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Was the Function of the Earliest Writing in Egypt Utilitarian Or Ceremonial? Does the Surviving Evidence Reflect the Reality?”
“Was the function of the earliest writing in Egypt utilitarian or ceremonial? Does the surviving evidence reflect the reality?” Article written by Marsia Sfakianou Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom..........................2 How writing began.........................................................................................................4 Scopes of early Egyptian writing...................................................................................6 Ceremonial or utilitarian? ..............................................................................................7 The surviving evidence of early Egyptian writing.........................................................9 Bibliography/ references..............................................................................................23 Links ............................................................................................................................23 Album of web illustrations...........................................................................................24 1 Map of Egypt. Late Predynastic Period-Early Dynastic (Grimal, 1994) Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom (from the appendix of Grimal’s book, 1994, p 389) 4500-3150 BC Predynastic period. 4500-4000 BC Badarian period 4000-3500 BC Naqada I (Amratian) 3500-3300 BC Naqada II (Gerzean A) 3300-3150 BC Naqada III (Gerzean B) 3150-2700 BC Thinite period 3150-2925 BC Dynasty 1 3150-2925 BC Narmer, Menes 3125-3100 BC Aha 3100-3055 BC -
A Lost Late Predynastic-Early Dynastic Royal Scene from Gharb Aswan
A lost Late Predynastic-Early Dynastic royal scene from Gharb Aswan Stan Hendrickx, Provinciale Hogeschool Limburg, Hasselt, Belgium Nabil Swelim, Archaeological Society of Alexandria, Egypt Francesco Raffaele, Associazione Napoletana di Studi Egittologici, Naples, Italy Merel Eyckerman, Provinciale Hogeschool Limburg, Hasselt, Belgium Renée F. Friedman, British Museum, London, United Kingdom In the early 1980s, Nabil Swelim copied the stay at Aswan, when Habachi was not very rock art scene which is the topic of the present active, as he admitted himself (Kamil 2007: contribution from a slide photograph (fi g. 1). 65), but rather when he began working at The image was among the papers of the late Elephantine and developed a keen interest in Labib Habachi (1906-1984, see Kamil 2007), rock inscriptions (Kamil 2007: 182-183). The in his apartment at Manshiyet el Bakry near photograph may therefore have been taken as Heliopolis. Labib Habachi intended to pub- early as the late 1940s. lish the image himself and at some point When inquiring about the document Hans Goedicke also planned to do so, but, among a number of specialists, John Dar- ultimately this was never achieved. After all of nell provided the missing information these years, it now seems appropriate to pub- regarding its location when he recognized lish this important document (fi g. 1 & 2). that a very sketchy drawing of the scene had According to Labib Habachi, this rock art scene been published in Morgan et al. (1894: 203) is in the Aswan vicinity, but the precise loca- (fi g. 3), after information provided by A.H. -
Before the Pyramids Oi.Uchicago.Edu
oi.uchicago.edu Before the pyramids oi.uchicago.edu before the pyramids baked clay, squat, round-bottomed, ledge rim jar. 12.3 x 14.9 cm. Naqada iiC. oim e26239 (photo by anna ressman) 2 oi.uchicago.edu Before the pyramids the origins of egyptian civilization edited by emily teeter oriental institute museum puBlications 33 the oriental institute of the university of chicago oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922920 ISBN-10: 1-885923-82-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-82-0 © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2011. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago This volume has been published in conjunction with the exhibition Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization March 28–December 31, 2011 Oriental Institute Museum Publications 33 Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban Rebecca Cain and Michael Lavoie assisted in the production of this volume. Published by The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 1155 East 58th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA oi.uchicago.edu For Tom and Linda Illustration Credits Front cover illustration: Painted vessel (Catalog No. 2). Cover design by Brian Zimerle Catalog Nos. 1–79, 82–129: Photos by Anna Ressman Catalog Nos. 80–81: Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Printed by M&G Graphics, Chicago, Illinois. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Service — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ∞ oi.uchicago.edu book title TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. Gil J. -
Making, Remaking and Unmaking Early 'Writing'
“It Is Written”?: Making, remaking and unmaking early ‘writing’ in the lower Nile Valley Kathryn E. Piquette Freie Universität Berlin Introduction Analysis and interpretation of inscribed objects often focus on their written meanings and thus their status as products of completed action. Attention is less commonly directed to the ways in which past actors intermingled and transformed material substances via particular tools and embodied behaviours — the material practices which give rise to graphical expres- sion and anchor subsequent acts of symbolic meaning (re-)construction. Building on research into the materiality of early writing and related image making (see Piquette 2007; 2008), this chapter focusses on one aspect of written object ‘life histories’ — the processes of remaking and unmaking. I explore below the dynamic unfolding and reformulation of ‘writing’ and related imagery as artefact within the context of a selection of early inscribed objects from the lower Nile Valley (Figure 1). The more portable writing surfaces include over 4000 objects, including small labels, ceramic and stone vessels, stelae, seals and seal impressions, imple- ments, and personal items (Regulski 2010: 6, 242). The geographically- and temporally-related marks on fixed stone surfaces (variously referred to as ‘petroglyphs’, ‘rock art’, ‘rock inscrip- tions’ or ‘graffiti’, e.g. Redford and Redford 1989; Storemyr 2009) also constitute a crucial dataset for questions of early writing and image-making practices in north-east Africa, but fall outside the scope of this chapter. For its basis, this inquiry examines comparatively three inscribed find types: small perforated plaques or ‘labels’ of bone, ivory and wood; stone ves- sels; and stone stelae. -
Major Geological Fissure Through Prehistoric Lion Monument at Giza Inspired Split Lion Hieroglyphs and Ancient Egypt’S Creation Myth
Archaeological Discovery, 2019, 7, 211-256 https://www.scirp.org/journal/ad ISSN Online: 2331-1967 ISSN Print: 2331-1959 Major Geological Fissure through Prehistoric Lion Monument at Giza Inspired Split Lion Hieroglyphs and Ancient Egypt’s Creation Myth Manu Seyfzadeh, Robert M. Schoch Institute for the Study of the Origins of Civilization, College of General Studies, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA How to cite this paper: Seyfzadeh, M., & Abstract Schoch, R. M. (2019). Major Geological Fissure through Prehistoric Lion Monu- In search of textual references to a monumental lion at Giza predating the ment at Giza Inspired Split Lion Hierog- Old Kingdom, we focused our investigation on the earliest use of three an- lyphs and Ancient Egypt’s Creation Myth. cient Egyptian hieroglyphs depicting the frontal and caudal halves of a lion Archaeological Discovery, 7, 211-256. and a fissure-like symbol. These symbols first appear in Egypt’s proto- and https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2019.74011 early dynastic era and form part of Egypt’s earliest known set of written lan- Received: August 5, 2019 guage symbols. During the First Dynasty, these symbols were both carved in- Accepted: August 30, 2019 to ivory tags and painted onto jars to designate the quality of oil shipped as Published: September 2, 2019 grave goods to both royal and private tombs. The same iconography and symbols appear in the creation story recorded on the frieze and upper register Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. of the Edfu Temple’s enclosure wall, where the frontal and caudal animal This work is licensed under the Creative parts are used to name two of seven personified creation words, the so-called Commons Attribution International ḏ3jsw1, uttered during the act of creating the world from the primordial flood License (CC BY 4.0). -
9783110705805.Pdf
Anthony Harding Bronze Age Lives Münchner Vorlesungen zu Antiken Welten Herausgegeben vom Münchner Zentrum für Antike Welten (MZAW) Band 6 Anthony Harding Bronze Age Lives ISBN 978-3-11-070570-6 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-070580-5 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-070586-7 ISSN 2198-9664 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licens-es/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020947207 Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Anthony Harding, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Prefaceand acknowledgements This book is the written version of aseries of lecturesdelivered in Munich in the academic year 2015–16 to members of the MünchnerZentrumfür Antike Welten (MZAW) when Iwas Gastprofessor für Kulturgeschichte des AltertumsinLudwig- Maximilians-Universität München. The lectureshavebeen turned into awritten text rather thanaspoken lecture, with bibliography, and have been significantly updated – something that was essential giventhe huge amount of publishedma- terial thathas emergedinthe last few years and continues to emerge,inpartic- ular the highlynovel and important developments in archaeogenetics. In No- vember 2015,when the first lecture was given, there wereonlyacouple of relevant papers available dealing with the genetic origin of Bronze Agepeople; since then, three or four papers ayear have appeared, shedding light on the whole area in ways that were scarcelyimaginable adecade ago. -
Les Grands Mastabas De La Ire Dynastie À Saqqara Stan Hendrickx, Provinciale Hogeschool Limburg (Hasselt, Belgium)
Fig. 1 Situation de la nécropole des premières dynasties à Saqqara. D’après Kemp 1967: 31, fig. 4. 60 ARCHÉO-NIL ● n°18 - mars 2008 Les grands mastabas de la Ire dynastie à Saqqara Stan Hendrickx, Provinciale Hogeschool Limburg (Hasselt, Belgium) Introduction De nos jours, les restes des grands mastabas de Saqqara sont à peine visibles, mais au moment de leur construction, ce n’était pas le cas de ces structures monumentales qui se dressaient sur le bord du plateau de Saqqara, dans la partie nord du site (fig. 1). Comme, à cet endroit, le plateau s’élève d’une trentaine de mètres au-dessus de la plaine alluviale, les tombes monumentales étaient visibles de loin et sans doute de la capitale, Memphis, située approximativement à 4 km, d'où ils formaient une image imposante, riche de signification. Le but de cet article est d’offrir une synthèse des idées actuelles concernant la desti- nation de ces monuments, aussi bien qu’un aperçu de l’évolution architecturale des mastabas de Saqqara pendant la Ire dynastie (Tavares 1999 ; Engel 2003), et d’en tirer une interprétation dans le contexte de la formation de l’État pendant la Ire dynastie. Historique des découvertes Au début du XIXe siècle, les cimetières de Saqqara faisaient partie des endroits réputés pour la recherche d’antiquités destinées au marché de l’art. Dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, une série de statues datant de la IIe et IIIe dynastie avait pris le chemin des grandes collections d’Europe.1 Bien que leur lieu d’origine exact soit inconnu, Saqqara est mentionné comme provenance pour plusieurs d’entre elles, issues très probablement des grands mastabas des IIe et IIIe dynasties. -
Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean During the Old Kingdom: an Archaeological Perspective
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2009 Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Old Kingdom: An Archaeological Perspective Sowada, Karin N. Abstract: This study presents a revised view of Egyptian foreign relations in the eastern Mediterranean during the Old Kingdom (3rd-6th Dynasties) based on an extensive analysis of old and new archaeological data, and its relationship to the well-known textual sources. The material demonstrates that while Egypt’s most important relationships were with Byblos and the Lebanese coast generally, it was an active participant in the geo-political and economic affairs of the Levant throughout much of the third millennium BC. The archaeological data shows that the foundation of these relationships was established at the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period and essentially continued until the end of the 6th Dynasty with ebbs, flows and changes of geographical and political emphasis. It is argued that, despite thepaucity of textual data, the 4th Dynasty represents the apogee of Egypt’s engagement in the region, a time when the centralised state was at the height of its power and control of human and economic capital. More broadly, this study shows that Egyptian interaction in the eastern Mediterranean fits the pattern of state-to-state contact between ruling elites which was underpinned by official expeditions engaged in gift and commodity exchange, diplomatic endeavours and military incursions. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-143040 Monograph Published Version Originally published at: Sowada, Karin N. -
Before the Pyramids Oi.Ucicago.Edu
oi.ucicago.edu Before the pyramids oi.ucicago.edu before the pyramids baked clay, squat, round-bottomed, ledge rim jar. 12.3 x 14.9 cm. Naqada iiC. oim e26239 (photo by anna ressman) 2 oi.ucicago.edu Before the pyramids the origins of egyptian civilization edited by emily teeter oriental institute museum puBlications 33 the oriental institute of the university of chicago oi.ucicago.edu Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922920 ISBN-10: 1-885923-82-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-82-0 © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2011. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago This volume has been published in conjunction with the exhibition Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization March 28–December 31, 2011 Oriental Institute Museum Publications 33 Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban Rebecca Cain and Michael Lavoie assisted in the production of this volume. Published by The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 1155 East 58th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA oi.uchicago.edu For Tom and Linda Illustration Credits Front cover illustration: Painted vessel (Catalog No. 2). Cover design by Brian Zimerle Catalog Nos. 1–79, 82–129: Photos by Anna Ressman Catalog Nos. 80–81: Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Printed by M&G Graphics, Chicago, Illinois. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Service — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ∞ oi.ucicago.edu book title TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. Gil J. -
Abydos Ware and the Location of the Egyptian First Dynasty Royal Tombs
ABYDOS WARE AND THE LOCATION OF THE EGYPTIAN FIRST DYNASTY ROYAL TOMBS Tomoaki NAKANO* Introduction Until quite recently, the location of the Egyptian First Dynasty royal tombs was a central issue in studies of the formative period of ancient Egypt. In the early 1900s, Petrie confirmed eight possible royal tombs of the First Dynasty, mainly on the basis of the discovery of royal stelae, which were supposed to have stood in pairs in front of each tomb (Fig. 1-A).(1) But, about four decades after Petrie's investigations, Emery found a series of more elaborate and larger tombs at Saqqara, the necropolis of the ancient capital of Memphis (Fig. 1-B).(2) After that, a long period of controversy began over the location of the true royal tombs. The discussion has mainly concentrated on comparing the sizes of the tombs at both sites in the wake of Emery's argument that the large Saqqara tombs were true tombs for actual royal burials, whereas the Abydos tombs were used as cenotaphs to commemorate the original homeland of the king of Upper Egypt.(3) Owing to a series of successful archaeological investigations of funerary enclosures(4) and late Predynastic chiefs' tombs in Abydos(5) recently, however, most Egyptologists now believe that there was a royal funerary complex consisting of a funerary enclosure and a tomb for each king in Abydos. Therefore the royal tombs are now believed to have been located in that area rather than in Saqqara. Nevertheless, there are some problems that this view has not focused on yet. -
2 Cultural Anthropology of Dance
Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav archeologie a muzeologie Klasická archeologie Bc. Eva Buchtová Meaning of dance in the Aegean Bronze Age in the context of the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe Význam tance v egejské době bronzové v kontextu východního Středomoří a Evropy Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Věra Klontza, Ph.D. 2018 Affidavit I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the sources listed in the bibliography. This thesis was not used to obtain an academic degree at any other university. …………… Acknowledgements My great thanks belong to Mgr. Věra Klontza, Ph.D. for professional supervision over my thesis and mainly for her patience. Also support of other university staff was important for me, no less than support from classmates. This thesis would not be written without the encouragement of my husband and daughter. 3 Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 The goals of the thesis ................................................................................. 7 1.2 Sources and methodology ............................................................................ 8 1.2.1 Dance from the perspective of ancient authors ........................................ 9 1.2.2 History of the research ........................................................................... 12 1.3 Question of chronology and geographical borders .................................... 13 1.3.1 Aegean region -
Nameless Lives at Tarkhan and Saqqara Early Tombs and the Ka
CHAPTER 1 Nameless Lives at Tarkhan and Saqqara Early Tombs and the Ka Burials and Beliefs in Predynastic Cemeteries One of the most regularly repeated refrains within Egyptian archaeology is the extent to which the subject is relatively blessed with the survival of ancient tombs and cemeteries when compared to settlement sites. Indeed many ancient towns and cities can only be located because of the survival of their cemeteries while the dwellings of the Living have dis- appeared beneath the floodplain of the Nile. This is especially true for the Predynastic – the period before the unification of Egypt at c.3050 BC. While shifts in the course of the Nile over the past six thousand years mean that a few Predynastic towns are now on the desert rather than submerged beneath the damp Nile silt of the cultivation, it is still the desert-edge cemeteries, deliberately placed there, which provide the best corpus of evidence for Egypt before the pharaohs (Wengrow 2006; Wilkinson 1999). The evidence from the excavation of hundreds of Predynastic graves (Castillos 1982), especially from the cemeteries of southern Egypt, makes it possible to describe, in broad terms, typical burials of the Predynastic Period and its sub-divisions, although it should also be noted that, as later, no two gravesCOPYRIGHTED of the Predynastic are identical MATERIAL in their form or contents. Typical burials of the Badarian (c.4500–3800 BC) consist of oval pits contain- ing contracted burials, lying on their left side, head to the south, facing west, lying on a mat and wrapped/covered by a mat or gazelle skin.