2.70 0.12 0.38 0.49 0.82 2.01 2.36

Vitis aestivalis 0.10 0.57 3.33 3.12

Vitis rotundifolia 25.97 28.33 86.67 0.24 71.64 4.32 0.88 16.13 46.65 74.81 10.20 6.93 2.53 6.90 44.58 57.99 7.25 53.36 2.04 35.55 0.13 1.45 31.77 1.42 84.24 57.52 72.73 48.36 39.51

Ground Condition

Bare Ground 3.47 6.01 80.00 0.44 1.88 0.21 9.83 5.20 0.43 27.96 1.66 2.52 1.28 3.19 0.21 1.51 0.21 2.22 14.55 4.54 0.21 1.28 0.21 1.26 6.46 3.16 13.57

Exposed Rock 0.53 2.11 20.00 1.25 1.28 0.45 0.04 1.49 11.48

Leaf Litter/Duff 91.86 11.28 100.00 100.00 89.43 95.62 99.79 89.74 94.39 92.75 99.36 72.04 93.35 100.00 91.27 94.33 97.45 100.00 95.53 95.42 89.85 98.51 85.28 85.45 90.97 99.79 98.68 98.30 97.27 100.00 44.79 91.58 74.95

Open Water 1.63 8.90 3.33 48.75

Tree Base 1.42 2.61 30.00 8.81 7.25 5.20 7.07 3.15 1.28 3.13 1.47 5.26

Upland Non- 1.09 2.76 36.67 1.32 1.25 0.43 0.42 0.21 1.46 1.25 8.64 1.28 12.50 4.04 Vascular/Lichen 30

Table 8. Average canopy species size, measured as diameter (cm) at breast height (DBH) for species sampled in vegetation monitoring macroplots at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of individual trees measured within each plot. DBH measurements are averaged across DBH plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Std Species Avg Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Acer negundo 19.39 4.16 6.70 24.96 12.70 9.40 43.20 (1) (9) (2) (1) (1)

Acer rubrum 10.32 4.57 9.04 10.80 13.50 9.65 8.60 (39) (12) (1) (2) (8)

Aesculus pavia 5.90 5.90 (1)

Amelanchier 5.55 2.05 5.55 arborea (2)

Betula nigra 54.70 54.70 (1)

Camellia 5.80 5.80 sasanqua (1)

Carpinus 6.82 2.36 7.54 5.15 4.70 9.30 8.50 5.75 caroliniana (5) (6) (1) (2) (1) (2)

Carya alba 13.82 9.60 7.93 29.75 6.90 6.30 35.50 9.05 6.95 12.70 9.90 12.27 14.76 (15) (2) (5) (1) (1) (22) (2) (1) (1) (3) (13)

Carya glabra 13.85 7.69 9.68 18.63 5.77 39.37 4.90 6.00 13.48 13.00 (8) (3) (7) (6) (1) (4) (5) (1) 31 Celtis 10.65 4.88 10.65

occidentalis (2)

Cercis 5.60 3.95 4.50 7.30 5.00 canadensis (1) (3) (1)

Cornus amomum 4.50 4.50 (1)

Cornus florida 7.40 2.09 4.40 9.07 6.00 5.95 6.60 8.50 8.50 6.25 6.95 4.40 9.83 6.38 11.10 6.83 12.20 6.30 11.56 4.73 6.20 6.18 (1) (3) (1) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (3) (4) (1) (9) (1) (1) (5) (3) (2) (4)

Crataegus sp. 4.60 4.60 (1)

Diospyros 18.65 3.18 18.65 virginiana (2)

Fagus grandifolia 10.20 4.66 16.39 6.48 8.15 6.20 35.00 13.00 7.75 6.60 8.70 5.45 5.80 4.65 8.40 (8) (8) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (1) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1)

Fraxinus 16.21 1.20 41.20 11.70 12.10 6.80 6.70 13.35 21.60 americana (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (1)

Fraxinus 34.66 12.29 21.80 52.00 30.17 pennsylvanica (3) (2) (3)

Halesia carolina 8.45 5.17 8.45 (4)

Ilex opaca 8.19 3.49 10.17 6.20 (7) (4)

Juniperus 7.00 7.00 virginiana (1)

Kalmia latifolia 7.77 2.25 7.77 (3)

Table 8. (Continued.)

Std Species Avg Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Ligustrum 5.24 1.95 5.93 4.70 5.10 sinense (39) (1) (2)

Liquidambar 15.94 10.62 8.23 29.03 9.48 12.22 17.06 21.65 39.65 10.20 19.64 7.49 5.50 26.59 12.07 4.30 styraciflua (28) (11) (10) (11) (5) (2) (2) (1) (9) (32) (1) (9) (9) (1)

Liriodendron 22.12 9.93 10.60 34.92 25.00 23.60 10.00 29.75 10.90 31.51 19.53 30.13 10.30 5.90 36.95 24.03 14.40 36.70 21.75 tulipifera (31) (5) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (8) (8) (3) (1) (4) (2) (4) (1) (2) (2)

Magnolia 12.06 14.74 19.33 4.80 grandiflora (7) (1)

Morus rubra 12.08 16.40 4.30 10.30 17.30 (1) (1) (1) (1)

Nyssa sylvatica 8.63 4.87 8.52 5.15 9.35 4.80 16.40 7.99 4.50 6.10 10.00 13.65 8.09 9.07 (9) (2) (4) (1) (2) (10) (1) (2) (4) (2) (8) (3)

Ostrya virginiana 7.97 3.84 4.50 5.60 4.90 11.80 13.70 7.31 (1) (4) (1) (2) (2) (12)

Oxydendrum 14.93 4.72 20.28 14.35 14.90 17.00 14.08 9.15 11.37 11.92 13.10 8.36 24.50 21.76 18.85 9.40 arboreum (4) (2) (2) (4) (5) (2) (3) (13) (1) (7) (1) (5) (2) (1)

Pinus echinata 27.03 4.53 46.40 25.58 9.10 (1) (4) (2)

Pinus taeda 34.36 11.51 28.36 49.80 39.78 53.00 36.19 22.58 24.04 33.90 31.59 29.25 7.55 56.30 (5) (1) (4) (1) (7) (4) (5) (3) (7) (2) (2) (1)

32 Platanus 67.30 67.30 occidentalis (1)

Prunus 4.30 0.44 4.30 caroliniana (3)

Prunus serotina 10.80 4.99 13.90 7.53 13.70 9.00 9.83 10.39 11.22 (1) (4) (1) (1) (4) (14) (9)

Prunus sp. 11.00 2.26 11.00 (2)

Quercus alba 27.14 13.67 16.56 26.75 42.70 18.43 15.33 22.67 86.20 31.40 14.02 30.60 39.40 40.10 38.08 9.50 15.55 10.20 21.40 9.675 (5) (4) (1) (3) (3) (6) (1) (2) (6) (3) (2) (3) (10) (2) (2) (1) (1) (4)

Quercus 24.60 24.60 coccinea (1)

Quercus falcata 41.20 11.01 32.30 52.90 40.30 85.50 50.80 41.20 38.60 4.40 36.80 26.40 37.933 47.27 (1) (2) (1) (1) (1) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) 33333 (3) (3)

Quercus nigra 15.20 1.41 11.40 4.90 32.30 9.30 18.10 (1) (1) (1) (2) (1)

Quercus prinus 25.83 12.32 36.85 30.50 13.50 37.20 13.35 23.60 (2) (6) (1) (3) (2) (1)

Quercus rubra 18.68 17.31 11.10 14.67 20.95 7.50 42.65 42.30 14.80 33.75 8.50 4.30 15.33 9.78 17.20 (1) (3) (2) (1) (2) (1) (1) (2) (1) (1) (3) (5) (1)

Quercus 30.44 6.01 33.60 20.00 44.10 24.05 shumardii (1) (1) (1) (2)

Quercus stellata 21.83 7.00 19.43 14.00 29.45 11.40 4.5 (2) 52.20 (4) (1) (4) (1) (1)

Sassafras 8.65 2.69 7.30 6.50 12.50 8.30 albidum (2) (1) (1) (1)

Table 8. (Continued.)

Std Species Avg Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Tilia americana 24.60 24.60 var. heterophylla (1)

Ulmus alata 15.99 3.17 5.34 13.15 11.78 33.70 (5) (2) (5) (2)

Ulmus rubra 6.50 8.30 4.70 (1) (1)

Vaccinium 4.65 4.90 4.4 (1) arboreum (1)

Acer rubrum 6.96 1.39 6.96 (dead) (8)

Carya alba 5.70 5.70 (dead) (1)

Cornus florida 6.52 0.60 5.20 5.10 7.20 8.50 6.60 8.00 5.50 6.04 (dead) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (1) (2) (5)

Fraxinus 4.80 4.80 americana (1) (dead)

Fraxinus 8.30 8.30 pennsylvanica (1) (dead)

Ligustrum 4.65 0.49 4.65 33 sinense (dead) (2)

Liquidambar 8.95 1.56 5.30 5.10 18.40 7.00 styraciflua (dead) (1) (1) (1) (2)

Liriodendron 4.30 4.30 tulipifera (dead) (1)

Morus rubra 6.20 6.20 (dead) (1)

Nyssa sylvatica 4.30 4.30 (dead) (1)

Oxydendrum 8.43 10.50 8.80 4.20 10.20 arboreum (dead) (1) (1) (1) (1)

Pinus echinata 9.80 9.80 (dead) (1)

Pinus taeda 22.94 3.20 8.76 35.00 26.40 32.80 21.50 36.50 8.30 14.25 (dead) (5) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2)

Prunus serotina 5.70 0.57 5.80 5.50 7.00 4.50 (dead) (1) (2) (1) (1)

Quercus alba 16.40 9.70 12.10 27.40 (dead) (1) (1) (1)

Quercus rubra 7.60 7.60 (dead) (1)

Quercus sp. 38.40 38.40 (dead) (1)

Salix nigra 24.30 24.30 (dead) (1)

Sassafras 6.00 6.00 albidum (dead) (1)

Table 9. Seedling frequency for canopy and shrub species in vegetation monitoring macroplots at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011. Seedling frequency is averaged across groundcover plots at each sampling location, and park-wide calculations are averaged across all sampling locations.

Seedlings Total Per Species Seedlings m2 Std Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Acer 52 1.44 1.17 2.67 1.33 0.33 barbatum

Acer 49 1.36 1.93 0.08 3.58 0.42 negundo

Acer rubrum 346 2.62 8.09 0.08 27.00 0.25 0.42 0.08 0.33 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.08

Acer 6 0.50 0.50 saccharum

Aesculus 4 0.17 0.12 0.08 0.25 pavia

Amelanchier 3 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 arborea

Aralia 1 0.08 0.08 spinosa

Asimina 7 0.19 0.13 0.17 0.33 0.08 triloba

Carpinus 9 0.75 0.75 caroliniana

Carya alba 12 0.14 0.06 0.08 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.17 34 Carya glabra 12 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.08

Carya sp. 1 0.08 0.08

Celtis 9 0.38 0.29 0.17 0.58 occidentalis

Cercis 9 0.25 0.22 0.08 0.17 0.50 canadensis

Cornus 4 0.33 0.33 amomum

Cornus 15 0.18 0.12 0.17 0.25 0.17 0.42 0.08 0.08 0.08 florida

Cornus 55 4.58 4.58 foemina

Crataegus 5 0.21 0.18 0.08 0.33 sp.

Diospyros 5 0.21 0.18 0.33 0.08 virginiana

Euonymus 58 0.60 0.33 0.58 0.58 0.50 0.50 0.58 0.17 0.58 1.33 americanus

Fagus 2 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.08 grandifolia

Fraxinus 3 0.13 0.06 0.08 0.17 americana

Fraxinus 164 3.42 6.28 12.83 0.58 0.17 0.08 pennsylvanica

Fraxinus sp. 1 0.08 0.08

Ilex opaca 2 0.17 0.17

Table 9. (Continued.)

Seedlings Total Per Species Seedlings m2 Std Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Acer 52 1.44 1.17 2.67 1.33 0.33 barbatum

Acer 49 1.36 1.93 0.08 3.58 0.42 negundo

Acer rubrum 346 2.62 8.09 0.08 27.00 0.25 0.42 0.08 0.33 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.08

Acer 6 0.50 0.50 saccharum

Aesculus 4 0.17 0.12 0.08 0.25 pavia

Amelanchier 3 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 arborea

Ilex vomitoria 22 1.83 1.83

Kalmia 15 0.63 0.77 1.17 0.08 latifolia

Ligustrum 233 2.43 2.61 0.17 4.17 6.17 0.08 6.00 1.50 0.33 1.00 sinense

Lindera 8 0.33 0.24 0.17 0.50 benzoin

35 Liquidambar 25 0.30 0.36 0.33 1.08 0.17 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.08 styraciflua

Magnoliopsida 5 0.42 0.42

Nyssa 5 0.14 0.10 0.25 0.08 0.08 sylvatica

Ostrya 28 0.39 0.35 0.17 0.08 0.58 0.33 0.17 1.00 virginiana

Oxydendrum 2 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.08 arboreum

Pinus 3 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 echinata

Pinus sp. 5 0.21 0.06 0.25 0.17

Pinus taeda 4 0.17 0.12 0.08 0.25

Prunus 2 0.17 0.17 caroliniana

Prunus 72 0.50 0.53 0.25 0.75 0.17 0.67 0.25 1.75 0.08 0.08 1.25 0.42 0.25 0.08 serotina

Quercus 26 0.43 0.46 0.25 0.58 0.08 1.17 0.08 alba

Quercus 3 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 laurifolia

Quercus 4 0.11 0.05 0.17 0.08 0.08 nigra

Quercus 14 0.29 0.36 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.83 prinus

Quercus 11 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.33 rubra

Table 9. (Continued.)

Seedlings Total Per Species Seedlings m2 Std Dev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Acer 52 1.44 1.17 2.67 1.33 0.33 barbatum

Acer 49 1.36 1.93 0.08 3.58 0.42 negundo

Acer rubrum 346 2.62 8.09 0.08 27.00 0.25 0.42 0.08 0.33 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.08

Acer 6 0.50 0.50 saccharum

Aesculus 4 0.17 0.12 0.08 0.25 pavia

Amelanchier 3 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 arborea

Quercus sp. 6 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.08

Rhododendro 33 2.75 2.75 n arborescens

Sassafras 10 0.17 0.10 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.33 0.17 albidum

Styrax 7 0.58 0.58 grandifolius

36 Ulmus alata 2 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.08

Ulmus sp. 12 1.00 1.00

Vaccinium 11 0.46 0.53 0.08 0.83 arboreum

Vaccinium 9 0.75 0.75 elliottii

Vaccinium 32 0.67 0.78 0.25 1.83 0.42 0.17 pallidum

Viburnum 37 0.44 0.50 0.17 0.33 1.50 0.33 0.08 0.58 0.08 acerifolium

Viburnum 5 0.42 0.42 dentatum

Viburnum 1 0.08 0.08 rufidulum

Viburnum sp. 6 0.5 0.5

Literature Cited Bechtold, W. A., and P. L. Patterson, editors. 2005. The enhanced forest inventory and analysis program—national sampling design and estimation procedures. General Technical Report SRS-80. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC. 85 pp.

Byrne, M. W. 2009. Sampling-point generation for SECN monitoring protocols: Generating a spatially-balanced random sample with the RRQRR tool in ArcGIS 9.1. Draft Standard Operating Procedure Version 1.0, last updated March 2009.

Byrne, M. W., and S. L. Corbett. 2012. Vegetation monitoring methodology. Southeast Coast Network Standard Operating Procedure. NPS/SECN/SOP-1.4.10.

Byrne, M. W., S. L. Corbett, and B. D. Smrekar. 2013. Installation and relocation of permanent terrestrial monitoring sampling locations. Southeast Coast Network Standard Operating Procedure NPS/SECN/SOP-1.4.19. National Park Service, Athens, Georgia.

Corbett, S. L., and M. W. Byrne. 2012a. Botanical identification training and pre-requisites for seasonal field staff. Southeast Coast Network Standard Operating Procedure NPS/SECN/SOP- 1.4.07 National Park Service, Athens, Georgia.

Corbett, S. L., and M. W. Byrne. 2012b. Constructing a standard 1-m2 sampling frame for vegetation monitoring. Southeast Coast Network Standard Operating Procedure NPS/SECN/SOP-1.4.8. National Park Service, Athens, Georgia.

Corbett, S. L. 2013. Handling, collection, and temporary archiving of botanical specimens expected to be used for consumptive analysis. Southeast Coast Network Standard Operating Procedure NPS/SECN/SOP-1.4.14. National Park Service, Athens, Georgia.

DeVivo, J. C., C. J. Wright, M. W. Byrne, E. DiDonato, and T. Curtis. 2008. Vital Signs monitoring in the Southeast Coast Inventory & Monitoring Network. Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2008/061. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC). 2008. National vegetation classification standard, version 2. FGDC-STD-005-2008. Available online: http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/project/FGDC-standards-projects/vegetation.

Foster, D. R., G. Motzkin, and B. Slater. 1998. Land-use history as long-term broad-scale disturbance: regional forest dynamics in central New England. Ecosystems 1:96-119.

NPSpecies - The National Park Service Biodiversity Database. Secure online version. Available at: https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start (Park list: accessed 13 January 2011).

Peet, R. K., T. R. Wentworth, and P. S White. 1998. A flexible, multipurpose method for recording vegetation composition and structure. Castanea 63:262-274.

Theobald, D. M., D. L. Stevens, D. White, N. S. Urquhart, A. R. Olsen, and J. B. Norman. 2007. Using GIS to generate spatially balanced random survey designs for natural resource applications. Environmental Management 40:134-146.

Turner, II, B. L., W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Mathews, and W. B. Meyer, editors. 1990. The earth as transformed by human action: Global and regional changes in the biosphere over the past 300 years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Appendix A. Plant species known to occur at CHAT.

Table A-1. Vascular plant species known occur at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (NPSpecies 2011) and species detected during 2011 monitoring efforts.

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Alismatales Alismataceae Alisma subcordatum X Alismatales Alismataceae Sagittaria cf. engelmannia X Alismatales Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia X X Alismatales Araceae Arisaema dracontium X Alismatales Araceae Arisaema triphyllum X X Alismatales Araceae Arisaema triphyllum ssp. quinatum X Alismatales Araceae Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum X Alismatales Araceae Peltandra virginica X Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae Egeria densa X Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae Elodea canadensis X Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae Najas cf. gracillima X Alismatales Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton X Alismatales Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton diversifolius X Alismatales Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton pusillus X Apiales Apiaceae Aegopodium podagraria X Apiales Apiaceae Angelica venenosa X Apiales Apiaceae Chaerophyllum tainturieri X Apiales Apiaceae Cicuta maculata X Apiales Apiaceae Conium maculatum X Apiales Apiaceae Cryptotaenia canadensis X Apiales Apiaceae Daucus carota X Apiales Apiaceae Daucus pusillus X Apiales Apiaceae Eryngium prostratum X Apiales Apiaceae Ligusticum canadense X Apiales Apiaceae Osmorhiza longistylis X Apiales Apiaceae Oxypolis rigidior X Apiales Apiaceae Ptilimnium capillaceum X Apiales Apiaceae Sanicula canadensis X X Apiales Apiaceae Sanicula sp. X Apiales Apiaceae Thaspium trifoliatum X Apiales Apiaceae unknown Apiaceae X X Apiales Araliaceae Aralia spinosa X X Apiales Araliaceae Hedera helix X X Apiales Araliaceae Hydrocotyle umbellata X Apiales Araliaceae Panax quinquefolius X X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex ambigua X X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex decidua X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex glabra X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex montana X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex opaca X X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex sp. X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex verticillata X Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae Ilex vomitoria X X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Allium canadense X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Allium sp. X X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Allium vineale X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Hymenocallis caroliniana X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Narcissus pseudonarcissus X Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes atamasca X Asparagales Asparagaceae Liriope muscari X Asparagales Asparagaceae Liriope sp. X X Asparagales Asparagaceae Liriope spicatum X Asparagales Asparagaceae Maianthemum racemosum ssp. X racemosum Asparagales Asparagaceae Muscari neglectum X Asparagales Asparagaceae Ophiopogon japonicus X Asparagales Asparagaceae Polygonatum biflorum X X Asparagales Asparagaceae Yucca filamentosa X Asparagales Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hirsuta X Asparagales Iridaceae Iris cristata X Asparagales Iridaceae Iris germanica X Asparagales Iridaceae Iris sp. X X Asparagales Iridaceae Iris verna X Asparagales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium angustifolium X Asparagales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium cf. atlanticum X Asparagales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium fuscatum X Asparagales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium mucronatum X Asparagales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium rosulatum X Asparagales Orchidaceae Cypripedium acaule X Asparagales Orchidaceae Cypripedium parviflorum X Asparagales Orchidaceae Galearis spectabilis X Asparagales Orchidaceae Goodyera pubescens X X Asparagales Orchidaceae Malaxis unifolia X Asparagales Orchidaceae Platanthera cf. flava X Asparagales Orchidaceae Platanthera clavellata X Asparagales Orchidaceae Spiranthes ovalis X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Asparagales Orchidaceae Tipularia discolor X Asparagales Orchidaceae unknown Orchidaceae X X Asparagales Xanthorrhoeaceae Hemerocallis fulva X Asterales Asteraceae Achillea millefolium X Asterales Asteraceae Ageratina altissima var. altissima X Asterales Asteraceae Ageratina aromatica var. aromatica X Asterales Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia X X Asterales Asteraceae Ambrosia trifida X Asterales Asteraceae Antennaria plantaginifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Arctium minus X Asterales Asteraceae Arnoglossum atriplicifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Baccharis halimifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Bidens cf. aristosa X Asterales Asteraceae Bidens frondosa X Asterales Asteraceae Centaurea cyanus X Asterales Asteraceae Chrysogonum virginianum X Asterales Asteraceae Chrysopsis mariana X Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium altissimum X Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium discolor X Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium pumilum X Asterales Asteraceae Conoclinium coelestinum X Asterales Asteraceae Conyza canadensis X X Asterales Asteraceae Coreopsis auriculata X Asterales Asteraceae Coreopsis major X Asterales Asteraceae Coreopsis major var. stellata X Asterales Asteraceae Coreopsis tripteris X Asterales Asteraceae Crepis vesicaria X Asterales Asteraceae Croptilon divaricatum X Asterales Asteraceae Doellingeria infirma X Asterales Asteraceae Eclipta prostrata X Asterales Asteraceae Elephantopus carolinianus X X Asterales Asteraceae Elephantopus nudatus X Asterales Asteraceae Elephantopus tomentosus X Asterales Asteraceae Erechtites hieraciifolia X X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron annuus X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron philadelphicus X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron pulchellus X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron quercifolius X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium album X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium capillifolium X X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium compositifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium fistulosum X X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium glaucescens X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium hyssopifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium leucolepis X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium purpureum X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium serotinum X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Gamochaeta purpurea X Asterales Asteraceae Gnaphalium obtusifolium var. X obtusifolium Asterales Asteraceae Helenium amarum X Asterales Asteraceae Helenium autumnale X Asterales Asteraceae Helenium flexuosum X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus angustifolius X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus cf. occidentalis X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus decapetalus X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus divaricatus X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus hirsutus X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus microcephalus X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus strumosus X Asterales Asteraceae Heliopsis helianthoides X Asterales Asteraceae Heterotheca subaxillaris X Asterales Asteraceae Hieracium cf. scabrum X Asterales Asteraceae Hieracium gronovii X Asterales Asteraceae Hieracium venosum X Asterales Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata X Asterales Asteraceae Krigia caespitosa X Asterales Asteraceae Krigia virginica X X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca canadensis X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca cf. saligna X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca floridana X Asterales Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare X Asterales Asteraceae Liatris pilosa var. pilosa X Asterales Asteraceae Liatris spicata X Asterales Asteraceae Mikania scandens X X Asterales Asteraceae Packera anonyma X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Asterales Asteraceae Packera glabella X Asterales Asteraceae Pityopsis X Asterales Asteraceae Pityopsis graminifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Pityopsis graminifolia var. graminifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Pluchea camphorata X Asterales Asteraceae Prenanthes alba X Asterales Asteraceae Prenanthes altissima X Asterales Asteraceae Prenanthes serpentaria X Asterales Asteraceae Prenanthes sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Pyrrhopappus carolinianus var. X carolinianus Asterales Asteraceae Ratibida columnifera X Asterales Asteraceae Rudbeckia fulgida var. fulgida X Asterales Asteraceae Rudbeckia hirta X Asterales Asteraceae Rudbeckia laciniata X Asterales Asteraceae Sericocarpus asteroides X Asterales Asteraceae Sericocarpus linifolius X Asterales Asteraceae Silphium asteriscus X Asterales Asteraceae Silphium asteriscus var. laevicaule X Asterales Asteraceae Silphium compositum var. X compositum Asterales Asteraceae Smallanthus uvedalius X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago arguta X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago bicolor X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago caesia X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago canadensis var. scabra X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago cf. radula X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago curtisii X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago gigantea X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago nemoralis X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago odora X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago petiolaris X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago rugosa X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago speciosa var. erecta X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago speciosa var. speciosa X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago sphacelata X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago squarrosa X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Asterales Asteraceae Sonchus asper X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum cf. lanceloatum X lanceolatum lanceolatum Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum cordifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum divaricatum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum dumosum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum georgianum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. X lateriflorum Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum lowrieanum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum patens X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum pilosum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum puniceum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum retroflexum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum undulatum X Asterales Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale X Asterales Asteraceae Taraxacum spectabile X Asterales Asteraceae unknown Asteraceae X X Asterales Asteraceae Verbesina alternifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Verbesina occidentalis X Asterales Asteraceae Verbesina sp. X X Asterales Asteraceae Verbesina virginica var. virginica X Asterales Asteraceae Vernonia gigantea ssp. gigantea X Asterales Asteraceae Vernonia glauca X Asterales Asteraceae Vernonia noveboracensis X Asterales Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium X Asterales Asteraceae Youngia japonica X Asterales Campanulaceae Campanula divaricata X Asterales Campanulaceae Lobelia cardinalis X Asterales Campanulaceae Lobelia inflata X Asterales Campanulaceae Lobelia puberula X Asterales Campanulaceae Lobelia siphilitica X Asterales Campanulaceae Lobelia spicata var. spicata X Asterales Campanulaceae Triodanis perfoliata var. perfoliata X Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae Illicium floridanum X Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae Schisandra glabra X X Boraginales Boraginaceae Buglossoides arvensis X Boraginales Boraginaceae Cynoglossum officinale X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Boraginales Boraginaceae Cynoglossum virginianum X Boraginales Boraginaceae Hackelia virginiana X Boraginales Boraginaceae Myosotis macrosperma X Brassicales Brassicaceae Arabidopsis thaliana X Brassicales Brassicaceae Arabis laevigata X Brassicales Brassicaceae Barbarea verna X Brassicales Brassicaceae Brassica juncea X Brassicales Brassicaceae Brassica napus X Brassicales Brassicaceae Brassica rapa X Brassicales Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris X Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine angustata X Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine concatenata X Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine diphylla X Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine dissecta X Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine heterophylla X X concatenata Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine heterophylla X diphylla X Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsuta X Brassicales Brassicaceae Draba brachycarpa X Brassicales Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides X Brassicales Brassicaceae Hesperis matronalis X Brassicales Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum X X Brassicales Brassicaceae Lunaria annua X Brassicales Brassicaceae Microthlaspi perfoliatum X Brassicales Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum X Brassicales Brassicaceae Rorippa islandica X Brassicales Brassicaceae Rorippa palustris var. fernaldiana X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae unknown Amaranthaceae X X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Sagina decumbens X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Scleranthus annuus X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Silene stellata X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Silene virginica X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Stellaria pubera X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Caryophyllales Montiaceae Claytonia virginica X Caryophyllales Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana X X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum caespitosum var. X longisetum Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum cuspidatum X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum densiflorum X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum hydropiperoides X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum lapathifolium X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum pensylvanicum X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum persicaria X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum punctatum X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum sagittatum X X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum setaceum X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum sp. X X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum virginianum X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex crispus X X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex hastatulus X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius X Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex pulcher X Celastrales Celastraceae Celastrus scandens X Celastrales Celastraceae Euonymus americana X X Celastrales Celastraceae Euonymus fortunei X Celastrales Celastraceae Euonymus obovata X Celastrales Celastraceae Euonymus sp. X Celastrales Celastraceae Parnassia asarifolia X Commelinales Commelinaceae Commelina communis X X Commelinales Commelinaceae Commelina virginica X X Commelinales Commelinaceae Murdannia keisak X Commelinales Commelinaceae Tradescantia hirsuticaulis X Commelinales Commelinaceae Tradescantia ohiensis X X Commelinales Commelinaceae Tradescantia subaspera X Commelinales Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes X Cornales Cornaceae Cornus alternifolia X Cornales Cornaceae Cornus amomum X X Cornales Cornaceae Cornus florida X X Cornales Cornaceae Cornus foemina X X Cornales Hydrangeaceae Decumaria barbara X X Cornales Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea arborescens X X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Cornales Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea macrophylla X Cornales Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea quercifolia X Cornales Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus hirsutus X Cornales Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus inodorus X Cornales Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica X X Crossosomatales Staphyleaceae Staphylea trifolia X Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae Melothria pendula X X Cupressales Cupressaceae Juniperus communis X Cupressales Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana X X Cupressales Cupressaceae X Cupressocyparis leylandii X Dioscoreales Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea oppositifolia X X Dioscoreales Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea villosa X X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Sambucus canadensis X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum acerifolium X X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum cf. prunifolium X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum dentatum X X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum dentatum var. dentatum X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum nudum X X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum opulus var. americanum X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum prunifolium X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum rufidulum X X Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum sp. X X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Lonicera fragrantissima X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica X X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Lonicera sempervirens X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos orbiculatus X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Triosteum aurantiacum X Dipsacales Diervillaceae Weigela sp. X Dipsacales Valerianaceae Valerianella locusta X Dipsacales Valerianaceae Valerianella radiata X Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis X X Ericales Diapensiaceae Galax urceolata X X Ericales Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana X X Ericales Ericaceae Chimaphila maculata X X Ericales Ericaceae Epigaea repens X Ericales Ericaceae Gaylussacia tomentosa X Ericales Ericaceae Kalmia latifolia X X Ericales Ericaceae Leucothoe axillaris X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Ericales Ericaceae Leucothoe fontanesiana X Ericales Ericaceae Lyonia ligustrina X Ericales Ericaceae Monotropa hypopithys X Ericales Ericaceae Monotropa uniflora X Ericales Ericaceae Oxydendrum arboreum X X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron arborescens X X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron calendulaceum X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron canescens X X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron flammeum X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron maximum X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron minus X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron periclymenoides X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron simsii X Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron viscosum X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium arboreum X X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium corymbosum X X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium elliottii X X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium fuscatum X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium pallidum X X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium stamineum X X Ericales Polemoniaceae Phlox X Ericales Polemoniaceae Phlox amoena X Ericales Polemoniaceae Phlox carolina X Ericales Polemoniaceae Phlox divaricata X Ericales Polemoniaceae Phlox paniculata X Ericales Polemoniaceae Phlox stolonifera X Ericales Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata X Ericales Primulaceae Lysimachia lanceolata X Ericales Primulaceae Lysimachia quadrifolia X X Ericales Primulaceae Lysimachia sp. X X Ericales Primulaceae Samolus parviflorus X Ericales Sapotaceae Sideroxylon lycioides X Ericales Styracaceae Halesia carolina X X Ericales Styracaceae Halesia sp. X X Ericales Styracaceae Halesia tetraptera var. tetraptera X Ericales Styracaceae Styrax americanus X Ericales Styracaceae Styrax grandifolius X Ericales Symplocaceae Symplocos tinctoria X X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Ericales Theaceae Camellia sasanqua X Ericales Theaceae Camellia sp. X Ericales Theaceae Stewartia ovata X Fabales Fabaceae Albizia julibrissin X X Fabales Fabaceae Amorpha schwerinii X Fabales Fabaceae Amphicarpaea bracteata X Fabales Fabaceae Apios americana X Fabales Fabaceae Astragalus michauxii X Fabales Fabaceae Baptisia cf. alba X Fabales Fabaceae Centrosema virginianum X Fabales Fabaceae Cercis canadensis X X Fabales Fabaceae Chamaecrista fasciculata X Fabales Fabaceae Chamaecrista nictitans var. nictitans X Fabales Fabaceae Clitoria mariana X X Fabales Fabaceae Crotalaria purshii X Fabales Fabaceae Crotalaria sagittalis X Fabales Fabaceae Crotalaria spectabilis X Fabales Fabaceae Cytisus scoparius X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium ciliare X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium glutinosum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium laevigatum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium lineatum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium nudiflorum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium paniculatum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium perplexum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium rotundifolium X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium sp. X X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium strictum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium viridiflorum X Fabales Fabaceae Galactia volubilis X Fabales Fabaceae Gleditsia triacanthos X X Fabales Fabaceae Kummerowia stipulacea X Fabales Fabaceae Lathyrus hirsutus X Fabales Fabaceae Lathyrus venosus X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza bicolor X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza cuneata X X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza procumbens X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza repens X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza sp. X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza sp. X X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza stuevei X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza violacea X Fabales Fabaceae Lespedeza X nuttallii X Fabales Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus X Fabales Fabaceae Medicago lupulina X X Fabales Fabaceae Melilotus alba X Fabales Fabaceae Melilotus officinalis X Fabales Fabaceae Mimosa microphylla X Fabales Fabaceae Orbexilum pedunculatum var. X psoralioides Fabales Fabaceae Phaseolus polystachios X Fabales Fabaceae Pueraria lobata X Fabales Fabaceae Rhynchosia tomentosa X Fabales Fabaceae Robinia pseudoacacia X X Fabales Fabaceae Senna obtusifolia X X Fabales Fabaceae Strophostyles helvola X Fabales Fabaceae Stylosanthes biflora X Fabales Fabaceae Tephrosia spicata X Fabales Fabaceae Tephrosia virginiana X Fabales Fabaceae Thermopsis cf. fraxinifolia X Fabales Fabaceae Thermopsis sp. X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium campestre X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium incarnatum X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium pratense X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium reflexum X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium repens X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium sp. X X Fabales Fabaceae unknown Fabaceae X X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia caroliniana X X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia sativa X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia sativa ssp. nigra X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia tetrasperma X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia villosa ssp. varia X Fabales Fabaceae Wisteria cf. sinensis X Fabales Fabaceae Wisteria frutescens X Fabales Polygalaceae Polygala polygama X Fagales Betulaceae Alnus serrulata X Fagales Betulaceae Betula nigra X X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Fagales Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana X X Fagales Betulaceae Corylus americana X Fagales Betulaceae Corylus cornuta X Fagales Betulaceae Ostrya virginiana X X Fagales Fagaceae Castanea dentata X Fagales Fagaceae Castanea pumila X X Fagales Fagaceae Fagus grandifolia X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus alba X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus borealis X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus cf. lyrata X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus coccinea X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus falcata X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus laurifolia X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus marilandica X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus michauxii X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus muehlenbergii X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus nigra X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus phellos X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus prinus X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus rubra X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus shumardii X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus sp. X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus stellata X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus velutina X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya alba X X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya carolinae-septentrionalis X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya cordiformis X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya glabra X X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya glabra var. glabra X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya illinoinensis X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya laciniosa X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya ovata X X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya pallida X Fagales Juglandaceae Carya sp. X X Fagales Juglandaceae Juglans nigra X X Fagales Myricaceae Morella cerifera X Gentianales Apocynaceae Amsonia tabernaemontana X Gentianales Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias amplexicaulis X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias quadrifolia X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias sp. X X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias tuberosa X X Gentianales Apocynaceae Asclepias variegata X Gentianales Apocynaceae Gonolobus suberosa X X Gentianales Apocynaceae Matelea carolinensis X X Gentianales Apocynaceae Vinca major X Gentianales Apocynaceae Vinca minor X Gentianales Gelsemiaceae Gelsemium sempervirens X Gentianales Gentianaceae Bartonia verna X Gentianales Gentianaceae Gentian sp. X Gentianales Gentianaceae Gentiana quinquefolia X Gentianales Gentianaceae Gentiana saponaria X Gentianales Gentianaceae Gentiana villosa X Gentianales Gentianaceae Obolaria virginica X Gentianales Gentianaceae Sabatia angularis X Gentianales Loganiaceae Spigelia marilandica X Gentianales Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis X X Gentianales Rubiaceae Diodia teres X Gentianales Rubiaceae Diodia virginiana X Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium aparine X X Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium circaezans X Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium obtusum X Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium sp. X X Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium tinctorium X Gentianales Rubiaceae Houstonia caerulea X Gentianales Rubiaceae Houstonia longifolia X Gentianales Rubiaceae Houstonia purpurea X Gentianales Rubiaceae Houstonia pusilla X Gentianales Rubiaceae Mitchella repens X X Gentianales Rubiaceae Sherardia arvensis X Geraniales Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum X Geraniales Geraniaceae Geranium dissectum X Geraniales Geraniaceae Geranium maculatum X Lamiales Acanthaceae Justicia americana X Lamiales Acanthaceae Ruellia caroliniensis X X Lamiales Bignoniaceae Bignonia capreolata X X Lamiales Bignoniaceae Campsis radicans X X Lamiales Bignoniaceae Catalpa speciosa X X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Lamiales Lamiaceae Collinsonia canadensis X Lamiales Lamiaceae Collinsonia tuberosa X Lamiales Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea X Lamiales Lamiaceae Lamium amplexicaule X Lamiales Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum X Lamiales Lamiaceae Lycopus virginicus X Lamiales Lamiaceae Mentha suaveolens X Lamiales Lamiaceae Monarda didyma X Lamiales Lamiaceae Monarda fistulosa X Lamiales Lamiaceae Monarda punctata X Lamiales Lamiaceae Perilla frutescens X Lamiales Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris X Lamiales Lamiaceae Pycnanthemum curvipes X Lamiales Lamiaceae Pycnanthemum incanum X Lamiales Lamiaceae Salvia lyrata X X Lamiales Lamiaceae Salvia urticifolia X Lamiales Lamiaceae Scutellaria elliptica X Lamiales Lamiaceae Scutellaria incana X Lamiales Lamiaceae Scutellaria lateriflora X Lamiales Lamiaceae Scutellaria ovata X Lamiales Lamiaceae Scutellaria sp. X X Lamiales Lamiaceae Stachys latidens X X Lamiales Lamiaceae Teucrium canadense X Lamiales Lamiaceae Trichostema dichotomum X Lamiales Lentibulariaceae Utricularia sp. X Lamiales Oleaceae Chionanthus virginicus X X Lamiales Oleaceae Forsythia X Lamiales Oleaceae Fraxinus americana X X Lamiales Oleaceae Fraxinus cf. profunda X Lamiales Oleaceae Fraxinus pennsylvanica X X Lamiales Oleaceae Fraxinus sp. X X Lamiales Oleaceae Jasminum nudiflorum X Lamiales Oleaceae Ligustrum japonicum X X Lamiales Oleaceae Ligustrum sinense X Lamiales Oleaceae Ligustrum sp. X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Agalinis fasciculata X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Agalinis obtusifolia X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Agalinis purpurea X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Agalinis tenuifolia X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Lamiales Orobanchaceae Aureolaria virginica X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Conopholis americana X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Epifagus virginiana X X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Orobanche uniflora X Lamiales Orobanchaceae Pedicularis canadensis X Lamiales Paulowniaceae Paulownia tomentosa X Lamiales Phrymaceae Mazus pumilus X Lamiales Phrymaceae Mimulus alatus X Lamiales Phrymaceae Mimulus ringens X Lamiales Phrymaceae Phryma leptostachya X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Callitriche heterophylla X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Chelone glabra X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Chelone obliqua X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Gratiola virginiana X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Nuttallanthus canadensis X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Penstemon australis X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Penstemon laevigatus X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago aristata X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata X X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago major X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago pusilla X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago rugelii X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago sp. X X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago virginica X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica arvensis X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica officinalis X Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica serpyllifolia X Lamiales Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia marilandica X Lamiales Scrophulariaceae unknown Scrophulariaceae X X Lamiales Scrophulariaceae Verbascum blattaria X Lamiales Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus X X Lamiales Tetrachondraceae Polypremum procumbens X Lamiales Verbenaceae Verbena brasiliensis X X Lamiales Verbenaceae Verbena sp. X X Lamiales Verbenaceae Verbena urticifolia X Laurales Calycanthaceae Calycanthus floridus X Laurales Lauraceae Lindera benzoin X X Laurales Lauraceae Sassafras albidum X X Liliales Colchicaceae Uvularia perfoliata X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Liliales Colchicaceae Uvularia puberula X Liliales Colchicaceae Uvularia sessilifolia X Liliales Colchicaceae Uvularia sp. X X Liliales Liliaceae Erythronium americanum X Liliales Liliaceae Lilium canadense X Liliales Liliaceae Lilium michauxii X Liliales Liliaceae Lilium superbum X Liliales Liliaceae Medeola virginiana X Liliales Liliaceae Ornithogalum umbellatum X Liliales Melanthiaceae Amianthium muscitoxicum X X Liliales Melanthiaceae Chamaelirium luteum X Liliales Melanthiaceae Melanthium woodii X Liliales Melanthiaceae Stenanthium gramineum X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium catesbaei X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium cernuum X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium cuneatum X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium rugelii X Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium sp. X X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax biltmoreana X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax bona-nox X X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax ecirrata X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax glauca X X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax herbacea X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax hugeri X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax laurifolia X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax pulverulenta X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax rotundifolia X X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax smallii X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax sp. X X Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium digitatum X Magnoliales Annonaceae Asimina cf. parviflora X Magnoliales Annonaceae Asimina triloba X X Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera X X Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora X X Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Magnolia macrophylla X X Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Magnolia tripetala X Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Magnolia virginiana X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Acalypha gracilens X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Acalypha rhomboidea X X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce maculata X X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Croton glandulosus X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia corollata X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia sp. X X Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Tragia urticifolia X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum gentianoides X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum hypericoides X X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum hypericoides var. X multicaule Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum mutilum X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum nudiflorum X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum punctatum X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum sp. X X Malpighiales Hypericaceae Triadenum walteri X X Malpighiales Linaceae Linum sp. X Malpighiales Passifloraceae Passiflora incarnata X X Malpighiales Passifloraceae Passiflora lutea X X Malpighiales Podostemaceae Podostemum ceratophyllum X Malpighiales Salicaceae Populus deltoides X Malpighiales Salicaceae Salix caroliniana X Malpighiales Salicaceae Salix nigra X X Malpighiales Salicaceae Salix X pendulina X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola arvensis X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola bicolor X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola cf. striata X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola hastata X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola palmata X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola pedata X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola sororia X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola sp. X X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola tripartita X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola tripartita var. tripartita X Malpighiales Violaceae Viola X primulifolia X Malvales Cistaceae Helianthemum X Malvales Malvaceae Hibiscus moscheutos X X Malvales Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia X Malvales Malvaceae Sida spinosa X Malvales Malvaceae Tilia americana var. heterophylla X X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Myrtales Lythraceae Lagerstroemia indica X Myrtales Melastomataceae Rhexia mariana X Myrtales Melastomataceae Rhexia virginica X Myrtales Onagraceae Circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis X Myrtales Onagraceae Epilobium coloratum X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia alternifolia X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia bonariensis X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia brevipes X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia decurrens X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia leptocarpa X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia palustris X Myrtales Onagraceae Oenothera biennis X Myrtales Onagraceae Oenothera fruticosa X Myrtales Onagraceae Oenothera laciniata X N/A N/A unknown Filicopsida (division) X X N/A N/A unknown Liliopsida (division) X X N/A N/A unknown Magnoliopsida (division) X X N/A N/A unknown Plantae X Nymphaeales Cabombaceae Brasenia schreberi X Nymphaeales Cabombaceae Cabomba caroliniana X Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea odorata X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Botrychium biternatum X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Botrychium dissectum X X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Botrychium jenmanii X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Botrychium virginianum X X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum vulgatum X Osmundales Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea X Osmundales Osmundaceae Osmunda regalis X Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis grandis X Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis sp. X X Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta X X Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis violacea X Pinales Pinaceae Abies cf. concolor X Pinales Pinaceae Picea abies X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus echinata X X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus elliottii X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus sp. X X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus strobus X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus taeda X X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Pinales Pinaceae Pinus virginiana X Pinales Pinaceae Pseudotsuga menziesii X Pinales Pinaceae Tsuga canadensis X Piperales Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia serpentaria X X Piperales Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia sp. X X Piperales Aristolochiaceae Asarum canadense X Piperales Aristolochiaceae Hexastylis arifolia X X Piperales Saururaceae Saururus cernuus X Poales Cyperaceae Carex albolutescens X Poales Cyperaceae Carex amphibola X Poales Cyperaceae Carex annectens X Poales Cyperaceae Carex artitecta X Poales Cyperaceae Carex cf. caroliniana X Poales Cyperaceae Carex complanata X Poales Cyperaceae Carex crebriflora X Poales Cyperaceae Carex crinita X Poales Cyperaceae Carex digitalis X Poales Cyperaceae Carex festucacea X Poales Cyperaceae Carex frankii X Poales Cyperaceae Carex incomperta X Poales Cyperaceae Carex intumescens X Poales Cyperaceae Carex laxiculmis X Poales Cyperaceae Carex lupulina X Poales Cyperaceae Carex lurida X Poales Cyperaceae Carex muehlenbergii X Poales Cyperaceae Carex nigromarginata X Poales Cyperaceae Carex picta X Poales Cyperaceae Carex retroflexa X Poales Cyperaceae Carex sp. X X Poales Cyperaceae Carex stipata X Poales Cyperaceae Carex striatula X Poales Cyperaceae Carex swanii X Poales Cyperaceae Carex venusta var. minor X Poales Cyperaceae Carex vulpinoidea X Poales Cyperaceae Carex willdenowii X Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus iria X Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus odoratus X Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus retrorsus X Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus sp. X X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus strigosus X Poales Cyperaceae Dulichium arundinaceum X Poales Cyperaceae Eleocharis obtusa X Poales Cyperaceae Isolepis carinata X Poales Cyperaceae Kyllinga brevifolia X Poales Cyperaceae Kyllinga pumila X Poales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora corniculata X Poales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora glomerata X Poales Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani X Poales Cyperaceae Scirpus atrovirens X Poales Cyperaceae Scirpus cyperinus X Poales Cyperaceae Scirpus polyphyllus X Poales Cyperaceae Scleria oligantha X X Poales Cyperaceae unknown Cyperaceae X X Poales Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus X Poales Juncaceae Juncus biflorus X Poales Juncaceae Juncus canadensis X Poales Juncaceae Juncus cf. scirpoides X Poales Juncaceae Juncus coriaceus X Poales Juncaceae Juncus dichotomus X Poales Juncaceae Juncus diffusissimus X Poales Juncaceae Juncus effusus X X Poales Juncaceae Juncus sp. X X Poales Juncaceae Juncus tenuis X Poales Juncaceae Luzula acuminata X Poales Juncaceae Luzula bulbosa X Poales Juncaceae Luzula echinata X Poales Juncaceae Luzula echinata var. echinata X Poales Juncaceae Luzula multiflora X Poales Poaceae Alopecurus carolinianus X Poales Poaceae Andropogon gerardii X Poales Poaceae Andropogon ternarius X Poales Poaceae Andropogon virginicus X Poales Poaceae Aristida purpurascens X Poales Poaceae Aristida purpurascens var. virgata X Poales Poaceae Aristida sp. X Poales Poaceae Arthraxon hispidus X Poales Poaceae Arundinaria gigantea X X Poales Poaceae Arundinaria gigantea ssp. gigantea X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Poales Poaceae Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta X Poales Poaceae Brachyelytrum erectum X Poales Poaceae Briza minor X Poales Poaceae Bromus arvensis X Poales Poaceae Bromus catharticus X Poales Poaceae Cenchrus spinifex X Poales Poaceae Chasmanthium latifolium X Poales Poaceae Chasmanthium laxum X X Poales Poaceae Cinna arundinacea X Poales Poaceae Coelorachis cylindrica X Poales Poaceae Cynodon dactylon X X Poales Poaceae Dactylis glomerata X Poales Poaceae Danthonia X Poales Poaceae Danthonia spicata X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium boscii X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium cf. sphaerocarpon X isophyllum Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium cf. villosissimum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium cf. wrightianum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium commutatum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium depauperatum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium dichotomum X Poales Poaceae Dichanthelium dichotomum var. tenue X Poales Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis X Poales Poaceae Echinochloa crusgalli X Poales Poaceae Eleusine indica X Poales Poaceae Elymus hystrix var. hystrix X Poales Poaceae Elymus virginicus X X Poales Poaceae Eragrostis X Poales Poaceae Eragrostis cf. capillaris X Poales Poaceae Eremochloa ophiuroides X Poales Poaceae Festuca X Poales Poaceae Glyceria striata X Poales Poaceae Gymnopogon ambiguus X Poales Poaceae Hordeum pusillum X Poales Poaceae Leersia oryzoides X Poales Poaceae Lolium arundinaceum X Poales Poaceae Lolium multiflorum X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Poales Poaceae Luziola fluitans X Poales Poaceae Melica mutica X X Poales Poaceae Microstegium vimineum X X Poales Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum X Poales Poaceae Panicum sp. X Poales Poaceae Panicum virgatum X Poales Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum X Poales Poaceae Paspalum notatum X Poales Poaceae Paspalum setaceum X Poales Poaceae Paspalum urvillei X X Poales Poaceae Pennisetum glaucum X Poales Poaceae Phyllostachys aurea X Poales Poaceae Piptochaetium avenaceum X Poales Poaceae Poa annua X Poales Poaceae Poa autumnalis X Poales Poaceae Poa pratensis X Poales Poaceae Poa sp. X Poales Poaceae Saccharum alopecuroidum X Poales Poaceae Saccharum brevibarbe var. contortum X Poales Poaceae Saccharum giganteum X Poales Poaceae Schizachyrium scoparium var. X scoparium Poales Poaceae Secale cereale X Poales Poaceae Setaria parviflora X Poales Poaceae Sorghastrum nutans X Poales Poaceae Sorghum halepense X Poales Poaceae Sphenopholis nitida X Poales Poaceae Tridens flavus X Poales Poaceae Triticum aestivum X Poales Poaceae unknown Poaceae X X Poales Poaceae Vulpia octoflora var. octoflora X Poales Typhaceae Sparganium americanum X Poales Typhaceae Typha latifolia X Polypodiales Aspleniaceae Asplenium pinnatifidum X Polypodiales Aspleniaceae Asplenium platyneuron X X Polypodiales Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes X Polypodiales Blechnaceae Woodwardia areolata X Polypodiales Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia punctilobula X Polypodiales Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum X X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris carthusiana X Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris marginalis X Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Polystichum acrostichoides X X Polypodiales Onocleaceae Onoclea sensibilis X X Polypodiales Polypodiaceae Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. X michauxiana Polypodiales Polypodiaceae Polypodium virginianum X Polypodiales Pteridaceae Adiantum pedatum X Polypodiales Pteridaceae Cheilanthes lanosa X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Phegopteris hexagonoptera X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris noveboracensis X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris sp. X X Polypodiales Woodsiaceae Athyrium filix-femina X X Polypodiales Woodsiaceae Athyrium filix-femina ssp. X asplenioides Proteales Platanaceae Platanus occidentalis X X Ranunculales Berberidaceae Berberis thunbergii X Ranunculales Berberidaceae Mahonia bealei X X Ranunculales Berberidaceae Nandina domestica X X Ranunculales Berberidaceae Podophyllum peltatum X X Ranunculales Menispermaceae Cocculus carolinus X X Ranunculales Menispermaceae Menispermum canadense X X Ranunculales Papaveraceae Sanguinaria canadensis X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Aconitum uncinatum X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Actaea pachypoda X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Anemone quinquefolia X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Anemone virginiana X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga racemosa X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Clematis cf. glaucophylla X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Clematis crispa X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Clematis terniflora X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Clematis viorna X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Clematis virginiana X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Hydrastis canadensis X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus abortivus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acris X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus bulbosus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus hispidus X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus parviflorus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus pusillus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus recurvatus X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sardous X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sp. X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum clavatum X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum dioicum X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum pubescens X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum revolutum X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum thalictroides X X Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Xanthorhiza simplicissima X Rosales Cannabaceae Celtis laevigata X Rosales Cannabaceae Celtis occidentalis X X Rosales Cannabaceae Celtis tenuifolia X Rosales Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus pungens X X Rosales Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata X Rosales Moraceae Ficus carica X Rosales Moraceae Morus rubra X X Rosales Rhamnaceae Ceanothus americanus X Rosales Rosaceae Agrimonia parviflora X Rosales Rosaceae Agrimonia pubescens X Rosales Rosaceae Agrimonia rostellata X Rosales Rosaceae Amelanchier arborea X X Rosales Rosaceae Amelanchier arborea var. arborea X Rosales Rosaceae Amelanchier canadensis X Rosales Rosaceae Amelanchier stolonifera X Rosales Rosaceae Aruncus dioicus X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus flava X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus intricata X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus phaenopyrum X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus sp. X X Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus uniflora X Rosales Rosaceae Duchesnea indica X Rosales Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana X Rosales Rosaceae Geum canadense X Rosales Rosaceae Malus angustifolia X X Rosales Rosaceae Malus cf. coronaria X Rosales Rosaceae Malus sp. X Rosales Rosaceae Photinia pyrifolia X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Rosales Rosaceae Porteranthus stipulatus X Rosales Rosaceae Porteranthus trifoliatus X Rosales Rosaceae Potentilla canadensis X X Rosales Rosaceae Potentilla norvegica X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus americana X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus caroliniana X X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus mahaleb X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus pennsylvanica X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus serotina X X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus sp. X X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus umbellata X X Rosales Rosaceae Pyracantha X Rosales Rosaceae Pyrus communis X Rosales Rosaceae Pyrus sp. X Rosales Rosaceae Rosa carolina X X Rosales Rosaceae Rosa multiflora X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus argutus X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus flagellaris X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus hispidus X X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus sp. X X Rosales Rosaceae Spiraea arguta cv. X Rosales Rosaceae Spiraea sp. X Rosales Rosaceae Waldsteinia fragarioides X Rosales Rosaceae Waldsteinia fragarioides ssp. doniana X Rosales Rosaceae Waldsteinia fragarioides X lobata X Rosales Rosaceae Waldsteinia lobata X Rosales Ulmaceae Ulmus alata X X Rosales Ulmaceae Ulmus americana X Rosales Ulmaceae Ulmus rubra X X Rosales Ulmaceae Ulmus sp. X X Rosales Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica X X Rosales Urticaceae Laportea canadensis X Rosales Urticaceae Pilea pumila X Salviniales Azollaceae Azolla caroliniana X Santalales Santalaceae Comandra umbellata X Santalales Santalaceae Phoradendron leucarpum X Santalales Santalaceae Pyrularia pubera X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Rhus copallinum X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Rhus glabra X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Sapindales Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron pubescens X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans X X Sapindales Rutaceae Poncirus trifoliata X Sapindales Rutaceae Ptelea trifoliata X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer barbatum X X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer leucoderme X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer negundo X X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer rubrum X X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer saccharinum X Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer sp. X X Sapindales Sapindaceae Aesculus pavia X X Sapindales Sapindaceae Aesculus sylvatica X Sapindales Sapindaceae Koelreuteria paniculata X Sapindales Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima X Saxifragales Altingiaceae Liquidambar styraciflua X X Saxifragales Crassulaceae Sedum ternatum X Saxifragales Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum X Saxifragales Haloragaceae Myriophyllum cf. laxum X Saxifragales Haloragaceae Myriophyllum cf. pinnatum X Saxifragales Hamamelidaceae Fothergilla major X Saxifragales Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana X Saxifragales Iteaceae Itea virginica X Saxifragales Penthoraceae Penthorum sedoides X Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Heuchera americana X Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Heuchera parviflora X Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Saxifraga virginiensis X Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Tiarella cordifolia var. collina X Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Tiarella cordifolia var. cordifolia X Schizaeales Lygodiaceae Lygodium japonicum X Selaginellales Selaginellaceae Selaginella apoda X Solanales Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium X Solanales Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis X Solanales Convolvulaceae Cuscuta sp. X X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea coccinea X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea hederacea var. hederacea X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea lacunosa X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pandurata X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea purpurea X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea sp. X X

Table A-1. (Continued.)

Order Family Scientific Name NPSpecies This Study Solanales Convolvulaceae Jacquemontia tamnifolia X Solanales Convolvulaceae Stylisma humistrata X Solanales Hydroleaceae Hydrolea quadrivalvis X Solanales Solanaceae Datura stramonium X Solanales Solanaceae Solanum americanum X Solanales Solanaceae Solanum carolinense X X Vitales Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia X Vitales Vitaceae Vitis aestivalis X X Vitales Vitaceae Vitis cinerea var. baileyana X Vitales Vitaceae Vitis labrusca X X Vitales Vitaceae Vitis rotundifolia X X

Appendix B. Plant species detected in sampling locations.

Table B-1. Vascular plant species detected at each sampling location across all strata at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 2011.

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2

Acalypha X rhomboidea

Acer barbatum X X X X X X X X X X X X

Acer negundo X X X X X X X

Acer rubrum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Acer sp. X

Actaea X pachypoda

Adiantum X pedatum

Aesculus pavia X X X X X X X X X X X X

Aesculus sp. X

Albizia julibrissin X

Allium sp. X X

Amaranthaceae X

Ambrosia X X X X X X artemisiifolia

Amelanchier X X X X X X X arborea

Amianthium X 68 muscitoxicum

Apiaceae X X

Aralia spinosa X

Arisaema X X X X X X triphyllum

Aristolochia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X serpentaria

Arundinaria X X X X X gigantea

Asclepias sp. X X

Asclepias X tuberosa

Asimina triloba X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Asplenium X X X X X X X X X X X X platyneuron

Asteraceae X X X X X

Athyrium filix- X femina

Betula nigra X X X

Bignonia X X X X X X capreolata

Boehmeria X X X X X X X X cylindrica

Botrychium X X dissectum

Table B-2. (Continued).

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Botrychium X X X X virginianum

Briza minor X

Camellia X sasanqua

Campsis X X X X X X X X radicans

Carex sp. X X X X X X X X

Carpinus X X X X X X X X X caroliniana

Carya alba X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Carya glabra X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Carya ovata X X

Carya sp. X

Castanea pumila X X

Catalpa speciosa X

Celtis X X X X occidentalis

Cephalanthus X occidentalis

69 Cercis X X X X X X X canadensis

Chamaesyce X maculata

Chasmanthium X X X X laxum

Chimaphila X X X X X X maculata

Chionanthus X X X virginicus

Cimicifuga X X racemosa

Clematis X virginiana

Clitoria mariana X

Cocculus X X X X carolinus

Commelina X communis

Commelina X virginica

Conyza X X canadensis

Cornus amomum X X

Cornus florida X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Cornus foemina X X

Table B-2. (Continued).

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Crataegus sp. X X X X X X X X X X

Cuscuta sp. X

Cynodon X dactylon

Cyperaceae X X X X X X X X

Cyperus sp. X

Decumaria X X X X barbara

Desmodium sp. X X X

Dioscorea X X oppositifolia

Dioscorea villosa X X X X X X X X X X X

Diospyros X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X virginiana

Elaeagnus X X X pungens

Elephantopus X X carolinianus

Elymus virginicus X X

Epifagus X virginiana 70 Erechtites X X hieraciifolia

Eremochloa X ophiuroides

Euonymus X X X X X X X X X X X X X americanus

Eupatorium X X capillifolium

Eupatorium X fistulosum

Eupatorium sp. X X X X

Euphorbia sp. X

Fabaceae X X X X X X

Fagus grandifolia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Filicopsida X X

Fraxinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X americana

Fraxinus X X X X X X pennsylvanica

Fraxinus sp. X

Galax urceolata X

Galium aparine X X

Galium sp. X X X X X X X

Table B-2. (Continued).

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Gleditsia X triacanthos

Gnaphalium X X obtusifolium var. obtusifolium

Gonolobus X X suberosa

Goodyera X pubescens

Halesia carolina X X X

Halesia sp. X X

Hedera helix X X X

Hepatica nobilis X X var. obtusa

Hexastylis arifolia X X X X X X X X X

Hibiscus X moscheutos

Hydrangea X X arborescens

Hypericum X hypericoides

71 Hypericum sp. X X

Ilex ambigua X

Ilex opaca X X X X X X X X X

Ilex vomitoria X

Impatiens X X X X capensis

Ipomoea sp. X X

Iris sp. X

Juglans nigra X

Juncus effusus X X

Juncus sp. X X X

Juniperus X virginiana

Kalmia latifolia X X

Krigia virginica X

Lepidium X virginicum

Lespedeza sp. X X

Ligustrum X japonicum

Ligustrum X X X X X X X X X X sinense

Liliopsida X

Lindera benzoin X X X X X

Table B-2. (Continued).

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Liquidambar X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X styraciflua

Liriodendron sp. X

Liriodendron X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X tulipifera

Liriope sp. X X X X

Lonicera japonica X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Lysimachia X X X X quadrifolia

Lysimachia sp. X

Magnolia X X X X X grandiflora

Magnolia X X X X X macrophylla

Magnoliopsida X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Mahonia bealei X X X X

Malus X angustifolia

Matelea X X carolinensis

Medicago X 72 lupulina

Melica mutica X X

Melothria X pendula

Menispermum X canadense

Microstegium X X X X X X X vimineum

Mikania X X scandens

Mitchella repens X

Morus rubra X X X X X X X X X X

Nandina X X X X domestica

Nyssa sylvatica X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Onoclea X sensibilis

Orchidaceae X

Ostrya virginiana X X X X X X X X X X X X

Oxalis sp. X X

Oxalis stricta X

Oxydendrum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X arboreum

Panax X quinquefolius

Table B-2. (Continued).

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Panicum sp. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Parthenocissus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X quinquefolia

Paspalum X X notatum

Paspalum urvillei X

Passiflora X incarnata

Passiflora lutea X X X X X X X

Photinia pyrifolia X

Phytolacca X X americana

Pinus echinata X X X X X X X X X X

Pinus sp. X X X

Pinus taeda X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Plantae X X X X

Plantago X lanceolata

Plantago sp. X

Platanus X X X X X X X 73 occidentalis

Poaceae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Podophyllum X X X X X X peltatum

Polygonatum X X X X X X X X X X biflorum

Polygonum X sagittatum

Polygonum sp. X X X X X

Polystichum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X acrostichoides

Potentilla X X canadensis

Prenanthes sp. X X X X X X X

Prunus X X americana

Prunus X caroliniana

Prunus serotina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Prunus sp. X X

Prunus umbellata X

Pteridium X aquilinum

Quercus alba X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Table B-2. (Continued).

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Quercus X X X coccinea

Quercus falcata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Quercus laurifolia X X X X X X X

Quercus X marilandica

Quercus nigra X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Quercus prinus X X X X X X X

Quercus rubra X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Quercus X X X X X X X X X X X shumardii

Quercus sp. X X X X X X X X

Quercus stellata X X X X X X X X

Ranunculus sp. X X

Rhododendron X X arborescens

Rhododendron X X canescens

Robinia X pseudoacacia

74 Rosa carolina X

Rubus hispidus X

Rubus sp. X X X X X X X X X X X X

Ruellia X X caroliniensis

Rumex crispus X

Sagittaria latifolia X

Salix nigra X

Salvia lyrata X

Sanguinaria X canadensis

Sanicula X X X X canadensis

Sassafras X X X X X X X X X X X X albidum

Schisandra X X glabra

Scleria oligantha X X

Scrophulariaceae X X

Scutellaria sp. X

Senna obtusifolia X

Smilax bona-nox X

Smilax glauca X X X X X X X X X X X X

Table B-2. (Continued).

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Smilax X X X X rotundifolia

Smilax sp. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Solanum X X X X carolinense

Solidago sp. X X X X X X

Stachys latidens X

Styrax X grandifolius

Symphyotrichum X X sp.

Symplocos X tinctoria

Thalictrum X X X thalictroides

Thelypteris sp. X

Tilia americana X X X var. heterophylla

Toxicodendron X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X radicans

Tracheobionta X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

75 Tradescantia X

ohiensis

Triadenum X walteri

Trifolium sp. X X

Trillium sp. X X X X

Ulmus alata X X X X X X X X X

Ulmus rubra X X X X

Ulmus sp. X

Uvularia sp. X X

Vaccinium X X X X X X X X arboreum

Vaccinium X X X X X corymbosum

Vaccinium elliottii X X

Vaccinium X X X X pallidum

Vaccinium X X X stamineum

Verbascum X thapsus

Verbena X brasiliensis

Verbena sp. X

Verbesina sp. X X

Table B-2. (Continued).

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 Alt1 Alt2 Viburnum X X X X X X X X X X X acerifolium

Viburnum X dentatum

Viburnum nudum X

Viburnum X prunifolium

Viburnum X X X X X X rufidulum

Viburnum sp. X X X

Vicia caroliniana X

Viola sp. X X X X X X X X X X X

Vitis aestivalis X X

Vitis labrusca X

Vitis rotundifolia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 76

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