and the mappae mundi the and descriptions of Paradise long tradition to the contrast in west to the it located is because the in Paradise apparent this I characterize ways. several in for it, and evidence lack texts various the if even Paradise in arrived Brendan Saint that claimed have of scholars majority vast the Brendan’s and sible. went Saint west voyage inacces thus and mountains insurmountable or of fire awall ocean, an behind hidden was Paradise located. to be believed was Paradise where East, but to the preferably directions all went Travelling in Ages. Middle the during genre popular most were the Travel accounts Abstract Land of Cockaigne Land mundi, mappa Palabras clave allí. estado ha que defiende Brendano y aque San debido, sobre localización todo, ala elementos los de cristianos, “pseudo-Paraíso,” apesar Voyage del Prometida la Tierra a me refiero Asimismo, este. al que sitúa se mappae los yde mundi descripciones de tradición larga la de contra en oeste al aparece Navigatio la de Paraíso Yo claro Paraíso. presento este al llegó que santo que el lo evidencien, textos sin aun destacado, ha especialistas de mayoría amplia yuna oeste, el hacia dirigió se Brendano San de viaje El por lo inalcanzable. que era inaccesibles, omontañas fuego de muralla una océano, un tras escondía se Éste Paraíso. el que localizaba donde se creía se este, el preferiblemente pero hacia direcciones, todas en partía viajero El Media. Edad la durante popular más género el fueron viajes de relatos Los Resumen of Cockaigne Land mundi, Mappa words Key there. been he had that claims Brendan Saint because and of location its because primarily vernacular the in Land Revista CanariadeEstudiosIngleses,68;April 2014,pp. 13-25; ISSN:0211-5913 : Travel account, Saint Brendan, Paradise, Promised Land, Garden of Eden, of Eden, Garden Land, Promised Paradise, Brendan, : Travel Saint account, : relato de viajes, San Brendano, paraíso, tierra prometida, jardín del edén, edén, del jardín prometida, tierra paraíso, Brendano, San viajes, de : relato OF OF where Paradise is always situated to the east. I call the Promised Promised the I call east. to the situated always is Paradise where Voyage PARADISE (?) VERSIONS IN PARADISE SAINT BRENDAN’S TRAVELS BRENDAN’S SAINT version a “pseudo-Paradise” despite the Christian elements, elements, Christian despite the version a “pseudo-Paradise” . . Syddansk Universitet Syddansk Leif Søndergaard Leif Navigatio como un “Paraíso falso,” dado que dado falso,” “Paraíso un como version as a “fake Paradise,” Paradise,” a “fake version as vernáculo como como vernáculo en los los en -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 13 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 14 literature. literature. vernacular and Latin in genre most popular the of were both, by far or amixture real in wrote about Atlantis location, Plato since ever their and existence their islands, about and remote lands speculations imaginary and voyages world ideal led to for factual an search the and (Eric the Red’s Saga, 13thNordic 11th Isles, Red’s the Saga, (Eric Rauda Saga century), Eiriks of Bremen’s (Description of Adam the Aquilonis directions. insularum Descriptio all combinations. varying in mere and rumors, authors Antiquity, literature, in patristic from evidence surviving travelers, by the narrated travels, from real experiences combined Theaccounts enormous the versions demand. and contributed to satisfy etc.),century Polo’s Marco Travels copies (13th etc.) several in others and century Novel Alexander the in description the in 4383). ofParadise. minor aspects few ina only The differ versions 1983 C.W.R.D. Harley (MS now Library British in on text, Mosely another relies from or French manuscript the (Pollard 1964:Egerton translation text his In VI). from additions the and corrections version Cotton afew with so-called the after text A.W. popular. but on compiled immensely relying material Pollard published the travel, armchair so-called hundred).was (more two This preserved than manuscripts Bible, the number of to excessive judge from the after Ages later Middle the book in vernacular, Selmer’s some in aspects. text by intoJ.F. English here.translation The used is from text His scripts. differs Webb 18 of one than no manu endeavored less on basis authoritative the to text establish 1959, in text Urtext original an of have opinionmust there been the was that Selmer, Carl who the tradition. edited the in oldest represents strand the onwards, Abbatis version,Latin Brendani Thetions. Navigatio Sancti tradi main three in It known is vernaculars. Western versions in Europe several in it spread over centuries most of medieval the but during Ireland, in its origins had Brendan’sSaint on tradition narratives of The preserved. 100c. manuscripts Voyage (Sollbach 62-66). merely maybe entertainment theological—or and cosmological was of voyage the end ultimate and purpose primary the But despitegested. possible the landmarks, sug have been Even Canaries Iceland. the and Islands Faroe the Shetlands, the of) versions (mythologized as he have passed interpreted isles the Scholars Atlantic. the in have must sailed Brendan Saint it evident that is circumstances to geographical due and traditions rootedold It south. in even Irish maybe was and north extent heat. to impossible be believed on of excessive the account south was further ing but South the in mov included or Ethiopia Mauretania to Asia on voyages accounts Some on North. the focused Ericson’son America, Leif North in to Vinland voyage The quest for knowledge, fascination with unknown marvels and wonders marvels unknown with fascination knowledge, The for quest The voyages to the East were by far thecommon most wentbutwerefar in by journies East the to The voyages (12th etc., later adapted paradisum ad iter century Magni Alexandri the Also In the early 12th century a monk named Benedeit developed a text in the the Benedeit in developed amonk atext named 12th century early the In with accounts, Brendan’s Voyage travel Saint most belonged popular to the to SaintBrendan’s acertain and to Voyage these, contrast In went westwards Mandeville’s Travels Voyage Brendan of Saint Kritias (12th (12th John’s on), Emanuel to Priester accounts the Letter . During the Middle Ages accounts of travels, fictitious, fictitious, of travels, accounts Ages Middle the . During (from mid-14th most read the onwards) was century , which created another tradition during the the during tradition another created , which , from the 10th century 10th, from the century

century) . He - - - - the air fresh, the fields fertile, the trees fair with fruit, roses, lilies and flowersother lilies roses, fruit, with fair trees the fertile, fields the fresh, air the clear, always is light the pop up. where they Paradise places In tounderground the run they that on basis the explained was from Paradise far locations various in rivers (c. of fire. 1100) protected by ahuge wall was Paradise that thought of Tilbury theGervais world deluge. notthe Orientin it the flooded in was that so in place highest at the to located be considered (8th Paradise century) of Damascus John animals. cruel and by populated snakes by adesert surrounded was Paradise and thus inaccessible. Honorius inaccessible. (7th of thus Autun and outside world inhabited the ( Paradise placed world the of tabernacle, shape the the (6th in Indicopleustes century), who imagined de celle-ci final aboutissement et humaine l’historie initial de Delumeau’s in and of amountain shape the in word: “ (4th Paradise saw Syrian century) Ephrem the world from Paradise. the in emanate Josephus Flavius Titus (1st rivers principal four the took it that century) for granted East. the in to located be believed was Paradise time at that Already Christianity. 94). (Delumeau on Bianco aworld by map Andrea reflected idea is on this aholy Eden and 28,13 places mountain Ezekiel furthermore Pishon (Ganges), into streams: four divided Gihon (the Nile), Euphrates. and Tigris it and trees and water gave plants to the a river that was there Eden In Knowledge. Tree the them among Tree there, the were and growing of of Life trees of kinds all description to Genesis the in cording - Ac on located be Earth. must Paradise consequence In Paradise. as same the was ( of Eden Garden the that believed normally it was Ages Middle the Heaven (Dinzelbacher, with Vision identical even —perhaps Heaven or in on Earth placed was Paradise whether discussed it tradition was exegetic Luke conclusion. content interpret order exact of descriptions in and the amore the to reach precise reading aclose to undertake Iwish paradise. in arrives Brendan Saint now that until notion question the commonresearch in Iwill traditions. of three the each within one version end in at journey the of selected men their arrive his and Brendan Saint print (c. 1476, woodcuts). several with Augsburg D. first from the tradition Fay published version another same had the in wundersame Seefahrt late 15th the in popular century. 1987 In published St. Sollbach E. Gerhardt Reise Brandans mid-12th Sankt from the manuscript century: Norman versions. Anglo- the and of Latin study the acomparative with together published 2008 in was by Jude text 1928. Mackley in S. ofVoyage this Brendan of Saint Atranslation Anglo-Norman Waters the as E.G.R. known published is centuries. what following 23.43, the Second to Letter the Corinthians the 23.43, From 11th the descriptions werethe multiplied.four rise of The century Jean Delumeau traces the idea of Paradise back in history, in before back even of idea the Paradise traces Delumeau Jean texts: biblical the in only mentioned times was three explicitly Paradise where destination on descriptions of final the the Ifocus article this In of developed a (lost) on basis the was tradition a separate Germany In from the Heidelberg from the (1460). manuscript Two Rolf earlier years the Garden of Eden was situated to the East and and East to situated the was of Eden Garden the oekumene

century) was of opinion the was that century) 12.4, and ), separated by a huge ocean ), by ahuge ocean separated le paradis constitue et le lieu lieu le et constitue paradis le ” (Delumeau 61).” (Delumeau Cosmas Revelations . This trend was very very trendwas . This Genesis 105). During 2.7. the In

Brandans Brandans 2.8-17) 2.8-17)

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 15 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 16 which he had heard about paradise and he uses the subjunctive the mood. he uses and about paradise heard he had which from he narration to refers the as far so in reservations certain 107). makes Saltrey “ says Gunthelmi Visio Paradise. come terrestrial from the ginger, cinnamon and rhubarb,that aloe Paradisum Iter ad an as east to the voyage Great his undertook 1992: Harvey 83, Xand 92). and 88 and 86, 84, VII plate VI, (Edson names their with indicated are iconography). frommedieval Paradise emanate that rivers The four bitecommonplace first is the in (simultaneity taking is time same at the Adam and thethe appleclosed. the fromEvein serpent receives firmly Knowledge is Tree of gate a butvia it goes The entrance only by it aprotective surrounded wall. time is thebutsame at ocean an by separated is Eden Garden of The moreeven detailed. sideon of Tree each the The Hereford of Knowledge. Mappa Mundi (c. 1285) is seen be and can Eve Adam bottom world,of under the faces The i.e. west. to the at the placed is adouble while Leviathan hand, left his in globe holds asymbolic of and benediction a gesture in raised hand overresides right world the his with metaphoric operative on world is the this and maps. negative is Johnson’sMark “up” metaphor positive “down” theory connotations while contains and Lakoff’s George In left. to the lower the Europe and part right to the lower part the Africa themap, of thecovers Asiaupper part that top. at be the must means This consequentlyand Heaven, in Paradise reigns i.e.God created above: heParadise first indicated. are from Paradise pour that rivers four On the Lambert’s map ocean. an 114-15). and 108-09 (Edson world from the by separated is Paradise maps On both Omer’s of Saint on Lambert Honorius world and 1180 c. maps Augustodunensis’ accordingly the world the ( maps accordingly and vocabulary” (Patch 148). vocabulary” and form atraditional almost with described ones Genesis in familiar the are features its barrier,wall, of world or the location, by perhaps or afiery by its ocean its high theitfrom cut offrest is east, the it in located is respects: many in established well fairly was Paradise century, of idea Earthly then, the the up: “Bysums twelfth the he i.e., finally and others literature, Isidore, Prudentius, many Ambrose, and tristic pa to the references exact description with Patch adetailed gives Howard Rollin autumn. during no drought heat and no summer ice, snow no excessive nor hail, Therecold,is nor no storm, fear,no age, Paradise. nor in no anger, nor treachery nor Thereis neither enumeratedillness, longnor in death, lists. annoyances, ryday in the Earthly Paradise where they should await the final judgment. final should the await where they Paradise Earthly the in prophets the OldElijah, from the Testament but not whom Limbo placed in God and Enoch are Paradise Earthly thetwopeople in The only animals. no wild are There are abundant. fruits edible and and honey milk with flows land The laurel. and vines, be can found fountains, spring. There andeternal light always Thereis lustre. have special from rivers Paradise four the in gems the and fragrant, smell quod paradisus in oriente et in terra sit, narracio ista ostendit ista narracio sit, in terra et in oriente paradisus quod Paradise is mentioned explicitly in various travel accounts. Alexander the the Alexander accounts. travel mentioned is various in explicitly Paradise Christ 1265) World Map The (c. Psalter but detailed small extremely On the According to Genesis According Characteristic features are the lack of various general human evils and eve and evils human general of various lack the are features Characteristic relates that the archangel Raphael leads people to Paradise and Saltrey Saltrey and people to leads Paradise Raphael archangel the that relates and later texts Paradise was located in the Far East and and East Far the in located was Paradise later texts and mappae mundi ) located Paradise here, as we can see see we can here, as Paradise ) located . Joinville mentions. Joinville ” (Dinzelbacher ” (Dinzelbacher - - described in this way: this in described years. seven for during searching have been they island the surround darkness fog and the that Brendan Saint tells guide the and darkness encounter afoggy they time that After days. for forty east the towards them leads not able be to enter will repromissionisWithout terram the they sanctorum him to have a guide ( to have aguide Cockaygne narrative narrative of later versions the from other-worldlycase Irish the them among descriptions, the in descriptions and elements integrated Paradise but from the west to the they tradition of of a voyages longIrish the wake in related They time. at their described (Patch 143). of Paradise aspects are spiritual the and 3) physical the both way, symbolic thus and to interpreted aspiritual be in has of Paradise evidence the 2) existence, aphysical has Paradise 1) that possibilities: acknowledged it generally is appreciated were there earlier three had 64). (Delumeau Augustine symbolic partly and physical of adouble possibilities the partly nature, discussed but they Paradise world the created God 76). (Delumeau since years thousand six the during kept been alive had of Paradise tradition 4) the course, subterranean their and Paradise in origin of their found,never because been had rivers other of principal Nile 3) the the and sources the Paradise, seen had and there been had they that told 2) aboutreliable people Paradise, asserted narratives 1) for reasons: four exist must historical Paradise terrestrial the that argued century) (Patch (mid-14th Higden 134).impossible Ages Middle to the question in Ranulf the Bible to back was whose traced authority be could Eden Garden of The exist. adds. Mandeville of without them success, people it. all Many have tried, against sail no boat can aforce such blows that wind with the time same at the and waves and currents extreme with water rages the By sea, prevented by darkness. likewise is Access cross. can no man that animals, wild and rocks and hills with landscape, (Mosely 185). to go paradise” can man abarren By is there no living land that at its proper each place. surface, to the rise they until underground run rivers four from whence aspring the is there middle thesword. In by God’s flaming guarded one it is there entrance, and surrounds wall it. A stone affect could Noah’s not flood that so place elevated onsituated an is Paradise that He repeats detailed. rather is narration his descriptions and earlier compiles (Mosely ways countries” 184). many authorities those in in Mandeville trustworthy men and from wise Ihave heard much you as as tell Butthere. Ishall properly, speak Icannot to “Of other for informers: Paradise ring Ihave not been They leave the vessel to enter the Land of Promise of the Saints, which is which the of Land to Saints, enter thePromise theof vessel leaveThey In In The authors of the Brendan texts were well aware of the way Paradise was was theway of aware wereParadise well The texts theauthors Brendan of to areality ascribed century) (9th Céphas Bar Mosès and John of Damascus to believed universally was of Eden Garden the at least that Patch believes realize “You should accessible: not is Paradise that underlines Mandeville Mandeville in the mid-14th by the refer in Saltrey’s reservations repeats Mandeville century Aislinge Meic Conglinne (early 14th century). Saint Brendan and his followers need his and Brendan Abbatis Saint Brendani Navigatio sancti procurator ) in order to reach the Land of Promise of the Saints. of Promise of Saints. the order Land ) in the to reach (12 th The Land of Land The poem Irish the and century) . He -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 17 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 18 as Saint Brendan is later on, in contrast to the Paradise visions. Paradise to later the on, is contrast Brendan in Saint as able also to entertheland are They East. to situated the always was Paradise if even with identified Paradise, by Barinthus and of Promise of Saints the Land the called island, order at the in to arrive Mernoc and row westwards elements. Barinthus disturbing are here there but of Paradise nevertheless tioned name the here with (Selmer there Mernoc been 4-9). and had Barinthus that accept readily monks the and garments their in from Paradise fragrance the smell can they if them asking by the monks to He appeals with he Paradise. identifies which Saints thethe of Promise Land of the is land This never night. and day always is there Thereas is no sleepof need fruitful. exceedingly is which aspacious land in light brilliant in arrive clouds and Mernoc’s thick pass how He they voyage. describes voyage. his during to other events lively descriptions of and other contrast isles in pale and mary Brendan’s about Saint narration is sum The description voyage. own of Paradise later the more is than elaborate description fact in he His journey made. earlier Navigatio (91). voyage” of this “(...) goal the of paradise, beginning the At terrestrial the “(...) of: Patch speaks (40). Paradise” is of Promise, which land the invokes Selmer (Selmer Webb 80; wonders underway of isles his on 68). richness various the him (interpreted but of Paradise) Promise of Saints to as the show Land to the Brendan To Navigatio in that part. added be may this to one access only get can Brendan where Saint parts into two land the divides that of land the middle the ariver in but underground instead run into that rivers four shown on mappae mundi the or accounts travel and visions the in it described is as Paradise before the arriving of told, no we chance are he has as days, for forty eastwards he goes if even and Atlantic the in west to the sails but Brendan Saint east the in far located is Paradise inaccessible. is Paradise at whereas arrive men they enter his land and the Brendan to. access to get want they land world from the ordinary the separate that encounters darkness Brendan afog and way Saint on his from. Likewise drink can they wells are there and eaten be can that fruits ripe apple with are there trees, to Paradise: descriptions of the voyages and In contrast to Saint Brendan’s to Saint contrast In men- end is the of later journey journey the son abbot his and of his story the abbey the in monks the tells Barinthus Brendan’s Saint Various Paradise. of identify Promise with scholars Land divided gets no that is spring there sanctorum repromissionis terra the In Saint that explicitly stated is all it of First arecrucial. But differences the descriptionin Navigatio this commonin between features are a few There (Webb 78). river” 67; Selmer in this cross Latin cannot we and country of the “We size of no Brendan. the have idea we to asked do?” are “What country. the of middle the through flowing river upon avast came they day shore. One farther to the them not bring did still wandering days’ forty that wide so was island The springs. the from deeply drank and wanted they much as as ate The monks fruit. with laden apple trees with covered country open lay them Before the monk Barinthus who is a relative of Saint Brendan tells about an about an tells Brendan of a relative who Saint is monk Barinthus the . God’s first priority is notGod’spriority Saint first to lead -

Christian and some To and of other origins. afake Paradise up itChristian sum called be may Brendan’s acompilation elements, isle is Saint of some various direction. fantasy another points in but of evidence the where of major the Paradise part reminiscent is some in aspects which but island at another Paradise in not does arrive Brendan conclusion to Saint the leads that this east Far the in to Paradise voyages many the Brendan. of Saint on forerunners the narration initial the in only used expression is exact the that it remarkable is east to the voyages on and visions texts to the pared expression but ametaphorical com interpreted be may as Promise of Saints the not is mentioned, not Paradise explicitly. at least while the of Land Saints the The that he has been in Paradise. As a conclusion the poem states that Saint Brendan Brendan Saint that aconclusion states poem As the Paradise. in been he has that as a token him with stonesprecious take to Brendan Saint asks guide The young inhabitants. only two the as Elijah and rivers; Enoch four the and well absent: the are features Other list. to added the are needs tradition, but material the patristic the is always shining. Unpleasant weather does not exist in Paradise: in not Unpleasant does weather exist shining. always is sun the honey.summer; exude always reeds and fish.and is aregentle It There birds milk with run rivers The or nettles. thistles, brambles, like plants but no evil fruits ever-ripe and flowers fragrant and trees with meadows fair see They melodies. their and angels on agolden top. hears the with mountain Brendan Saint hill marble Thereis a Paradise. enter. them lets through them and welcomes them He guides way. a lucid in detailed and described God’sis messenger, man, young a handsome the swordpoint with down hanging and a dragons by fiery guarded is The entrance of one gems. in sorts made pieceis without work it any various adorned and is with theclouds. to It that reaches encounter They wall them. a leave fog behind the they day on fourth and the speed on full in sails Brendan Saint pulsion from Paradise. due ex there, to his Adam’s return cannot heirs anything. to he unable see is that foggy and thick so where clouds are the before Paradise arrives and east the towards there.from angels the and hear flowersin Paradise from the fragrance the smell he can that to close so Paradise island a neighboring versions. god-son Mernoc’s He his relates Latin the in to narrative voyage from the vv. 48-52 (vv. (Mackley before he 60). dies and narrative 72-102) Barintus’ differs Brendan’s Saint with Paradise see he shouldbegins prayers let him that to God theAnglo-Norman, i.e. vernacular, version versified in This prevalent. ments are Together with the many features that do not fit in with the do descriptions not with of that fitin Together features many the with Brendan’s Saint that of Land Promise theof in ends Itvoyage significant is The descriptionin Voyage vv. 1765-70) (Mackley desire. his is how great No matter abundance in desires his all have He will nor privation Nor hunger, nor thirst, nor norNeither cold, heat, affliction comes evil whence know he ever Nor will there no suffering have here will be He will who When Saint Brendan himself with his men undertakes his journey he journey moves his men undertakes his with himself Brendan Saint When In from the 12th century the Christian ele Christian the 12th from the century The Brendan Saint of Voyage follows along description way the from Genesis and and . - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 19 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 20 an dem Baum hingen schöne Trinkgeschirre und Schenkgefässe und ein schöner Tisch, schöner ein und Trinkgeschirre schöne hingen Baum Schenkgefässe dem an und “Und meadow: beautiful and agreen in acedar is there garden the In gems. with decorated and glass made are of Thefloors blue andgoldcovered with aresilk. Thebeds on wall. seen be the can of lutes harps playing and the as such pursuits leisure rendered. Also are of crafts sorts emperors Many etc. kings, by innumerable women, performed men and other activities, and of tournaments of depictions all sorts covered is by wall third air. the The in flying are they if as depicted, are birds tame and wild second On wall the stonesthe on one of walls. the into carved are deer and hares dogs, swine, boars, snakes, and elephants panthers, lions,boars, like of animals covered gold, by bronze. Images copper gems, are and walls the and crystal made is of castle air. the The in floating is road which suspended to found be there. are animals No wolves or other dangerous weakness. and weariness away their takes fragrance sweet the and versions.fruits areand feature),(a Therecereals plenty new wine of earlier the in case the order was in to as enter men pass must land, his the and pages). versions (covering earlier three the in more than than elaborate scription of Bona terra the remarkably from both the Navigatio the from both remarkably version Brandansin St. wundersame German TheEurope. Seefahrt 97). (Delumeau accounts travel from earlier were known that islands surrounding and shows of India map brim the western the accordingly and India to lead would finally west sailing that believed it discovered was was America Before (1492), of ocean. the middle the in located is Brendan Sanct de insula the Behaim of globe Martin the for maps, instance On late medieval Atlantic. the in sanctorum repromissionis terra the them among and islands movement. onward further fromthem prevents torrents, or extreme afierywall) with ocean an animals, peopled (a obstacle by ferocious adesert an stone until wall, move Asia over in land other travelers all Ocean on Atlantic the sailing is Brendan Saint east).the While towards sailing days 40 with (modified west goes Brendan Saint whereas east go a it if were as a framework Voyage a Christian in placed is level. The allegorical at an pilgrimage aChristian as regarded be way it can symbolic interpreted a is in but account the he level not is if able Paradise to reach graphical On ageo version moves east. Brendan Saint vernacular this In east. the in Paradise about a or fantasies about other visions travelers’ and the Alexander’s experiences Judgment. Last the until there spirit in order in to soon stay return he will that and physically Paradise in been has Pseudo-Paradise Inside the castle 700 doors and several beautiful halls are decorated with gold. with decorated are halls beautiful 700 several doors and castle Inside the a at via arrive they devoted to is adescription ofMost of text acastle the In By the 15th century the story of Saint Brendan had spread over had By most Brendan of of 15th Saint the story the century Brendan’s never doubt Saint mapmakers that and chroniclers Medieval as characterized be must arrives Brendan where place Saint the Nevertheless and accounts travel the by influenced heavily is The Brendan Saint of Voyage Brandan’s Seefahrt . Everywhere in the narratives on travels towards Paradise travelers travelers Paradise towards on travels narratives the in . Everywhere , as the promised land is called, is much is longer more and called, is promised land the , as there is neither fog nor darkness that Saint Brendan Brendan Saint that neither is there fog nor darkness and the Voyage the and tradition. First of all the de the of First all tradition. (not the (not were located somewhere somewhere located were ) Christian Paradise. ) Christian (1460) differs - - favor of Paradise: out in not does fall comparison the and Cockaigne with Paradise tury, compares of the Land of Cockaigne (Patch 51; of Cockaigne of Land 86-87). the Dinzelbacher vision early an is This or beer mead. run rivers the in and wine with springs fountain The cheese. of thegatethe ofof pillars meat, flesh, of butter,bridges palisades the omelets, of built thick acastle, before he sea reaches amilk to pass has protagonist thethere In arrive order fromto Paradise: substantially differs which about aland description Genesis the in with accordance in mentioned only food the fruits, was tradition Brendan Saint earlier the In on plate to without eaten the be ready effort. kann geben Erde Wonne, von der Art auf es jede Haus war die dem sufficient “ words: lacks thethenarrator endAt be found. can plentythere of fish rise theriverswhich andIn a spring. coldand well ofclear There sing. is a birds sorts kann” sich denken man die Speise, Tisch beste (Sollbach die 165). dem auf und Several there is so much joy and pleasure. The first thing to mention is the meat and drink drink toand thing mentionmeat the is first The much so is there joy pleasure. and the worldin Søndergaard). Thereis whereland no (Richter; Søndergaard Leif and given by is Dieter Richter of Cockaigne on Land the of texts the A survey Cockaigne. reminiscent of Bruegel’s painting of Schlaraffenland of Bruegel’s painting reminiscent Leuten” den zu (Sollbach Land 161-63). Wasser an selbst in dem gehen is detail last The Vieh. Fische Die allerhand und Ziegen von Fleisch das man hatte to “Da meat: access no work and of Cockaigne: of Land the typical are features Other of Cockaigne. Land butthenot of of Paradise characteristic, is drink andexquisite interestin The food or probably beer. wine with casks, the and imagine anyone can that plates best the them. seduce follow and them cannot devil the that so ship to the back haste must they that astone atoken—and even as castle—not from the anything should not they steal brothers that his admonishes of aking’s direction orconclusionBrendan TheSaint aduke’sis remarkable. castle. the in orimagination the let be in not. The description can leads souls dead the to decide whether key his with gate at the Peter Saint and stands over castle the 108). (Dinzelbacher presides of God Cockaigne on Land the fabliaux and poems On the Land of Cockaigne Land the poem, On Irish A parodic 12th from the century, Aislinge narration Meic Irish Conglinne An The rest of the The of rest of is Land devoted to a poem descriptionthe of 190-line 375) (Haskell also. Enoch and Eliah two men are only There to quench man’s water Only thirst table norbench is hall, not There fruit is butno meat There only duty great and be therejoy Thus twigs green and flowers and But grass Paradise in there is What sight of fairer is Cokaigne and bright mirth be Thus Paradise The most interesting passage in the text is quoted above: the table with all all is quoted with tablethetheabove: text in passage interesting The most theabout theliterature andin common in is Heaven castle theThe idea of , where the chicken places itself itself places where chicken the , from the early 14th early , from the cen ” (Sollbach 167). , tells , tells In In - .

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 21 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 22 Brandans Seefahrt Brandans German description the in from the itself where distinguishes it resembles and both of Cockaigne of Land the appointedis abbot. monk for it.laziest The he rewarded is and year every nuns twelve with monk lies it Thepotent down,most up says. as and goes dance approach the mediately and jump into and water.im the undress The nuns young monks the nearby nunnery a bottom At of maiden. bare ayoung the he displays to land them abbotthe wants and when air the through abbey.ableare an fly to in The life monks young daily joy. and pleasure perpetual in life by apleasant replaced is life everyday absent. Hard are etc. insects, annoying animals, wild drink, conditions (Graus 7-9). Here work, of problems and food the lack excessive with under feudal people’s village the from ordinary in stems lives general in Cockaigne descriptionidea the and of This into directly your mouth. fly birds The roasted of precious sorts stones flow. gold many them and in and from Paradise, emanate that therivers four like are springs, four There etc. singing, are mom, birds various Gargantua purse. same from the take can strong the and weak the to belongs everyone; thing every he much wants; as as eat Everyone can emphasized. are community and ity Equal Cockaigne. of Land the of the for ideas feature typical the most maybe is This materials. building provisions with built as adescriptionabbey developed in of an further is Theparody but not are only for Fruits for digestion. eating the for washing. land. that in norlice flies Nobody Neither blind. is are men Thereneither nornor angry. be fleas women can others: several added are animals tame and wild conditions, weather and the night, never and day perpetual no death, and life eternal concerning features well-known To annoyances. of the everyday lack includes the developed and further is evils The enumeration absentof texts. Paradise to some from the line follows extent the tender. meat is the that The itdescription stated explicitly and is disposal at free Dor characterizes the Land of Cockaigne as an anti-Paradise an as of Cockaigne Land the Dor characterizes Caluwé- De Juliette of Cockaigne. but Land to not the rather does to go Paradise Brendan’s version Saint that German the in means voyage this foregrounded. And Seefahrt of Brandans It characteristic is of texts. types both found be in can and tradition Cockaigne the and tradition mon Paradise to the secular materialistic elements in a way that allows us clearly assert: Saint Brendan Brendan Saint assert: clearly us allows elements a way that in materialistic secular some in respects. at least to Paradise, similar is but place which another aplace Paradieswarendem “(...) acomparison: with Terra it characterized and bona is called is in alsobsie land siezudem Paradies “ title the with translation He provides German the Paradise. reaches age In this context the most interesting parts of the poem include of poem description the the parts most interesting context the this In andinversion is devotedthe on parody to a poem theof of Thehalf second novelRabelais’ theThélèmeabbey in foreshadows utopiansociety This honey,milk, with used only wine. is water The and run rivers The olive oil Terra bona Terra the In Sollbach, who edited the manuscript, seems to be quite certain that the voy the that toquite be seems certain manuscript, who the Sollbach, edited (1534). of scents ginger, carda cinnamon, exudes meadow a tree the In ,” even if there is no title in the manuscript itself. In the text the the text the In ,” itself. manuscript the no in is title there if even ” (161, 163 Introduction:about and 41). clearly tells if” The “as the religious elements are counterpoised and overruled by overruled and elements counterpoised religious are the . In general many features are com are features many general . In that food and drink are are drink and food that (Caluwé-Dor 103). (Caluwé-Dor Hierkommen ------Cockaigne (Søndergaard 176-80). (Søndergaard Cockaigne Land of about the narratives the in markers fiction areseveral There neck. to the up dung swine through years seven walk must of Cockaigne land to to go want the thosewho evenclearer: made is mode end fictitious the the At imaginary. be sarily neces must there located island consequently an and were known, of Spain west 173). (Haskell a lond no isles performed ihote Cockaygne” was poem the When of Cockaigne on Land poem the of Irish the ning and on to the marvelous. the to on and Navigatio the interpretsdevelopment the in too. fictitious Mackley are visits Brendan Saint that some of other that islands the world. passing in It remarked be may a fantasy world into real from the now men are passing his and Brendan Saint that indicate “fiction interpreted be may markers.” as They darkness fog and road or through ing pass the foggy belt they have to sail for three days at full speed. at full days for three have to sail belt they foggy the pass sight completely. loose their travelers the impenetrable that and order In thick so to darkness make Paradise surround clouds that great considerably: fog and enlarged Voyage clearly. Anglo-Norman the In able everything toare see suddenly they and island at the arrive they that after hour and for an lasts darkness other” (Selmer 78; each see Webb hardly could they 67). that thick so The foggy were enveloped days, caligo in for forty sailed having men, after air.the Navigatio in floating is aroad which via goes castle is rather acounter-paradise rather is version this in Paradise for Paradise. search their in over to India land east go must travelers that who agree narrators and theologians, Bible, fathers, church the among the descriptions in to all contrary is ocean the in west the towards version. Sailing operative for German the versions also are earlier relation two to in the were taken that reservations To same the Paradise. that added in be may notdoes arrive this (84). I prefer to characterize the island as a “false Paradise.” a“false as island the (84). Iprefer to characterize of Paradise variant about asecularized (Fay 48-49). talks Dinzelbacher unharmed ship to their return followers can his and Brendan Saint and of God, name the in them when he them addresses pacifying in succeeds but Brendan Saint arrows and bows with equippedare They necks. cranes’ and but dogs’ claws, with beings, man hu like encounter swine’s hands monstersship. they with way back heads, On their to the back them leads he hastily Instead them. with anything should notthey take that them endeavor men devil’s he so the warns to his tempt as trick Brendan and Paradise. with identical be under no circumstances can land the that quite clear (Fay 42). likemuch is very land The warenauchteüfel darynnen geleychet, Paradeys dem das gütenertrich, syzüdem men and opposite different way men interpreted atotally is in his with arrives Heidelberger the Brendan where much version Saint like very island is the aspects The use of fiction markers parallels the way they are displayed in begin the displayed in are they the way parallels markers use of fiction The These ways of describing the passage to the Promised Land, either via a via floateither Land, the to Promised the passage ways of describing These In the two German versions of Brandan’s German Seefahrt two the In and interpretedstones precious is gems Saint by all its with The place 1476) version c. (printed German Augsburg another in In most in which and the Voyage the and as a movement from the familiar to the fantastic-uncanny fantastic-uncanny to the amovement as familiar from the . Paradise but as there are devils present it is devils are there but as Paradise : “Fur in see bi west Spayngne/ Is Is bi Spayngne/ : “Fur see west in access to the hanging hanging to the access Saint Brendan and his his and Brendan Saint (fog) and “darkness, “darkness, and (fog) the description the is : “ Hyekom ” - - - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 23 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 13-25 24 Caluwé-Dor popular narrators. popular and chroniclers theologians, Bible, literature, from the tradition patristic historical long the in envisaged is Paradise —as inversions of any the Paradise go to not does Brendan Saint mode that afictitious conclusionbutin a be to moreimportant has of Brendan’s old Saint belief. authorities wake or the popular in rendered is voyage but sheer imagination locations, are others or events geographical real in departure versions a point with of mythologized are places Some and events of related the (Sollbach but 77). convincingly not very he geographically: visited places the locate tomarkers. interpret fiction the ability their and credulity on their depending of doubted it, others while more all maybe or less, some in people things believed skepticism, where and some disbelief to total belief continuum from substantial a Probably to answer. hard existed there is or imaginary to real be were believed aspects of medieval mentalities. medieval of aspects fascinating to giveaccess they and literature fictitious as nonetheless interesting are descriptions. Paradise serious normal, the towards attitude parodic and apolemical with anti-Paradise an as describe they place the label may we include If Aislinge to Paradise. Meic Conglinnerespect in especially descriptions of wonders marvels, and imaginary as narratives to the tricks. his plays devil Paradise,” where the Augsburg-version a“false the in as Paradise and of Cockaigne, Seefahrt Brandans Sankt in of Paradise its location. Isee because elements, again Christian Voyage in Land Promised the Icall east. to the situated in descriptions where Paradise long to of the Paradise tradition contrast in west it to the located time is same at the and for travelers the goal not ultimate the Edson Vision und Visionsliteratur—— im Mittelalter Dinzelbacher Delumeau Mapping Time and Space: How Medieval Mapmakers Viewed Their World Their Viewed Mapmakers Medieval How Space: and Time Mapping , Evelyn. Received for Publication: September 19, 2013; Acceptance for Publication: March 17, March Publication: 19, for 2014. September 2013; Publication: for Acceptance Received as a “counter-Paradise” with characteristic prevalent elements from the Land prevalent elements a “counter-Paradise” Land from the as characteristic with I have characterized Paradise in the Navigatio the in Paradise I have characterized to and Brendan’s Saint real as to take have tried Some experiences scholars about Brendan’sSaint Thethe narratives extent question travels of what to In none of the Brendan narrations does Saint Brendan go to Paradise. They They to go Paradise. Brendan Saint does noneIn narrations of Brendan the listen readand or markers the fiction recognize will The attentive reader philosophie et de littératures romanes. Library, 1999. 1999. Vol. 1. Paris: Fayard, 1992. Vol. Fayard, 1. paradis. Paris: du histoire Une , Jean. Marche romane: mélanges du du mélanges romane: Marche “L’anti-Paradis de. Cockaigne.” de du Pays , Juliette Die letzten Dinge. Himmel, Hölle, Fegefeuer im Mittelalter im Fegefeuer Hölle, Himmel, Dinge. letzten , Peter. Die WORKS CITED WORKS Liège 1978. Liège 103-23. . Stuttgard: Anton Hiersemann, 1981. Hiersemann, Anton . Stuttgard: a“pseudo-Paradise” despite the as a “fake Paradise,” which is Paradise,” is which a“fake as Far West Far of Spain we and . Freiburg: Herder, . Freiburg: . The British British . The Webb Waters Søndergaard Sollbach Selmer Richter Pollard Fay Patch Mosely Harvey Graus Lakoff Haskell Mackley , Rolf D., , Rolf ed. , J.F., ed. “The Voyage of Saint Brendan.” Lives Brendan.” of, J.F., theSaint Saints of “The ed. Voyage The Other World: According to Descriptions in Medieval Literature in Medieval Descriptions to According World: Other The Rollin. , Howard 38 (1967): 3-19. (1967): 38 Present and Past Ages.” Middle the in Utopias , F. “Social , George, and Mark Johnson Mark and , George, , Carl, ed. Navigatio Abbatis ed. Sancti Brendani , Carl, , C.W.R.D., Mandeville John Sir of The ed. Travels The Anglo-Norman Voyage of Saint Brendan by Benedeit by Brendan Saint of Voyage Anglo-Norman The ed. , G.R., Mappa Mundi: The Hereford World Map World Hereford The , P.D.A. Mundi: Mappa , Dieter. , Dieter. , A.W., Mandeville John Sir of The ed. Travels , Ann S., ed. “The Land of Cockaygne.” Cockaygne.” of Land “The ed. S., , Ann 2005. 173-208. Denmark, Southern UP of Odense: Hansen. Thorning Rasmus and Søndergaard Leif Ed. Pal. Germ. 60. Frankfurt: Insel Verlag, 1987. Verlag, Insel Frankfurt: 60. Germ. Pal. Courts, 1989. 1989. Harvard UP, 1950. Harvard and the Anglo-Norman Versions 1969. 375-80. 1969. Northern World: The Legends of Saint Brendan. A Comparative Study of the Latin Latin the of Study Comparative A Brendan. Saint of Legends The World: Northern , Jude S. St Brandans ed. wundersame Seefahrt . , Gerhard, , Leif: “Far West of Spain: The Land of Cockaigne.” Monsters, MarvelsCockaigne.” and of MiraclesLand The West of “Far Spain: , Leif: Sankt Brandan Schlaraffenland: Gescichte einer populären Phantasie. Schlaraffenland: : Zwei frühneuhochdeutsche Prosafassungen Zwei frühneuhochdeutsche Metaphors We By Live . Metaphors . Boston: Brill, 2008. 257-311. 2008. Brill, . Boston: A Middle English Anthology English A Middle

New York:. New Dover, 1964. from Early Latin Manuscripts Latin Early from . London: The British Library, Library, 1996. British The . London:

Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983. Penguin, . Harmondsworth: Nach der Heidelberger Handschrift Cod. Cod. Handschrift Heidelberger der Nach . Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1980. Uof Chicago . Chicago: . Harmonsworth: Penguin, 1965. Penguin, . Harmonsworth: Frankfurt/Main: Athenäum, Frankfurt/Main: .

. Oxford: Clarendon, 1928. Clarendon, Oxford: Stuttgard: Helfant, 1985. Helfant, Stuttgard: . New York: Haskell, York:. New Haskell, . Dublin: Four Four . Dublin: . Cambridge: . Cambridge: .

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