Impact of Riverbank Anthropogenic Pollution Sources on the Formation of River Water Quality

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Vol. 3, No. 2, 2018

IMPACT OF RIVERBANK ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION SOURCES ON THE FORMATION OF RIVER WATER QUALITY

Nataliia Magas, Hanna Trokhymenko

Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding 9, Heroiv Ukrainy Av., Mykolaiv, 54025, Ukraine [email protected]

Received: 11.06.2018

Abstract. The method of estimation of the impact of framework lacks a document which would officially riverbank anthropogenic pollution sources on the approve a particular method of estimation of water quality, formation of river water quality is proposed. A assessment and description of the impact of riverbank point description of the influence of housing and utility pollution sources on water bodies and recommend it for providers on water bodies within Mykolaiv region is application in general practice [10, 11]. made. The obtained results can be applied in the Hence, a complex of regional measures on river development of measures aimed at improvement of the restoration should be established with the help of a brand ecological situation in the area under study. new approach based on estimation of the probability of occurrence of the economic activity consequences Key words: anthropogenic loading, environmental hazard, adversely affecting people and the environment. wastewater, harmful impact, pollution source. The article aims at application of a new methodical approach to assessment of the impact of riverbank sources 1. Introduction of wastewater discharge on the formation of surface water quality in Mykolaiv region on the example of public One of the major current problems of water utilities, substantiating their hazard level by analyzing the resource preservation on the territory of Ukraine is wastewater composition and water body loading. critical reduction in self-replicating capabilities of rivers and depletion of the water resource potential. 2. Research data and methods These processes are predominantly caused by excessive anthropogenic loading on water bodies and The impact of riverbank sources of return water extensive water management. The formation of river discharge on the state of water bodies within water quality is substantially affected by a continuous Mykolaiv region has been studied in accordance with discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater and the developed technique. It is based on the logical- disorderly wastewater removal from settlements, mathematical model taking into account the industrial facilities and agricultural areas. This composition of wastewater discharged by a pollution situation urges to perform constant monitoring of source into the water environment as well as the level water quality in water bodies, as well as control and of its treatment, monitoring, and water body loading assessment of the impact of major water pollution [10, 11, 12]. sources [1, 2]. A detailed assessment of the impact of pollution The issues of comprehensive water quality assessment sources has been carried out with the help of for water bodies have been elaborated by many assessment tables by scoring each of them on a scale Ukrainian scholars (Konenko A. D., Aliokin O. A., of 0 to 5 points. The resulting points were grouped, Oksiiuk O. P., Zhukinskyi V. S., Romanenko V. D., average values were calculated, and the weighting Yatsyk A. V., Khilchevskyi V. K., Masenko O. H., factors assigned to each pollution source in each Denisova O. I.) [3–9]. However, the Ukrainian legal subcategory [12].

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The basic indicators used to assess the degree of P0.7cm0.3 =×av+×av , the impact of a particular water pollution source on where сav, mav are the average values of the coefficient the quality of water in the water basin are the showing the impact of a pollution source with regard to pollutant concentrations in return water. The list of the wastewater composition and the coefficient of water pollutants, normalized and controlled in all cases of body loading by the pollution source (with the weighting return water discharge, has been established in order factors of 0.7 and 0.3, respectively). to meet the environmental standards of water body The input quantitative data on the actual pollutant quality, ensure the ecological safety of human discharge volumes and concentrations in return water activities and aquatic ecosystems. According to the which are involved in the study is a database of state Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. statistical reports on water use completed using the 1100 dated September 11, 1996, such pollutants official blank form 2-TP (VODHOSP). include: biological oxygen demand measured over 5 The article presents the results of the study carried days (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total out by the authors in accordance with the state scientific suspended matter, water mineralization, sulfates, and technical programs and directions of the chlorides, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, development of science and technology. They are nitrate nitrogen, phosphates, petroleum products, rendered in the following documents: “National and hydrogen ion exponent pH. Additionally, Program for the Development of Water Management concentrations of such persistent organic pollutants as until 2013”, “National Target Program for the iron, copper, zinc, nickel, chromium, cadmium, and Development of Water Management and Ecological mercury were taken into account in this study. Restoration of the Dnipro River Basin until 2021”, Wastewater flowing into the water body is to be “Regional Program on the Development of Water safe according to its epidemiological and radiation Management of Mykolaiv Region for the period of 2013 indicators and harmless by its chemical composition; to 2021”, as well as other regulatory documents. it should have appropriate organoleptic properties and cannot deteriorate the quality of water of the water 3. Results and discussion body regardless of the type of its use. Accordingly, the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for The first stage of the study suggested making a fishery waters has been selected as the main criterion list of major sources of water pollution in Mykolaiv when establishing the harmfulness category of the region. It includes 10 housing and utility providers: point source of pollution of water bodies. Application the municipal enterprise (ME) Pervomaisk of such criteria completely eliminates the negative Miskvodokanal (the town of Pervomaisk, the impact of pollutants contained in wastewater on the Southern Bug River), the Department for Water and water body and hydrobionts. Sewage Services and Heat Supply Networks (DWSS In order to determine the degree of the impact of the & HSN) of the SD South-Ukraine Nuclear Power respective wastewater discharge on the water body, Plant (the town of Yuzhnoukrainsk, the Southern Bug harmfulness categories have been assigned to each of River), Biological Treatment Plants LLC (the town of Mykolaiv region’s water pollution sources under study. Voznesensk, the Southern Bug River), the ME The harmfulness category of a pollution source is Prybuzke (the town of Nova Odessa, the Southern established with respect to the multiplicity of excess of Bug River), Olshanske Miskvodokanal LLC (the the MPC of the pollutants contained in wastewater and village of Olshanske, the Southern Bug River), the taking into account the hazard they pose. city municipal enterprise (CME) Mykolaiv Vodokanal The basic indicator used to assess the level of water (the village of Galitsinove, the Bug Estuary), the basin loading by the pollution source is the percentage Novyi Buh Branch of the Group Water Supply of pollutants discharged by the source relative to the System (the town of Novyi Buh, the Ingul River), the total amount of pollutants entering the water basin and ME Miskvodokanal (the town of Bashtanka, the Ingul transferred with the river flow [11, 12]. River), the CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal (the city of General assessment of the level of environmental Mykolaiv, the Vitovka River), and the ME Novyi Buh hazard of the point sources of water pollution in Vodokanal (the town of Novyi Buh, the Ingul River). Mykolaiv region is conducted using the overall These enterprises have been ranked according to coefficient of harmful impact of the pollution source on the results of assessment of their impact on the water bodies, P. It is calculated with the help of the indicators of composition of the wastewater following formula: discharged into the water environment (see Fig. 1).

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Below there are the findings of the study presenting products –5 times, and ammonium nitrogen, nitrates, the companies with the poorest indicators. BOD – 4 times. At the CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, Galitsinove, the At Olshanske Miskvodokanal LLC, Olshanske, the annual averaged concentration of the pollutants amount of pollutants discharged into the Southern Bug discharged into the Bug Estuary exceeds the standard River substantially exceeds the MPC as well. Namely, quality indicators (for fishery waters) for more than the concentration of nitrites is 22 times higher than 10 ingredients. Among these, the most critical excess is normal, that of total iron and petroleum products is attributed to the following pollutants: chromium – 8 times higher, nitrates – 5 times, sulfates – 4 times,

100 times, BOD5 – 80 times, ammonium nitrogen – BOD and COD – 3 times. 51 times, nitrites – 45 times, COD – 40 times, copper – The coefficient of multiplicity of pollutant excess 40 times, suspended matter – 21 times, petroleum over the MPC has served as a basis for assigning a products – 30 times, total iron – 6 times, zinc – 3 times, harmfulness category to each of the water pollution nitrates – 3 times, sulphates – 2 times. sources under study (Table 1). It was established that the At the ME Miskvodokanal, Bashtanka, the annual greatest damage to water bodies is caused by discharges averaged MPC of ammonium nitrogen is exceeded from the CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, Galitsinove, and

275 times, that of BOD5 – 114 times, COD – 46 times, Biological Treatment Plants LLC, Voznesensk, both nitrites – 53 times, total iron – 25.5 times, phosphates – characterized as very harmful. 4.5 times, sulfates – 4.4 times, suspended matter – Contribution of each pollution source to the 3.2 times, dry residue – 3.6 times, and chlorides – 2.7 times. formation of the water body loading has been At Biological Treatment Plants LLC, Voznesensk, established and characterized according to the the annual averaged concentration of the pollutants results of assessment of the water body loading and discharged into the Southern Bug River exceeds the pollutant transfer with river runoff. Fig. 2 MPC of nitrites 45 times, that of chromium – 15 times, demonstrates the results of ranking of the sources COD – 6 times, sulfates, total iron and petroleum under consideration.

0,25 0,22 0,21 0,2

0,15 0,15 0,14

0,1 0,1 W e i g h t n f a c o r , l v un ts 0,05 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,02

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pollution source

Fig. 1. Housing and utility providers of Mykolaiv region ranked according to wastewater composition: 1 – CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, Galitsinove; 2 – ME Miskvodokanal, Bashtanka; 3 − Biological Treatment Plants LLC, Voznesensk; 4 − Olshanske Miskvodokanal LLC, Olshanske; 5 – ME Prybuzke, Nova Odessa; 6 – ME Pervomaisk Miskvodokanal, Pervomaisk; 7 – ME Novyi Buh Vodokanal, Novyi Buh; 8 − Novyi Buh Branch of the Group Water Supply System, Novyi Buh; 9 – CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, Mykolaiv; 10 – DWSS & HSN of the SD South-Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant, Yuzhnoukrainsk

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Table 1 Characteristics of the harmful impact of point sources of water pollution in Mykolaiv region

Coefficient of Name and location of the point source of water Harmfulness Type of the harmful multiplicity of pollution (enterprise), water body to which category of the impact on the water pollutant excess wastewater is discharged pollution source body over the MPC, сav 1 2 3 4 MCE Mykolaiv Vodokanal, 2.6 ІV very harmful Galitsinove, the Bug Estuary Biological Treatment Plants LLC, 1.6 ІV very harmful Voznesensk, the Southern Bug River CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, 1.4 ІІІ moderately harmful Mykolaiv, the Vitovka River Olshanske Miskvodokanal LLC, 1.3 ІІІ moderately harmful Olshanske, the Southern Bug River ME Miskvodokanal, 1.2 ІІІ moderately harmful Bashtanka, the Ingul River ME Pervomaisk Miskvodokanal, 0.8 ІІІ moderately harmful Pervomaisk, the Southern Bug River ME Prybuzke, 0.7 ІІІ moderately harmful Nova Odessa, the Southern Bug River DWSS & HSN of the SD South-Ukraine Nuclear 0.4 ІІ hardly harmful Power Plant, Yuzhnoukrainsk, the Southern Bug River ME Novyi Buh Vodokanal, 0.4 ІІ hardly harmful Novyi Buh, the Ingul River Novyi Buh Branch of the Group Water Supply 0.4 ІІ hardly harmful System, Novyi Buh, the Ingul River

0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,11 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,09 0,09 0,08 0,08 0,07

0,06

0,04

0,02 We i gh t ng f ac o r , e l a v un ts

0 Pollution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 source

Fig. 2. Housing and utility providers of Mykolaiv region ranked according to water body loading: 1 − CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, Galitsinove; 2 − ME Miskvodokanal, Bashtanka; 3 − Biological Treatment Plants LLC, Voznesensk; 4 − Olshanske Miskvodokanal LLC, Olshanske; 5 – DWSS & HSN of the SD South-Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant, Yuzhnoukrainsk; 6 − CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, Mykolaiv; 7 − ME Novyi Buh Vodokanal, Novyi Buh; 8 − Novyi Buh Branch of the Group Water Supply System, Novyi Buh; 9 − ME Pervomaisk Miskvodokanal, Pervomaisk; 10 − ME Prybuzke, Nova Odessa

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Thus, the largest loading on the Southern Bug Estuary, is the main pollutant of the region’s water River basin in Mykolaiv region is caused by several resources, as 89 % of its total discharge is polluted housing and utility providers: MCE Mykolaiv wastewater. The enterprise has a huge negative impact Vodokanal, (Galitsinove, the Bug Estuary), ME on the state of the Bug Estuary, as well as the sanitary Miskvodokanal, (Bashtanka, the Ingul River), and and epidemiological situation in Mykolaiv. The main Biological Treatment Plants LLC (Voznesensk, the reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of its treatment Southern Bug River). The level of loading with facilities are the critical condition of deep-water pollution there can be characterized as substantial, discharge of wastewater after its treatment and the while the weighting factor of its impact is the highest. insufficient capacity of the treatment facilities at the Slightly lower values of the weighting factor with stage of secondary sedimentation. regard to water body loading in Mykolaiv region are 2. The enterprise Biological Treatment Plants those of Olshanske Miskvodokanal LLC, Olshanske, LLC (Voznesensk) discharges return water into the and the DWSS & HSN of the SD South-Ukraine Southern Bug River, although it is basically under- Nuclear Power Plant, Yuzhnoukrainsk, which treated wastewater. The harmful emissions of this discharge pollutants into the Southern Bug River, as enterprise contribute to a considerable level of river well as the CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, Galitsinove, loading. polluting the Vitovka River, which flows into the Bug 3. The ME Miskvodokanal (Bashtanka) discharges Estuary. The level of water body loading at these return water into the Ingul River. Sewage treatment pollution sources can be defined as moderate. The facilities in Bashtanka are ineffective, and the averaged same applies to the water treatment facilities of the annual concentration of pollutants discharged into the water supply system of the ME Novyi Buh Vodokanal Ingul River significantly exceeds the MPC. and the Novyi Buh Branch of the Group Water Supply According to the general classification and System, both located in Novyi Buh and discharging description of hazardous point pollution sources (hazard return water into the Ingul River. Only two enterprises, category II), their impact on a water body is highly the ME Pervomaisk Miskvodokanal in Pervomaisk and hazardous for the life and health both of human beings the ME Prybuzke in Nova Odessa, introduce a low and hydrobionts. The wastewater discharge of such level of loading to the Southern Bug River. sources essentially changes the hydrological or The loading on water bodies in Mykolaiv region hydrochemical characteristics of the receiving water resulting from return water discharge by these point body. This leads to a considerable contamination of the pollution sources predominantly consists of the water body and impossibility of its use as a source of following components: utility and drinking water supply. The water body in the Southern Bug River basin: mineralization, becomes hardly suitable for any type of public water which accounts for 64 % of the total amount of consumption. pollutants entering the water bodies and being In terms of environmental hazard, moderately transported with their flow, chlorides (19 %), sulfates hazardous facilities include the ME Pervomaisk (11 %), nitrates and COD (1 % each); Miskvodokanal (Pervomaisk), the DWSS & HSN of in the Bug Estuary: mineralization (65 %), chlorides the SD South-Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant

(15 %), sulfates (9 %), cholesterol (5 %), nitrates, BOD5, (Yuzhnoukrainsk), the ME Prybuzke (Nova Odessa), and suspended matter (1 % each); and Olshanske Miskvodokanal LLC (Olshanske). in the Ingul River basin: mineralization (61 %), They all discharge return water into the Southern Bug sulfates (19 %), chlorides (12 %), cholesterol (2 %), River. In addition, the supply water treatment nitrates and suspended matter (1 % each). facilities of CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal (Mykolaiv) According to the overall coefficient of harmful are also considered moderately hazardous; it impact of the pollution source on water bodies, P, there discharges return water into the Vitovka River, which have been established the hazard category of the housing flows into the Bug Estuary. Particular attention and utility providers under consideration (see Table 2). should be paid to the sewage treatment facilities in Thus, the results of the study considering the degree Pervomaisk, since they are obsolete, worn out and of environmental hazard have revealed that there are need reconstruction. Depreciation of their fixed assets three hazardous housing and utility providers within makes up 90 %. Due to ineffective operation of the Mykolaiv region. They are as follows. sewage treatment facilities, the ME Pervomaisk 1. The CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, located in Miskvodokanal pollutes the Southern Bug River with Galitsinove and discharging return water into the Bug under-treated wastewater, while the MPC exceeds

Lviv Polytechnic National University Institutional Repository http://ena.lp.edu.ua 126 Nataliia Magas, Hanna Trokhymenko appropriate standards. The volume of under-treated suitability of the water body for any type of public water wastewater being discharged accounts for 44.8 % of consumption. the total return water discharge from the town of According to the degree of environmental hazard, Pervomaisk. The biological treatment facilities marginally hazardous facilities within Mykolaiv region located in the village of Olshanske need urgent include housing and utility providers which discharge reconstruction as well. return water after the supply water treatment facilities The impact of moderately hazardous pollution (intended for removing impurities and pollutants from sources on water bodies (hazard category III) is raw water and disinfecting it before supplying to dangerous to the local community and hydrobionts. The consumers). These include the ME Novyi Buh wastewater discharge of such sources changes the Vodokanal (Novyi Buh) and the Novyi Buh Branch of hydrological or hydrochemical characteristics of the the Group Water Supply System (Novyi Buh), which receiving water body. These changes reduce the discharge return water into the Ingul River.

Table 2 Assessment of the degree of environmental hazard of the point pollution sources

Average values Overall Name and location of the point coefficient of Coefficient of Coefficient of Degree of source of water pollution harmful impact Hazard multiplicity of water body environmental (enterprise), water body to which of the pollution category pollutant excess loading caused hazard wastewater is discharged over the MPC, by the pollution source on water bodies, Р сav source, mav 1 2 3 4 5 6 ME Pervomaisk Miskvodokanal, 0.8 1.9 1.1 ІІІ moderately Pervomaisk, the Southern Bug hazardous River DWSS & HSN of the SD South- 0.4 2.3 1.0 ІІІ moderately Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant, hazardous Yuzhnoukrainsk, the Southern Bug River Biological Treatment Plants 1.6 3.3 2.1 ІІ hazardous LLC, Voznesensk, the Southern Bug River ME Prybuzke, 0.7 1.9 1.1 ІІІ moderately Nova Odessa, the Southern Bug hazardous River Olshanske Miskvodokanal LLC, 1.3 2.5 1.7 ІІІ moderately Olshanske, the Southern Bug hazardous River ME Novyi Buh Vodokanal, 0.4 2.2 0.9 IV marginally Novyi Buh, the Ingul River hazardous Novyi Buh Branch of the Group 0.4 2.1 0.9 IV marginally Water Supply System, hazardous Novyi Buh, the Ingul River ME Miskvodokanal, 1.4 3.5 2.0 ІІ hazardous Bashtanka, the Ingul River CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, 1.4 2.3 1.7 ІІІ moderately Mykolaiv, the Vitovka River hazardous CME Mykolaiv Vodokanal, 2.6 4.0 3.0 ІІ hazardous Galitsinove, the Bug Estuary

The impact of marginally hazardous pollution wastewater discharge from such sources does not sources on water bodies is quite small. The change the hydrochemical characteristics of the

Lviv Polytechnic National University Institutional Repository http://ena.lp.edu.ua Impact of Riverbank Anthropogenic Pollution Sources on the Formation of River Water Quality 127 receiving water body to a great extent. Moreover, the Plants LLC (Voznesensk) and the ME Miskvodokanal water body does not cease to be suitable for any type (Bashtanka) are also classified as hazardous, of public water consumption. However, the natural discharging return water into the Southern Bug River attractiveness of the water body as a recreational area and the Ingul River, respectively. The basic reasons for may be worsened because of the persistent unsatisfactory operation of their treatment facilities are objectionable odor and poisonous or irritating impact. identified and analyzed. This may impede the use of beaches. Marginally hazardous enterprises are those with Consequently, as shown by the results of ranking discharge from supply water treatment facilities, of utility providers and the analysis of the degree of namely, the ME Novyi Buh Vodokanal and the Novyi environmental hazard of point pollution sources, it is Buh Branch of the Group Water Supply System (both feasible to apply the new methodological approach located in Novyi Buh). for the comprehensive assessment of the impact of 7. Reduction of the negative impact of wastewater riverbank sources of wastewater discharge on the discharge from housing and utility providers on the state of water bodies and the formation of surface water bodies of Mykolaiv region, as well as compliance water quality. with the established standards and requirements for the wastewater treatment quality, requires implementing a Conclusions set of water protection measures. These suggest preventive maintenance of the treatment facilities for 1. The article proposes a new methodological their correspondence to the project capacity with approach to the assessment of the impact of riverbank account for depreciation, construction of biological sources of return water discharge on the state of water bodies, taking into account the composition of polishing facilities, and construction of local treatment wastewater, degree of its purification, and loading on the facilities at cities’ enterprises. water body. 2. The pollution sources, housing and utility References providers of Mykolaiv region, have been ranked [1] Mahas N. I., Hurko O. S. Kompleksna otsinka vplyvu according to the indicators of wastewater composition dzherel zabrudnennia na ekolohichnyi stan richok na and water body loading. terytorii Mykolaivskoi oblasti. Problemy ekolohii ta 3. 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Lviv Polytechnic National University Institutional Repository http://ena.lp.edu.ua 128 Nataliia Magas, Hanna Trokhymenko

normatyviv yakosti poverkhnevykh vod sushi ta ekolohii ta enerhozberezhennia v sudnobuduvanni: estuariiv Ukrainy. – K., 2001. – 48 s. Materialy XII mizhnarodnoi naukovo-tekhnichnoi [8] Romanenko V. D., Zhukynskyi V. M., Oksiiuk O. P. konferentsii. Mykolaiv, 2017. – 165 р. Metodyka ekolohichnoi otsinky yakosti poverkhnevykh [11] Mahas N. I., Trokhymenko H.H. Otsinka vplyvu vod za vidpovidnymy katehoriiamy. K.: Symvol-T, berehovykh dzherel skydu stichnykh vod na stan 1998. – 28 s. vodnoho seredovyshcha // Zbirnyk naukovykh prats [9] Yatsyk A. V., Petruk O. M. Metodychne kerivnytstvo NUK. – Mykolaiv: NUK, 2017. – No. 2 (469). – S. 98–106. po rozrakhunku antropohennoho navantazhennia i [12] Mahas N. I., Trokhymenko H.H. Otsinka stupenia klasyfikatsii ekolohichnoho stanu baseiniv malykh ekolohichnoi nebezpeky obiektiv na prykladi komunalnykh richok Ukrainy. K., 1992. – 40 s. pidpryiemstv Mykolaivskoi oblasti // Naukovyi zhurnal [10] Mahas N. I. Rozrobka metodychnoho pidkhodu do “Ekolohichna bezpeka”. Kremenchutskyi natsionalnyi otsinky stupenia ekolohichnoi nebezpeky tochkovykh universytet imeni Mykhaila Ostrohradskoho. – dzherel zabrudnennia poverkhnevykh vod. // Problemy Kremenchuk. – 2015. – Vyp. 20(2/2015). – S. 48–53.

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