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Impacts of Introduced Freshwater Fishes in the Philippines (1905-2013): a Review and Recommendations

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Impacts of Introduced Freshwater Fishes in the Philippines (1905-2013): a Review and Recommendations Philippine Journal of Science 143 (1): 49-59, June 2014 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 06 January 2014 Impacts of Introduced Freshwater Fishes in the Philippines (1905-2013): A Review and Recommendations Rafael D. Guerrero III National Academy of Science and Technology, Philippines Philippine Heritage Center, DOST Compound, Metro Manila, Philippines Based on existing records and observations, 62 freshwater fishes were introduced from 1905 to 2013 in the Philippines for aquaculture (45%), ornamental purpose (42%), recreational fishing (6%), and mosquito control (6%). An evaluation showed that 48 (77%) of the fishes are beneficial, 10 (16%) are invasive, and 4 (6%) are potentially invasive. In terms of of economic benefits, the gains derived from the introduction of beneficial fishes, particularly for culture and fisheries enhancement, are much more compared to the economic losses due to the negative impacts of invasive fishes. A review of the national policies and regulations on the introduction of imported live fishes showed that the required processes are adequate and in place. However, there are gaps that need to be urgently addressed to strengthen monitoring, surveillance and control to prevent the spread of the six invasive ornamental fishes now established in inland waters and to forestall the escapes of the potentially invasive fishes. Key Words: Alien species, Aquaculture, Exotic species, Fisheries, Introductions, Invasive species INTRODUCTION biological diversity.” With globalization, the transport of plants and animals Introduced aquatic species may have environmental, from one country to another through human intervention social and economic impacts. Species introductions can has been facilitated. The intentional or unintentional improve production and economic benefits from fisheries introduction of living organisms for economic and other and aquaculture. It has been estimated that 17% of the reasons can have beneficial or adverse impacts (Bruton & world’s finfish production is attributed to alien species. Merron 1985; De Silva 1989). Next to habitat destruction, Such species have “more positive socioeconomic benefits the introduction of “invasive species” is the second major reported than negative ecological impacts” (FAO 2014). cause of loss of biodiversity (IUCN 1999). Exotic fishes capable of breeding naturally in areas where Introduced aquatic animals such as fishes are defined they are introduced can become established with “open as those that have been transported into aquatic habitats or occupied niches” and replace local species due to outside their native range for the species (ICES 2003). their “numerical and/or fitness advantage” (Stachowicz Exotic or alien species are those that have been transferred & Tilman 2005). Invasive fishes can also cause genetic from one country to another or from one body of water to pollution with “uncontrolled hybridization, introgression another where they are non-native. Invasive alien species and genetic swamping” (Mooney & Cleland 2001). is defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity According to the Global Invasive Species Programme (2014) as “species whose introduction and/or spread (1999), “invasive alien species are a global threat whose outside their natural past or present distribution threaten impacts cost at least US$ 1.4 trillion annually and will have to be managed in perpetuity.” *Corresponding author: [email protected] 49 Philippine Journal of Science Guerrero III RD: Impacts of Introduced Freshwater Vol. 143 No. 1, June 2014 Fishes in the Philippines In the Philippines, Juliano et al. (1989) reported the that 48 (77%) of the introduced fishes have been beneficial introduction of 34 freshwater fishes into the Philippines in terms of contributing to fish production in the country, from 1905 to 1988 for aquaculture, ornamental fish, for ornamental purpose, recreational fishing and biological biological control and sport fishing. The loss of 15 of the control of mosquitoes. Ten (16%) introduced fishes are 18 endemic cyprinids in Lake Lanao (Lanao del Sur) has considered invasive for causing ecological and/or economic been attributed to the accidental introduction of the white loss and four (6%) are regarded as potentially invasive goby, Glossogobius giuris (Juliano et al. 1989) and the species. eleotrid, Hypseleotris agilis, from Lake Mainit (Surigao) in Mindanao (Escudero 1993). According to FishBase Introduced Fishes for Culture (2013), of the 348 freshwater fishes in the Philippines, Of the 28 fishes introduced for aquaculture (food), 24 (86%) 195 are native (56%), 96 (28%) are endemic and 57 (16%) have been beneficial and only four (10%) have become are introduced. invasive. Seventeen fishes (61%) have become established Joshi (2006) noted that the impacts of invasive alien by successfully breeding in open waters (rivers and lakes) species (IAS) on native fishes in the Philippines are while three (11%) others have been artificially bred for “poorly understood because of lack of knowledge, lack culture. Eight (28%) introduced fishes have not become of expensive and comprehensive technical information, established because of their inability to spawn in the wild. failure to realize the potential ecological damage to Among the introduced freshwater fishes that have made biodiversity and consequent economic losses and significant contributions to the fish production of the as possible hazards to human health, failure of country are the cultured tilapias, mainly the Nile tilapia implementation of laws on introduction of exotic species, (Oreochromis niloticus), carps, particularly the bighead and unwillingness to interfere in the commerce and trade carp (Aristichthys nobilis), and catfishes (Clarias of exotic species.” gariepinus and Pangasiodon hyopthalamus). In 2012, Information is limited on the impacts of fish introductions according to the fisheries statistics of the country (BAS in the Philippines. Based on information in FishBase, such 2013), the fishes contributed 290,513 mt to the total introductions had 62% unknown ecological impact and farmed fish production with a value of over PhP 20.16 54% unknown socio-economic impact (Casal & Bartley billion. From freshwater inland waters, the introduced 2000). There have been many unreported introductions fishes Nile tilapia (O. niloticus), carp (Cyprinus carpio), and data on documented reports need to be updated (Casal mudfish (Channa striata), Asiatic catish (Clarias 2005; FAO 2014). batrachus) and gourami (Trichopterus spp.) contributed 88,216 mt to the total inland fisheries production with a This study was conducted to review and assess the value of more than PhP 5.3 billion (BAS 2014). The Nile impacts of the introduced exotic freshwater fishes in tilapia stocked in lakes and reservoirs has also markedly the Philippines from 1905 to 2013 with the end in view enhanced fisheries in such water bodies with no evidence of recommending improvements in the processes and of adverse effect on the native fish fauna (Guerrero 1999). policies for the effective regulation and management of such introductions. The four fishes introduced for culture in the country that have become invasive are the Channa striata, In gathering data and information for the study, available Clarias batrachus, Monopterus albus and Oreochromis literature (published and unpublished) including data mossambicus. The mudfish (C. striata) is considered from FisBase and the FAO Database on Invasive Aquatic a pest for preying on the young of cultured fish such Species were reviewed, interviews with concerned as the Nile tilapia when it intrudes freshwater ponds persons of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources from the wild (Guerrero et al. 1990). The Asiatic catfish (BFAR) and other resource persons were conducted, and (C. batrachus) has been recorded to have ecologically site visits to fish markets and aquarium pet shops were displaced the native catfish (C. macrocephalus) in Laguna made. Information from national newspapers and publicly de Bay (Juliano et al. 1989) and other water bodies in televised programs were also sourced. Luzon where it has been introduced. The rice paddy eel (M. albus) has been reported to infest rice paddies in the Introduced Freshwater Fishes in the Philippines Cagayan Valley. Locally known as “kiwet,” it feeds on (1905-2013) and Their Impacts small fish, frogs and shrimp, and burrows into the bunds A total of 62 freshwater fishes was recorded/observed to of the paddies causing water loss (Lazaro 2013, Valencia be introduced in the Philippines for the period 1905-2013 2013). The Mozambique tilapia (O. mossambicus) (Table 1). Of these, 28 (45%) were for aquaculture, 26 has invaded brackishwater ponds for milkfish (Chanos (42%) for ornamental purpose, four (6%) for sport fishing, chanos) culture and competed for food and space (Juliano and four (6%) for mosquito control. An evaluation showed et al. 1989). 50 Philippine Journal of Science Guerrero III RD: Impacts of Introduced Freshwater Vol. 143 No. 1, June 2014 Fishes in the Philippines Table 1. Status and impacts of introduced exotic freshwater fishes in the Philippines (1905-2013). Introduction Species Origin Year Status Impact Amatitlania nigrofasciatab ? ? O, En B (Convict cichlid) b Anabas testudineus Malaysia ? C, En, W B (Climbing perch) Aplocheilus panchaxb ? ? O, En B (Killie) Arapaima gigasp South America ? O, En PI (Arapaima) Aristichthys nobilisab Taiwan 1968 C, Ei B (Bighead carp) Austrolebias nigripinnisb Argentina ? O, En B (Blackfin pearlfish)
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