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Comparing the Relationship Between Vocational and Higher Education in Germany and France www.ssoar.info Comparing the relationship between vocational and higher education in Germany and France Powell, Justin J.W.; Coutrot, Laurence; Graf, Lukas; Bernhard, Nadine; Kieffer, Annick; Solga, Heike Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Arbeitspapier / working paper Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: SSG Sozialwissenschaften, USB Köln Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Powell, J. J., Coutrot, L., Graf, L., Bernhard, N., Kieffer, A., & Solga, H. (2009). Comparing the relationship between vocational and higher education in Germany and France. (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Bildung, Arbeit und Lebenschancen, Abteilung Ausbildung und Arbeitsmarkt, 2009-506). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-259138 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Justin J.W. Powell, Laurence Coutrot+, Lukas Graf, Nadine Bernhard, Annick Kieffer+, Heike Solga Comparing the Relationship between Vocational and Higher Education in Germany and France Discussion Paper SP I 2009-506 November 2009 Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB) Research Area: Education, Work, and Life Chances Research Unit: Skill Formation and Labor Markets http://www.wzb.eu/bal/aam scussion paper WZB: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] + Centre Maurice Halbwachs, École normale supérieure (ENS), di 48 Bd Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France: [email protected], [email protected] Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) Reichpietschufer 50 • D-10785 Berlin • www.wzb.eu Suggested Citation/Zitierweise: Justin J.W. Powell, Laurence Coutrot, Lukas Graf, Nadine Bernhard, Annick Kieffer, Heike Solga Comparing the Relationship between Vocational and Higher Education in Germany and France Discussion Paper SP I 2009-506 Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (2009) Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB) Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH (WZB) Research Area: Forschungsschwerpunkt: Education, Work, and Life Chances Bildung, Arbeit und Lebenschancen Research Unit: Abteilung: Skill Formation and Labor Markets Ausbildung und Arbeitsmarkt Reichpietschufer 50, D-10785 Berlin phone: +49 30 25491-0, fax: +49 30 25492-684 http://www.wzb.eu Abstract A number of European initiatives aim to create a European educational space, including vocational training and higher education. Following the logic of dif- ference, we ask whether, despite their different institutionalization, these two sectors in France and Germany react similarly to the Europe-wide Copenhagen and Bologna processes. We compare the relationship between vocational educa- tion and training (VET) and higher education (HE), contrasting a number of influential typologies. Analyzing the current situation, we ask whether these differences in postsecondary education and training systems continue to exist. Zusammenfassung Vor dem Hintergrund europäischer Initiativen, einen gemeinsamen Bildungs- raum zu schaffen, der sowohl Berufsbildung als auch Hochschulbildung um- fasst, werden Reaktionen in Frankreich und Deutschland auf diese Prozesse verglichen. Der Logik der Differenz folgend, wird gefragt, ob es trotz der stark unterschiedlichen Institutionalisierung der Hochschul- und Berufsbildung in beiden Ländern ähnliche Reaktionen auf die Kopenhagen- und Bolognaprozes- se gibt. Vor dem Hintergrund verschiedener einflussreicher Typologien, die beide Länder verglichen haben, wird die aktuelle Situation beschrieben, um zu zeigen, ob die Unterschiede in den postsekundären Berufsbildungs- und Hoch- schulsysteme noch existieren. Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 2. Shifting Tensions between Vocational and Higher Education in Germany ..................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Pathways into and within Vocational and Higher Education ................. 4 2.2 Vocational Education and Training ............................................................. 8 2.3 Higher Education ........................................................................................... 11 2.4 Transitions from Vocational/Higher Education into the Labor Market 14 2.5 Social (In)Equality .......................................................................................... 16 3. Shifting Tensions between Vocational and Higher Education in France .......................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Pathways into and within Vocational and Higher Education ................. 18 3.2 Vocational Education and Training ............................................................. 22 3.3 Higher Education ........................................................................................... 27 3.4 Transitions from Vocational/Higher Education into the Labor Market 32 3.5 Social (In)Equality .......................................................................................... 34 4. Comparison and Outlook ............................................................................ 38 5. Appendix ........................................................................................................ 43 6. Glossary .......................................................................................................... 47 7. References ....................................................................................................... 51 1. Introduction For decades, Germany and France have been contrasted as having quite differ- ent skill formation systems, resulting from differences in institutional struc- tures, educational values, the degree of centralization of educational govern- ance, and trajectories of industrialization. Numerous studies have compared these two countries, developing typologies of vocational education and training (VET) as well as higher education (HE) that summarize such differences. These typologies have especially served as useful heuristic devices. However, they may also pose barriers to recognize institutional changes, especially of the in- cremental type. Furthermore, the exogenous pressure posed by international agreements made by national education ministers to reform their education and training systems over the past decade lead us to ask whether these typologies continue to adequately reflect these national systems. To what extent have the key characteristics of skill formation systems in France and Germany changed, exemplified in the relationship between VET and HE? Over the past decade, skill formation systems have not only been affected by endogenous national developments but also by the Europe-wide Bologna and Copenhagen processes, which rely on the open method of coordination to establish an enhanced European skill formation area. Both Bologna (for higher education) as well as Copenhagen (for vocational education and training) were intended to strengthen the EU’s global competitiveness but also to be a force for social inclusion. Yet the efforts of decision-makers to achieve these goals imply the more or less transformative change of historically evolved national skill formation systems. Further, the goals stand in contrast to limited knowledge about the contemporary linkage between VET and HE. Each country’s skill formation system is in turn embedded in a nationally specific education/econ- omy nexus. Thus, we compare the vocational and higher education systems in Germany and France as these countries respond both to the exogenous pressures of inter- national diffusion of educational ideals, pan-European Bologna and Copenha- gen declarations, and endogenous reform processes. In doing so, the paper ad- dresses several classic typologies, which are briefly discussed here before the contemporary systems are presented in detail in the country chapters. In Mass Vocational Education and Training in Europe, Wolf-Dietrich Greinert (1988, 2005) presented
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