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Lives of the Ancient Egyptians Lives of the Ancient Egyptians

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Lives of the Ancient Egyptians Lives of the Ancient Egyptians LIVES OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS LIVES OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS Toby Wilkinson With 18 illustrations CONTENTS For Emma introduction xi Illustration credits On the cover: Friezes from the tomb of Inerkhau, foreman of a team Part 1 Foundations 1 of artisans who decorated the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings, early dynastic period 20th Dynasty. Photo © Sandro Vannini 1 Narmer 3 Frontispiece: Vignette from the Great Harris Papyrus: Ramesses III (no. 78) stands before Ra-Horakhty. British Museum, London egypt’s first king 2 Merneith 6 Plate illustrations listed by figure number: the first woman to hold the reins of power Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen 3 Den 7 zu Berlin 11, 15, 16; British Museum, London 3, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14; Brooklyn reforming ruler of the 1st dynasty Museum of Art 9; Egyptian Museum, Cairo 1, 6; Frank Teichmann 17; Photo Heidi Grassley © Thames & Hudson Ltd, London12 ; © Jürgen 4 Khasekhemwy 9 Liepe 2, 4; Werner Forman Archive 5 harbinger of the pyramid age 5 Djoser 12 First published in the United Kingdom in 2007 by builder of the step pyramid Thames & Hudson Ltd, 181a High Holborn, London, wc1v 7qx 6 Hesira 15 chief dentist at the court of djoser This paperback edition 2019 7 Imhotep 17 architect and sage who became a god Lives of the Ancient Egyptians © 2007 and 2019 Thames & Hudson Ltd, London 8 Metjen 20 Text by Toby Wilkinson career civil servant Typeset by Mark Bracey Part 2 The Pyramid Age 22 old kingdom All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication 9 Hetepheres 25 may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including mother of king khufu photocopy, recording or any other information storage 10 Khufu 27 and retrieval system, without prior permission in lord of the great pyramid writing from the publisher. 11 Hemiunu 29 overseer of works British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 12 Perniankhu 31 court dwarf isbn 978-0-500-29480-2 13 Ptahshepses 32 royal son-in-law Printed and bound in the UK by CPI (UK) Ltd 14 Pepiankh 34 To find out about all our publications, centenarian official please visit www.thamesandhudson.com. There you can subscribe to our e-newsletter, browse or download our current catalogue, and buy any titles that are in print. 15 Unas 36 33 Khnumhotep 83 the enigmatic monarch hereditary noble 16 Metjetji 39 34 Ikhernofret 85 courtier, patron, aesthete witness of the osiris mysteries 17 Mereruka 41 35 Senusret III 88 grand vizier lord of nubia 18 Weni 43 36 Horwerra 91 royal factotum expedition leader 19 Harkhuf 46 37 Sobekhotep III 93 explorer of distant lands commoner who became king 20 Pepi II 49 egypt’s longest-reigning king Part 4 A Golden Age 96 21 Pepinakht-Heqaib 51 Early 18th Dynasty local hero 38 Apepi 98 an asiatic on the throne of egypt Part 3 Civil War and Restoration 55 39 Taa II 100 First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom king slain in battle against the hyksos 22 Tjauti 58 40 Ahmose-Nefertari 102 controller of desert routes royal daughter, wife and mother 23 Ankhtifi 59 41 Ahmose son of Abana 104 provincial leader in a time of civil war wartime naval officer 24 Hemira 61 42 Ahmose Pennekhbet 107 humble priestess from the delta soldier under four successive monarchs 25 Intef II 63 43 Hatshepsut 108 theban warrior-king the female pharaoh 26 Tjetji 65 44 Senenmut 112 high official who served two monarchs favoured courtier of hatshepsut 27 Mentuhotep II 67 45 Thutmose III 115 reunifier of egypt creator of an egyptian empire 28 Meketra 71 46 Menkheperraseneb 118 chancellor under mentuhotep ii high priest of amun 29 Amenemhat I 73 47 Rekhmira 120 victim of a court conspiracy prime minister of upper egypt 30 Hekanakht 76 48 Dedi 123 farmer and letter-writer governor of the western desert 31 Sarenput 78 49 Qenamun 124 prince of elephantine bombastic chief steward 32 Hapdjefa 81 50 Nakht 127 provincial governor with a legal mindset humble owner of a beautiful tomb 51 Sennefer 128 68 Urhiya 180 mayor of thebes foreigner who became an army general 52 Amenhotep III 130 69 Yupa 182 ruler of a golden age successful second-generation immigrant 53 Tiye 134 70 Ramesses II 183 queen with an interest in power-politics the greatest of all pharaohs 54 Userhat 136 71 Raia 187 lowly scribe, artistic patron a musician from memphis 55 Amenhotep son of Hapu 138 72 Khaemwaset 189 the king’s right-hand man the first egyptologist 73 Mes 191 Part 5 The Great Heresy 141 victor in a long-running court case Amarna Period 74 Didia 194 56 Akhenaten 143 chief draughtsman of foreign ancestry the heretic pharaoh 75 Merenptah 195 57 Nefertiti 147 the pharaoh who subdued israel the power behind the throne 76 Paneb 198 58 Meryra 149 notorious criminal zealot of a new religion 77 Bay 200 59 Bak 152 king-maker sculptor who led an artistic revolution 78 Ramesses III 202 60 Mahu 154 the last great king of egypt akhenaten’s chief of police 79 Ramessesnakht 206 61 Huy 157 high priest under the late ramessides viceroy of kush 80 Naunakht 207 62 Tutankhamun 159 woman who disinherited her ungrateful children the boy king 81 Thutmose 209 63 Ankhesenamun 163 correspondent in a time of trouble tutankhamun’s child bride 82 Panehsy 212 64 Maya 165 strongman who challenged royal power royal treasurer 83 Herihor 214 65 Ay 167 great overseer of the army the great survivor Part 7 Twilight of the Gods 217 Part 6 Imperial Egypt 171 Third Intermediate Period, Ramesside Period Late Period and Ptolemaic Period 66 Horemheb 174 84 Wendjebaendjedet 220 founder of a new age royal favourite 67 Sennedjem 178 workman in the valley of the kings 85 Osorkon 222 INTRODUCTION prince caught up in a bitter power struggle 86 Piye 224 the first black pharaoh What was it really like to live in ancient Egypt? Our impression of 87 Harwa 227 steward of the divine adoratrice pharaonic civilization is dominated by its visible remains, by pyra- 88 Montuemhat 229 mids, temples and tombs: but what of the people who commissioned governor of thebes in uncertain times and built them, who staffed the offices of central and provincial gov- 89 Padiamenope 231 ernment, who served in the temples, who fought to defend Egypt’s owner of the largest private tomb in egypt borders, who toiled in its fields? What of the men and women of 90 Nitiqret (Nitocris) 233 the Nile Valley who created and sustained its spectacular culture? god’s wife, king’s servant Individual perspectives on ancient Egypt are rarely encountered in 91 Sematawytefnakht (I) 234 the literature, with the exception of a few well-known pharaohs, royal flotilla commander such as Hatshepsut or Amenhotep III, Ramesses II or Cleopatra. 92 Ahmose II (Amasis) 236 Yet rulers lived lives heavily circumscribed by ideology and ritual usurper who made peace with the greeks and, for this reason, they are often rather less interesting witnesses 93 Wedjahorresnet 239 admiral who collaborated with the persians than their subjects. It is surprising, therefore, that so little has been 94 Wennefer (Onnofri) 241 written about the ordinary people who actually experienced Egyptian snake doctor and political survivor civilization at first hand. For it is only by sharing their viewpoint that 95 Nakhthorheb (Nectanebo II) 243 we can begin to appreciate the variety and complexity of life under the egypt’s last native ruler pharaohs. That is the simple aim of this book: to explore the history 96 Sematawytefnakht (II) 245 and culture of ancient Egypt through the lives of its inhabitants, eyewitness of alexander’s conquest to give them their own voice. 97 Padiusir (Petosiris) 246 In selecting our hundred subjects, the aim has been to strike a devoted servant of his local god balance – chronological, geographical and social. The limits of the 98 Ptolemy I 248 macedonian general who founded a dynasty available evidence have not always made this an easy task. Take the chronological scope of ancient Egyptian civilization: 3,000 years 99 Manetho 251 the father of egyptian history separated the birth of the Egyptian state from its absorption into the 100 Cleopatra VII 253 Roman empire. Put another way, the era of the Great Pyramid was tragic queen who became a legend more remote from Cleopatra’s time than she is from our own. If a single generation approximates to thirty years, then ancient Egypt – as chronology and king list 257 an independent and vibrant culture – spanned one hundred gener- sources of quotations 260 ations. Hence, with one hundred lives, this book should be able to further reading 262 cover every phase of pharaonic history in equal detail. Unfortunately, index 270 the vagaries of archaeological preservation do not permit so even- handed an approach. More is known about a single thirty-year span in the fourteenth century bc (the so-called Amarna Period) than about xi PART 1 Foundations Early Dynastic Period Around 3000 bc, the first nation-state in history was born – in Egypt. In the Nile Valley and Delta (known to the Egyptians themselves as the Two Lands), the various rival kingdoms and territories which had developed over a period of a thousand years were unified into a single country ruled over by a single king who claimed divine authority. This process, known as the unification, seems to have occurred fairly quickly, taking a few generations at most to complete.
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