Buying a Homestead "The Greatest Fine Art of the Future Will Be the Making of a Comfortable Living from a Small Piece of Land." — Abraham Lincoln

The magazine of modern homesteading

& Small Stock Journal Volume 103 • Number 4 JULY/AUGUST 2019

DIY GREY WATER SYSTEM

MAKE YOUR OWN HARDWOOD CHARCOAL

The Dos & Don’ts of THE BEST HERBS FOR Buying a CONTAINERS Homestead Plus Poison Ivy Hacks

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1 I’m Michelle Marine from Simplify, Live, Love and I’m excited to share a bit about our family’s homesteading journey in Eastern Iowa. After years of moving around the world with the Air Force, my husband Dan and I moved our small family to his hometown in rural Iowa to become home builders. We knew we wanted to raise farm kids and Iowa seemed the logical choice with family close by and a quaint town that is perfect for raising children. I did not grow up in the country, and it’s safe to say that I had a romanticized notion of country life. I was inspired to try country living because of my grandma’s beautiful rolling farm in Southern Missouri and my father’s gardening efforts throughout my childhood. My Arkansas grandparents also gardened 2 and canned their own food, and their out-of-this- world-amazing spicy dill pickles motivated me to grow cucumbers and start canning on my own. Dan and I bought an abandoned and overgrown five-acre homestead in 2010. When we bought the acreage, the only structure on it was an unusable silo. We lived in town for several years, saving money, and slowly making our homestead a place to call home. In 2011, our neighbors gave us their round-top barn that they were days away from burning, and we spent the next couple of years rebuilding it on our homestead. Originally, we renovated the barn as the office and shop for our construction company but realized that it would be better-served in the short term as a temporary home for our family as we built our dream home. In 2013, our six-member family left town for good. We lived in the barn for two years while Dan built a state-of-the-art, super-insulated, stone-clad passive house that we affectionately call the Passive- 3 Aggressive House. We added solar panels to the 1. Our youngest daughter loving on a baby chick. homestead and started producing our own electricity 2. The homestead – the 1940s barn we moved ¼ mile and when we finally moved into the home in 2015. rebuilt with our new Passive-Aggressive House in the distance. It is amazing to see what we have accomplished 3. The Marine family at the American Gothic House in in the five years we’ve lived here. On what was once Eldon, Iowa. overgrown and abandoned, we now have a small 4. Henry the barn cat guarding peacock feathers and a orchard, tend a large garden, and raise chickens for garden haul. both meat and eggs. Our two Great Pyrenees dogs oversee all of our work along with a handful of barn cats. Favorites on our homestead are the pet turkey, Tarzan, and the peacock, James. Bees are our newest adventure and we hope to harvest honey soon. Now that our children are older, we also have 4-H rabbits and sheep, and I dream of horses! We love living in the country! It’s satisfying to grow our food and it’s amazing to watch our four kids learn to drive tractors, dig in the dirt, build go-carts and forts, and help in the garden. Gathering farm fresh eggs, digging potatoes, picking flowers, watching fireflies, clouds, sunsets, and sunrises are all things our family enjoys about country life. We are proud of our self- I AM COUNTRYSIDE sufficiency and wouldn’t trade that for anything!

Follow Michelle's homesteading journey at 4 instagram.com/simplifylivelove JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 5 1 Summer skies over the chicken coop. The skies are always amazing in Iowa! 2 Tarzan the turkey talking to a chicken buddy. 3 Heirloom garlic is always fun to grow, harvest, and eat! 4 Purple potatoes, herbs, and flowers: some of my favorite things to grow in the garden. 5 An heirloom tomato heart. 6 Tarzan the turkey showing off all his splendor. 7 Nora and Harry, our two Great Pyrenees livestock guardians.

2 3 4

6 7 CONTENTS July/August 2019 IN EVERY ISSUE 72 Almanack 22 DIY Grey Water System for an 4 I Am Countryside 76 Marketplace Off-Grid Homestead By Patricia Baird Greene 11 Editor’s Letter 78 Breeders Directory/Classifieds 12 Country Conversation HOMESTEADING BEEKEEPING & Feedback 18 The Dos and Don'ts of Buying 26 Improve Hive Ventilation in 68 Capture Your Countryside a Homestead the Summer 70 Just for Fun By Marissa Ames By Rusty Burlew 28 Controlling Varroa Mites By David Bridgers 18 34 GROWING 30 Why is Phenology of Plants Important? By Gail Damerow 34 Growing the Best Herbs for Containers By Rita Heikenfeld 38 Recycling a Deck Into a Standing Raised Bed By Kenny Coogan POULTRY 42 How to Build an Automatic Chicken Feeder By Romie Holl 46 Herbs and Pasture Plants for Chickens to Eat ByAmy Fewell

ANIMALS & LIVESTOCK 50 Save our Breed Diversity! By Tamsin Cooper 46 56 56 Tips on Properly Giving Injections to Cattle By Heather Smith Thomas HOMESTEAD HACKS 60 Make Your Own Natural Hardwood Charcoal By Romie Holl 61 Poison Ivy Home Remedies By Jennifer VanBenschoten

FARM TO F0RK 62 Mouth-Watering Pickled Fish Recipes By Becky Pederson 63 Smoked Eggs By Ann Tom

ON THE COVER “Volunteer sunflowers that I rehomed to form a wall next to my garden.” – Michelle Marine. See Michelle’s full photo essay on page 5.

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Volume 103 • Number 4 July/August 2019

Countryside & Small Stock Journal Includes Small Stock Magazine Founded 1917 by Wallace Blair and Countryside Magazine Founded 1969 by Jd Belanger.

EDITORIAL Ann Tom, Editor [email protected] Steph Merkle, Content Director [email protected] Samantha Ingersoll, Marissa Ames Editorial Assistants Traci Laurie Publication Designer

CIRCULATION & MARKETING GENERAL MANAGER Ellen Grunseth, Marketing Director Mike Campbell [email protected] [email protected] ADVERTISING COUNTRYSIDE’S MAIN HOMESTEAD Alicia Soper, Advertising Director Countryside [email protected] P.O. Box 566, Medford, WI 54451 (715) 748-1388 iamcountryside.com Kelly Weiler [email protected] SUBSCRIPTIONS (U.S. FUNDS): (715) 748-1389 $24.99 per six issues Sue Lapcewich Countryside Subscriptions [email protected] 580 Mallory Way, Carson City, NV 89701 (970) 373-7301 (970) 392-4419

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Countryside & Small Stock Journal (ISSN 8750-7595; USPS 498-940) is published bi-monthly by Countryside Publications, P.O. Box 566, Medford, WI 54451. Periodicals postage paid at Medford, WI and additional mailing offices. ©2019 Countryside Publications. Countryside Publications is owned and operated by Fence Post Co. The views presented here do not necessarily represent those of the editor or publisher. All contents of this issue of Countryside & Small Stock Journal are copyrighted by Countryside Publications, 2019. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited except by permission of the publisher. POSTMASTER: Send all UAA to CFS. (See DMM 707.4.12.5);

NON-POSTAL AND MILITARY FACILITIES: Send address corrections to Countryside Subscriptions, 580 Mallory Way, Carson City, NV 89701

Our Philosophy At Countryside, our purpose is to inspire self-reliant living on any level. We acknowledge that the path to self-sufficiency is as unique as the person who accepts the journey. We strive to strengthen the homesteading movement by sharing the diverse voices and knowledge of today’s practioners. We teach our readers how to grow and raise their own food; build, fix, and craft with their own two hands; and walk as gently on this planet as possible. Contact Us PHONE: (970) 392-4419 FAX: (715) 785-7414 ADDRESS: P.O. Box 566, Medford, WI 54451 ADVERTISING OFFICE: [email protected] EDITORIAL OFFICE: [email protected] CUSTOMER SERVICE/BOOK ORDERS: [email protected] iamcountryside.com 10 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL Countryside :: a letter to readers

FROM THE EDITOR

Ah summertime, my favorite time of the year.

The beautiful green grass, the leaves on the trees, the colorful flowers — it’s all such a wonderful sight after a long winter of white. There’s always so much to do during the summer months. Whether that means working in the yard, pens, coops, gardens, or other activities such as camping, fishing, picnics, weddings … there’s never a dull moment. While working or playing in the outdoors, you may have an unfortunate encounter with poison ivy. Although not everyone is sensitive to the oils of this irritating plant, the poison ivy home remedies article from Jen VanBenschoten will come in handy should you break out in an itchy, painful rash. If you have chickens and want to save some time each day, you’ll want to check out Romie Holl’s automatic chicken feeder plan. This is a low-cost, easy- to-build feeder and will be a real time-saver for you. I love herbs and each year I run out of garden space to plant all the types I would like to plant. So I was very happy when I received Rita Heikenfeld’s article, “Growing the Best Herbs for Containers.” Now I know which herbs I can successfully grow right on my deck! I don’t know about you, but I will be making the most of every minute of summer because before I know it, the snow will be blanketing the scenery again. I’m wishing you all an enjoyable summer. Remember to take some time to kick up your feet, Photo by Ann Tom relax in the shade with your favorite cool drink, and as always, feel free to drop me a line anytime.

Ann Tom Editor, Countryside

Countryside Editor Letter HAVE AN IDEA OR STORY TO SHARE, A P.O. Box 566 QUESTION TO ASK, PERHAPS AN ANSWER TO Medford, WI 54451 A QUESTION? WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU! Or email: [email protected] Country Conversation & Feedback Contact us at: P.O. Box 566, Medford, WI 54451; [email protected]

Knowledge Gained From Countryside Pages

I would like to let you know how I was introduced to your publication and the impact it has had on me. I live on a 25-acre farm in the Midwest but have a career in the ity and was raised in suburbia. On our farm we have a garden, 12 acres of pesticide- and herbicide- free hay, and we raise chickens. My neighbor raised goats and chickens. She had to move due to health issues and decided to give me her impressive stash of Countryside magazines. I had never heard of it! I hauled the boxes home and started reading issues from years ago. It took me about six months to get through all of them and my mind was opened up to a new world. I realized that we had not raised our chickens in the best conditions; I learned about the importance of soil, and was introduced to new uses for tires, water conservation, etc. I also read books featured in your bookstore and have educated myself as much as possible about living as lightly as possible on the planet. I still have much to learn and must wait to retire to have more time to implement everything I have read about. I am trying to rid my property of invasives. I plant native trees and perennial plants. We have lost a lot of trees to the emerald ash borer so I am working on replacing them with different species. I also have a small orchard and am experimenting with PawPaw trees and have a walnut grove. I learned about foraging and even made jam from the invasive autumn olive berries. It was delicious. I built a composting toilet after reading The Humanure Handbook, which made me the laughing-stock of my family. It has produced excellent compost for my trees. As you can see, I could go on and on but I just wanted to tell you that I owe you a debt of gratitude for the education I have received from your pages. I hope someday to get my family to see the light, but meanwhile I keep planting!

— Anne Davis

12 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL “In search of my mother’s garden, I found my own.” — Alice Walker

In response to Feeding Honey Bees (May/June 2019)

Do you know if the sugar water will work for wild bees as well? I haven’t undertaken starting my own hive, but I usually have quite a few bees that visit my raspberries all summer long.

Thanks, — Rebecca Davis

Thanks for the question, Rebecca! I think you’re asking if it’s okay to put sugar water out as a source of food for wild (or native) bees. If I’m understanding you correctly, here are my thoughts on that. In theory, yes, you can feed wild bees with sugar water, however, there are some considerations I think you should keep in mind to help you decide if that’s what you want to do. (1) Wild bees are part of the local ecological system. When we bring a colony of honey bees into the area, we are artificially changing the bee population in that area. As part of the natural ecological system, wild bees have a population controlled by natural forces. I bring this up because we sometimes must feed our honey bees because the natural food sources don’t support them enough in that particular time. With the wild bees, their population ebbs and flows according to the natural resources. With this in mind, I typically consider providing natural food sources (eg, planting pollinator-friendly plants) the best way to support the native bee population ... and our own honey bees, in the long run! (2) Sugar water, in my opinion, should really be viewed as an “emergency” source of food for our bees. That is, the last resort when natural resources simply aren’t available or aren’t sufficient. The reason being, natural sources (eg, flower nectar) have beneficial nutrients sugar water lacks. For the health of all bees, wild or otherwise, natural sources of nectar are much healthier. That said, bees are opportunistic. They go for whatever is most efficient. Providing an open supply of sugar water could, in theory, attract bees away from the naturally occurring nectar sources. (3) Finally, sugar water will not selectively attract bees. It will attract all sorts of opportunistic insects, including wasps ... sometimes in very large numbers. So, in the end, yes you can open feed wild bees with sugar water. I’m sure they would be grateful for it! That said, I’d keep the above three points in mind to help you decide if that is the direction you’d like to go.I hope this helps!

— Josh Vaisman

Thank you Countryside for tackling all the issues I face while homesteading. Such a great resource!

— Maryanne Mead, Iowa

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 13 countryside :: conversation

Know Your Rights!

Hi, of the labor works in some sort of agriculturally I am a student at Grand Rapids Community related job. Because of this the governor of the State College. I was assigned to write an informative letter, of Michigan created the Right to Farm Act. The to farmers victimized by overzealous townships. state set forth a group of farming practices which, Here is the letter I wrote: if followed, protects farms from nuisance lawsuits and overzealous county and township boards. For all The typical method of informing customers that the details visit the MDARD page: michigan.gov/ a farm product is available is to erect a road sign. mdard. The Right to Farm Act supersedes county Recently, the township enforcement officer has made a and township rules. Since signs are a common form pest of himself removing my signage. It seems that the of conducting commerce on a farm, I am allowed to township board voted in an ordinance that bans any post a sign of any type with agricultural products. sign more than 12”x20” without a township permit. Baloney, selling the product I grow is my bread and Apparently, the township enforcement officer butter … literally. That township is disrupting my hasn’t read the law. He used a chainsaw to sever my livelihood. Thankfully the government of the State last sign from its sign post. That’s when I snapped. of Michigan has more brains than the township. I called the county sheriff and let him explain that In the early 1980s, the State of Michigan recognized the act of removing my sign constituted a larceny. that even though farmers make up only 1% of the Know your rights! The county is not going to inform population, they are vitally important to the economy. you that the township is overstepping the law and Because of their small numbers, the agricultural removing private property. Remember no matter what community will never be able to outvote the majority, the township says, you have the Right to Farm Act as so farms will slowly disappear from townships and the state law and everything else is simply a suggestion. counties. That way of life along with local food production will vanish from the state. The USDA From a farming citizen, after a also brought to light that while only 1% of the state hassle with the township. is actively involved in production agriculture, 22% — Ellie

How to Make Money In the Country/Small Town

We received a reader In 2001, I bought a house for $8,000, got a mortgage for improvements, and rented it out locally in a request for an article on town of 1,200 people. I’ve always had renters and have had returns of 15%. Try that at a bank! weeding with ducks. This is no ancient history as late in 2018, I looked at a home in the same town, still 1,200 people and it was Watch for it in our for sale for $28,000 but they would have taken less. This was a two-bedroom, full basement, September/October issue! attached garage, deck, fenced backyard, good roof, fireplace, paved driveway, including heat/ Thanks for the AC, and appliances. I did not buy it as I am an old fossil and have two other rentals. suggestion, Joan! At $550 per month, low taxes, not much money needed for a down payment, someone could buy this, — Ann Tom, rent it out, and make money for their dream homestead. Editor of Countryside It’s easier than raising and milking goats or cattle!

— John K.

14 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL The old style pressure-treated wood contained chromium, copper, and arsenic. Chromium is a necessary nutrient — but only in the proper form. The oxidized version was the subject of the Erin Brockovich movie. Copper is a necessary nutrient. Arsenic is toxic in the right form and with the right exposure. Newer versions of pressure-treated wood have modified the formula and now a range of materials are used to make the wood resistant to degradation. The critical thing here — and why I don’t lose sleep over people using these materials around their gardens — is the mechanism by which these elements are toxic. To cause harm they have to get from the wood into the person. In soils, these elements are typically not mobile. Soil is high in organic matter that reduces Cr to the nutrient version from the toxic version. Whatever other In response to A Simple Raised Bed elements would need to migrate from the soils to the Design (May/June 2019 issue): plants being grown and then be taken up by the plants. The person who is gardening would then have to eat We had a reader write in regarding the use of pressure- enough of these plants to make an impact. That would treated lumber in raised bed vegetable gardens. Are there be very difficult — near impossible to do. Plant uptake toxins in the lumber that will leach into your garden soil? for most elements that are not nutrients is minimal Will these toxins then make their way into your vegetables? and reduced with sufficient fertility. Movement in the We reached out to Sally Brown, Research Professor at the soil is limited so only plants growing directly against College of the Environment – University of Washington, the wood are likely to see any elevated anything in for further information on this subject. Her is her response: the soil. In the grand scheme of things to worry about, this is not one. If it is a concern, plant flowers directly — Editorial against the wood or use a different material instead.

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In response to How to Build a Portable Pig Feeder, by Romie Holl (May/June 2019 issue):

Q: Do you close the feeder and only open it when you want to feed the pigs? Is that what the hinged doors are for? How do you keep it open while they are eating? — Amanda G.

A: The pigs lift the hinge door with their snouts to eat, and when they back away, the door drops down shutting it and keeping it rainproof. The very first day I propped open the door and In response to Silvopasture Explained it took them 30 minutes to figure out how to use (March/April 2019 issue): it. Then they knocked the stick away and I have not had a problem since then. — Romie Silvopasture is a historical technique in Europe, in earlier America, and elsewhere. It is not a panacea, Q: I love your design. I have pigs also and have though. There are both trade-offs and downsides. been trying to come up with a feeder. Hope you These are often manageable, but even so, know that don’t mind if I copy yours? Question though, can your woodlot will be different going forward. The the pigs step into the feed and get it all muddy? operative component of this term is pasture. An This is a problem I’m having now. Also, do you interspersed wooded pasture yes, but it will not be a mind sharing your feed mix? — Alene J. successional woodlot. Think savannah or golf course. If your greatest intent is to expand pasture resources, A: No, I don’t mind people copying the design. this may well be a method worthy of trying. Many While the pigs are very little, they could step into who coddle the notion overuse the woodlot, proving feeder but I have not had that problem. The open area that it easily becomes something other than an is small (about a foot long) and I sized the height of example of sustainability. The goals of sustainability the feeder so it reaches the bottom of their neck. Their must include environmental well-being. Advancing head gets in but they would have to climb in with the silvopasture will definitely change the ecology of the door hitting them. So far it has not been an issue. acreage and surrounds. Wildlife may diversify or The feed I use for the pigs is the same that I use for my change, but carrying capacity of wild creatures must chickens. I buy grain and supplies in bulk and store them diminish if domesticated stock are using the land. Be in metal 55-gallon drums. I use an old coffee container wary of streams, springs, and wetlands. Livestock will to grab the grain and mix it in the five-gallon bucket. damage these sensitive areas affecting things around and downstream/downslope. Forest understory Here is what I use: will diminish, if not disappear. This will affect all 1 part rolled oats creatures, and if ground cover is not monitored, you 1 part rolled wheat can easily lose topsoil to erosion. Some trees desired ½ part corn for retention, probably will be killed as livestock 1 part barley girdle and rub them enough to damage inner live 1 part soy meal layers. If you desire recovering old fallow pasture that has succeeded into woods or a shrub-scrub, Yes, if I gave them more corn they would grow mindful multi-species pasturing can make this happen. faster, but I make my own lard (and lardo) so I want Dibbling corn around tree roots will even encourage the best product I can get — corn tends to color the swine to excavate the root balls. Silvopasture is not a lard. Plus, I can get these organic grains directly from lazy man’s methodology, nor that for the cheapskate local farmers. The only thing I get from the feed store beyond a couple months. There’s no free lunch for is the soy meal (for the extra protein). — Romie the farmer or her livestock. Done right and with the appropriate goals and expectations, silvopasture can Thank you so much for replying! I will be indeed fill a niche of the farm plan. Eyes wide open! mixing my own feed now and can't wait! — Arlene J. — Brian, Maine Countryside :: question of the month

IN THE MARCH/APRIL ISSUE WE ASKED: WHAT ARE YOUR FAVORITE MEMORIES OR TRADITIONS YOU SHARE WITH YOUR FOLKS?

Father’s Day Rockets Which One Is the Juice?

My favorite family memory of Father’s Day of We used to live in the country and we my dad is knowing that he knew his three kids, in- lived in the mountains of Colorado. We had laws, and grandkids would all be there to visit him. some extra pastureland and my father-in- He didn’t care about the presents (glad he got one law brought us a cow and her calf to feed. though), just us being there was the best gift. He At the time, I had a little boy who was close to usually did the cooking on the grill, which he loved four years old. At breakfast time, I’d give him a glass to do. After we got done eating, the games began ... of juice along with his milk to drink. When we got bingo and wizard. He sometimes would shoot off the cow and she was nursing her baby, he looked at some of his rockets that he built. Plus, he loved to her udder and asked me, “Which one’s the juice?” do woodcarvings and was proud to show them to We laughed so hard! I couldn’t believe he said that! us. We just let him have his day, to me every day was his day. My Father’s Day will never be the — Jeanne Arnett, Colorado same anymore. I will have to look to the sky to see his rockets, as he is in heaven now ... May 2, 2018.

— Diana Johnson, Ohio

IN THE MAY/JUNE ISSUE WE ASKED: WHAT ARE YOUR FAVORITE GARDENING TIPS, TRICKS, OR HACKS?

Seeding Hack

I saved toilet paper rolls, cut 1½” slits in them about four times around, and folded them over. I then filled ¾ the way up with potting soil, dropped seeds in, added more potting soil, and placed in a empty egg carton. I am now ready for my plants to grow. When I am ready to plant in the garden, I just plant the whole roll.

— Diana Johnson, Ohio

JULY/AUGUST QUESTION OF THE MONTH

GARDENING ACROSS THE ZONES Garden seasons vary across the United States. In my part of Wisconsin, planting tomatoes before Memorial Day could result in Jack Frost sneaking in and wreaking havoc on them. But come mid-summer, when the hot sun is scorching plants in the southern states, mine are thriving and will do so until late fall when Mr. Frost rears his ugly face again. What gardening blunders have you learned the hard way? I would love to see photos and the month your photo is taken. Send your comments to: Countryside Editor, P.O. Box 566, Medford, WI 54451 Or email to: [email protected] homesteading :: buying a homestead "The greatest fine art of the future will be the making of a comfortable living from a small piece of land." — Abraham Lincoln

The Dos and Don’ts of Buying a Homestead BY MARISSA AMES

the town market? Now, can you see yourself meeting IT’S A DREAM all these goals on the piece of land in front of you? Our homestead used to be a commercial organic HELD BY MANY: potato farm, but the water rights had been sold buying a homestead and getting long ago and the plot reverted to alkaline desert. back to the land, raising children in a If it was going to reach former glory, we had to wholesome environment or retiring pay a lot of money for those water rights. But our with a slower, simpler life. But what goal wasn’t to run a commercial farm. We wanted should you know or research before an orchard, large garden, and someplace to run livestock. We could do that on this stretch. buying a homestead that seems perfect at first glance? DON’T: Think you must do it all at once. Even if the property already has orchards and paddocks, constructing a homestead may take any money My family recently moved onto our first rural left over after closing costs … and more! It’s okay homestead, after working ¼ acre of city property to start with the basics and work up from there. for almost a decade. And it certainly wasn’t ideal Our growing conditions aren’t “difficult.” They’re homesteading land. We knew that “ideal” would outright hostile. We need to fortify soil with minerals probably never be within our price range and and organic material, build windbreaks, purchase “adequate” just wasn’t available in our area. We and install water lines, construct livestock shelters … found a piece that used to be a farm, had been and that’s just the beginning. It simply won’t become neglected for a long time, and needed a lot of a homestead paradise within the first few years. But hard work to even support a small family. we’ve made incredible progress in just two seasons. But for us, that was okay. Buying a homestead means something different for each person. DO: Make a list of what matters most. These can Whether you relocate across state lines to work include: the land of your dreams, or what you need is · Is the land close to a town where you can purchase available right in your area, pay attention to a whatever food and supplies you cannot produce couple “dos and don’ts of buying a homestead.” yourself? Is it accessed by a county road or do you Find facts, ask realtors, and talk to neighbors. have permission (and access rights) from someone whose land you must drive through to get to yours? DO: Make a plan. What do you hope to do with the · Is the land large enough to meet your dreams? land: have an orchard, raise exotic livestock, perhaps · Don’t just look at realty prices. After closing eventually become an organic farmer with a stall at costs, you will still need money to build homes and/

18 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL "The greatest fine art of the future will be the making of a comfortable living from a small piece of land." — Abraham Lincoln

or outbuildings, relocate your DON’T: Buy land that involves the predators list. Each garden family, and develop the land. a lot of work that you can’t do bed involved digging down two · Is there enough space and yourself. This involves hiring feet to lay hardware cloth (for the are the buildings/roads oriented people or asking for favors, all gophers), building thick wooden in a way that gives you the of which can take money, time, sides (for the rabbits), arching cattle privacy and security you seek? and patience, especially if the panels over top (for the deer), and work isn’t the quality you need. wrapping it all in chicken wire DON’T: Forget to list what The more remote the homestead, (for the quail). We constructed our you’re willing to compromise: the more difficult it will be to chicken coop from a steel frame, · Are you okay with a learning bring in contractors, schedule curve? If you gardened in the deliveries, or just invite friends for Midwest but now you’re in the a good, old-fashioned work days. TIMBER FRAME Rocky Mountains, the same WITH 14+ ACRES growing rules don’t apply. DO: Learn about potential Country property in Pacific, Missouri. Adjusting and learning new predators. Will cottontail rabbits Within 10 minutes of amenities. MLS# 19022674 techniques will take work. consume your garden? How · Are you okay with the work about coyotes that will snatch up involved? Are you willing to chickens? Or destructive dogs put in more sweat and tears that owners refuse to contain but for an undeveloped piece of can hurt or kill your sheep? Is the land at an amazing price? land close enough to highways Within a few months of working and civilizations that the human the land, a few tears of frustration, kind of predator is an issue? Contact: P.O. Box 14 and a lot of money wasted on the For Ames Family Farm, we Wildwood, MO 63040 wrong plants, I admitted that I was checked “all off the above” on (636) 451-2725 • (314) 591-6606 very good at farming my urban plot in a sheltered neighborhood. This desert might as well have been 700 miles away, not 70. But if I Sewing & Vacuum Superstore had known the work and learning curve involved, would I have still Sewing Machines and Sergers chosen this property? Yes, but I From Treadle to Electric. Mechanical or Digital. would have done better planning. Janome, Necchi, and More.

We also stock sewing accessories, DO: Study the landscape. Study parts, needles, & etc. its potential to flood, whether it has windbreaks, and what type of soil it has. Do you want rocky hills that goats can climb, but Benefits of owning which will require terracing and/ your own sewing or raised beds for gardening? Or machine.

do you want broad expanses of 1. Mend your own clothes. flat, smooth soil that you can plow? 2. Hem your jeans. 3. Make things like curtains or Will dry brush and one-lane dirt baby clothes. roads become a wildfire hazard? 4. Quilt for fun or profit. Probably the biggest landscape SYMPLICITY S10CV 5. Start a sewing alterations issues we face on this property business. Clean up your act with a Cordless 6. Make home décor items. are wind and erosion. The spring Vacuum that has over a one hour run time 7. Sew blankets for your pets. gusts top 70mph. Rainstorms wash per charge. Works on bare floors as well 8. And much more. Wherever as carpets and rugs. We use one like this your imagination takes you! away dirt and wind hurls it across in our own home! fields. I’m in a race against nature to establish those windbreaks Call or write to request a FREE catalog. and ground covers before another LOK General Store LLC storm can rip up the plants. 623 W Elnora St., Odon, IN 47562 Phone: 812-636-0196

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 19 homesteading :: buying a homestead

This was something we dairies exist within a short drive learned at our former urban of my property, only one has the homestead. City urban licenses allowing local milk sales. homesteader laws were relaxed: But can we raise exotic animals, we could own poultry and bees, own thousands of chickens, garden any part of our property, and send hogs to the butcher and even process the smallest for a customer to pick up cut livestock in our backyard. My and wrapped? No problem. friend’s husband, a municipal police officer, knew what our DON’T: Forget to ask about urban homestead entailed the area’s history. Is it prone and gave his blessing. But, to tornadoes and hurricanes? depending on who rented the Could it be contaminated with house beside ours, we were toxins or heavy metals? Is the often grateful for the six-foot intersection beside the property privacy fence that kept opinions notorious for deadly vehicular and drama on their side. accidents? Perhaps there were evicted tenants that could come then wired cattle panels onto those DO: Read up on water rights and back and cause problems? for the coyotes and stray dogs, then laws. Few homesteading plans I have a friend who bought land wrapped that in hardware cloth come to fruition without water. out in Tennessee. It seemed perfect, and chicken wire for the smaller If your land doesn’t have specific so green with acreage that allowed predators. It’s a lot of work, but we water rights, are you allowed to them to construct a business up on knew what we were up against. dig a well? Can you water livestock the highway while building their from that well? Is it legal to gather homestead further back for privacy. DON’T: Snatch up the first rainwater? Or to dig swales and But though they knew tornadoes “perfect” option that grabs your catchments to harness runoff? If occurred there, they didn’t realize heart. There’s always a catch. Is the property contains wetlands, how much they impacted life until it something you can accept? are you allowed to alter shorelines after the move. It was too much. Our catch was that we had or take water from the ponds? After days of production ruined by to accept the property “as is.” Before buying a homestead, check each tornado warning, they sold This means we will be replacing on how you can irrigate it. the property and decided buying the roof before winter. Rainwater collection recently a homestead out west was better. became legal in our state, but it But with all the restrictions DO: Talk to the neighbors. They doesn’t rain that often anyway. With we’ve faced, all the work know details the realtor may not, million-dollar water rights hanging involved, and all the obstacles we such as whether the neighborhood out of our reach, we learned about hurdle, is it worth it? Absolutely. falls victim to teenage mischief. permits that allow us to pump from Homesteaders are hard workers Or if previous five tenants sold the canal and irrigate up to a half- and buying a homestead that the property because of one acre of non-commercial garden. can help meet our dreams is a neighbor who makes life miserable. step toward a blissful future. Other local homesteaders will DO: Read up on other laws and know if the USDA map says zoning. Is it legal to go off-grid you’re zone 7 but your particular in that area? Do any regulations microclimate is more like zone 5. restrict the type of homesteading MARISSA AMES, the Editor of you want to do? Can you obtain Goat Journal and Backyard DON’T: Assume the future mineral rights, in case you discover Poultry magazines, runs a small homestead in Fallon, Nevada, neighbors will have the same gold while digging a foundation? where she focuses on saving mindset. Just because you have 10 In my area, we cannot start a and propagating rare breeds of acres doesn’t mean an otherwise cow, sheep, or goat dairy farm goats and garden vegetables. nice neighbor won't complain if without running a gauntlet of red She and her husband, Russ, your goats get too *ahem* “goatish” tape. Selling milk requires a county travel to Africa where they serve as agricultural advisors for the during rut. Placing beehives may dairy commission, strict licenses, nonprofit I Am Zambia. She spends be perfectly legal but a neighbor and inspections. There are so many her free time eating lunch. with an allergic child might object. regulations that, though multiple

20 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL homesteading :: grey water system

DIY GREY WATER SYSTEM for an Off-Grid Homestead BY PATRICIA BAIRD GREENE

HIS DIY SIMPLE GREY WATER SYSTEM super simple systems that use a hose attached to the is such a great way to recycle precious water washer that runs out the window directly to the plants. Twhile saving lots of money! When I moved into Regulations for grey water disposal, or reuse my partner’s owner-built, off-grid homestead in the systems separate from sewage, are beginning to woods, it had an outhouse, a deep well with a hand evolve now that more homes have composting toilets pump, and a kitchen sink with no running water and and reuse of grey water for irrigation is seen as a five-gallon bucket under the open drain. We soon desirable, especially in dry states, such as California, decided to create an off-grid water system by adding Texas, and the Southwest. Some of these states solar panels and installing a solar pump in the deep even offer a certain amount of reimbursement. well that would get water into the house. We added Integrating a grey water system into a farm pond a pressure tank and indoor pipes that ran through design is a perfect match. Some regulation barriers the wood stove in winter and an instant hot water still exist. Eighteen states allow grey water reuse. heater in summer. We had hot and cold running water Some of them have regulations; the rest have no in the kitchen and bathroom sinks and shower. regulations but only a few do not allow grey water Our new indoor aquatic luxury meant we had to systems or reuse. The tendency is toward better, plan how to dispose of this “gently used water” by friendlier codes, so if necessary, contact and convert building a simple grey water system. When we checked your local building inspector. Those who are rural with the building inspector, he looked blank and said and own a decent sized piece of homesteading land there were no state or local grey water regulations. will most likely have few problems, but be sure to We decided the first step was our decision had to be assess the height of your water table and that there to be frugal — no everyday showers, dishes washed will be no run off onto someone else’s property. by hand in plastic tubs, a sawdust bucket toilet that Our neighbor owned a bulldozer, so we hired him saves us one-and-a-half gallons per flush, and doing to come over and dig us a four-foot-deep trench in the our laundry at the local laundromat. Those who have backyard. It ran from inside the basement (our house washing machines will want to use only natural actually sits on four-foot pilings) where the insulated organic soap and consider a grey water system with plumbing pipes from kitchen and bathroom converge, a larger farm pond from which they can recycle the through the slight downslope of the grassy backyard, water on plants, trees, yard, or garden. I have even seen turning to run to a place where the slope slants more

22 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL sharply into the woods. He dug out a small, shallow downhill pond to catch any overflow at the end of the pipe. If we are having a particularly wet year and a houseful of super clean guests, the pond will fill up with crystal clear water. We decided to go with a French drain system. This meant some work shoveling half a foot of large-size gravel into the bottom of the 40-foot long trench, laying and connecting four-inch plastic plumbing pipe with spaced A 55-gallon barrel proved to holes on top of that, then filling be the best size for us. in gravel around and above the pipe, followed by some back this point, we got overly ambitious breaking labor filling up the trench and made our first large mistake! and mounding the dirt we’d dug We ordered a five-foot high, out to settle. Later we planted round plastic 300-gallon sewage grass on our leveled backyard settlement tank with an inlet and and now there’s no trace of the outlet near the top. When the pipe that runs under the lawn. bulldozer tried to dig a hole deep From the insulated basement enough to place it underground juncture under the bathroom about 10 feet from the house, sparks 10 feet out into the yard, we laid a flew and we encountered what four-inch regular plumbing pipe is all too common here in New (no holes) at a depth of 12 inches. At England — granite ledge. Lots of it, too near the surface! And no, the big yellow monster we nicknamed Sputnik, could not be returned. After days of despair, we came up with a brilliant idea. We built a platform four- feet high attached to the back of the house and lifted Sputnik to a place of honor upon it. We connected pipes from the roof gutters to the intake/outflow holes at the top and made a small hole in the bottom to which we connected an on/off handle, faucet,

What to do with Sputnik? Never be afraid to make mistakes!

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 23 homesteading :: grey water system

THE APPROXIMATE COST OF OUR SIMPLE GREY WATER SYSTEM

4 hours to dig a 40’ long x 4’ deep trench $300 55-gallon secondhand plastic barrel $20 Plastic 4’x10’ pipe, glue, and couplings $80 Small load of large-size gravel delivered $200 TOTAL $600

The Sputnik turned into the perfect container to hold water for the gardens.

and hose that now allows us to water the gardens. that half-hour job is our total maintenance for the year. Not a summer goes by that we haven’t complimented We could streamline this process and save ourselves on this odd but perfect irrigation system! our noses by using a pump and a long hose So the chastened but intrepid homesteaders returned down into the woods, but doing things by to the simple grey water system and a less ambitious hand around here is a habit we often enjoy. plan two. We found a sturdy, secondhand 55-gallon Another necessary part of this simple grey plastic barrel with a removable screw top, made two water system are metal strainers that fit in the sink holes on either side of it, one foot down for the inflow and shower drains and catch a great deal of the and outflow pipes, and set it upright 10 feet from food and hair that would ordinarily go down the the basement door with the top at ground level. drain. It gets dumped in the compost bucket. We cut an entry hole 12 inches from the top for the For frost insurance, every late fall we lay pipe from the basement that lets in grey water from the panels of four-inch roofing insulation from the house, and an exit hole opposite for water to flow out basement to the barrel, which stays on until when the barrel gets full. Water flows in and spends the spring. We cover it with a tarp, though our enough time in the barrel that any tiny particles of New England snow is also a good insulator. solids that have gotten through the drain strainers We’ve used this system for almost 10 years with drop down to the bottom, just as in a septic system. nary a problem. We do use biodegradable natural Since we had solved our garden watering with soap, dishwashing liquid, and shampoo that we’ve Sputnik, we decided not to worry about actively learned to make ourselves, since certain commercial recycling our grey water. So here comes the biodegradable soaps have sodium which is bad for homesteady, slightly yucky part, but we end up plants. I ask you, when compared to the $10,000- laughing over it. Once a year in the late spring, we buck $20,000 cost of a septic system, doesn’t a composting up our courage and open the top of the 55-gallon plastic toilet and do-it-yourself grey water disposal system drum. My partner drops a five-gallon bucket on a rope seem like the sensible homesteading way to go? down in, lets it fill with water, and I have the job of lugging the bucket over to the woods and dumping the PATRICIA BAIRD GREENE has been an off-grid water out. As the barrel is emptied, the liquid left gets homesteader and gardener in New Hampshire more and more odiferous and that’s when the laughing for more than nine years — and still learning and and funny faces begin. At the very bottom of the barrel experimenting with simple ecological systems. are some particularly pungent semi-solids that the trees She is also an activist on many fronts and a writer of novels for young adults and adults. in the woods seem to love having poured on their roots, even if I have to hold my breath and rush away. And Visit her website at: patriciabairdgreene.com

24 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL The Voice of Eco-Agriculture

For almost 50 years, Acres U.S.A. has provided practical, useful and applicable information for farmers, homesteaders and healthy food advocates.

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JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 25 beekeeping :: improve hive ventilation "The bee is more honored than other animals, not because she labors, but because she labors for others." — Saint John Chrysostom

IMPROVE HIVE VENTILATION with a screened inner cover & imirie shim

BY RUSTY BURLEW

Screened inner cover

UST AS YOU CAN ALTER THE ENTRANCE air is allowed to escape through the screened inner to your Langstroth beehive, you can also alter cover, honey can be cured quickly and efficiently. Jthe top. Two pieces of optional equipment to Your choice to use a screened inner cover will have consider are a screened inner cover and an Imirie a lot to do with your local climate. In arid, desert shim. Both can be used to improve summertime areas with lots of dry wind, they are probably not ventilation and increase honey production. necessary. In areas of high humidity or places with long, unremitting rainy seasons, they can make a WHAT IS A SCREENED INNER COVER? world of difference. The main point to remember A screened inner cover is used to replace a regular is all beekeeping is local and, like children, every inner cover during the warm months. It is simply a colony is different from all the others. A screened frame in the same dimensions as your Langstroth inner cover is easy to make (honeybeesuite.com/ beehive, but the center is made of eighth-inch how-to-make-a-screened-inner-cover/) or inexpensive hardware cloth instead of wood. The two short sides to buy, so give one a try and see if it works for you. of the screen have risers that hold the telescoping lid about an inch above the screen, allowing air to escape THE BENEFITS OF AN IMIRIE SHIM from the two long sides, greatly improves beehive In addition to a screened inner cover, you can also ventilation, and helps to keep the honey bees cool. add an Imirie shim to the top portion of your hive. An The screen allows warm air to easliy escape out Imirie shim is simply a rectangular frame of wood, of the top of the hive, but at the same time, the about ¾ of an inch high, with an entrance hole cut into screen is small enough to keep out most pests and one end. The original designer, George Imirie, insisted predators including wax moths, flies, wasps, and that their only use was to provide upper entrances other honey bees. The telescoping lid fits down over between honey supers, but thousands of beekeepers the screen, which keeps out the rain and the wind. since then have found alternative uses for them. Screened inner covers also offer the unexpected benefit of acting like a window into the hive. I can IMIRIE SHIMS FOR HONEY PRODUCTION lift the telescoping cover and see down between the Beekeepers who do not want to drill holes in their frames without disturbing the bees or having them honey supers like to use Imirie shims between honey fly out at me. Sometimes a quick peek is all you need, supers. Entrances in or near the honey supers are more and screened inner covers are perfect for that. efficient for honey-carrying bees because the bees do not have to travel from the main entrance up to the HOW DOES A SCREENED INNER supers and then back down again. Instead, the foragers COVER HELP THE BEES? fly directly into an upper entrance and quickly deliver Not only does good ventilation keep your honey their nectar to a receiver bee who then deposits it in bees cool, it can also increase your honey yield. a honey cell. Not only is it quicker, but it saves wear Nectar is about 80% water, but honey is only about and tear on the bees, especially those that would have 18% water. To get rid of all that extra water, bees add to otherwise squeeze through a queen excluder. enzymes and then fan their wings furiously. It takes Not only is nectar delivery quicker, but the openings much time and energy to fan away all that water, provide better beehive ventilation for curing the especially if there is no place for the warm moist air honey. Similar to using a screened inner cover, upper to go. If the moisture is locked inside the hive, hours entrances allow the warm moist air to escape easily, of fanning will make little difference. But if the moist which makes fanning away the excess moisture easier

26 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL "The bee is more honored than other animals, not because she labors, but because she labors for others." — Saint John Chrysostom

Imirie shim

to do. Most beekeepers who use Imirie Shim: Simply the shims for upper entrances, add one honey super, a shim, then two a rectangular frame of honey supers, a shim, two more wood, about ¾ of an inch honey supers, then a third shim, and so forth. But other beekeepers high, with an entrance like to place one above every super. hole cut into one end.

IMIRIE SHIMS AS SPACERS and my bees use that entrance Imirie shims can also be used as almost exclusively all winter long. spacers. The extra ¾-inch of space It is small enough to keep out can be used to hold varroa mite most pests, wind, and rain, yet it treatments, pollen supplements, or is easy for the bees to access on thin sugar cakes. If I’m using the days when they want to take a shim as a spacer, I sometimes wrap quick cleansing flight. They can the entrance of the shim in duct dart out and back quickly without tape to keep bees from using it. This having to travel down through is especially true during times of the cold hive to get outside. robbing by other bees or wasps. As handy as they are, however, Imirie RUSTY BURLEW is a master shims should not be used between beekeeper in Washington State. brood boxes. The bees need to keep She has been fascinated by the brood-rearing areas especially honey bees since childhood and, warm and compact, so extra space in recent years, has become with or without an entrance should enthralled with the native bees that share pollination duty with honey be avoided within the brood nest. bees. She has an undergraduate degree in agronomic crops and a IMIRIE SHIMS IN WINTER master’s degree in environmental Upper entrances in winter are studies with an emphasis on controversial — useful in some pollination ecology. Rusty owns a website, HoneyBeeSuite. climates and detrimental in others. com, and is the director of a But for those who decide to use small non-profit, the Native Bee an upper entrance in winter, an Conservancy of Washington State. Imirie shim does the job well. I In her spare time, Rusty enjoys use an Imirie shim just below a macro photography, gardening, canning, baking, and quilting. candy board for overwintering, beekeeping :: controlling mites

NORTH CAROLINA BEEKEEPER RESEARCH PROJECT: CONTROLLING VARROA MITES BY DAVID BRIDGERS

Y RESEARCH PROJECT was a collaboration to euthanize bees and mites. We then shook jars with N.C. State University and Dr. David vigorously. We counted the mites on the sticky boards MTarpy on the control of varroa mites. and in the jar. It is essential that beekeepers control mites for hive Four weeks later, we inserted the sticky boards. Two health and survivability. I used 62 colonies of two- and days later, we collected the sticky boards and obtained three-story nucs for this project. Prior to the starting, another sample of bees. We did the final alcohol wash one colony was removed due to excessive mite load. and counted the mites in the alcohol and on the The apiary was divided into four groups of 15 sticky boards. colonies. One group had 16 colonies. Each group We concluded the three-time oxalic acid treatment was painted a different color, alternating every hive group had significantly fewer mites compared to to minimize drifting. The control group received no the other groups. Treating once with oxalic acid or treatment; the second group received one treatment HopGuard II was not significantly different than doing of oxalic acid; the third group received HopGuard II nothing to control mites. Those groups had an average treatment; the fourth group received three treatments increase in varroa mite prevalence during the four- of oxalic acid once a week for three weeks. week period. I now do an alcohol wash test monthly The oxalic acid was applied using the “drizzle” to monitor the mite load in spring and summer. method. The oxalic acid and HopGuard II treatments I pick a percentage of hives to check and sample these were administered according to manufacturer same hives when testing in the spring/summer. instructions and precautions. Three local beekeepers When I find a heavy mite load compared to the and a NCDA Bee Inspector assisted with the previous month, I retest. During this retest, I sample experiment. In the beginning, we installed a sticky additional hives. When I test again, and if the board in each colony. Two days later, we collected second test is still excessive, I then treat with an the sticky boards and samples of bees by bumping a approved method. Keeping a watch on the varroa frame of brood with emerging bees in a plastic tub. build-up during the early part of the year is one of We took ½ cup of bees from the tub and placed them the most important things a beekeeper can do. in pint jars. Alcohol was poured in each jar and sealed Your Beekeeping Experts Since 1976! • Beginner Kits • Feeders & Bee Feed Manufacturer Of Quality • Frames Beekeeping Supplies Since 1976 • Honey Removal, Processing, & Storage • Books and Signs • Protective Wear • Smokers • Queen Supplies • Tools and Hardware and much More!

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496 Yellow Banks Road, North Wilkesboro, NC 28659 ~ Manufacturer Of Quality Beekeeping Supplies Since 1976 ~ JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 29 growing :: phenology

WHY IS PHENOLOGY OF PLANTS IMPORTANT? BY GAIL DAMEROW All artwork by Bethany Caskey

STARTED STUDYING THE PHENOLOGY of that when lilacs bloom, the last hard freeze has past. plants when I missed out on my fresh asparagus Indeed, one of the first extensive phenology of plants Iharvest one year. Next to my goat barn is an studies organized in the United States involved old pear tree. Behind the pear tree is a patch of tracking the blooming of lilacs across the continent. wild asparagus, from which I harvest delicious Phenological events vary in their timing from year tender spears each spring. One spring I missed to year, but in a given locale nearly always occur the asparagus harvest and didn’t remember until in the same order. In the woodlot surrounding our the young shoots had grown into visible feathery farm, for example, among the earliest trees to leaf fronds several feet high. How did I miss it? out are the red maples and the earliest to bloom are After long thought I realized that most years I spy the red buds, while the sweetgum is the last to leaf fresh asparagus spears while visiting the pear tree to out. In contrast to tracking seasons on a calendar and see what kind of pollinators are exploring the pear basing our gardening and other biological activities blossoms. The spring that I missed the asparagus on the area’s average dates for last spring frost and harvest, the weather was too rainy for pollinator first fall frost, phenology is much more accurate. watching and indeed for pollinators themselves. I The Chinese long ago observed that “Spring is realized then that I need to watch for young asparagus sooner recognized by plants than by men.” Modern spears, come rain or shine, when the pear tree blooms. plant biologists often refer to plants as phytometers — from the Greek words phyton, meaning plant, and GRANDMA WAS RIGHT metron, meaning measure — because observing the That’s phenology — a study of the recurrence of development and reproduction of plants provides biological events, as influenced by environmental excellent information about environmental conditions. conditions such as temperature, rainfall, and available Accordingly, the asparagus incident made me realize sunlight. In contrast to seasonal events — such as the that if I pay more attention to the natural life cycles of much anticipated last spring frost or much dreaded native plants and wildlife on our farm, I would have first fall frost, which occur independently of living better success in timing my gardening activities. organisms — phenology measures the timing of I’ve discovered that beets, chard, onion, peas, and biological events in the life cycles of living organisms. potatoes do best when redwing blackbird males return, The word phenology (pronounced “fi-NOL-uh-jee” redbuds begin to bloom, pear trees bloom, lilac is in and derived from Greek words phaino, meaning first leaf, dandelions bloom. Phenology in action! to show, and logia, meaning science) may not be Plant warmth-loving vegetables — like beans, corn, familiar, but most of us already use the concept. cucumbers, squash, and melons — when daylillies Native Americans, for instance, planted corn when start to bloom, irises bloom, lily-of-the-valley is in oak leaf buds were the size of a mouse’s ear. In my area, full bloom, dogwood is in full bloom, new growth foragers look for morel mushrooms when dandelions appears on grape vines, lilacs begin to fade. go to seed. My gardening grandmother used to say

30 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL "All life on earth emanates from the green of the plant." — Jay Kordich

item number for an event I observe. A notation in the square for April 25th says “2016-13, 14.” Checking the notes column for the events correlating with 13 and 14, I see that KEEPING TRACK on April 25, 2016, the first iris I began looking for a simple blossoms appeared (#13) and I way to keep track of seasonal harvested the first strawberries biological events so I could find from our garden (#14). linking relationships, such as that Sometimes I miss noting the between pear blossoms and the date of an event. For example, I emergence of asparagus spears. I might notice in February that the thought about using a computer periwinkles are in bloom, but I database, but in the end decided on failed to notice when they started a simple paper and pencil scheme. blooming. So in the notes column All I needed was a place to list for February, I list “periwinkle seasonal events and jot them down bloom” as a reminder to watch as they occur from year to year. for the first blossoms in future I decided to use an old monthly years. For an explanation of key planner. The year doesn’t matter, phenological events to watch since I’m tracking only the month for — such as first leaf or first and date (but not days of the week). bloom — I write in my journal, In this planner, each month covers "See phenophases on page XX." two facing pages, and each day I also record the days on which has a nice big square in which to we have frost, indicated by an write, with six lines in each square, F in place of a number: 2016-F. allowing me to use the same And I keep track of precipitation, planner for six full years. Down one which strongly influences cyclical edge is a column provided for my activities. For instance, there’s phenology of plants notes. Perfect! no point in searching for morel In the notes column for each mushrooms unless we’ve had month I created a numbered list ample rain. So whenever it rains, Training Workhorses of cyclical biological events I I jot down the year in the date Training Teamsters observe during that month. The box and make a circle around it BACK IN April column, for instance, says: (indicated here with parenthesis). PRINT! 1. apple leaf, 2. apple bloom, 3. My notation in the square for April lilac bloom, 4. oak leaf, etc. These 7th says “(2016)-3” signifying events don’t occur on precisely that it rained on April 7, 2016, the same date each year, but and the lilacs started to bloom. they generally occur in April. For gardening purposes, the This list is not in chronological plants I most like to observe are order, because each year I add those that reseed themselves new things as I notice them. (“volunteers,” in gardening As a space saving device, in the parlance). One of particular interest www.smallfarmersjournal.com PO Box 1627, Sisters, OR 97759 $60 date square I list the year and the is Mexican Midget tomato, which 800-876-2893 • 541-549-2064 +$7 S&H U.S.

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 31 growing :: phenology

Phenology of plants offers many benefits for farmers and gardeners. It is a helpful tool for such things as:

– Successful planting – Managing insect pests – Controlling crop unlike other tomato varieties, within and among plant and animal doesn’t do at all well when started populations; within a community diseases indoors, but reseeds freely in the of coexisting species; and across garden. Furthermore, the seedlings large geographic regions such as – Designing a flower bed are already sprouting in the garden states, continents, hemispheres, for sequential bloom at about the time I usually start and even the entire planet. growing seedlings indoors in pots. A monthly planner makes a – Planting an orchard for By noting when the first Mexican good start for keeping track of timed fruit maturity Midget seedlings appear in relation local phenological events and to other biological events, I hope noting those that tend to occur – Predicting berry or fruit to better predict ideal planting simultaneously. The planner’s year dates from year to year, as well is irrelevant, since only dates are harvest as to better anticipate plant pest tracked, not days of the week. activity and seasonal weed growth – Planning refuge so I can take early evasive action. WHY BOTHER? gardens for beneficial Scientists use much more Lots of information about detailed methods of tracking phenology of plants is available insects phenological events, which allows online, so why go through the them to measure such things as trouble of keeping track of events – Predicting when to climate change and the long-term occurring in your own yard? Well, plant the best plants for sustainability of a given population for one thing, your immediate of plants or animals. While I environment may not include the bees and other pollinators keep track only of an event’s traditional biological indicators, first occurrence, according to The such as blooming lilacs and – Preparing for allergy Phenology Handbook, a phenologist forsythia, so you will need to season may record such details as the dates identify your own indicators. that a plant opens its first and last Further, biological events are – Tracking trends in flowers (from which the duration not necessarily the same from of flowering may be calculated), one microclimate to another, but climate change and the number of flowers that are influenced by such things open each day or week during the as temperature, precipitation, flowering period. Further, scientists day length, genetics, shade, describe and measure phenological and proximity to buildings and patterns at multiple levels, such other structures. The traditional as within and among individuals; phenological adages therefore

32 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL don’t necessarily apply to every situation. Because so many environmental conditions influence the life cycles of plants and animals, the only good indicators of your local conditions are found in your local environment. After a year or two of keeping records you will begin to notice a pattern in how apparently unrelated seasonal events occur in relation to one another. You will also notice that these events don’t occur on the same date each year, but may be earlier or later than the year before, depending on weather conditions, and especially temperature.

ONLINE RESOURCES FOR PHENOLOGY OF PLANTS Lots of helpful information on phenology is available online, along with several websites through which amateur and professional volunteers contribute data that helps expand scientific knowledge of phenological events. Here are a few good online resources: • The Phenology Handbook, by Brian P. Haggerty and Susan J. Mazer, free PDF download from the University of Southern California Phenology Stewardship Program (usanpn.org/phenologyhandbook) • The USA National Phenology Network (usanpn.org) • Project Budburst (budburst.org) • Nature’s Notebook (usanpn.org/nn/become-observer) • Journey North (journeynorth.org)

GAIL DAMEROW is an author who lives in Tennessee where she and her husband Allan keep Nubian dairy goats as well as poultry, tend a sizable garden, and maintain a small orchard and a large woodlot. On their diversified small farm, they seek independence and sustainability by growing and preserving much of what they eat and feed their livestock.

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 33 growing :: container herbs

GROWING THE BEST HERBS FOR CONTAINERS BY RITA HEIKENFELD

ROWING THE BEST HERBS FOR SIZE MATTERS containers needn’t be difficult. Most Width and depth are important, since some Gherbs can live their lives happily in herbs like tarragon spread their roots in horizontal containers. Especially herbs for culinary use. fashion, while dill has a long tap root. I learned this bit of wisdom from my mom. We had a postage stamp of a yard and mint was the only SOIL herb planted in the ground (and yes, it took over the No matter how good your garden soil is, don’t lower portion of that tiny backyard, and crept into our use it in containers. Think of hitchhiking insects and neighbor’s grass). Lesson learned. Mint is an invasive drainage. “Soil-less” growing mediums are good herb and one of the best herbs for containers. Mom for containers. eventually planted the mint, along with her cherished Lebanese herbs of basil, parsley, and thyme in a big FEEDING AND WATERING black iron wash kettle rummaged from a yard sale. Plan on feeding and watering potted herbs more That iron kettle now sits in a place of honor in my frequently than in-ground herbs. Don’t overdo it. herb garden, planted with several varieties of basil. Too much will produce lush growth, but flavorful My basil grows front and center in my herb oils won’t develop. I like to use a weak compost tea garden nestled in my mom’s iron kettle. Now I when my herbs need a boost. love growing herbs outside in the ground. I’ve learned, though, that some herbs are better suited GO MULTIPLE for pots. Especially some of the culinary herbs. Plant several herbs in one container, as long as the Herbs that grow indoors during the winter do growing requirements match. well in pots. My rosemary and bay don’t survive our harsh winters outside, but grow happily indoors LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION during winter in containers. Here are some tried-and- Most herbs love the sun, while others can tolerate true tips for growing the best herbs in containers. some shade.

TYPES OF POTS BEST HERBS FOR CONTAINERS Garden expert and colleague, Ron Wilson of Natorp’s Hard to choose! I’ve narrowed it down to these Garden Outlet, is an avid container gardener. Planting favorites. These are some of the best herbs to grow in herbs in pots is the way to go, according to Ron. containers as well as my favorites to use in the kitchen. Most herbs can grow in most any container. The Just remember the few simple tips I mentioned and most important element is drainage, and lots of it. you’ll be a successful container herb gardener, too!

34 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL MINT ROSEMARY This sun-loving perennial does best in sun but This tender perennial can take some drought. Its will tolerate some shade. Mint is without a doubt piney fragrance is a lovely addition to a container one of the best herbs for containers. Even so, the herb garden. stems will reach out and try to root anywhere Rosemary is an herb of remembrance and memory. there’s moisture and/or soil, so keep mint pruned. Tuck a few rosemary sprigs into your holiday cards. Put pots of peppermint and pennyroyal outside near the kitchen door to deter ants and other insect pests. IN THE KITCHEN Chop rosemary and toss with quartered potatoes, IN THE KITCHEN olive oil, salt, and pepper. Roast at 425 until tender. Mint is classic in teas, and is delicious Perfect with grilled meats. with peas and in salads.

SAGE CILANTRO Sage comes to mind for one of the best herbs A superstar annual when it comes to growing for containers. The annual variegated sages the best herbs in containers. Cilantro loves make perfect pot specimens, as their growth sun but hates heat. It flowers and bolts to seed habit is less vigorous than garden sage. quickly under those conditions. The seed is called Sage tea helps keep your mind alert. coriander. Make successive plantings of cilantro. Cilantro helps remove heavy metals from the system. IN THE KITCHEN Wrap pork tenderloin in sage leaves and IN THE KITCHEN prosciutto. Drizzle with olive oil and give it a Add cilantro the last five minutes of cooking time shake of black pepper. Roast at 425 until an internal for an explosion of flavor. Use the stems as well as temperature reaches 145-150 degrees F. Yum! the leaves.

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 35 growing :: container herbs

BAY LAUREL STEVIA The best herbs for containers include the I grow stevia and place pots of this tender perennial tender perennials in the bay family. Bay likes on the stoop by the back door, on the deck, and in the a sunny location but appreciates a shady place herb garden. That’s because the little ones love plucking during very hot summer afternoons. leaves of this natural sugar substitute and wrapping Bay leaf oil soothes sore muscles. them around a mint leaf. Nature’s chewing gum!

IN THE KITCHEN IN THE KITCHEN Add bay at the beginning of cooking time. It rounds Use to sweeten beverages. Make stevia extract by out the flavor of foods, allowing you to use less salt. simmering leaves in water. Freeze in ice cube trays.

PARSLEY BASIL As a biennial, parsley sends up leaves the first year, When grown in a sunny spot, you’ll see an explosion and the second year it flowers, goes to seed, and dies. of growth with basil, a favorite annual herb. For Parsley is a sun lover and makes a great smaller pots, spicy bush or globe basil gives a season’s companion plant for container grown edible worth of smaller, tasty green leaves. Basil is used in flowers. Parsley is nature’s vitamin plant. It aromatherapy to uplift and harmonize the spirit. contains iron, calcium, vitamin C, among others. IN THE KITCHEN IN THE KITCHEN Caprese salad is simple and elegant: sliced Parsley is a must in my family’s tabouleh. We like tomatoes drizzled with olive oil, a bit of salt the old-fashioned, crinkly parsley. In cooking school, and pepper, and a finish of fresh basil. we use the more mild-flavored Italian parsley.

36 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL CHIVES THYME Both onion and garlic chives self-sow and can Cooks adore this peppery, perennial herb. In a sunny overtake an herb garden. These perennials are location, bush and trailing thymes are suitable. best grown in sun but tolerate some shade. Thyme was one of the strewing, Chives, as members of the onion healing herbs in by-gone days. family, are good for heart health. IN THE KITCHEN IN THE KITCHEN No need to chop leaves. Strip from the Chive flowers make a lovely and flavorful vinegar. stem and stir into vegetable sautés.

RITA HEIKENFELD is a certified modern herbalist, culinary educator, and author. Most important, she is a wife, mom, and grandma. Rita lives on a little patch of heaven overlooking the East Fork River in Ohio. Contact Rita at: [email protected] or see her website abouteating.com

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JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 37 growing :: raised bed

Recycling a Deck into a Standing Raised Bed

BY KENNY COOGAN

OT WANTING TO ADD TO THE LANDFILL, room window and it would be a breeze harvesting. I started drafting up ideas on how I could No bending over! The height would also be tall Ntransform my dilapidated deck into a enough to prevent my heavy Australorps and standing raised bed. It was perfect timing as I my flightless Frizzle from accessing the crops. wanted to expand my vegetable gardening, which My soon-to-be standing raised bed. was limited to a back corner of my property due I did not want to fill the four-foot beds with to my poultry. The traditional four-inch standing soil, as that would be a waste, since most plants raised beds were surrounded by a necessary fence especially herbs and edible flowers, use the top 12 to protect the vegetables from my fowl. But on the inches of soil or less for their root systems. I wanted south side of my house was a grassy area, not being to stick with upcycled materials for this project used, with six hours of dappled light. That area would so I used free, food-grade 55-gallon barrels. I had make the perfect potager garden if it weren’t for the seen several people around town growing lettuce chickens. The proximity to my kitchen would also in containers using the barrels cut vertically. be a welcomed addition to my homemade meals. I first researched plans for elevated planter boxes. I My solution was to build up. Four feet up to be then modified the dimensions to fit the length of two- exact. With this height, I would be able to check and-a-half cut barrels. After I tore down my deck, I on the herbs and vegetables daily from my dining piled the boards based on their length. Many of the

38 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL boards from my deck where 12 feet long, which concealed the barrels flawlessly. Using a crow bar, I removed all the old deck nails. It was an easy task as the wood was old and soft. If the ends of the boards deteriorated, I trimmed an inch or two off. The largest boards where originally 144 x 6.5 x 1.5 inches. With the trimming due to the weathering, the boards were only slightly shorter. When working on a large project, keep materials organized. After removing the deck boards, I organized them by size. Using 4x4-inch posts I had in storage, my father dug six-inch The width of the structure was holes and evenly spaced two posts in the front and two posts in the 40 inches, which was the length back. The posts were the most important part of this project as of the barrels. they were the foundation. The wood from the deck was primarily being used as a façade and its integrity wasn’t that significant. The width of the structure was 40 inches, which was the length of the barrels. Using one-inch deck screws, my dad wrapped one 40- inch board on each side to hold the structure up. We then wrapped the posts with the 12-foot-long boards. For extra support we cut a few of the long boards and drilled three of them on the outside. We then finished wrapping the ends. Using one-inch deck screws, my dad wrapped one 40-inch board on each side to hold the structure up. Underneath where the barrels were going to be placed, my dad installed one board from the deck for the barrels to sit on. We then learned that we had to frame the barrels in 2x4s because they spread out when they were filled with soil. Because the bed is the exact width of the barrels, we screwed the barrels to the sides of the standing raised bed to keep them from rolling. We drilled three one-inch-diameter holes

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 39 growing :: raised bed

We added boards on the top of the standing raised bed to give it a professional- looking ledge.

in each barrel for drainage. Window screen was placed over the holes and the barrels were filled with organic soil. I placed pots of herbs around the standing raised bed to give it a look like it has always been there. We added boards on the top of the standing raised bed to give it a professional-looking ledge. With any standing raised bed, drainage is vital. Since this standing raised bed installation, I have grown a few edible flowers, peppers, leafy vegetables, and herbs in the five barrels. The most prolific has been mitsuba (Chryptotaenia japonica) a Japanese herb known as wild parsley. The trefoil leaves are aromatic and taste mild. I add them to stir fry and salads as much as I can. I was growing them in one of the end barrels and they have since reseeded and have moved to the adjacent barrel as well. Since I want to grow as much food as I can, I am happily compliant aggressively growing crops that I can combat by harvesting, eating, or preserving.

A Weed By Any Other Name I had a problem with weeds I renamed them flowers Since that is something that I cherish And as soon as I started taking care of them Every one of them perished

Excerpt from 99½ Homesteading Poems: A Backyard Guide to Raising Creatures, Growing Opportunity, and Cultivating Community.

KENNY COOGAN is a food, farm, and flower columnist. Coogan leads workshops about owning chickens, vegetable gardening, animal training, and corporate team building on his homestead. His newest gardening book 99 ½ Homesteading Poems: A Backyard Guide to Raising Creatures, Growing Opportunity, and Cultivating Community is now available at kennycoogan.com.

40 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 41 poultry :: chicken feeder

HOW TO BUILD AN AUTOMATIC CHICKEN FEEDER BY ROMIE HOLL

LIKE FRESH FARM EGGS, forage and find the grain, but at of the elbow are bigger so a pipe and having chickens brings least the goats didn’t get it all. can slide in, but it would be harder Ia lot of “life” to my place. I I had just finished a small to seal it up from the weather. built some chicken tractors so my plumbing project and was packing I also had a spare 55-gallon chickens could have the best life up the extra supplies to take back food-grade plastic drum with possible, eating fresh greens and to the store when one of the items a removable top. I pick them all the bugs they could find. started a thought in my head. up when I see them for $5 to I also have goats and while I Chickens' necks are pretty long. It $10 each and they come in was in their pen, I noticed that might not look like it, but they can handy for many projects. it was much bigger than my stretch it out over five inches. If I I wanted the big end of the three Nigerian goats needed. It could use a product that allowed elbow to be close to the bottom has a small pond for water so the chickens’ heads and necks to of the inside of the barrel, but it I thought, “Why not have the go through, but small enough so had to be far enough away so the animals together? The chickens the goats couldn’t lick up the grain, grain could slide under the elbow could roam to their hearts it would eliminate another chore allowing the chickens to eat. I content and even help keep the that has to be done every night. looked around and decided to bugs away from the goats.” One of the plumbing supplies that use a standard piece of 2x4 stock, It was a good thought, at least I was packing up was a three-inch which is roughly 1.50 inches thick. until the next day when it was time PVC street elbow. (A street elbow With the barrel standing up, I to feed the chickens some grain. is different than a regular elbow, placed the wood on the ground The goats pushed the chickens one side is smaller — same size as a with the big end of the street elbow out of the way and gobbled up pipe —and the other side is a fitting on the wood. I traced around the all the grain they could get their for a pipe to go into.) I had a hole small end of the elbow, which was lips on. So, I walked around the saw that was very close to the size touching the barrel. This gave me yard and sprinkled a little here of the small side of the street elbow. the location to drill the hole. and there. The chickens had to With a regular elbow, both ends After drilling the first hole, I

42 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL “A hen is only an egg’s way of making another egg” - Samuel Butler

I wanted the big end of the elbow to be close to the bottom of the inside of the barrel, but it had to be far enough away so the grain could slide under the elbow allowing the chickens to eat.

had to decide how many chickens

I wanted eating at the same time. EST. 1 91 7 Plus, when I looked at the barrel, I didn’t want to just have one or two holes in it and have the grain that is not by the holes be wasted since the chickens would not be able to get to it. Six holes seemed to be just about right. After drilling the holes, I noticed that they were not spaced exactly even, but it will still work. As you can see in the photo, the elbows were placed in the NEW IN 2019 – FREE SHIPPING ON ALL DAY-OLD BABY CHICK ORDERS! holes from the inside out. And since the holes were exactly the size of the pipe, it was a nice press fit. I made sure the elbows were pointing down. A dry fit was done to see how it looked and if more should be added. On the outside I left roughly 1.5 inches sticking out. There was a line on the elbow where it would normally fit into another pipe fitting and was used as a guideline when inserted. I wanted to seal up the elbows as much as possible, so I removed the elbows and added 100% silicone caulking around each hole. As I reinserted the elbow,

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 43 poultry :: chicken feeder

I twisted it around to coat it, then placed a bead of silicone on both the outside and the inside of the barrel. It was easier to have the barrel upside down when I applied the outside silicone. I then I put very small pinholes in the bottom of the barrel just in case any water would get in and needed a way to seep out. The next day the silicone was dry and it was time to try it out and see how it worked. I placed the feeder on some shelving to try and raise the bottom of the barrel so it was even with the chest of the shortest chicken. I only added 20 gallons of feed as I wanted it heavy enough so the goats couldn’t push it over, but light enough (if this didn’t work) that it would be easy to move. I then clamped the top back in place to make it waterproof. It was time to train the chickens. I placed some grain in the elbow so the chickens could see and smell it and dribbled more around the feeder. They came running (so did the goats). It was about 15-20 minutes before the first chicken stuck its head inside to start eating (it was probably afraid because it blocked its peripheral vision), but once one did it, they all did it.

Above: I made sure the elbows were pointing down.

Right: On the outside I left roughly 1.5 inches sticking out.

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Eventually I took the feeder get to it when the feeder gets low. off the shelving as they could When the feeder is full, I only reach it without it being raised. have to refill it once a month Plus, it made it easier to refill. during the summer and every two The only thing I would change is to three weeks during the winter to make a cone for the middle that (they eat bugs in the summer). will direct the grain to the sides This is a true time saver since the of the barrel so that chickens can chickens now feed themselves.

ROMIE HOLL helped his father with the pigs, chickens, and bees while growing up, and was taught to use two hands while weeding the gardens. Currently he works in engineering, designing items for MRI machines. When at home, Romie works in the yard, balancing his life between physical and mental health. His two children were raised the same way.

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 45 poultry :: herbs for chickens

HICKENS ARE THE GATEWAY LIVESTOCK to every homestead, and if you’re a natural Herbs and Cchicken keeper, you’ve probably wondered what are some good herbs and plants for chickens to eat. From edible weeds that grow right in Pasture Plants your own backyard, to a more extensive healing herbs list, there are plenty of options for natural foraging all around you and your chickens. for Chickens Newman Turner coined it best when he shared his knowledge of seeding cow pastures with herbs and natural foraging plants in his 1955 to Eat published book Fertility Pastures. Today, we can take some of those very same methods and BY AMY FEWELL seed and plant herbs in our own backyards and pastures as a natural way for our chickens to self- medicate and live a holistic foraging lifestyle. As natural chicken keepers, we’re constantly aware and wondering what chickens can eat as a treat, or what herbs work best for their delicate systems. The great news is that not only can we offer healthy treats to our chickens through offering them herbs from the garden, but we can plant our very own herbal mixes on pasture for our flocks that are pasture- raised and free-ranged, rather than having to worry about mixing up herbs for their feed bins each day.

SEEDS FOR HERBAL PASTURE Planting herb seeds along with regular pasture grass is an increasingly common technique throughout the world, but especially in the UK and Australia. As chicken keeper’s trend towards a more natural way of raising their chooks, this method is something just about every chicken keeper can implement. Whether you live on 50 acres or a small half- acre in town, you can offer plenty of healthy and herbal plants for chickens to eat right in your own backyard. This can happen one of two ways — seeding with pasture grass and herbal seed mixes, or planting mature herbs strategically around your property, backyard, and chicken run. Herbal pasture grasses can be bought online or from your local feed store, and they typically contain wild herbs, grasses, and edibles such as yarrow, red and white clover, chicory, plantain, echinacea, and black- eyed susans. However, you can enhance the herbal Learn which herbs you mix by adding a few of your own medicinal herbs. Buy these seeds in bulk from your favorite seed store should be feeding your and mix them into your pre-made herbal pasture mix before spreading throughout your backyard or pasture. chickens, and what to plant Oregano (Origanum vulgare) — Oregano is a natural antibiotic and antibacterial. It detoxifies the body, for chicken grazing. aids in respiratory health, and helps the reproductive system. In fact, large commercial meat and egg producers have switched to offering oregano and thyme in their chicken feed on a regular basis instead

46 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 47 poultry :: herbs for chickens

of chemicals and antibiotics. This promotes liver function, aids in still moist will work best. After is a great herb to add to your digestion, and improves circulation. aerating your soil, spread out your flock’s foraging areas, as it spreads It is a powerhouse antioxidant pasture mix evenly throughout the quickly and is a perennial herb and a natural anti-inflammatory. entire area that you’re seeding. that will come back each year. It is a good source of vitamins You’ll need to keep your seeds Purple Dead Nettle (Lamium A, C, and B6, as well as folate, in place, so add a very thin layer purpureum) — This natural wild calcium, iron, and manganese. of straw over the seeds if you’re herb pops up all over the place Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) — starting from raw land (dirt). If on its own in the spring. Allow Thyme is a natural antiparasitic, you already have a pasture in this herb to grow naturally or antibacterial, aids the respiratory place, the seeds should naturally plant it yourself. Purple Dead system, relieves infection, and fall below the vegetation that’s Nettle is a natural antibacterial, is packed full of omega-3s that already there and will be protected anti-inflammatory, and anti- support brain and heart health. without much need for straw. fungal herb that helps enhance the Thyme is also rich in vitamins A, Your seeds will begin to overall health of your chickens. It C, and B6, as well as fiber, iron, germinate after about seven to is also packed full of nutrients! riboflavin, manganese, and calcium. 14 days. You should keep your Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) — Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea chickens off your newly seeded This wild edible is a no-brainer for or Echinacea angustifolia) — If this area for at least two months, your chickens. Purslane contains herb isn’t already in your pasture allowing your pasture to establish more omega-3 fatty acids than mix, make sure you add it. It’s is good roots. Once your herbs many fish oil supplements. The an amazing immunity boosting have an established root system, omega-3s that your chickens eat are herb, easily grows in the wild you can allow your chickens to then transferred into that glorious and comes back as a perennial forage freely. I always suggest orange yolk that you eat! Not only each year. It is full of antibacterial rotational grazing when possible, are omega-3s healthy for you, but and antiviral properties. It’s also as not to overwhelm your newly they are great for your chicken’s great for respiratory health and planted herbs and edibles. overall health as well. Purslane is preventing fungal overgrowth. also high in A, C, and B-complex PLANTING MATURE HERBS vitamins, and minerals such as iron, PLANTING YOUR HERBAL AROUND YOUR PROPERTY magnesium, calcium, potassium, PASTURE SEEDS Seeding your own yard or pasture and manganese. It is an incredible Once you’ve narrowed down may not be an option for you when source of natural antioxidants. some of the perennials you’d like it comes to offering herbs and plants Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) to add to your mix, choose a warm for chickens to eat. If this is the — This common herb enhances early spring day to aerate your case, purchase some mature herb brain function, reduces stress, soil. Doing this when your soil is plants and place them strategically

48 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL throughout your property. Allow at least a couple of weeks for your newly planted herbs and wild edibles to establish roots before The allowing your chickens to begin picking from them. You can protect them with wire cloches or by simply Sweet Smelling keeping your chickens away from the herbal areas of your property. Dream And just like that, you’ve successfully added natural herbs and wild edibles for your chickens Team to eat! These herbs will come back every single year, and with each year’s new growth, your herbs will be bigger and healthier, ready to be plucked by your chickens!

AMY FEWELL is the head chicken wrangler and homesteader of The Fewell Homestead. Along with her family, she resides in the foothills of the Blue Ridge mountains in Virginia. She is the Founder of the Homesteaders of America conference and organization, and the author of the books, The Homesteader’s Herbal Companion and The Homesteader’s Natural Chicken Keeping Handbook.

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JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 49 animals & livestock :: breed diversity "As for butter versus margarine, I trust cows more than chemists." — Joan Gussow

Wild ranging black turkey by David Goehring/Flickr CC BY 2.0.

RGENT WARNINGS from the United Nations to protect biodiversity apply to livestock too. UThe focus on high-yielding, high-maintenance breeds raises sustainability issues in the long term. If farmers are unable to maintain favorable conditions and hardier breeds become extinct, livestock production could collapse. But how can farming be endangered when farm animals are so plentiful? As livestock spread out from the Middle East and Asia, they adapted to the local environments in which they settled. They became the landraces of the regions, hardy and needing little input from herders, sculpted by natural selection. Their appearance grew to differ between regions. Only within the last 250 years have we focused on selection for traits that characterize breeds. The first herd books were opened in England in the 19th century, encouraging breeders to standardize appearance and improve production. Improved technology and industrialization of farming have intensified selection for performance, but to the detriment of the diversity within breeds.

WHY IS DIVERSITY IMPORTANT? SAVE OUR Different versions of genes are required for nature and people to select traits to improve performance, survival, or reproduction. If there is wide genetic BREED variety within our animals, there will be a good number that will be able to adapt to change. However, if genetic resources diminish, offspring may not adapt, and the DIVERSITY! line will go extinct. If our animals are only suited to the BY TAMSIN COOPER current situation, they may not survive future changes. Changes may occur in the environment, climate, food

50 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL "As for butter versus margarine, I trust cows more than chemists." — Joan Gussow

availability, market preferences, and production systems. Currently, feed and medication are available for high-producing animals in intensive farms. These are high-input systems that are popular in the present economy. However, in future there may be changes in the type of feed we can grow and the availability of medication. We are already seeing resistance to drugs by parasites and disease-causing microorganisms. Local animals that are tolerant of local disease and harsh conditions are better suited to systems that require lower inputs. The variety of such animals is important to long-term food security. Shifts in consumer demand require flexibility in breeding goals. A wide range of genetic resources is needed if producers are to meet changing requirements. American Guinea hogs are landrace pigs adapted to outdoor living. A rise in welfare concerns and preferences for natural products call for animals that are productive at range, forage well, and stay healthy in outdoor conditions.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BREEDS The difference between breeds is a practical way of recognizing the diversity that exists within farm species. When there are many Pig Equipment breeds, we can be sure that there is some genetic diversity among our livestock. However, when few breeds become dominant in the market, such as Holstein cattle and commercial hybrid chickens and pigs, other breeds become marginalized and their population numbers drop. This threatens their very existence. Once the diversity is lost, those genes are gone forever. In addition, highly productive, international breeds have become very inbred, so that there is not a lot of variation within their gene pool. If they are unable to adapt to a new system or circumstance, their survival and our food supply will be threatened. Marginalized rare breeds will then be needed www.farmstead-equipment.com | 855-910-7044 to revive breeding stock.

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 51 animals & livestock :: breed diversity

RISKS FACING LOCAL BREEDS Local breeds have been largely displaced worldwide by high-yielding breeds. This means that their numbers have dwindled and many have already become extinct. Crossbreeding schemes result in fewer purebred animals remaining to sustain the effective population. Many local breeds are now endangered. Small population sizes also result in their becoming inbred, with a loss of diversity within the breed. As fewer owners keep local breeds, it can be harder to source sires, and parentage is often unknown, leading to inadvertent inbreeding. Disasters and disease may further diminish small populations.

DILUTION THROUGH CROSSBREEDING The temptation to improve local breeds by crossbreeding with high-production international breeds is often driven by economic and market conditions, as well as agricultural policies. This America’s oldest landrace chicken breed, the Dominique, is gives a short-term benefit in increased production still on The Livestock Conservancy "Watch" list. Photo by but has huge long-term costs. The new animals Sam Brutcher/Flickr CC BY 2.0 may not adapt well to local environmental, climatic, or production conditions, resulting in production losses, reduced fertility, and shorter productive lives. THE DANGER OF NARROW TRAIT SELECTION High-yielding animals also need higher inputs in The dairy industry has made extraordinary progress the form of better quality nutrition and management in the amount of milk produced by each animal. This facilities, requiring greater expenditure by the was achieved by selecting for a few, easily measurable farmer. The effect on the local breed composition and inheritable traits: milk quantity, milk quality, and is devastating as local genetic traits are diluted. dairy conformation. However, this narrow focus has There are cases where crossbreeds have saved led to fertility and health issues in Holstein cattle, a production system as well as a local breed. In including the emergence of genetic disease. Although health issues are partly due to management systems and the heavy load of high-yield lactation on a cow’s metabolism, they are also related to the loss of genes for functional traits that enable an animal to stay healthy. These are much more difficult to measure, but more breeders are now incorporating health, fertility, and adaptive traits into breeding plans.

HOW INBREEDING DIMINISHES DIVERSITY As Holstein sires’ offspring produced increased yields, a few select males were used extensively to mate thousands of cows. This initially led to great leaps in production, but also dramatically increased the level of inbreeding. Although the Holstein–Friesian population is huge, the effective population is now very small. This is because the whole population shares very few sires. If the effective population is less than 50, then conservationists consider it critically endangered. American Holsteins numbered hundreds of thousands Florida Cracker cattle are hardy, having adapted over 500 in 2001 but their effective population size was only 37. years to the southeast United States.

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many animals are excluded on the basis of being the wrong color, having asymmetrical horns, or because of other benign external variations. The diversity of these animals is removed from the gene pool, even though some of their other traits would have been useful to production or survival. In this way, potentially useful diversity within the breed is lost.

SMART BREEDING TO FUTURE-PROOF DNA Modern breeding strategies aim at improving breeds for future needs in a sustainable way. Inbreeding is controlled by using higher numbers of unrelated males, minimizing the number of females they cover, and keeping long genealogy records. Breeding goals give higher weighting to functional

Rare breed Barbados Blackbelly sheep are hair sheep. Photo by Jennifer Kleffner/Flickr CC BY-SA 2.

Wales, Lleyn sheep were built up by repeatedly backcrossing crossbred females with pure sires until the population was restored. Where two breeds are well adapted to a region, their crosses may mix complementary genes and add hybrid vigor.

THE DANGERS OF BREED STANDARDIZATION Landraces fit their environment and cultural use while retaining the natural variation that allowed them to be improved for production. In recent years, breed societies have set standards assigning a characteristic appearance to each breed. Although landrace animals may vary widely in coat and other superficial traits,

Hog Island sheep heritage breed ewe by Sam Brutcher/ Flickr CC BY 2.0.

traits, namely health, survival, efficiency, robustness, and fertility. The latest technology is being used to study complex characteristics such as adaptation to various environments and disease resistance. Universities are active in the conservation of local breeds, including breeding, improving, and stocking gene banks. These efforts will not only preserve robust animals, but also optimize improvement for production while maintaining genetic diversity. Improvement of a local breed for production by straight breeding is a slower strategy than restocking with an already improved breed or by crossbreeding with it. However, in the long run, straight breeding is a sounder policy, as local adaptations will be retained. Highland cattle by Mitchell Haindfield/Flickr CC BY 2.0. Organizations involved in breed preservation and

54 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL promotion are important to the continued survival of local breeds. Equally valuable are the backyard and alternative farmers who commit to keeping heritage breeds. In Europe, government schemes encouraging regional specialties have helped farmers to create niche markets for artisan products derived from traditional animals. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is concerting a worldwide effort to catalog and preserve livestock genetic resources. We can be a part of this by supporting rare- breed conservation efforts, keeping local breeds, planning functional breeding goals, employing a wide range of selection criteria, minimizing inbreeding, and finding ways to utilize local Red Devon cattle breeds in small enterprises. Niche products, the organic market, landscape management, and tourism are growing opportunities for creating income from local breeds. By keeping heritage breeds in production and through careful breeding plans, American we can safeguard their genetic resources for the future. KuneKune

Ref: FAO. 2007. The State of the Pig Society World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Grazing Pig | Registered Breeding Stock | Docile Non-Rooting

TAMSIN COOPER is a smallholder who owns goats KuneKunes are a small grazing hog from New Zealand. and chickens in France. She Perfect for small homesteads and orchards, providing follows the latest research on behavior, welfare and your family with grass fed pork. sustainability, and mentors on animal welfare courses. Find her online at goatwriter.com. Visit our website for more info! www.americankunekunepigsociety.com Contact us: [email protected]

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 55 animals & livestock :: cattle injections TIPS ON PROPERLY GIVING INJECTIONS TO CATTLE BY HEATHER SMITH THOMAS

ATTLE INJECTIONS ARE OFTEN NECESSARY needle (such as 18 gauge) for calves with thinner skin. — vaccines, antibiotics, injectable vitamins, If you are vaccinating multiple animals, change Ctreating cattle scours, etc. These should needles after every 10 animals. One way to remember always be administered properly to be effective, to do this would be to change needles every time minimize residues in the meat if the animal will you refill a multi-dose syringe. If you have a 20- be butchered later, minimize injection site lesions, cc syringe gun and it’s a two-cc dose, it’s easy to and reduce the risks for adverse reactions. just change needles the next time you fill it. Always use a new, sterile needle to draw out vaccine READ LABELS (or any other product) so you don’t contaminate the Always read labels when using injectable contents of the bottle. Needles can become dull quickly. products, to know whether they are meant to be If you put a needle through the rubber top of a vaccine given intramuscularly (IM), subcutaneously (SubQ) bottle, put a new needle on your syringe before you or intravenously (IV). Before attempting to give inject the next animal. Going through the rubber is an IV injection, have your veterinarian show you harder on a needle than going through a cow’s skin. how. The label will also indicate proper dosage. It will put a small curl on the tip of the needle. A dull Vaccines are generally a two- or five-cc dose. The needle causes more pain and damages more tissue. dose for a particular vaccine will be the same for Use a separate needle for filling the syringe, then every animal whereas dose for an antibiotic will change to a new needle for vaccinating the cows. vary depending on size/weight of the animal. If you had to inject through a dirty hide, or the needle bends or gets blunted by accidental contact NEEDLES with the chute, change needles immediately. It doesn’t Select the proper needle for the job. The length will take much to put a burr on the end of the needle. be different when giving intramuscular injections Some burrs are so tiny you can’t see them with the versus subcutaneous injections, and can also vary naked eye. One way to check a needle to see if it’s still depending on your technique. When tenting the skin sharp — without a blunted tip or burr — is to run the to slip the needle underneath, you’ll want a longer backside of the needle across the back of your hand. needle than you’d use on a syringe gun that’s aimed If you feel anything at all, it has a burr on the tip. at an angle into the hide. Use a larger-diameter needle If a needle gets bent, don’t straighten it; a bent for thick fluid that won’t go readily through a smaller needle is weaker and more likely to break. If a needle needle. A large-diameter needle (no smaller than 16 breaks off in the animal and you can’t find it and gauge) is also best for mature cattle with thick hides remove it, you cannot legally sell that animal. (less apt to bend or break the needle) and a smaller

56 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL she settles down before attaching SubQ injections were used if a the syringe to the inserted needle particular product was irritating to give the injection. If the needle to muscle tissue or designed for starts to ooze blood, take it out and slower rate of absorption. Today, try a different spot. Never inject due to concerns about carcass intramuscular products into a blood quality (avoiding IM shots, where vessel. To reduce leakage, keep possible) more injectables are the needle inserted for at least two approved for subcutaneous use. Bent needle seconds after the injection before When you have a choice, according removing it from the muscle. to label directions, inject under the GIVING INTRAMUSCULAR Another way to prevent leakage skin rather than into muscle. IM INJECTIONS is to pull the skin taut across the shots are more likely to develop When using a trigger-type syringe injection site with one hand while serious abscesses if a needle is for IM shots, thrust the needle you inject with the other, then dirty. Infection introduced by into muscle and pull the trigger. release the skin after you remove a SubQ shot is merely beneath When using a smaller or disposable the needle. The skin then moves the skin and an abscess more syringe, detach the needle and over the hole and closes it. You can readily breaks open to drain. press your hand firmly against also rub the injection site briefly, to For a SubQ injection, lift a fold the skin to desensitize the site so help distribute the product within of skin on neck or shoulder where the animal won’t jump when you the muscle and reduce pressure skin is loosest, and slip the needle insert the needle. Then thrust it in so it’s less apt to ooze back out. in between skin and muscle. If quickly and forcefully. A new, sharp using a trigger-type syringe, aim needle goes in easier and causes SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS it alongside the animal so the less pain and damage than a dull Most cattle injections today are needle goes under the skin and one. If the animal jumps, wait until given subcutaneously. Originally, not into muscle. For a small calf,

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 57 animals & livestock :: cattle injections

If cattle are dirty or the neck and jugular vein are located. is covered with manure, wipe An alternative choice for SubQ it off. In an alleyway, some injections, especially on small animals stick their head under calves, is the area of relatively loose the one in front of them, and skin behind the shoulder blade. get covered with fresh manure. When giving multiple injections Sometimes you can just move to the same animal, make sure you to the other side of the neck and have at least four inches of space find a cleaner area. Occasionally, between them, on the neck. That however, the animal is so dirty way there won’t be as much chance on both sides that even if you for the two products to run together wipe off the manure you’d be under the skin. If one of them is a injecting into a wet, dirty hide. modified-live virus vaccine and the Use a In this situation, wash the area other one is a killed product, the syringe of and then dry it as best you can ingredients in the killed product proper (then change needles before could inactivate the modified-live size for the the next cow). If that’s not vaccine and it won’t be effective. dose. possible you could inject into If a large IM dose must be a cleaner area like under the given and there’s not enough it may be easiest to give a SubQ loose hide over the ribs behind area on the neck to absorb all injection under the loose skin of the elbow — in the girth area. the injections (since the product the shoulder, and if there’s a local must be split into multiple sites reaction it won’t make his neck SYRINGES no closer than four inches apart if sore (which may hinder nursing). Use a syringe of proper size for the total dose is more than 10-cc, Giving injections SubQ rather the dose. Make sure a multi-dose to have adequate tissue to absorb than IM allows you to use a shorter syringe is giving an accurate dose the medication), an alternative needle (¾ inch if using a trigger each time. If it’s a big syringe site is the back of the thigh. type syringe, or up to one inch if and a small dose such as two- Most shots should be put using both hands to tent the skin cc, is it actually injecting the full into the neck to avoid injecting and slip the needle underneath) so two ccs, or is it off a little? For into areas that will become it’s less likely to bend or break. In smaller increments you might important cuts of meat. Any the confined space of some chutes, want to use a smaller syringe scarred or damaged tissue can insert the needle at an angle so you that might be more accurate, or be more readily trimmed from can use a one-handed technique make sure the larger syringe is with a syringe gun, rather than giving the correct amount. both hands to tent the skin. If you are giving each animal There’s less risk of getting your more than one injection, make hand jammed between the animal sure you put the same vaccine and the chute or accidentally in the same syringe when you hitting yourself with the needle. refill them. Mark the syringes or put color-coded tape on them RESTRAINT AND CLEANLINESS so you never make a mistake. Make sure cattle are adequately restrained/secured before you give INJECTION SITES injections. There’s more chance IM and SubQ injections should of leakage/inadequate doses or be given in the triangular mass bending a needle (creating more of muscle on the side of the neck. tissue damage) if the animal moves The acceptable area starts about while you are injecting, putting an three fingers’ width behind the injection into the wrong location, ear, extending down to a few or getting your hand caught inches in front of the shoulder, between cattle in a runway. It’s best staying away from the top of to restrain each one individually the neck (which contains a thick and do it carefully and accurately, ligament) and the bottom of the rather than being in a hurry. neck where windpipe, esophagus, Trigger-type syringe

58 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL Countryside - The Answer 2015.qxp_Layout 1 4/29/1

The Answer “There is definitely a part of you that is superior to all confusion and that part is superior to it right now.” the neck at slaughter. If there’s scar tissue (gristle) in the neck it’s not This is one response to a number of as critical, since the neck muscle is usually made into hamburger. questions asked by a professional counselor of Vernon Howard. There are The rump is not acceptable for cattle injections, even though the five special letters giving numerous thicker muscles are better for absorbing a large injection. Many types insightful answers to life’s perplexing of injections occasionally create scars or an abscess, which would problems. The letters are of a very damage the best cuts of meat if put into the rump. It’s better to put lofty nature which will lead you to a IM injections into the neck, splitting a large dose into two or more much higher way of living. sites if necessary. If an animal needs multiple injections or repeat Order this booklet by Vernon Howard today! treatment, vary the injection sites on subsequent cattle injections. Send only $5 (Shipping included) to: New Life • PO Box 2230-AP • Pine AZ 85544 www.anewlife.org

HEATHER SMITH THOMAS ranches with her husband near Salmon, Idaho, raising cattle and a few horses. She has a B.A. in English and history. She has raised and trained horses for 50 years, and has been writing freelance articles and books nearly that long, publishing 20 books and more than 9,000 articles for horse and livestock publications. Find Heather online at heathersmiththomas. blogspot.com.

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 59 homesteading hacks :: homesteading diy “If at first the idea is not absurd, then there is no hope for it.” — Albert Einstein

MAKE YOUR OWN NATURAL HARDWOOD CHARCOAL BY ROMIE HOLL

HAVE DEVELOPED A TASTE for natural hardwood Then I clamped the metal lid on it, making it airtight charcoal (as compared to common briquettes), with the exception of the holes that I drilled. Ibut buying bags of hardwood charcoal can get To keep the barrel up off the ground, I used an old expensive, especially since I grill all year long. bed frame propped up on all four corners with two I went to my local free section on Craigslist stacked concrete blocks. I then laid the drum on the and looked up wood. There are many people bed frame with the holes facing downward. You want who want to give away wood, and a lot of the the holes downward because as the methane gas wood is already cut into manageable lengths. escapes the wood, it will make a whistling noise like To turn wood into charcoal, you need to remove a train, catch on fire, and help heat the drum, which the gases and water from the wood, with a minimum in turn burns even more of the gas. The drum is up amount of air getting to it while it is hot. The off the ground so wood and cardboard can be placed oxygen will make the wood burst into flames. under, around, and over the drum to make a hot fire. In the pioneer days, charcoal was used to heat After lighting the pile, it took about a half homes and was used for blacksmithing. The way hour before I started hearing the whistling they did it was to dig a pit and load it up with noise and it lasted about an hour. wood. They then covered the wood with the dirt, Do not open the drum for at least 24 hours after leaving a small area for air on each side for an inlet you can touch the metal with your bare hands, just and outlet, then started it on fire and let it burn let it sit on the ashes until then. You do not want a for days at a time. While this worked, it was very fresh supply of oxygen getting to the wood before inefficient simply because some of the wood got it is completely cooled or it may start on fire. too much air and turned to ash, while other spots The drum that was completely full of wood was did not get hot enough to burn off all of the gasses. now a little over half full of charcoal. There were Therefore, it did not become charcoal. When wood some pieces of wood that were not ready to be used. becomes charcoal, it loses almost 90% of its weight. When you pick up the wood, you will be surprised To make your own charcoal, you need to build how light it is, and it crumbles in your hands into a device called a ”charcoal retort.” I went with the manageable size chucks all the way down to dust. easiest method possible and used a metal 55-gallon You will find that by using wood to make your own drum, drilled ½” holes down one side in a straight hardwood charcoal you will end up saving quite a row. I filled the drum with wood, all roughly the bit of money just by doing a little bit of work. same size with a maximum of five-inch diameter.

60 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL “If at first the idea is not absurd, then there is no hope for it.” — Albert Einstein

Poison Ivy Home Remedies

BY JENNIFER VAN BENSCHOTEN

OISON IVY HAS BEEN area into the bathtub (like the back times a day. Baking soda can be spreading throughout of the neck or a shoulder), use warm made into a thin paste and then Pthe country, particularly compresses with ground oatmeal. applied to the affected area. I prefer in urban areas or areas with to cover the baking soda with a increased development. • Essential oils can be used light gauze or bandage until it dries. The good news is that not for relieving the irritation from everybody is sensitive to the poison ivy, but never put undiluted • Echinacea doesn’t seem like oils in poison ivy. If you are, oil directly on the affected area! it would be an effective poison you’re probably also sensitive to Undiluted essential oils can cause a ivy hack, but you know what? poison sumac and poison oak. whole new level of skin irritation, so Echinacea taken internally can Only about 15% of people who always make sure you dilute them actually help relieve the histamine are sensitive to poison ivy will in warm (not hot) water before reaction in the body that causes experience a severe reaction. soaking a compress and applying to the skin irritation from poison ivy. These easy poison ivy hacks will skin. Some of my favorite essential Taking a small dose of echinacea also work if you’re exposed to oils for poison ivy relief include three times a day (in addition to poison oak or poison sumac. lavender, rose geranium, tea tree oil, any of the other topical hacks listed and helichrysum. Make sure that above) can speed the healing of a KNOW YOUR POISON IVY you’re using pure essential oils and poison ivy rash. In addition, you The best poison ivy hack of all not scented oils when using them can dilute a liquid echinacea dietary is prevention! If you’re in an area medicinally. (Bonus: tea tree oil also supplement with a small amount and unsure of whether you were has strong antibiotic properties that of water and apply it directly to actually exposed to poison ivy, you will help prevent a skin infection the affected area. Look for dietary can take some easy precautions to from badly irritated skin!) supplements that use the whole prevent a rash or skin irritation. herb and not a highly processed Make sure you wear gloves, long • Bentonite clay is a great poison caplet form from the grocery store. pants, and high socks in any areas ivy hack because the drying effect If you or someone in your you suspect poison ivy may be of the clay will help relieve irritated family is exposed to poison ivy present. When you get home, put skin. Mix a small amount of and develops difficulty breathing, your clothes right into the washing bentonite clay with enough water dizziness, severe swelling, machine and wash with hot water to make a smooth paste. You can fever, or if the rash lasts for to remove the oils. You can scrub add a drop or two of your favorite more than 30 days, please seek any exposed skin with a strong soap essential oil, and gently apply to the immediate medical care. and hot water to dissolve any oils affected area three to four times a that may be present on your skin. day until you notice some healing. Sometimes, just prevention In the heart of the Adirondack alone can prevent a rash or skin • Witch hazel and baking soda mountains, JENNIFER irritation. But if you miss a spot… are my go-to natural remedies for VANBENCHOTEN raises skin irritation from poison ivy or chickens for eggs, keeps bees for honey, and grows • Oatmeal baths are my favorite poison oak. These are especially her own food. Jennifer enjoys way to relieve the itchy irritating great for using with kids, as they scratch cooking, writing rash from poison ivy. Soak in a don’t require sitting still for very creative nonfiction and poetry, warm (not hot) bath with two to long. Witch hazel can simply be teaching yoga, and creating four cups of ground oatmeal for 20 sponged onto the affected areas handmade beaded jewelry. minutes. If you can’t get the affected using cotton balls three to four

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 61 farm to fork :: summer recipes

Mouth-Watering Pickled Fish Recipes BY BECKY PEDERSON

Pickled fish is easy to make, delicious to eat, and a wonderful way to prepare your catch of the day! If the fish aren’t biting as you had hoped and you don’t have enough to mess with, simply freeze them until you have the required amount. Then thaw and follow one or both of the recipes below and ENJOY!

PICKLED FISH IN CREAM SAUCE INGREDIENTS ⅔ quart of northern pike cut in two-inch pieces 1 cup white sugar 2 tablespoons salt ⅓ cup sliced onion DIRECTIONS 2 tablespoons pickling spice (tie Cover with white vinegar and soak in the refrigerator in a bag to remove easily) for 24 hours. Drain. Do not rinse. Layer fish, onions, and lemon slices in glass jars. Use a maximum of DIRECTIONS ½ lemon per jar. Cover with cooled brine. Place all ingredients in a jar, cover with white vinegar and place in refrigerator. Shake one BRINE to two times a day for four days. Drain in a INGREDIENTS colander. Toss out the tied bag of spices. 3 cups sugar 3 cups white vinegar CREAM SAUCE 3 tablespoons pickling spice 1 cup sour cream ½ cup real mayo DIRECTIONS 1 tablespoon sugar Bring brine to boil. Let simmer for 15 minutes. COOL. 1 tablespoon lemon juice Add 16 oz. of white port wine to mixture. Pour over 1 teaspoon celery seed fish in jars. Keep in refrigerator. Ready in three weeks.

DIRECTIONS TIPS Pour over drained fish. Mix fish to coat. Eat after • Use a good brand-name vinegar and good wine 12 hours. Will keep a long time refrigerated. such as Italian Swiss Colony • Use only ½ lemon per jar • Use lots of onion PICKLED FISH INGREDIENTS Use 35 to 40 small fish fillets. BECKY PEDERSON lives in Wisconsin and is an old- fashioned type of person who has always cooked Soak fillets in a salt brine in the refrigerator and baked all of her goods from scratch. She’s for 24 hours (use enough salt in water to an avid flower and vegetable gardener who also float an egg). Drain. Do not rinse. enjoys canning, sewing, crocheting, deer hunting, playing her saxophone (amongst many other instruments), and spending time with her family.

62 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL "I enjoy cooking with wine, sometimes I even put it in the food I'm cooking."— Julia Child

@DEBRALYNN5997

Smoked Eggs A few times a year, I make a large container of water with lemon, cucumber, and mint to BY ANN TOM drink for several days. The lemon is a natural detoxifier and aids with digestion. Mint also MOKED BOILED EGGS? Yes, that’s right. helps with digestion. I use spearmint in mine For those of you who have never heard of because that's what I have growing in the back Sor thought to try them, you’re not alone. yard. Cucumbers are rich in nutrients and makes When I first heard about them, I was quite curious and just knew they had to be good since the water taste so good! I love it year round but I've never eaten anything bad that was smoked. it is especially good in the summer after you've When I tried them, I was hooked! Since then, been in the garden or doing yard work! whenever I fire up my smoker, I make sure I have some eggs boiled and ready to smoke. All you have to do is crack the shell a bit (after they are boiled of course) and throw them on the smoker for 20-30 minutes with your smoker Get Inspired! set to 225 degrees. You don’t want them on much longer than that or the egg whites will turn rubbery. I left some on for an hour one time to try to get extra smoke flavor ... that is Pomona’s Pectin where I learned about the rubbery whites. I use applewood in my Brinkman smoker and Make healthy, seeing all wood and smokers are different, it may fruity jam with take you a little experimenting to get them to your low amounts of any sweetener. liking. If you enjoy smoking foods and eating them No sugar, as much as I do, give smoked boiled eggs a try! preservatives, or GMOs. At natural food stores or TIP: TRY USING SMOKED EGGS THE NEXT www.pomonapectin.com TIME YOU MAKE DEVILED EGGS FOR A 559-760-0910 UNIQUE FLAVOR!

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 63 countryside bookstore :: homesteading

SAVE Storey’s Guide SAVE Storey’s Guide to 25% 25% To Raising Dairy Goats Raising Meat Goats

By Jerry Belanger By Maggie Sayer The best advice on raising dairy goats. In this essential handbook, author Mag- This indispensable, fully illustrated gie Sayer covers every aspect of acquir- guide provides the very latest practi- ing, caring for, managing and market- cal information for dairy goat owners. ing meat goats. It includes topics such as All of the essentials are covered here, planning for profitability, breed selec- including: Individual breeds; Breeding tion, where to buy, understanding goat and kidding; Feeding and housing; behavior, good nutrition, disease pre- Milking and dairying; Health care and vention, basic health care, proper shelter disease prevention. 283 pages and much more. 336 pages $19.95 $19.95 Now $14.99 — Save 25% Now $14.99 — Save 25%

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64 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL SAVE SAVE 50% Hive Management Storey's Guide 25% By riChard e. Bonney to Raising Chickens

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SAVE Fences For 25% Pasture & Garden The Electric Fencing Handbook By gail daMerow By ann larkin hanSen A well-made fence brings peace Use electric fencing to protect your of mind if you keep livestock or livestock, poultry, beehives, and tend a garden that’s vulnerable garden. Portable electric fencing to wildlife predators, you know is key to successful rotational graz- that a good fence is essential for ing, while permanent electric fenc- protecting your investment. Fences ing effectively protects gardens For Pasture & Garden is a practi- and orchards and secures large cal, easy-to-use guide to selecting, pastures. Through clear instructions planning, and building fences that accessible to everyone, you’ll learn work. Filled with sound, up-to-date when to use these methods or a advice and instruction, Fences for combination of the two, plus how to plan for, build, and main- Pasture & Garden makes fence-building a task anyone can tack- tain your electric fencing. This crucial tool is cost effective and le with confidence. 154 pages versatile, but veteran farmer and author Ann Larkin Hansen $16.95 also explains what not to do with an electric fence. 95 pages Now $12.75 — Save 25% Only $14.95

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 65 countryside bookstore :: homesteading The Veggie Gardener's Answer Book Week-By-Week Vegetable By BarBara w. elliS Gardener's Handbook Barbara Ellis provides expert answers By ron kuJawSki & Jennifer kuJawSki for all of your toughest vegetable- The Week-by-Week Vegetable Gar- growing questions. Designed to be dener’s Handbook will help you man- used as an in-the-garden reference, age your schedule and prioritize this sturdy little volume is packed with what’s important. Detailed weekly helpful information on everything from to-do lists break gardening down planning a garden and sowing seeds into simple and manageable tasks to battling pests and harvesting organic so that you always know what needs crops. With clever tricks to cut down on to be done and when to do it, from weed growth, secrets for maximizing starting seeds and planting straw- production in confined growing spaces, berries to checking for tomato horn- and fail-safe watering guidelines, you’ll worms and harvesting carrots. Enjoy a bountiful harvest with have the know-how and inspiration to grow your most abundant this organized and stress-free approach to gardening. Spiral vegetable garden ever. 431 pages Bound. 199 pages Only $14.95 Only $14.95

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66 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL 40 Projects For Building The Real Wolf Your Backyard Homestead By Ted B. lyon & will n. graVeS By daVid TohT An in-depth study of the impact that 40 Projects for Building Your Back- wolves have had on big game and live- yard Homestead provides details on stock populations as a federally pro- how to build more than 40 projects tected species. Expert authors Ted B. Lyon to enhance readers’ sustainable liv- and Will N. Graves, sift through the myths ing. Even if you are only moderately and misinformation surrounding wolves handy, you’ll discover the tools and and present the facts about wolves in techniques for building your own modern times. Each chapter in the book feeders, fences, and structures. In the is meticulously researched and written by authors, biologists, process, you’ll save money and have geneticists, outdoor enthusiasts, and wildlife experts who have the satisfaction of doing it yourself. 255 pages. spent years studying wolves and wolf behavior. 388 pages Only $16.95 Only $19.99

Straw Bale Gardens Complete

By Joel karSTen The most exciting breakthrough in vegetable gardening in a generation! Just a couple of years ago almost no one in the gardening world had heard about straw bale gardening. Today, it is the hottest new method for veggie growing, with tens of thousands of dedicated followers across the globe. Straw bale gardens offer: high yields; no weeding; no soil; extended growing season by weeks; can be conventional or 100% organic, your choice; can go anywhere, even balconies and driveways. 176 pages. Only $24.99

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JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 67 countryside :: community

CAPTURE YOUR COUNTRYSIDE AND SHARE IT WITH US! We love getting a glimpse into your everyday homesteading moments.

1 2

3 4

1 You can find Gilbert right here, all day. 78 degrees and sunny, dude is so happy. Mandi Chamberlain (@wildoakfarms) 2 EasterBelle (aka Sweetheart) and Trixy (aka Dotty) Eva Olson (@prairiegirlfarm) 3 When you’re in need of some cheer, and you send your hubby out to the farm, chasing rainbows. Coleman Farms Hawaii (@coleman_ farms_hawaii) 4 Our turkey hen, Henny Penny, flying off our front porch! Matthew & Segille Jones

EMAIL PHOTOS in MESSAGE US TAG US ON MAIL YOUR ENTRY TO: JPG format to editor@ ON FACEBOOK INSTAGRAM or use Countryside, P.O. Box 566, Medford, WI 54451 countrysidemag.com facebook.com/ #iamcountryside: WAYS To have your photos returned, please include with “Capture Your iamcountryside instagram.com/ a self-addressed stamped envelope. TO SHARE Countryside” in the iamcountryside subject line. Countryside & Small Stock Journal retains the right to publish and/or reproduce any and all photos submitted. Grind Away ANY Size Stump FAST!

The DR® STUMP GRINDER uses carbide-tipped cutting teeth (taking 360 “bites” per second) to reduce any stump to a pile of woodchips. Grinds stumps below ground level so they are gone forever! FASTER, SAFER AND EASIER than digging, burning, or using chemicals. NEW, MORE POWERFUL and lower-priced models. NOW TOWABLE with your riding mower or ATV. Self-Propelled Model Available!

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70 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL "A good laugh overcomes more difficulties and dissipates more dark clouds than any other one thing." — Laura Ingalls Wilder

COUNTRYSIDE WORDSEARCH READER CONTEST JULY/AUGUST 2019

Win a Countryside Beanie! Name: To submit, either: ______Print, fill out, and mail to: ______Countryside Reader Contest P.O. Box 566, Medford, WI 54451

Print, fill out, then take a The winner will be picture and email to: chosen randomly [email protected] from all correct submissions returned Be sure to include your contact by Aug 31, 2019. information so we can inform you if The winner of the May/ you won the Countryside beanie. June contest was Judith Schroeder, NY.

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 71 countryside :: almanack almanackPoor Will’s COUNTRYSIDE SUMMER OF 2019 BY W. L. FELKER

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY Make sure all your Today’s New Moon Heat is the enemy Offer kids and Consider marketing Eat and sell late animals have clean, (followed by of fertility in your lambs for your kids and lambs black raspberries, cool water to drink. perigee on July livestock. Add a Independence Day to the four major mulberries, early Don’t skimp on 4), increases the special feed mix for cookouts or ethnic holidays that elderberries, the your own water. chance of your males, which tailgate parties occur this August. first wave of tornadoes in the could improve (take orders). summer South and Midwest their fertility in late apples, peaches, and an early summer and early Independence blackberries, and hurricane in the fall. Day (U.S. and wild grapes. 1 Gulf. 2 3 Puerto Rico) 4 5 6 Under the dark Fertilize and water Don’t cut the lawn Potato leafhoppers Hose down the Consider adding The upcoming Full moon of July’s first your pansies and too short (or graze reach economic pigs; let them a cricket farm to Moon plus Dog week, seed or set mums for late the pasture too levels in alfalfa. wallow in the mud; your earthworm Day heat produce out the autumn August and Sep- short) while the Root diseases at- share your fan with bait-growing stress and bring garden: carrots, tember farmers’ summer is at its tack the soybeans. them! Turn out your business. And think out the worst in turnips, beets, markets. Keep your peak; let it rest a Wheat suffers from horse in the cool about adding cut most people and collards, kale, and earthworm farm little longer than rust, powdery morning or evening flowers to your livestock. Heat and broccoli. moist and cool. you would in May mildew, head scab, on hot days. roadside stand next stress can also or June. and glume blotch. year. reduce milk output. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Moon-related Today’s Full Moon Livestock (like Update your Fine tune the Clean the hay Calculate thunderstorms strengthens the people) may be woodpile, sorting amount of grain feeders. If your estimated losses could lodge the mid-July high-pres- more susceptible wood by age, size, in the rations of animals have put in productivity due wheat still standing sure system, and to disease after a and type. animals you plan their feet in the to late planting, in the fields, and increases the traumatic trip than A separate section to show in August feeders, the likeli- drought, insect hail could shred the chance of during their regular for kindling makes and September in hood of worms is infestations, hail, corn. tornadoes and day-to-day life. life easier. Cover order to add quality increased. and other hurricanes. in the rain. Uncov- to their coats and problems. er in the sun. overall condition. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Rent out your Control koi pond Continue to As grasses age in Plan to seed pas- Feed thyme, mint, Light frost is only sheep to control algae before it monitor your July and August, tures with legumes and clover to four weeks away the noxious spotted becomes too bee hives for variety in browse and small grains prepare your does along the Canadian knapweed, fringed thick. You can’t mite infestations. offers better in order to extend and ewes for late border, seven sagewort, kudzu, sell your new koi nutrition to your the quality of your summer and fall weeks away in the oxeye daisy, and fingerlings if you animals. grazing season breeding. Let the lower Midwest, and tall larkspur (a can’t see them. well into the fall. animals trim back 12 weeks away in leading source of Watch for algae in your wild black the South. cattle deaths). troughs, too! raspberries, too. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Late July (or when Think about a fan, A few black walnut Today’s dark New the day’s length shade, and ice for leaves are falling, Moon is considered falls below 14 your poultry in the forecasting the favorable for vac- hours) is the heat. It could be a great leaf-drop cinations, surgery, typical time for matter of life and to come. This is and general live- does and ewes death. a good time to stock (and people) to show first signs decide when to re- maintenance. of estrus cycling move honey from july in much of the your bee hives. country. 28 29 30 31

72 || COUNTRYSIDE & SMALL STOCK JOURNAL “The earth is good, and the changing seasons are a joy.”

— harlan hubbard

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY Do unto your pets New Moon (July Keep carrots, and livestock as 31) and perigee oats, bran, you would have (today), so close iodized salt, and someone do unto together and near good greens you. Especially the average date on hand to in the heat of for the first cool invigorate August! wave of August, bucks as the august will create turbu- breeding season lent weather. opens. 1 2 3 As the moon Don’t let your Today is Jamaican Check your Expect some Prepare your Today is Ecuadorian waxes, set out ducklings get heat Independence chimney. If you does and ewes enclosures for Independence Day. cabbage, kale, stroke. Keep them Day. Demand may heat with wood, to begin cycling mating season. Consider reaching and collard sets. in the shade and increase for older either you or a as the moon For rambunctious out to the Hispanic Seed the lawn. have plenty of sheep and goats chimney sweep becomes full next bucks, you may market at this Check the weight water available. If up to 65 pounds at should clean it week. Track the need to run hot time to provide of animals sched- a duck is panting, this time. out each year. reduction in milk wires across the lambs and kids for uled to be bred s/he may have flow when estrus top and bottom of cookouts. and adjust feed as heatstroke. starts. your fences. needed. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Prepare the Today is the Studies say that a Elderberries are After today’s Full Frost season In the North, dig ground for Muslim feast of Eid buck, bull, or ram ready for wine in Moon cold front, opens along the tender gladiolus, seeding of winter al-Adha: (Festival can influence the the South, and they lunar influence Canadian border. canna, and dahlia grains. Be sure to of Sacrifice). Lambs amount of milk ripen quickly in wanes and bulbs and store test the soil and and kids in the his offspring will the North. Prepare contributes to a them for the make corrective range of 55 to 80 produce. Check syrup and jelly relatively peaceful winter. lime and fertilizer pounds are favored breeding records for your roadside (but hot and applications. for this market. to evaluate milk stand. humid) next 10 production. days. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Scout woodlots If you are keeping Sort and clean Closest to the lunar Vaccinate your Today is Take cuttings from for deer as acorns bees, August is the your gourd crop. fourth quarter is the lambs and kids Cross-Quarter last year’s Christ- ripen and fall. time to remove the Consider making best time to treat for enterotoxemia Day: it marks mas cacti and root supers. Also, con- bird houses and parasites, inspect before you let the halfway them in soil in pots sider requeening bowls with larger ears, check for skin them out to clean point to autumn. for holiday sales. at this time. Always gourds, Christmas diseases, shear, up the cornfields Cross-Quarter Day check for disease. ornaments with trim feet, wean, and after harvest. also is the average the smaller ones. clip hair. date for the stron- gest cool front of 18 19 20 21 22 Late Summer. 23 24 Plan to market Puffball mushrooms Consider purchas- When frost hurts When spiders start Today’s New Moon The Muslim feast of your pumpkins emerge among ing bulk quantities root crops, don’t to increase their oversees the last Al Hijirah Muharram between now spring’s moist, of paperwhite bulbs feed them to your building of webs in cold front of August begins today and and Halloween. rotting stems and to sell in displays at pregnant does the woodlot, then and will bring frost lasts until Septem- Honor-system leaves. Check the holiday markets. and ewes. Frost the best of hickory to the North and ber 28. A rise in roadside displays woods just before can change the nutting season chilly autumnal halal sales could be can work in many you go to the composition of the begins. temperatures to expected during this areas. farmers market! roots and contrib- the land along and period. ute to abortions. even below the 25 26 27 28 29 40th Parallel. 30 31

JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 73 countryside :: almanack

THE PLANETS Deneb lies Vega, the brightest star overhead more and are more active as the barometer falls Venus and Mars lie along the western these nights. The third corner of the triangle is one to three days before the weather systems horizon after sundown. Both planets may Altair, below and about halfway between the that arrive near the following dates: July 6, 14, be very difficult to see due to their proximity ther two corners. 21, and 28 and August 4, 10, 17, 21, and 29. to the Sun. Jupiter is the most reliable evening companion and can be found in the THE SHOOTING STARS THE SUN southern sky after dark. Below and a little The nights of July 28 and 29 bring the Delta July 3: Earth reaches aphelion, the point at east of Jupiter, Saturn rides Sagittarius in the Aquarids after 12:00 a.m. in Aquarius. This which it is farthest from the Sun. center of the southern horizon at dusk. shower can bring up to 20 meteors in an July 23: The Sun enters the Late Summer sign hour. The Perseid meteors peak August of Leo. THE STARS 12 and 13 after midnight below the Milky August 23: The Sun enters Virgo and reaches In the eastern sky, the stars of the Summer Way in Perseus. This shower can produce Cross-Quarter Day (half the distance to Triangle move into position for Late Summer. up to 60 meteors in an hour but the fat equinox). The easiest of these three stars to find is Moon is likely to outshine many of them. Deneb, which is the large “tail” star of Cygnus the swan (shaped like a large bird in flight, its METEOROLOGY long neck pointing to the south). To the right of Fish, game, livestock, and people tend to feed

LUNAR FEEDING PATTERNS FOR PEOPLE AND BEASTS PHASES OF THE MOON When the moon is above the continental United States, creatures are typically most active. July 2 The second-most-active times occur when the moon is below the earth. The Finches in the Thistle Down Moon is new at 2:16 p.m. DATE ABOVE BELOW July 1 Mornings Evenings July 4 The Moon reaches perigee, its position July 2 – 8 Afternoons Midnight to Dawn closest to Earth. July 9 – 14 Evenings Mornings July 9 July 15 – 23 Midnight to Dawn Afternoons The Moon enters its second quarter at July 24 – 31 Mornings Evenings 5:55 a.m. August 1 – 6 Afternoons Midnight to Dawn July 15 August 7 – 14 Evenings Mornings The Moon is full at 4:21 p.m. August 15 – 22 Midnight to Dawn Afternoons July 21 August 23 – 29 Mornings Evenings The Moon reaches apogee, its position August 30 – 31 Afternoons Midnight to Dawn farthest from Earth.

July 24 The Moon enters its final quarter at 8:18 p.m. THE SCKRAMBLER MARCH/APRIL July 31 JULY/AUGUST WINNERS & ANSWERS The Black Walnut Leafdrop Moon is new at 11:12 p.m. HOMESTEADERS Poor Will promised a prize of $5.00 to the 1st, 10th, 25th, 66th and 130th August 2 RAHTSEV MKPNSIUP persons who solved the Sckrambler The Moon reaches perigee at 2:08 a.m. RUSEST SFROT puzzle. Only 25 entries were received. SENACIRRUH LIOS INGTTES The winners: The 1st was Nancy AEFRMRS KETSMAR OODWELIP August 7 AEHT ANSF Orrell, Claunch, NM, the 10th Barbara The Moon enters its second quarter at LOCD EAWTR NOYEH Dickenson of Longview, TX and the 25th 12:31 p.m. HET AIRF SEIRREBREDLE Betty Wourms, West Richland, WA. MORSW MNICHYEPEEWS August 15 LIHOYSDA NPJAAEES TEEEBLS The Moon is full at 7:29 a.m. MMUS OUGHTRD ROMSEL/MORELS DDANEIOLNS/ DANDELIONS SESORCCU/CROCUSES August 17 STELVIO/VIOLETS DFFDLSAOI/DAFFODILS The Moon reaches apogee at 6:23 a.m. Homesteaders may be thinking about LIPSTU/TULIPS HTSRFAIOY/FORSYTHIA these things in July and August. A prize SESHIDRA/RADISHES LOPNEL/POLLEN August 23 of $5.00 will be awarded to the 10th, CTTLEEU/LETTUCE SSSRBLUE OUTSRSP/ The Moon enters its last quarter at 9:56 a.m. BRUSSELS SPROUTS 25th, 56th. and 100th persons who NSNOOI/ONIONS send their correct responses to COLICORB/BROCCOLI August 30 NORC/CORN SEETB/BEETS The Autumn Apple Picking Moon is new at Poor Will LOCLARSD/COLLARDS RABBUHR/RHUBARB 5:37 a.m. and reaches perigee at 10:57 a.m. P.O. Box 431 MPSAR/RAMPS IQUECN/QUINCE Yellow Springs, OH 45387 ROTRACS/CARROTS before the answers appear in Countryside. Copyright 2019 – W. L. Felker

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JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 75 countryside :: marketplace

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JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 77 countryside :: breeders rEACH OVEr 100,000 PEOPLE FOr JUST $60/YEAr! SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2019 DEADLINE: JUNE 21, 2019

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JULY/AUGUST 2019 || 81 countryside :: classifieds

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