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Visual Assessment of Windfarms: Best Practice

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Visual Assessment of Windfarms: Best Practice Visual Assessment of Windfarms: Best Practice Report No. F01AA303A For further information on this report please contact: Nigel Buchan Scottish Natural Heritage 2 Anderson Place, Edinburgh EH6 5NP [email protected] This report should be quoted as: University of Newcastle (2002) Visual Assessment of Windfarms Best Practice. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report F01AA303A. This report or any part of it should not be reproduced without the permission of Scottish Natural Heritage which will not be unreasonably withheld. The views expressed by the author(s) of this report should not be taken as the views and policies of Scottish Natural Heritage. Scottish Natural Heritage 2002. COMMISSIONED REPORT F01AA303A SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE 2002 1 COMMISSIONED REPORT Summary Visual Assessment of Windfarms: Best Practice Report No: F01AA303A Contractor : University of Newcastle BACKGROUND The development process for many windfarms requires formal environmental impact assessment (EIA) and the incorporation of the results into an environmental statement (ES). SNH’s experience is that there can be a great deal of variation in the way that visual impact assessment (VIA) is dealt with in EIA. This project involved: a review of relevant guidance, research and development work on visibility, visual impact and significance; an investigation of the visibility of eight existing Scottish windfarms; a comparison between as-built visibility and estimates of visibility in the ESs; evaluation of Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) and other assessment tools; and generation of Best Practice Guidelines for VIA of windfarms. MAIN FINDINGS • Many guidelines on windfarm development appear to be based on first generation windfarms and need to be revised for second and third generation turbines. • There is some research and a wide and diverse range of guidance and opinion on the detailed issues of ZVI, distance, visibility and significance for windfarms, explained by the complexity and the subjectivity of the issues, the desire of one set of windfarm interests to minimise the political, professional and public perception of the visual (and landscape) effects of windfarms and an opposing desire by another set of interests to maximise these perceptions. • The magnitude or size of windfarm elements, and the distance between them and the viewer, are basic physical measures that affect visibility, but the key issue is human perception of visual effects, and that is not simply a function of size and distance. • The influences on apparent magnitude are reviewed, including factors that tend to increase it and factors that tend to reduce it. A new conceptual model and schema for assessing visual effects is provided. • Based on survey work at eight sites - Beinn An Tuirc, Beinn Ghlas, Deucheran Hill, Dun Law, Hagshaw Hill, Hare Hill, Novar and Windy Standard - an overall analysis is provided of the effects on visibility of the Size and Scale of the Development, Proportional Visibility, Lighting, Movement and Orientation, Distance, Colour and Contrast, Contrast, Skylining and Backclothing, Elevation of Windfarm and Human Receptor and Colour and Design. • Zones of Visual Influence (ZVI) are never wholly accurate and other tools such as photomontage are never wholly realistic. Suggestions are made of ways to address these issues. For further information on this project contact : Nigel Buchan, Scottish Natural Heritage, 2 Anderson Place, Edinburgh EH6 5NP. For further information on the SNH Research & Technical Support Programme contact [email protected] COMMISSIONED REPORT F01AA303A SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE 2002 2 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Background Research 2.2 Case Study Sites 2.3 Case Study Survey and Analysis 2.4 Timetable 2.5 Limitations 3 BACKGROUND RESEARCH 3.1 Guidelines on Windfarm Development 3.2 Research and Development Studies 3.3 Visual Effects and Design Issues 3.4 Visibility and Perception 3.5 Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) 3.6 The Accuracy of ZVI Predictions 3.7 Visual Effects, Distance and Impacts 3.8 Photomontage 3.9 Significance 3.10 Public Attitudes 3.11 Cumulative Effects 4 CASE STUDY SITES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Beinn An Tuirc 4.3 Beinn Ghlas 4.4 Deucheran Hill 4.5 Dun Law 4.6 Hagshaw Hill 4.7 Hare Hill 4.8 Novar 4.9 Windy Standard 4.10 Other Windfarms and Environmental Statements 5 OVERALL ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Influences on Visibility 5.3 Assessment of Visibility 6 DISCUSSION 6.1 Visual Impact Assessment 6.2 Effects of Distance 6.3 Receptor Sensitivity 6.4 Significance 6.5 Conclusions COMMISSIONED REPORT F01AA303A SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE 2002 3 7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BEST PRACTICE FOR VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 REFERENCES 10 APPENDICES Appendix 1:List of Environmental Statements and Related Documents Used for Case Study Sites Appendix 2: Additional Data Sources for As-built Case Study Sites Appendix 3: List of Other Environmental Statements and Related Documents Appendix 4: Project Brief Appendix 5: Summary of Findings from a Study of Hagshaw Hill Windfarm (Turnbull Jeffrey Partnership, 1997). 11 NOTES LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Project Methodology Figure 2: Conceptual Model for Visual Impact Assessment LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Case Study Sites Table 2: Fieldwork Timetable Table 3: General Perception of a Wind Farm in an Open Landscape (Table from PAN 45). Table 4: The Thomas and Sinclair-Thomas Matrices Table 5: Viewpoint Analysis for Beinn an Tuirc Table 6: Viewpoint Analysis for Beinn Ghlas Table 7: Magnitude of Impact – Visual Receptors (Table F3 from Deucheran Hill ES) Table 8: Impact Matrix (Table 1.2 from Deucheran Hill ES) Table 9: Viewpoint Analysis for Deucheran Hill Table 10: Viewpoint Analysis for Dun Law Table 11: Viewpoint Analysis for Hagshaw Hill Table 12: Viewpoint Analysis for Hare Hill Table 13: Viewpoint Analysis for Novar Table 14: Viewpoint Analysis for Windy Standard Table 15: Published Technical Recommendations for Visual Impact Assessment Table 16: ZVI in Environmental Statements in Relation to Number and Size of Towers Table 17: Recommendations for ZVI in Relation to Overall Height Table 18: Size Classes, Names and Descriptors for Visual Effect (Magnitude) COMMISSIONED REPORT F01AA303A SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE 2002 4 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Concern for the landscape, visual and other environmental effects of tall, industrial or technological structures in the landscape is not new (e.g. Goulty, 1990). In the case of windfarms, however, there is universal acknowledgement that the potential landscape and visual effects are among the most important and to some extent the most intractable issues for obvious and well-rehearsed reasons (e.g. Coles & Taylor, 1993; Lindley, 1994). 1.2 Strategic approaches to the siting of windfarms are advocated through the use of tools such as Geographical Information Systems (GIS) (e.g. Sparkes & Kidner, 1996) and there are commercial software packages such as WindFarmer (Garrad Hassan, no date), WindPRO (EMD, no date) and WindFarm (ReSoft, no date) that combine GIS with procedures for calculating Zones of Visual Influence (ZVI) and producing photomontages. It is not clear if such software is in widespread use in the UK. Ultimately, however, the assessment of all but the smallest individual development project for a windfarm requires formal environmental impact assessment (EIA) and the incorporation of the results of that assessment into an environmental statement (ES). 1.3 Under the EIA Regulations, effects on landscape must be assessed. Established guidance (LI-IEA, 1995 and LI-IEMA, 2002) makes a distinction between landscape effects and visual effects, the latter being considered a specific subset of the former. “Landscape effects derive from changes in the physical landscape which may give rise to changes in its character and how this is experienced. This may in turn affect the perceived value ascribed to the landscape. … Visual effects relate to the changes that arise in the composition of available views as a result of changes to the landscape, to people’s responses to the changes, and to the overall effects with respect to visual amenity” (LI-IEMA, 2002). In this report the focus is mainly on the visual effects for the reasons discussed below. 1.4 Scottish Natural Heritage’s (SNH) experience is that there can be a great deal of variation in the way that assessment of both visual impact and the significance of visual impact are dealt with in EIA documents, including the appropriate distance for Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) surveys. The latter attracts a degree of contention amongst some developers and landscape professionals. There is therefore a need for some independent opinion on all these aspects. 1.5 The brief for the current study (Appendix 4) therefore required that it address the following aims: • to identify any relevant work on visibility, visual impact and significance • to investigate visibility of existing windfarms • to compare as-built visibility with estimates of visibility in ESs • to draw conclusions about appropriate distances for ZVI in different circumstances 1.6 A series of research questions has therefore been posed in order to address these aims: • What research, policy, guidance and opinions exist on issues related to the assessment of the magnitude and significance of the visual effects of windfarms? • Is this literature consistent, and if not, what are the sources of and details of any differences? • What are the key factors that affect visual effects and the assessment of those effects? • What is the visibility of existing windfarms, and is this real-life visibility as predicted by the literature and as predicted in EIA? If not, why not? COMMISSIONED REPORT F01AA303A SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE 2002 5 • Based on the answers to those questions, can recommendations be made for best practice with regard to visual impact assessment within EIA? 1.7 This report is divided into six main sections as follows: • The methodology and approach used for the study are described in section 2. • Background research is described in section 3.
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