6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76238-0 - Wind Power Peter Musgrove Index More information

Index

AC (alternating current), 65 Brush, Charles, 60–1 Acciona, 179, 180 Burbo Bank wind farm, 190 Aermotor, 55 bushel, 27, 40, 233 Agricco, 65 BWEA, 155, 272 air density, 228 Albion Mill, 48 Californian wind boom, 112–19 Altamont Pass, 113, 114, 116 Canada, 202–3 asynchronous generator. See induction candlepower, 57, 61 generator canvas, 30 AWEA, 196 capacity credit, 141 capacity factor, 93, 170, 176, 193, 200, 271 Balaclava, 67–8 carbon capture and storage (CCS), 11, 210–11 balance of plant, 131 carbon dioxide, 4, 5, 209, 221 battery, storage, 58, 61, 62, 63, 70 Carmarthen Bay test centre, 147, 151 bed stone, 33 Carno wind farm, 163 BEST-Romani, 79 CCS. See carbon capture and storage Betz limit, 42, 229 CEGB, 138, 144, 155 biomass, 213, 214 Cemmaes wind farm, 182, 183 blade, 8, 216 China, 162, 205–8 aluminium, 90, 99 wind power capacity, 12, 206, 215 downwind, 71, 75 climate change, 6 fibreglass, 76, 80, 91, 105, 108 Clipper, 199 number, 36, 53, 69, 71, 102, 229–31 coal-fired power station, 11 pitch, 68, 71, 77, 126, 127 cone, 71, 83 steel, 71, 91 corn, 301 twist, 77, 235 Costa Hill, 83 upwind, 74, 75, 79 Coulomb, Charles, 32, 35, 47, 236–9, 250, wood-epoxy, 91, 94, 287 259, 302 Blyth, James, 58–60 CP See power coefficient Boeing, 91, 92, 93 Cretan windmill, 260 Bogø, 75, 76 Crown Estate, 189 Bonus, 109, 111, 117, 118, 163, 169 Cubitt, William, 41 brake air, 78, 85, 108 Darrieus wind turbine, 95–9 mechanical, 30, 78, 108 Darrieus, Georges, 96, 145 parking, 78 Daudet, Alphonse, 49 brake, aerodynamic. See brake, air DC (direct current), 65 brakewheel, 20, 30 Dehlsen, Jim, 116, 199 bran, 49 Dekker, Adriaan, 52, 304 bread, 27, 49–51 Delabole wind farm, 157, 181

320

Index 321

Denmark, 102–11, 123, 125–6, 162–71, 215 greenhouse gas. See carbon dioxide wind power capacity, 11, 125, 169–70 Grove-Nielsen, Erik, 108 wind power density, 177 Growian, 101 DFIG. See induction generator, wound rotor Divone, Louis, 96, 98 Hamilton Standard, 94 drag, 17, 19, 22 Harverson, Michael, 246, 255 rotor, 231–2 Hau, Erich, 272, 275, 277 drainage mill. See windmill, drainage Heronemus, William, 138 Horns Rev wind farm, 166, 168 efficiency, 231 Howden Group, 151 electric lighting, 57–8 Hütter, Ulrich, 80, 92, 105 Enercon, 134, 172–3, 175 HVK, 107 energy payback, 8, 252 hydroelectric power, 213, 214 energy storage, 140 Enfield–Andreau, 83, 84 India, 162, 203–5 Enron, 174, 195, 197 wind power capacity, 205, 215 environmental concerns, 186 induction generator, 67 birds, 119 wound rotor, 93 noise, 175, 182, 185–6 intermittency. See variability visual, 119, 182, 186 Isle of Man, 84, 86 ERA, 82, 137 Italy, 162 EWEA, 130, 132, 159 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 190, 286 Jacobs, Marcellus, 68–70 Japan, 203 fantail, 39 jobs, 12, 13, 176, 202 feed-in tariff, 168, 171, 174–5, 178–9 John Brown, 82 Flettner, Anton, 65 Jorgensen, Karl Erik, 107 flour, 50, 51 Juul, Johannes, 75 Flowind, 99 flutter, 81 Kelvin, Lord. See Thomson, Sir William fossil fuels, 3 Kenetech, 120, 195 foundation, 164, 283 kilowatt (kW), 3 foundation, offshore, 165, 166 kilowatt-hour (kWh), 3 France, 162 KVS-33, 120, 195 furling, 54 La Cour, Poul, 63–4 Gamesa, 179–80 Langdon, John, 28, 29, 245 gas-fired power station Lawson-Tancred, Sir Henry, 149 energy cost, 11, 217 Lee, Edmund, 39 GE, 89, 174, 197, 199 lift (aerodynamic), 22 gearbox efficiency, 80, 128 light bulb, 57, 58, 61 gearbox torque, 273 London Array, 190 Gedser, 76–9, 89, 103 LS-1, 142 generator efficiency, 80, 128 Lykkegaard, 65, 73 geothermal power, 214, 296 Germany, 101–2, 134–5, 162, 171–8 Magnus effect, 65 wind power capacity, 11–12, 135, 161, 171, MAN, 101, 134 175, 215 MBB, 102 wind power density, 176 meal, 34, 50 Gipe, Paul, 93, 96 megawatt (MW), 3 global warming. See climate change Meikle, Andrew, 40 gluten, 51 Micon, 117, 164 Goldwind, 206, 207 Middelgrunden wind farm, 284 governor, centrifugal, 40, 69 mill, roller, 51 Goyon, Charles de, 60 power required, 51 grain, 27, 34, 49 milling Grandpa’s Knob, 72 high, 50

322 Index

milling (cont.) Putnam, Palmer, 70 low, 49 PV systems, 6, 213, 214 power required, 28, 233–4 energy cost, 7 millstone, 24, 26, 33–5 Mitsubishi, 203 radio, 68 Mod-0 & Mod-1, 89–91 rate of return, 131, 217 Mod-2, 92, 93 Rayleigh distribution, 247, 305 Mod-5B, 93 reef, 29, 40 Monopteros, 102 Renewables Obligation, 187–9, 219 MS-2, 153 Renewables Portfolio Standard. See RPS MS-3, 153, 182 Repower, 175 Reynolds number, 303 nacelle, 72, 111, 166 Righter, Robert, 96 NEG Micon, 164, 169, 183 Riisager, Christian, 106 Netherlands, 133–4, 203 Risø, 108, 132 Neyrpic, 80 RO. See Renewables Obligation NFFO, 156–7, 181, 182, 184–6 ROC, 187 NFPA, 282, 290 RPS, 196 Nibe A, 103 runner stone, 33 Nibe B, 103 Ryle, Sir Martin, 278 noise. See environmental concerns Nordtank, 109, 111, 117, 164 sack, 40 Norse mill, 257 sail, windmill, 20, 21, 30–2, 36 North Hoyle wind farm, 7, 189 common, 40 nuclear power, 211–12 patent, 41 energy cost, 9–10, 86, 133, 156, 212 spring, 40 nuclear power station San Gorgonio Pass, 114, 116 Chernobyl, 211 Savonius, Sigurd, 66 Olkiluoto, 212 Severn barrage, 137 Sizewell B, 133, 144 Siemens, 169 Three Mile Island, 88 sieving, 50 Nysted/Rødsand wind farm, 166, 168 Sinovel, 208 Smeaton, John, 32, 35, 36, 37, 47, 233–6, 241, offshore wind farm. See wind farm, offshore 242–3, 250, 301 oil crisis, 87, 137, 209 Smidth, F.L., 74 oil price, 78, 86, 88, 161, 216–17 Smith (Horley). See Isle of Man post-war history, 10 Smith–Putnam, 73, 89 Økær Vind Energi, 108 SO contracts, 118 OPEC, 87 solar energy, 6, 212 operations and maintenance, 132, 154 solar thermal power, 214 Orkney, 82, 142, 151 solidity, 54, 66, 129, 148, 230 Outwood mill, 36, 40 Spain, 162, 178–80 wind power capacity, 11, 180, 215 pitch control, 77, 126, 127 wind power density, 180 Pitstone mill, 1 spar, 30, 32, 39, 242 Portugal, 162 spoiler, 74, 108 power coefﬁcient, 42, 98, 127, 229 SRO, 184 power output stall, 77, 96 horse, 28, 250 stall control, 77, 126, 127 person, 3 active, 284 windmill. See windmill, traditional Stern, Sir Nicholas, 4, 5 power smoothing, 68, 72, 98 Stiesdal, Henrik, 107, 272, 275 Prinsenmolen Committee, 239–41, 243 stock. See spar privatisation, 133, 155 Storm Master, 116 PTC, 195 Suzlon, 204–5 public opinion surveys, 119 Sweden, 99–100 PURPA, 112, 118 synchronous generator, 72

Index 323

Tacke, 134, 173 Wind Energy Group. See WEG Taendpipe/Velling Maersk wind farm, 125 wind farm, 113, 125, 163–4, 223 tail vane, 54, 69 wind farm, offshore, 139, 144, 165–9, 189–92, Tanti, Tulsi, 204 221, 223–4 teeter, 80, 93 wind power installed capacity. See also Tehachapi, 115 by country terawatt-hour (TWh), 122 Europe, 11, 159, 161 test discount rate, 131 global, 11–12, 160–1, 215, 221 Thomson, Sir William, 58 wind power, global electricity supply, 13, 221–3 tidal power, 213, 214 wind speed tip speed ratio, 98, 230, 244 average, 8, 28, 43, 44, 55, 128 tip speed, 272 distribution, 247–9 Tjaereborg, 103 shut down, 43, 128 tower starting, 43, 128 concrete, 74, 77, 99 survival, 129 lattice, 79, 89, 111, 119, 205 variation with height, 247 tubular, 92, 100, 111, 295 wind-turbine, 7, 223–4 troposkien, 99 horizontal-axis, 17 Tunø Knob wind farm, 165 rated power, 80, 129 turbulence, 62, 109, 123, 127, 234 small, 96, 299 Tvind, 105–6 variable-speed, 120, 275 TWh. See terawatt-hour vertical-axis, 17, 96, 145–9, 280, 281 wind vane, 72, 77, 111 U.S. Windpower, 113, 116, 120 WindMaster Nederland, 134 UK, 162, 181–94 Windmatic, 150 domestic electricity consumption, 3 windmill offshore wind resource, 9, 138, 144, 224 horizontal, 17 on-land wind resource, 8 vertical, 17 wind power capacity, 11, 12, 135, 184, 193 windmill, American. See windpump United States, 162, 194–202 windmill, Chinese, 20 domestic electricity consumption, 250 windmill, drainage, 46–7, 239 on-land wind resource, 13, 201, 224 windmill, Hero’s, 15 wind power capacity, 12, 119, 199, 200, 215 windmill, Persian, 15–18, 245–6 wind power density, 202 windmill, traditional, 1 twelfth-century origin, 22–6, 27 variability, 9, 140–2, 200, 201, 219–21 thirteenth-century economics, 24, 28 VAWT 25, 147 nineteenth-century decline, 48–52 VAWT 35, 147, 149 milling capacity, 28, 29, 45 VAWTpower, 99 numbers, 47–8, 51–2 Vestas, 107, 108, 111, 116, 126, 164, 169 output power, 1, 28, 41–6, 243–5 Vester Egesborg, 75, 76 post mill, 20–2, 27–37 Vindeby wind farm, 165 smock mill, 37–9 visual change. See environmental concerns tower mill, 39 windpump, multi-bladed, 52–6 watermill, 15, 24, 25 numbers, 55–6 Watt, James, 2, 48 output power, 55 wave power, 137, 138, 213, 214 windshaft, 20, 32, 36 weather (of sail), 32, 235 Wobben, Aloys, 172 WEG, 142, 153, 183 WTG, 151 Weibull distribution, 305 WTS-3, 94, 100 wheat, 27, 49, 51 WTS-4, 94, 95 Wicken windmill, 241 WTS-75, 99 Wilton windmill, 41 Wincharger, 68 yaw motor, 77, 111 wind energy, 8 yaw orientation, 72, 77, 89, 268 cost, 8, 132, 170–1, 176, 200, 217–19 global resource, 8, 225 Zond, 116, 117, 194–5