USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 1 of 480

20-1025 (Lead); 20-1138 (Consolidated)

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH TRUST; CONSUMERS FOR SAFE CELL PHONES; ELIZABETH BARRIS; THEODORA SCARATO

CHILDREN’S HEALTH DEFENSE; MICHELE HERTZ; PETRA BROKKEN; DR. DAVID O. CARPENTER; DR. PAUL DART; DR. TORIL H. JELTER; DR. ANN LEE; VIRGINIA FARVER, JENNIFER BARAN; PAUL STANLEY, M.Ed. Petitioners

v.

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Respondents Petition for Review of Order Issued by the Federal Communications Commission

DEFERRED JOINT APPENDIX

VOLUME 12

Edward B. Myers Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Law Office of Edward B. Myers Children’s Health Defense 14613 Dehaven Court 1227 North Peachtree Pkwy #202 North Potomac, MD 20878 Peachtree City, GA 30269 Phone: 717-752-2032 Phone: 845-377-0211 [email protected] [email protected] Counsel for Petitioners 20-1025 W. Scott McCollough McCollough Law Firm, P.C. 2290 Gatlin Creek Rd. Dripping Springs, TX 78620 Phone: 512-888-1112 [email protected] Counsel for Petitioners 20-1138 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 2 of 480 INDEX TO DEFERRED APPENDIX

JA Tab Page Date Filer/Author Filing/Attachment Description No. Nos.

VOLUME 1 – Tabs 1-2

COMMISSION ORDER AND NOTICE OF INQUIRY

Dec. 4, 1 1-160 FCC Resolution of Notice of Inquiry Order 2019

Mar. 161- 2 29, FCC Notice of Inquiry 363 2013

VOLUME 2 – Tabs 3 – 7 Part 1

COMMENTS AND OTHER FILINGS

CTIA-The FCC; Comments of the CTIA - The 364- Sep. 3, 3 Wireless Wireless Association, ET Docket No. 428 2013 Association 13-84

CTIA-The FCC; Reply Comments of the CTIA - 429- Nov 18, 4 Wireless The Wireless Association, ET Docket 467 2013 Association No. 13-84

Mobile 468- Sep. 3, FCC; Mobile Manufacturers Forum 5 Manufacturers 572 2013 Comments, ET Docket No. 13-84 Forum

Mobile FCC; Mobile Manufacturers Forum 573- Nov. 18, 6 Manufacturers Reply Comments, ET Docket No. 13- 588 2013 Forum 84

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JA Tab Page Date Filer/Author Filing/Attachment Description No. Nos.

Research Compilation; Abstracts of Joel M. 7 Part 589- Sep. 16, over 2,100 studies published between Moskowitz 1 764 2019 1990 - 2017; Prof. Henry Lai. (Tab 7 PhD Part 1)

VOLUME 3 – Tab 7 Part 2

Research Compilation; Abstracts of Joel M. 7 Part 765- Sep. 16, over 2,100 studies published between Moskowitz 2 1164 2019 1990 - 2017; Prof. Henry Lai.(Tab 7 PhD Part 2)

VOLUME 4 – Tab 7 Part 3

Research Compilation; Abstracts of Joel M. 7 Part 1165- Sep. 16, over 2,100 studies published between Moskowitz 3 1564 2019 1990 - 2017; Prof. Henry Lai.(Tab 7 PhD Part 3)

VOLUME 5 – Tabs 7 Part 4 – 8 Part 1

Research Compilation; Abstracts of Joel M. 7 Part 1565- Sep. 16, over 2,100 studies published between Moskowitz 4 1602 2019 1990 - 2017; Prof. Henry Lai.(Tab 7 PhD Part 4)

Research Compilation; Abstracts of Joel M. 8 Part 1603- Sep. 13, Over 600 Studies Published Between Moskowitz 1 1964 2019 August 2016- August 2019, Dr. Joel PhD Moskowitz; 2019 (Tab 8 Part 1)

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VOLUME 6 – Tabs 8 Part 2 - 10

Research Compilation; Abstracts of Joel M. 8 Part 1965- Sep. 13, Over 600 Studies Published Between Moskowitz 2 2130 2019 August 2016- August 2019, Dr. Joel PhD Moskowitz; 2019 (Tab 8 Part 2)

Research Compilation; Abstracts of 2131- Sep. 28, Gary C. 9 15 New Studies, Dr. Joel Moskowitz 2142 2016 Vesperman PhD, 2016

2143- Jul. 7, Environmental Research Compilation; Studies and 10 2378 2016 Health Trust Documents; City of Pinole, CA

VOLUME 7 – Tabs 11 – 13 Part 1

US Exposures Limits - A History of 2379- Jul. 7, Environmental 11 Their Creation, Comments and 2389 2016 Health Trust Explanations; Eng. Lloyd Morgan

Biosystem & Ecosystem; Birds, Bees and Mankind: Destroying Nature by 2390- Aug. 26, Heidi M. 12 ‘Electrosmog’: Effects of Mobile 2439 2016 Lumpkin Radio and Wireless Communication. Dr. Ulrich Warnke, Ph.D., 2007

Parents for Cancer; IARC Monograph: Non- 13 2440- Jul. 13, Safe Ionizing Radiation Part 2: RF EMFs, Part 1 2778 2016 Technology 2013 (Tab 13 Part 1)

VOLUME 8 – Tabs 13 Part 2 - 23

Parents for Cancer; IARC Monograph: Non- 13 2779- Jul. 13, Safe Ionizing Radiation Part 2: RF EMFs, Part 2 2920 2016 Technology 2013 (Tab 13 Part 2)

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Cancer; IARC Press Release: IARC 2921- Nov. 18, 14 Kevin Mottus Classifies RF EMFs As Possibly 2927 2013 Carcinogenic to Humans, 2011

NTP; Report of Partial Findings from the National Toxicology Program 2928- Jul. 11, Environmental Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone 15 3002 2016 Health Trust Radiofrequency Radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley® SD rats (Whole Body Exposures); Draft 5-19-2016

NTP; Commentary on the utility of the National Toxicology Program study on cell phone radiofrequency radiation data for assessing human 3003- Oct. 1, Environmental 16 health risks despite unfounded 3009 2018 Health Trust criticisms aimed at minimizing the findings of adverse health effects. Environmental Research. Dr. Ron Melnick; 2019

NTP; Dr. Hardell and Dr. Carlsberg letter to the NTP, NIH, DHHS, NTP 3010- Apr. 16, Theodora 17 Technical Report On The Toxicology 3036 2018 Scarato And Carcinogenesis Studies; Mar. 12, 2018

Cancer-NTP; Cancer epidemiology update, following the 2011 IARC 3037- Oct. 1, Environmental 18 evaluation of radiofrequency 3048 2018 Health Trust electromagnetic fields; (Miller et al); 2018

Cancer-NTP; The Significance of Joel M. Primary Tumors in the NTP Study of 3049- Oct. 18, 19 Moskowitz, Chronic Rat Exposure to Cell Phone 3055 2018 Ph.D. Radiation. IEEE Microwave Magazine. Prof. James C. Lin; 2019

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Cindy Sage 3056- Aug. 27, 20 and David O. BioInitiative Comments 3065 2013 Carpenter

3066- Nov. 18, 21 Kevin Mottus BioInitiative; 2012 Conclusions 3080 2013

BioInitiative; Section 24: Key 3081- Nov. 18, 22 Kevin Mottus Scientific Evidence and Public Health 3126 2013 Policy Recommendations; 2012

3127- Jul. 11, Cecelia BioInitiative; Section 1: Summary for 23 3146 2016 Doucette the Public (2014 Supplement)

VOLUME 9 – Tabs 24-27

BioInitiative-Modulation; Section 15: Evidence for Disruption by Modulation Role of Physical and 3147- Sep. 30, Catherine 24 Biological Variables in Bioeffects of 3218 2016 Kleiber Non-Thermal Microwaves for Reproducibility, Cancer Risk and Safety Standards, (2012 Supplement)

BioInitiative; Section 20, Findings in Autism, Consistent with 3219- Sep. 3, 25 Kevin Mottus Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) and 3319 2013 Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR); 2012

Joel BioInitiative-Neurological; Percent 3320- Sep. 16, 26 Moskowitz Comparison, Effect vs No Effect in 3321 2019 PhD. Neurological Effect Studies; 2019

Joel BioInitiative-Neurological; Research 3322- Sep. 16, 27 Moskowitz Summaries, RFR Neurological 3559 2019 PhD. Effects (Section 8), 2007-2017; 2017

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VOLUME 10 – Tabs 28-41

BioInitiative-Mechanisms of Harm; Joel M. Percent Comparison Showing Effect 3560- Sep. 16, 28 Moskowitz vs No Effect, DNA (Comet Assay), 3561 2019 PhD. 2017 and Free Radical (Oxidative Stress), 2019

Joel M. BioInitiative-Mechanisms of Harm; 3562- Sep. 16, 29 Moskowitz Research Summaries, DNA (Comet 3602 2019 PhD. Assay) Studies; 76 Studies, 2017

BioInitiative-Mechanisms of Harm; Joel M. 3603- Sep. 16, Research Summaries, Free Radicals 30 Moskowitz 3721 2019 (Oxidative Stress Effects), 225 PhD. studies, 2019

BioInitiative Working Group; Preliminary Opinion on Potential 3722- Apr. 11, Cindy Sage, 31 Health Effects of Exposure to 3749 2014 MA Electromagnetic Fields (EMF); 2014

BioInitiative Working Group; Bioinitiative 3750- Sep. 16, Consistent Failure to Identify the 32 Working 3755 2019 Potential for Health Effects (Exhibit Group A); 2014

BioInitiative Working Group; Biointiative 3756- Sep. 14, Reference List for Important Fertility 33 Working 3766 2019 and Reproduction Papers (Exhibit C); Group 2014

BioInitiative Working Group; 3767- Apr. 14, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and 34 Cindy Sage 3771 2019 Disruption of Electrophysiology (Exhibit G); 2014

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BioInitiative Working Group; Epidemiological Studies, RF fields epidemiology, Comments by Drs. 3772- Apr. 14, Cindy Sage, 35 Lennart Hardell, Fredrik Soderqvist 3779 2019 MA PhD. and Michael Carlberg, MSc. Section 3.5.1.1 Epidemiological Studies (Exhibit B); 2014

BioInitiative Working Group; An Update on the Genetic Effects of 3780- Apr 11, Cindy Sage, 36 Nonionizing Electromagnetic Fields 3874 2014 MA by Prof. Henry Lai PhD; (Exhibit E); 2014

BioInitiative Working Group; An Update on Physical and Biological 3875- Apr. 11, Cindy Sage, 37 Variables, Cancer and Safety 3896 2014 MA Standards by Prof. Igor Belyaev Dr. Sc., (Exhibit F); 2014

BioInitiative Co-Editor; Human 3897- Sep. 30, Health Effects of EMFs: The Cost of 38 Maria Powell 3904 2016 Doing Nothing. IOPScience. (Prof. David Carpenter MD.); 2010

3905- Sep. 28, BioInitiative Author; Statement of 39 Kevin Mottus 3919 2016 Prof. Martin Blank PhD., PhD.; 2016

BioInitiative Authors; Prof. Lennart 3920- Aug 27, Sage Hardell Hardell MD. PhD., Prof. Martha 40 3945 2013 Herbert Herbert MD. PhD. and Cindy Sage Comments

B. Blake 3946- Aug. 26, BioInitiatiive Author; Prof. Henry Lai 41 Levitt & 3984 2013 PhD, and Blake Levitt Comments Henry Lai

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VOLUME 11 – Tabs 42-59

3985- Sep. 3, Dr. Paul Dart MD. (Petitioner) 42 Paul Dart MD 4072 2013 Comments

The Biological Effects of Weak 4073- Feb. 4, Dr. Andrew Electromagnetic Fields, Problems and 43 4102 2013 Goldsworthy Solutions, Prof. Andrew Goldsworthy; 2012

Dr. Richard Meltzer Comments, 4103- Sep. 4, Richard 44 Radio Frequency (RF) Exposure: A 4106 2013 Meltzer Cautionary Tale

4107- Feb. 6, Donald R. Dr. Donald R. Maisch PhD. 45 4112 2013 Maisch Comments

Biological Effects from RF Radiation at Low-Intensity Exposure, based on 4113- Nov. 18, Catherine the BioInitiative 2012 Report, and the 46 4129 2013 Kleiber Implications for Smart Meters and Smart Appliances; Dr. Ron M. Powell, PhD.; 2013

4130- Aug. 20, Lawrence Eng. Lawrence James Gust 47 4137 2013 James Gust Comments

4138- Feb. 25, Michael 48 Eng. Michael Schwaebe Comments 4146 2013 Schwaebe

Environmental 4147- Mar. 18, Organizations; Environmental 49 Working 4178 2015 Working Group Reply Comments Group

4179- Nov. 18, 50 Nina Beety Nina Beety Comments 4195 2013

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Joel Organizations; EMF Scientist Appeal, 4196- Sep. 16, 51 Moskowitz International Scientists’ Appeal to the 4206 2019 PhD. United Nations; 2015

Organizations; 5G Appeal, Scientist 4207- Apr. 5, Appeal to the EU, Scientists Warn of 52 NancyD 4217 2018 Potential Serious Health Effects of 5G; 2017

Organizations; Medical Doctors and Public Health Organizations: 4218- Jun. 7, Environmental 53 Consensus Statements and Doctors’ 4240 2017 Health Trust Recommendations on Cell Phones/Wireless; 2017

Organizations; Council of Europe, Résolution 1815, The Potential 4241- Sep. 27, 54 Kevin Mottus Dangers of Electromagnetic Fields 4244 2016 and Their Effect on the Environment; 2011

Organizations; Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly Report: The 4245- Feb. 5, 55 Gilda Oman potential dangers of electromagnetic 4257 2013 fields and their effect on the environment; 2011

Organizations - Radiation Sickness; European Academy for Environmental Medicine, 4258- Jul. 11, Environmental 56 EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2015 4293 2016 Health Trust for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses; 2015

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Organizations; Scientific Panel on Electromagnetic Field Health Risks: Consensus Points, Recommendations, 4294- Feb. 5, David Mark 57 and Rationales, Scientific Meeting: 4305 2013 Morrison Seletun, Norway. Reviews on Environmental Health; (Fragopoulou, Grigoriev et al); 2010

4306- Aug. 30, EMF Safety Organizations; EMF Safety Network 58 4361 2013 Network Comments

Organizations - Russian Government; Electromagnetic Fields From Mobile Phones: Health Effect On Children 4362- Jul 7. Environmental 59 And Teenagers | Resolution Of 4374 2016 Health Trust Russian National Committee On Nonionizing Radiation Protection | April 2011, Moscow

VOLUME 12 – Tabs 60 – 68 Part 1

Organizations - Cyprus Government; Neurological and behavior effects οf Non-Ionizing Radiation emitted from 4375- Jul 7, Environmental 60 mobile devices on children: Steps to 4482 2016 Health Trust be taken ASAP for the protection of children and future generations. Presentation Slides; 2016

Organizations; Austrian Medical 4483- Nov. 18, Association, Environmental Medicine 61 Kevin Mottus 4531 2013 Evaluation of Electromagnetic Fields; Dr. Jerd Oberfeld MD.; 2007

Organizations; The American 4532- Jul. 11, Environmental 62 Academy of Pediatrics, Letter to the 4534 2016 Health Trust FCC; 2013

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Organizations; California Medical 4535- Sep. 29, Association, House of Delegates 63 Kevin Mottus 4540 2016 Resolution Wireless Standards (Resolution 107 - 14); 2014

Grassroots Environmental Organizations; American Academy of Education, 4541- Sep. 3, Environmental Medicine, Letter to 64 Inc. o/b/o 4543 2013 the Federal Communications American Commission; 2013 Academy of Environmental

Organizations - Radiation Sickness; Austrian Medical Association, 4544- Sep. 29, Guidelines for the Diagnosis and 65 Kevin Mottus 4561 2016 Treatment of EMF Related Health Problems and Illnesses (EMF Syndrome); 2011

Organizations; International Association of Fire Fighters, Position on the Health Effects from Radio 4562- Sep. 28, 66 Kevin Mottus Frequency/Microwave Radiation in 4590 2016 Fire Department Facilities from Base Stations for Antennas and Towers; 2004

4591- Sep. 28, Organizations; Cities of Boston and 67 Kevin Mottus 4599 2016 Philadelphia Reply Comments

Organizations; Appeal to the FCC Environmental 68 4600- Sep. 3, Signed by 26,000 People and Working Part 1 4800 2013 Organized by the Environmental Group Working Group, 2013 (Tab 68 Part 1)

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VOLUME 13 – Tabs 68 Part 2 - 76

Organizations; Appeal to the FCC Environmental 68 4801- Sep. 3, Signed by 26,000 People and Working Part 2 5171 2013 Organized by the Environmental Group Working Group, 2013 (Tab 68 Part 2)

5172- Aug. 25, Organizations; Freiburger Appeal - 69 Kevin Mottus 5186 2016 Doctors Appeal; 2002

Grassroots Organizations; Benevento Resolution, 5187- Sep. 3, Environmental The International Commission for 70 5191 2013 Education, Electromagnetic Safety (ICEMS), Inc. 2006

5192- Jul. 18, Environmental Organizations; The Porto Alegre 71 5197 2016 Health Trust Resolution; 2009

Organizations; Kaiser Permanente, 5198- Feb. 6, 72 Kevin Mottus Letter from Dr. De-Kun Li, Division 5204 2013 of Research

American 5205- Sep. 3, Organizations; American Association 73 Association 5210 2013 for Justice, Comments For Justice

Organizations; Maryland Smart Meter 5211- Feb. 6, Jonathan 74 Awareness, Comments (filed by 5219 2013 Libber Jonathan Libber)

5220- Feb. 6, Electromagnetic Organizations; Electromagnetic 75 5228 2013 Safety Alliance Safety Alliance, Comments

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Organizations; Wildlife and Habitat Conservation Solutions; What We Know, Can Infer, and Don’t Yet 5229- Sep. 29, Know about Impacts from Thermal 76 Ed Friedman 5241 2016 and Non-thermal Non-ionizing Radiation to Birds and Other Wildlife. Dr. Albert M. Manville, PhD.; 2016

VOLUME 14 – Tabs 77-96

Mechanisms of Harm; Meta-Analysis, Oxidative mechanisms of biological 5242- Sep. 30, Catherine activity of low-intensity 77 5258 2016 Kleiber radiofrequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med (Yakymenko et al).; 2016

Mechanisms of Harm; Blood Brain Barrier; Increased Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in Mammalian 5259- Sep 3, Monnie 78 Brain 7 Days after Exposure to the 5269 2013 Ramsell Radiation from a GSM-900 Mobile Phone. Pathophysiology (Nittby, Salford et al); 2009

Mechanisms of Harm; DNA Damage; 5270- Sep. 3, Microwave RF Interacts with 79 Paul Dart MD. 5286 2013 Molecular Structures; Dr. Paul Dart MD.; 2013

Medical Treatments & Modulation; Treatment of advanced hepatocellular The EMR 5287- Sep. 3, carcinoma with very low levels of 80 Policy 5303 2013 amplitude-modulated electromagnetic Institute fields. British Journal of Cancer. (Costa et al); 2011

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Medical Treatments & Modulation; Treating cancer with amplitude- The EMR 5304- Sep. 3, modulated electromagnetic fields: a 81 Policy 5306 2013 potential paradigm shift, again? Institute British Journal of Cancer. (Dr. Carl Blackman); 2012

5307- Feb. 8, Modulation; Dr. Alan Frey PhD., 82 Alan Frey 5309 2013 Comments, Feb. 7, 2013

Modulation; Real Versus Simulated 5310- Jul. 11, Environmental Mobile Phone Exposures in 83 5319 2016 Health Trust Experimental Studies. Biomed Res Int. (Prof. Panagopoulos et al); 2015

Neurological; Book Chapter, A Joel M. Summary of Recent Literature (2007- 5320- Sep. 16, 84 Moskowitz, 2017) on Neurological Effects of 5368 2019 PhD Radiofrequency Radiation, Prof. Lai; 2018 Referenced 122 Studies.

Neurological - Report; Evidence of Neurological effects of Electromagnetic Radiation: 5369- Sep. 28, Implications for degenerative disease 85 Kevin Mottus 5412 2016 and brain tumour from residential, occupational, cell site and cell phone exposures. Prof. Neil Cherry; 225 scientific references. 2002

Neurological; The effects of mobile- phone electromagnetic fields on brain 5413- Sep 3, 86 Kevin Mottus electrical activity: a critical analysis 5415 2013 of the literature. Electromagn Biol Med. (Marino et al) (Abstract); 2009

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Autism and EMF? Plausibility of a 5416- Nov. 18, pathophysiological link. 87 Kevin Mottus 5435 2013 Pathophysiology, Part I. (Herbert et al); 2013

Autism and EMF? Plausibility of a 5436- Nov. 18, pathophysiological link. 88 Kevin Mottus 5460 2013 Pathophysiology, Part II. (Herbert et al); 2013

Fertility; Research Abstracts, List of References Reporting Fertility and/or 5461- Sep. 3, Reproduction Effects from 89 Kevin Mottus 5486 2013 Electromagnetic Fields and/or Radiofrequency Radiation (66 references)

Fertility; Effects of Microwave RF 5487- Sep. 3, 90 Paul Dart MD Exposure on Fertility, Dr. Paul Dart 5499 2013 MD. (Petitioner); 2013

Hormonal; RF and Hormones, 5500- Sep. 3, 91 Paul Dart MD Alterations in Hormone Physiology; 5506 2013 Dr. Paul Dart MD. (Petitioner); 2013

Prenatal & Children; Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From 800-1900 Mhz-Rated Cellular 5507- Feb. 7, 92 Toni Stein Telephones Affects 5514 2013 Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice. Scientific Reports. (Aldad, Taylor et al); 2012

Prenatal & Children; Fetal Exposures 5515- Jul. 7, Environmental 93 and Cell Phones. Studies List. Prof. 5518 2016 Health Trust Hugh Taylor MD.; 2015

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Prenatal and Children; Fetal Cell Phone Exposure: How Experimental Parents for Studies Guide Clinical Practice, Hugh 5519- Jul. 13, 94 Safe S. Taylor MD. PhD., Chair of 5553 2016 Technology Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine

5554- Sep. 3, Dr. Suleyman Prenatal & Children; Dr. Suleyman 95 5559 2013 Kaplan Kaplan Comments

Prenatal & Children; Amended Declaration of Dr. David O. 5560- Nov. 18, Carpenter MD. (Dec. 20, 2011); 96 Kevin Mottus 5614 2013 Morrison et al v. Portland Schools, No. 3:11-cv-00739-MO (U.S.D.C. Oregon, Portland Div.)

VOLUME 15 – Tabs 97-101

5615- Sep. 28, Prenatal & Children; Doctors and 97 Kevin Mottus 5712 2016 Scientists Letters on Wi-Fi in Schools

Dr. Devra Davis PhD., President of 5713- Jul. 11, Environmental 98 Environmental Health Trust 5895 2017 Health Trust (Petitioner) Comments

Children; Letter to Montgomery 5896- Jun. 7, Environmental 99 County Schools, Prof. Martha Herbert 5993 2017 Health Trust MD., PhD.; 2015

Neurological - Children; A Prospective Cohort Study of Adolescents’ Memory Performance 5994- Apr. 29, Environmental 100 and Individual Brain Dose of 6007 2019 Health Trust Microwave Radiation from Wireless Communication. Environ Health Perspect. (Foerster et al); 2018

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Prenatal & Children; Cell phone use 6008- Sep. 28, and behavioral problems in young 101 Kevin Mottus 6014 2016 children. J Epidemiol Community Health. (Divan et al); 2012

VOLUME 16 - Tabs 102-126

Prenatal & Children; “Cell Phones & 6015- Jul. 7, Environmental 102 WiFi – Are Children, Fetuses and 6026 2016 Health Trust Fertility at Risk?”; 2013

Prenatal & Children; Safe Schools 6027- Jul. 7, Environmental 103 2012, Medical and Scientific Experts 6060 2016 Health Trust Call for Safe Technologies in Schools

Prenatal & Children - Stem Cells; Microwaves from Mobile Phones Inhibit 53BP1 Focus Formation in 6061- Sep. 3, Human Stem Cells More Strongly 104 Kevin Mottus 6067 2013 Than in Differentiated Cells: Possible Mechanistic Link to Cancer Risk. Environmental Health Perspectives (Markova, Belyaev et al); 2010

6068- Sep. 26, Radiation Sickness - Children; 105 Angela Tsaing 6069 2016 Angela Tsiang Comments

6070- Mar. 5, Abigail Radiation Sickness - Children; 106 6071 2013 DeSesa Abigail DeSesa Comments

Cell Towers - Research Abstract 6072- Sep. 28, Compilation; 78 Studies Showing 107 Kevin Mottus 6111 2016 Health Effects from Cell Tower Radio Frequency Radiation; 2016

Cell Towers; Consequences of 6112- Sep. 3, 108 Paul Dart MD Chronic Microwave RF Exposure, Dr. 6122 2013 Paul Dart MD. (Petitioner)

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Cell Towers - Cancer; Meta-Analysis, Long-Term Exposure To Microwave 6123- Jul. 11, Environmental Radiation Provokes Cancer Growth: 109 6132 2016 Health Trust Evidences From Radars And Mobile Communication Systems. (Yakymenko et al); 2011

Cell Towers - Neurological; Changes of Clinically Important Neurotransmitters under the Influence 6133- Sep. 3, Monnie 110 of Modulated RF Fields, A Long-term 6148 2013 Ramsell Study under Real-life Conditions; Umwelt-Medizin-Gesellschaft; (Buchner & Eger); 2011

Cell Towers - DNA; Impact of radiofrequency radiation on DNA damage and antioxidants in peripheral 6148- Dec. 10, Environmental blood lymphocytes of humans 111 6160 2018 Health Trust residing in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. (Zothansiama et al); 2017

Cell Towers - Cancer; Environmental radiofrequency radiation at the Järntorget Square in Stockholm Old Town, Sweden in May, 2018 6161- Dec. 10, Environmental 112 compared with results on brain and 6169 2018 Health Trust heart tumour risks in rats exposed to 1.8 GHz base station environmental emissions, World Academy of Sciences Journal. (Hardell et al); 2018

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Cell Towers; Indian Government, Ministry of Environment and Forest, 6170- Sep. 30, Catherine Report on Possible Impacts of 113 6258 2016 Kleiber Communication Towers on Wildlife Including Birds and Bees. 919 studies reviewed; 2011

Cell Towers; Epidemiological 6259- Sep. 3, evidence for a health risk from mobile 114 Kevin Mottus 6260 2013 phone base stations, Int J Occup Environ Health. (Hardell et al); 2010

Cell Towers; Biological Effects From Exposure to Electromagnetic Joel 6261- Sep. 16, Radiation Emitted By Cell Tower 115 Moskowitz, 6289 2019 Base Stations and Other Antenna PhD Arrays. Environ. Rev. (Lai & Levitt); 2010

6290- Jul. 11, Environmental Cell Towers; Research Summaries of 116 6301 2016 Health Trust Cell Tower Radiation Studies

Cell Towers-Wildlife; Electromagnetic Pollution From 6302- Sep. 30, Catherine 117 Phone Masts. Effects on Wildlife; 6311 2016 Kleiber Pathophysiology. (Dr. Alfonso Balmori); 2009

Cell Towers - Wildlife; Testimony of Dr. Albert M. Manville, II, PhD., C.W.B, Before the City of Eugene 6312- Jul. 18, Environmental 118 City Planning Department in 6324 2106 Health Trust Opposition to AT&T/Crossfire’s Application for a “Stealth” Cellular Communications Tower; May 6, 2015

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Cell Towers - Plants; Radiofrequency Radiation Injures Trees Around 6325- Sep. 30, Catherine 119 Mobile Phone Base Stations. Science 6341 2016 Kleiber of the Total Environment. (Waldmann-Selsam et al); 2016

Biosystem & Ecosystem; The 6342- Apr. 8, Dangers of Electromagnetic Smog, 120 M.K. Hickcox 6349 2014 Prof. Andrew Goldsworthy, PhD.; 2007

Biosystem and Ecosystem; Impacts of radio-frequency electromagnetic field The EMR 6350- Sep. 3, (RF-EMF) from cell phone towers 121 Policy 6366 2013 and wireless devices on biosystem Institute and ecosystem – a review. Biology and Medicine (Sivani et al.); 2012

5G; 5G wireless telecommunications expansion: Public health and 6367- Oct. 1, Environmental 122 environmental implications, 6379 2018 Health Trust Environmental Research. (Dr. Cindy Russell MD.); 2018

Joel M. 5G; We Have No Reason to Believe 6380- Oct. 18, 123 Moskowitz 5G is Safe, Dr. Joel Moskowitz PhD., 6383 2019 PhD Scientific American; 2019

5G - Millimeter Waves; Nonthermal Effects of Extremely High-Frequency Microwaves on Chromatin 6384- Jul. 11, Environmental 124 Conformation in Cells in vitro— 6392 2017 Health Trust Dependence on Physical, Physiological, and Genetic Factors. IEEExPlore. (Belyaev et al); 2000

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5G; What You Need To Know About 6393- Oct. 1, Environmental 5G Wireless And “Small” Cells Top 125 6408 2018 Health Trust 20 Facts About 5G; Environmental Health Trust

5G; Millimeter-Wave Cellular 6409- Jan. 13, 126 NYU Wireless Wireless Networks: Potentials and 6429 2015 Challenges, IEEE; (2014)

VOLUME 17 – Tabs 127 – 142 Part 1

5G; FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler 6430- Jul. 13, 127 Priscilla King ‘The Future of Wireless: A Vision for 6436 2016 U.S. Leadership in a 5G World’; 2016

5G; Letter to House Subcommittee on 6437- Jul. 14, 128 Angela Tsaing Communications and Technology; 6447 2016 Angela Tsiang; 2016

6448- Jan. 8, LeRoy 5G; Ask Congress to Vote No, We 129 6453 2019 Swicegood Are The Evidence Fact Sheet; 2016

5G; 5G Spectrum Frontiers -The Next Parents For 6454- Jul. 13, Great Unknown Experiment On Our 130 Safe 6510 2016 Children, Compilation of Letters to Technology Congress; 2016

6511- Apr. 16, Theodora 5G;What You Need To Know About 131 6513 2018 Scarato 5G Wireless and “Small” Cells

Wi-Fi; 136 Studies Showing Health 6514- Sep. 28, 132 Kevin Mottus Effects from Wi-Fi Radio Frequency 6587 2016 Radiation

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Wi-Fi; 2.45-GHz Microwave Irradiation Adversely Affects Parents For 6588- Jul. 13, Reproductive Function in Male 133 Safe 6603 2016 Mouse, Mus Musculus by Inducing Technology Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress. Free Radical Research (Shahin et al); 2014

Wi-Fi - Fertility; Immunohistopathologic demonstration of deleterious effects 6604- Jul. 7, Environmental on growing rat testes of 134 6611 2016 Health Trust radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices. Journal of Pediatric Neurology. (Atasoy et al); 2013

Smart Meters: Correcting the Gross 6612- Apr. 8, 135 MK Hickox Misinformation, Letter by 54 6620 2014 Scientists and MDs; 2012

Smart Meters - Radiation Sickness; 6621- Nov. 18, Catherine American Academy of Environmental 136 6622 2013 Kleiber Medicine, Smart Meter Case Series; 2013

Smart Meters; Assessment of Radiofrequency Microwave Radiation 6623- Sep. 3, 137 Rachel Cooper Emissions from Smart Meters; Sage 6692 2013 Associates, Environmental Consultants; 2011

Smart Meters; FCC Maximum Permissible Exposure Limits for 6693- Jul. 7, Environmental 138 Electromagnetic Radiation, as 6699 2016 Health Trust Applicable to Smart Meters. Dr. Ron Powell PhD.; 2013

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Smart Meters - Radiation Sickness; 6700- Jul. 7, Environmental Symptoms after Exposure to Smart 139 6705 2016 Health Trust Meter Radiation. Dr. Ron Powell PhD.; 2015

6706- Sep. 3, 140 Kit Weaver Kit Weaver, Comments 6735 2013

6736- Feb. 6, Organizations - Radiation Sickness; 141 Joshua Hart 6740 2013 StopSmartMeters, Comments

Cell Phones; Research Abstracts of Over 700 Studies Showing Health 142 6741- Sep. 28, Kevin Mottus Effects from Cell Phone Radio Part 1 6850 2016 Frequency Radiation; Prof. Henri Lai (Tab 142 Part 1)

VOLUME 18 – Tabs 142 Part 2 - 153

Cell Phones; Research Abstracts of Over 700 Studies Showing Health 142 6851- Sep. 28, Kevin Mottus Effects from Cell Phone Radio Part 2 7088 2016 Frequency Radiation; Prof. Henri Lai (Tab 142 Part 2)

Cancer - Brain Tumors; Using the Hill viewpoints from 1965 for evaluating strengths of evidence of 7089- Sep. 28, 143 Kevin Mottus the risk for brain tumors associated 7099 2016 with the use of mobile and cordless phones. Rev Environ Health. (Hardell and Caarlsberg); 2013

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Cancer-Brain Tumors; Mobile phone use and brain tumour risk: early 7100- Nov. 18, warnings, early actions? (Gee, 144 Kevin Mottus 7121 2013 Hardell Carlsberg) (Chapter 21 of Report: “Late lessons from early warnings: science, precaution”); 2013

Cell Phones; Real-world cell phone 7122- Sep. 12, Environmental radiofrequency electromagnetic field 145 7134 2019 Health Trust exposures. Environmental Research. (Wall et al); 2019

Cancer -Brain Tumors; Meta-analysis 7135- Nov. 18, of long-term mobile phone use and 146 Kevin Mottus 7142 2013 the association with brain tumours, Prof. Lennart Hardell MD. PhD. 2008

Cancer - Brain Tumors; Case-control study of the association between malignant brain tumours diagnosed 7143- Jul. 11, Environmental 147 between 2007 and 2009 and mobile 7156 2016 Health Trust and cordless phone use. International Journal of Oncology.(Hardell et al); 2013

Cancer - Brain Tumors; Use of mobile phones and cordless phones is 7157- Nov. 18, associated with increased 148 Kevin Mottus 7183 2013 risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma. Pathophysiology. (Hardell et al); 2012

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Cancer - Brain Tumors; Pooled Analysis of Two Swedish Case- Control Studies on the Use of Mobile 7184- Sep. 28, and Cordless Telephones and the Risk 149 Kevin Mottus 7193 2016 of Brain Tumours Diagnosed During 1997-2003.International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (Mild, Hardell, Carlsberg); 2007

Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing 7194- Dec. 10, Environmental 150 radiation: An international 7210 2018 Health Trust perspective. Environmental Pollution. (Belpomme et al); 2018

Cancer - Brain Tumors; Mobile phones, cordless phones and the risk 7211- Sep. 28, 151 Kevin Mottus for brain tumours. International 7224 2016 Journal of Oncology (Prof. Lennart Hardell MD., PhD.); 2009

Cancer - Cell Phones; Cell Phones 7225- Sep. 3, 152 Paul Dart MD and Risk of Brain Tumor, Dr. Paul 7251 2013 Dart MD. (Petitioner); 2013

7252- Jan 31, Julian 153 Jullian Gehman Esq. Comments 7255 2019 Gehman

VOLUME 19 – Tabs 154-168

Dr. Joel Moskowitz PhD. Reply Joel M. 7256- Nov. 5, Comments, Why the FCC Must 154 Moskowitz 7371 2013 Strengthen Radiofrequency Radiation Ph.D. Limits in the U.S.

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Cancer - Children; Cell Phone Environmental 7372- Jun. 17, Radiation: Science Review on Cancer 155 Working 7414 2014 Risks and Children’s Health; Group Environmental Working Group; 2009

Cell Phones - Plants; Review: Weak Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure 7415- Sep. 30, From Mobile Phone 156 Kevin Mottus 7417 2016 Radiation on Plants. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine (Malka N. Halgamuge); 2016

Testing; Microwave Emissions From Cell Phones Exceed Safety Limits in 7418- Apr. 29, Environmental 157 Europe and the US When Touching 7421 2019 Health Trust the Body. IEEE Access. Prof. Om P. Gandhi PhD.; 2019

Testing - Children; Absorption of wireless radiation in the child versus 7422- Sep. 12, Environmental adult brain and eye from cell phone 158 7426 2019 Health Trust conversation or virtual reality. Environmental Research. (C. Fernandez et al); 2018

Yes the Children Are More Exposed to Radiofrequency Energy From 7427- Jul. 11, Environmental 159 Mobile Telephones Than Adults. 7431 2016 Health Trust IEEE Access (Prof. Om Ghandi PhD); 2015

Testing - Children; Children Absorb Higher Doses of Radio Frequency 7432- Jul. 7, Environmental 160 Electromagnetic Radiation From 7441 2016 Health Trust Mobile Phones Than Adults. IEEE Access (Robert D. Morris et al); 2015

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Testing – Children; Exposure Limits: The underestimation of absorbed cell 7442- Apr. 29, Environmental 161 phone radiation, especially in 7445 2019 Health Trust children. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine (Gandhi et al); 2011

7446- Nov. 17, Pong Research Testing; Pong Research Corporation 162 7504 2013 Corporation Reply Comments

7505- Aug. 19, Pong Research Testing; Pong Research Corporation, 163 7514 2012 Corporation Letter to the FCC

Environmental Health Trust, Reply Comments (Erroneous Comments 7515- Nov. 17, L. Lloyd Submitted to the FCC on Proposed 164 7602 2013 Morgan Cellphone Radiation Standards and Testing by CTIA – September 3, 2013)

“Comments on Notice of Inquiry, ET Docked No. 13-84” GAO Report | Dr. Joel M. 7603- Sep. 3, “Exposure and Testing Requirements 165 Moskowitz 7614 2013 for Mobile Phones Should Be PhD Reassessed.” Dr. Joel Moskowitz PhD.; 2012

Consumers for 7615- Sep. 2, Organizations; Consumers for Safe 166 Safe Cell 7628 2013 Cell Phones Comments (Petitioner) Phones

Consumers for Consumers for Safe Cell Phone 7629- Nov. 17, 167 Safe Cell Comments (Reply to CTIA 7640 2013 Phones Comments from Sep. 13, 2013)

Environmental 7641- Nov. 17, Organizations; Environmental 168 Working 7672 2013 Working Group, Reply Comments Group

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VOLUME 20 - Tabs 169 – 172 Part 1

Industry Influence; World Health Organization, Radiofrequency 7673- Dec. 10, Environmental Radiation and Health - a Hard Nut to 169 7682 2018 Health Trust Crack (Review). International Journal of Oncology. Prof. Lennart Hardell MD. PhD.; 2017

Industry Influence; Business Bias As 7683- Nov. 18, Richard H. Usual: The Case Of Electromagnetic 170 7716 2013 Conrad PhD Pollution. Prof. Levis, Prof. Gennaro, Prof. Garbisa

Industry Influence; Prof. Martha The EMR 7717- Sep. 3, Herbert MD PhD., Harvard Pediatric 171 Policy 7719 2013 Neurologist Letter to Los Angeles Institute Unified School District; 2013

Industry Influence; The Procrustean Approach: Setting Exposure Standards 172 7720- Feb. 6, Dr. Donald R. for Telecommunications Frequency Part 1 8073 2013 Maisch PhD Electromagnetic Radiation, Dr. Donald Maisch PhD.; 2009 (Tab 172 Part 1)

VOLUME 21 – Tabs 172 Part 2 - 185

Industry Influence; The Procrustean Approach: Setting Exposure Standards 172 8074- Feb. 6, Dr. Donald R. for Telecommunications Frequency Part 2 8158 2013 Maisch PhD Electromagnetic Radiation, Dr. Donald Maisch PhD.; 2009 (Tab 172 Part 2)

Industry Influence; Illusion and 8159- Sep. 29, Escape: The Cell Phone Disease 173 Kevin Mottus 8167 2016 Quagmire. Dr. George L. Carlo PhD., JD.; 2008

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Industry Influence; Quote of Prof. 8168- Nov. 18, Henry Lai PhD from NY Times 174 Kevin Mottus 8169 2013 Article about Percent of Negative Studies Funded By Industry; 2013

Industry Influence; Warning: Your 8170- Nov 18, Cell Phone May Be Hazardous to 175 Kevin Mottus 8177 2013 Your Health. Christopher Ketcham, GQ; 2010

Industry Influence; Radiation 8178- Sep. 3, Monnie 176 Protection in Conflict With Science; 8182 2013 Ramsell Dr. Franz Adlkofer PhD.; 2011

Office of 8183- Mar. 21, Engineering US Agencies; Letter from the FCC’s 177 8184 2019 and OET Dept. to Dr. Shuren of the FDA Technology

Center for 8185- Apr. 30, Devices and US Agencies; Letter from Dr. Shuren 178 8188 2019 Radiological of the FDA to the FCC’s OET Dept. Health

Grassroots US Agencies - Radiation Sickness; 8189- Sep. 24, Environmental US Access Board Acknowledgement 179 8279 2013 Education, of Radiation Sickness Inc. (Electromagnetic Sensitivities); 2002

US Agencies - Radiation Sickness; National Institute of Building Grassroots Sciences (NIBS), IEQ Indoor 8280- Sep. 24, Environmental 180 Environmental Quality; 8377 2013 Education, Recommendations for Inc. Accommodation for Electromagnetic Sensitivity; 2005

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US Agencies; US Department of 8378- Sep. 29, Interior, Letter of the Director of 181 Kevin Mottus 8386 2016 Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance; 2014

Susan US Agencies; Department of the 8387- Mar. 4, 182 Brinchman, Army, Confidential Legal 8407 2013 CEP Correspondence, Dec. 13, 2006

US Agencies; US Environmental 8408- Sep. 2, 183 Kevin Mottus Protection Agency (EPA) Letter to 8411 2013 EMR Network; Jul. 6, 2002

US Agencies; EPA Letter to the FCC, 8412- Jul. 7, Environmental 184 Comments on FCC 93-142 8424 2016 Health Trust Environmental Effects of RF; 1993

US Agencies; US Naval Medical Research Institute. Bibliography of Reported Biological Phenomena 185 8425- Jul. 7, Environmental (“Effects”) and Clinical Part 1 8505 2016 Health Trust Manifestations Attributed to Microwave and Radio-frequency Radiation; 1971 (Tab 185 Part 1)

VOLUME 22 – Tabs 185 Part 2 - 238

US Agencies; US Naval Medical Research Institute. Bibliography of Reported Biological Phenomena 185 8506- Jul. 7, Environmental (“Effects”) and Clinical Part 2 8531 2016 Health Trust Manifestations Attributed to Microwave and Radio-frequency Radiation; 1971 (Tab 185 Part 2)

U.S. 8532- Jul. 12, US Agencies; US Department of 186 Department of 8636 2015 Labor Comment Labor

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Radiation Sickness; Exemption for 8537- Sep. 29, Fire stations, California Assembly 187 Kevin Mottus 8539 2016 Bill No. 57 (2015), codified at Cal. Gov. Code 65964.1

8540- Sep. 3, Susan D. Radiation Sickness - Firefighters; 188 8546 2013 Foster, MSW Susan Foster Comments

Radiation Sickness; Electromagnetic 8547- Jul. 7, Environmental 189 Hypersensitivity, Dr. Erica Mallery- 8626 2016 Health Trust Blythe; 2014

Radiation Sickness; Reliable disease biomarkers characterizing and identifying electrohypersensitivity Joel M. 8627- Sep. 16, and multiple chemical sensitivity as 190 Moskowitz 8628 2019 two etiopathogenic aspects of a PhD. unique pathological disorder. Rev Environ Health. (Prof. Belpomme et al); 2015

Radiation Sickness; Electromagnetic 8629- Sep.3, hypersensitivity: evidence for a novel 191 Kevin Mottus 8637 2013 neurological syndrome. Int J Neurosci. (McCarty et al); 2011

Radiation Sickness - Children; Dr. 8638- Nov. 18, Toril H. Jelter 192 Torill Jelter MD. (Petitioner) 8641 2013 MD Comments

8642- Jul. 13, Deborah Radiation Sickness, Deborah Kopald 193 8659 2016 Kopald Comments

8660- Sep. 30, Radiation Sickness - Children; Dr. 194 Ann Lee MD 8662 2016 Ann Lee MD. (Petitioner) Comments

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Radiation Sickness; Health Effects of 8663- Sep. 3. 195 Paul Dart MD. Microwave Radio Exposures. Dr. 8681 2013 Paul Dart MD.(Petitioner) Comments

8682- Sep. 4, Erica M. Radiation Sickness; Dr. Erica Elliott 196 8683 2013 Elliott MD. Comments

Dr. Joel M. Radiation Sickness; 8684- Sep. 16, 197 Moskowitz Electrohypersensitivity Abstracts; 8734 2019 PhD. 2017

Radiation Sickness; Could Myelin Damage from Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Help 8735- Jul. 11, Environmental Explain the Functional Impairment 198 8747 2016 Health Trust Electrohypersensitivity? A Review of the Evidence. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. (Redmayne and Johansson); 2014

Radiation Sickness; No Safe Place - shattered lives, healthcare set to crash 8748- Jul. 11, 199 Kate Kheel − you can’t fix this fast enough; 8773 2016 Letter to a Mayor, Olga Sheean, Jun. 15, 2016

8774- Aug. 26, Sarah Jane Radiation Sickness; Sarah Jane Berd 200 8778 2013 Berd Comments

8779- Feb. 4, Cynthia S Radiation Sickness; Cynthia S. 201 8782 2013 Larson Larson Comments

8783- Oct. 3, Radiation Sickness; Josh Fisher 202 Josh Fisher 8784 2016 Comments

8785- Oct. 3, Radiation Sickness; Paul Stanley 203 Paul Stanley 8787 2016 (Petitioner) Comments

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8788- Nov. 25, Lynnell Radiation Sickness; Lynnell Rosser 204 8789 2013 Rosser Letter

8790- Sep.12, Radiation Sickness; Charyl Zehfus 205 Charyl Zehfus 8796 2013 Reply Comments

8797- Sep. 4, Radiation Sickness; Annie Starr 206 Annie Starr 8800 2013 Comments

8801- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Rob Bland 207 Rob Bland 8802 2013 Comments

8803- Sep. 3, Nancy Rose Radiation Sickness; Nancy Rose 208 8805 2013 Gerler Gerler Comments

8806- Feb. 5, Monnie Radiation Sickness; Monnie Ramsell 209 8811 2013 Ramsell Comments

8812- Sep. 3 Miriam D. Radiation Sickness; Miriam D. Weber 210 8815 2013 Weber Comments

8816- Sep. 3 Radiation Sickness; Junghie Elky 211 Junghie Elky 8818 2013 Comments

8819- Aug. 30, Catherine Radiation Sickness; ADA/FHA 212 8832 2013 Kleiber Catherine Kleiber Comments

8833- Sep. 3, Amanda & Radiation Sickness; Amanda & Ryan 213 8837 2013 Ryan Rose Rose Comments

8838- Sep. 3, Cindy Radiation Sickness; Cindy Bowman 214 8842 2013 Bowman Comments

8843- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Sue Martin 215 Sue Martin 8844 2013 Comments

8845- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Richard Gaul 216 Richard Gaul 8846 2013 Comments

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8847- Sep. 4 Radiation Sickness; Karen Strode 217 Karen Strode 8848 2013 Comments

8849- Sep. 3, Jaime Radiation Sickness; Jaime 218 8850 2013 Schunkewitz Schunkewitz Comments

8851- Aug. 13, Radiation Sickness; Linda Bruce 219 Linda Bruce 8854 2013 Comments

8855- Feb. 19, Louise Kiehl Radiation Sickness; Louise Kiehl 220 8858 2013 Stanphill Stanphill Reply Comments

8859- Feb. 7, Radiation Sickness; Diana LeRoss 221 Diana LeRoss 8862 2013 Comments, Feb. 7, 2013

8863- Jun. 17, Radiation Sickness; Marc Sanzotta 222 Marc Sanzotta 8866 2013 Comments

8867- Aug.11, Barbara A. Radiation Sickness; Barbara A. 223 8868 2016 Savoie Savoie Comments

8869- Jul. 13, Radiation Sickness; R. Kay Clark 224 R. Kay Clark 8885 2016 Comments

8886- Sep. 3, Steve & Radiation Sickness; Steve & Juleen 225 8887 2013 Juleen Ross Ross Comments

8888- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Kathy Ging 226 Kathy Ging 8892 2013 Comments

8893- Sep. 3, Jeraldine Radiation Sickness; Jeraldine 227 8895 2013 Peterson-Mark Peterson-Mark Comments

8896- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Edward G. 228 Edward G. 8900 2013 Comments

8901- Sep. 4, Radiation Sickness; D. Yourovski 229 D. Yourovski 8903 2013 Comments

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8904- Sep. 3, Ellen K. Radiation Sickness; Ellen K. Marks 230 8907 2013 Marks Comments

8908- Sep. 3, Melo11dy Radiation Sickness; Melody Graves 231 8911 2013 Graves Comments

8912- Sep. 3, Bernadette Radiation Sickness; Bernadette 232 8913 2013 Johnston Johnston Comments

8914- Sep. 3, Shane Radiation Sickness; Shane Gregory 233 8916 2013 Gregory Comments

8917- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Layna Berman 234 Layna Berman 8918 2013 Comments

8919- Sep. 3, Linda Radiation Sickness; Linda Giannoni 235 8922 2013 Giannoni Comments

8923- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Jennifer Page 236 Jennifer Page 8925 2013 Comments

8926- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Jackie Seward 237 Jackie Seward 8928 2013 Comments

8929- Sep. 3, Elizabeth Radiation Sickness; Elizabeth 238 8931 2013 Feudale Feudale Comments

VOLUME 23 – Tabs 239-315

8932- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; 239 Brent Dalton 8933 2013 Brent Dalton Comments

8934- Sep. 3, Elizabeth Radiation Sickness; Elizabeth Barris 240 8937 2013 Barris (Petitioner) Comments

8938- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; 241 Olemara 8940 2013 Olemara Comments

8941- Aug. 14, Radiation Sickness; 242 Melissa White 8943 2013 Melissa White Comments

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8944- Jun. 4, Radiation Sickness; 243 Carol Moore 8946 2013 Carol Moore Comments

8947- Mar. 7, Radiation Sickness; Michele Hertz 244 Michele Hertz 8952 2013 (Petitioner) Comments

8953- Mar. 4, Radiation Sickness; B.J. Arvin Reply 245 B.J. Arvin 8955 2013 Comments

8956- Feb. 12, Suzanne D. Radiation Sickness; Suzanne D. 246 8959 2013 Morris Morris Comments

8960- Feb. 7, Radiation Sickness; 247 Tom Creed 8962 2013 Tom Creed Comments

8963- Feb. 6, Radiation Sickness; 248 Julie Ostoich 8967 2013 Julie Ostoich Comments

8968- Feb. 6, Kathleen M. Radiation Sickness; 249 8981 2013 Sanchez Kathleen M. Sanchez Comments

8982- Feb. 6, John Edward Radiation Sickness; 250 8985 2013 Davie John Edward Davie Comments

8986- Feb. 6, Alison L. Radiation Sickness; 251 8989 2013 Denning Alison L. Denning Comments

Susan 8990- Feb. 6, Radiation Sickness; 252 Brinchman, 9012 2013 Susan Brinchman Comments CEP

9013- Feb. 6, Terilynn Radiation Sickness; 253 9016 2013 Langsev Terilynn Langsev Comments

9017- Feb. 6, Beth Ann Radiation Sickness; 254 9020 2013 Tomek Beth Ann Tomek Comments

9021- Feb. 5, Sandra Radiation Sickness; 255 9025 2013 Storwick Sandra Storwick Comments

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9026- Feb. 5, Radiation Sickness; 256 Odessa Rae 9029 2013 Odessa Rae Comments

9030- Feb. 5, Kenneth Radiation Sickness; 257 9033 2013 Linoski Kenneth Linoski Comments

9034- Feb. 6, Elissa Radiation Sickness; 258 9039 2013 Michaud Elissa Michaud Comments

9040- Feb. 5, Radiation Sickness; 259 Ella Elman 9043 2013 Ella Elman Comments

9044- Feb. 5, Andrew Radiation Sickness; 260 9047 2013 Swerling Andrew Swerling Comments

9048- Feb. 5, Radiation Sickness; 261 Natalie Smith 9051 2013 Natalie Smith Comments

9052- Feb. 4, Radiation Sickness; 262 Mana Iluna 9055 2013 Mana Iluna Comments

9056- Feb. 4, Jayne G. Radiation Sickness; 263 9059 2013 Cagle Jayne G. Cagle Comments

9060- Feb. 4, Mark Radiation Sickness; 264 9063 2013 Summerlin Mark Summerlin Comments

9064- Feb. 4, Lashanda Radiation Sickness; 265 9067 2013 Summerlin Lashanda Summerlin Comments

9068- Feb. 4, Radiation Sickness; 266 Kath Mason 9071 2013 Kath Mason Comments

9072- Nov. 1, Radiation Sickness; Daniel Kleiber 267 Daniel Kleiber 9084 2013 Reply Comments

9085- Sep.3, Susan Radiation Sickness; 268 9086 2013 MacKay Susan MacKay Comments

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9087- Mar. 4, Theresa Radiation Sickness; Theresa 269 9091 2013 McCarthy McCarthy Reply Comments

9092- Jul. 11, Radiation Sickness; 270 L S Murphy 9093 2016 L S Murphy Comments

9094- Aug. 30, Patricia B. Radiation Sickness; 271 9096 2013 Fisken Patricia B. Fisken Comments

9097- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; 272 Linda Hart 9098 2013 Linda Hart Comments

9099- Aug. 19, Radiation Sickness; 273 E Renaud 9101 2013 E Renaud Comments

9102- Aug. 13, Radiation Sickness; 274 Nicole Nevin 9108 2013 Nicole Nevin Comments

9109- Sep. 30, Robert Radiation Sickness; Robert 275 9110 2016 VanEchaute VanEchaute Comments

9111- Sep. 6, Daniel Radiation Sickness; 276 9112 2016 Berman Daniel Berman Comments

9113- Sep. 3, Edna Radiation Sickness; 277 9116 2013 Willadsen Edna Willadsen Comments

9117- Aug. 30, Radiation Sickness; 278 Susan Molloy 9118 2013 Susan Molloy Comments

9119- Sep. 3, Kathleen Radiation Sickness; Kathleen 279 9120 2013 Christofferson Christofferson Comments

9121- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; 280 Juli Johnson 9122 2013 Juli Johnson Comments

9123- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; 281 Annalee Lake 9124 2013 Annalee Lake Comments

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9125- Aug. 22, Radiation Sickness; 282 Alan Marks 9126 2013 Alan Marks Comments

9127- Jun. 10, Peggy Radiation Sickness; 283 9128 2013 McDonald Peggy McDonald Comments

9129- Feb. 26, Radiation Sickness; Mark Zehfus 284 Mark Zehfus 9131 2013 Reply Comments

9132- Feb. 6, Jennifer Radiation Sickness; Jennifer Zmarzlik 285 9137 2013 Zmarzlik Comments

9138- Feb. 6, Catherine E. Radiation Sickness; 286 9142 2013 Ryan Catherine E. Ryan Comments

9143- Feb. 6, Radiation Sickness; 287 L. Meade 9148 2013 L. Meade Comments

9149- Sep. 3, Arthur Radiation Sickness; 288 9150 2013 Firstenberg Arthur Firstenberg Comments

9151- Mar. 5, Jeromy Radiation Sickness; Jeromy Johnson 289 9152 2013 Johnson Reply Comments

9153- Sep. 26, Jeanne Radiation Sickness; 290 9154 2016 Insenstein Jeanne Insenstein Comments

9155- Nov. 18, Radiation Sickness; Angela Flynn 291 Angela Flynn 9159 2013 Reply Comments

9160- Sep. 4, Kathryn K. Radiation Sickness; 292 9162 2013 Wesson Kathryn K. Wesson Comments

9163- Sep. 3, Diane St. Radiation Sickness; 293 9165 2013 James Diane St. James Comments

9166- Sep. 3, Christine Radiation Sickness; 294 9168 2013 Hoch Christine Hoch Comments

9169- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; 295 Arlene Ring 9180 2013 Arlene Ring Comments

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9181- Sep. 3, Victoria Radiation Sickness; 296 9182 2013 Jewett Victoria Jewett Comments

9183- Sep. 3, Michael J. Radiation Sickness; 297 9185 2013 Hazard Michael J. Hazard Comments

9186- Aug. 30, Melinda Radiation Sickness; 298 9187 2013 Wilson Melinda Wilson Comments

9188- Aug. 30, Radiation Sickness; 299 Maggi Garloff 9191 2013 Maggi Garloff Comments

9192- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 300 Holly Manion 9199 2013 Holly Manion Comments

9200- Aug. 22, Radiation Sickness; 301 James Baker 9203 2013 James Baker Comments

Radiation Sickness; Deborah Cooney, Verified Complaint, Cooney v. 9204- Jul. 19, Deborah California Public Utilities 302 9254 2013 Cooney Commission et al, No. 12-cv-06466- CW, U.S.D.C. N.D. Cal. (Dec 17, 2012)

9255- Jun. 13, Mardel Radiation Sickness; 303 9258 2013 DeBuhr Mardel DeBuhr Comments

9259- Jun. 10, Richard Radiation Sickness; 304 9260 2013 Wolfson Richard Wolfson Comments

9261- Mar. 7, James E. Radiation Sickness; James E. Peden 305 9264 2013 Peden Reply Comments

9265- Mar. 5, Radiation Sickness; 306 Carl Hilliard 9266 2013 Carl Hilliard Comments

9267- Mar. 4, Radiation Sickness; 307 Lisa Horn 9268 2013 Lisa Horn Comments

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9269- Feb. 27, Alexandra Radiation Sickness; Alexandra Ansell 308 9274 2013 Ansell Reply Comments

9275- Feb. 25, Patricia A. Radiation Sickness; Patricia A. 309 9278 2013 Ormsby Ormsby Reply Comments

9279- Feb. 14, Annette Radiation Sickness; Annette Jewell- 310 9282 2013 Jewell-Ceder Ceder Reply Comments

9283- Feb. 6, Radiation Sickness; 311 Max Feingold 9286 2013 Max Feingold Comments

Annallys 9287- Feb. 6, Radiation Sickness; Annallys 312 Goodwin- 9300 2013 Goodwin-Landher Comments Landher

9301- Feb. 4, Radiation Sickness; 313 Rebecca Morr 9316 2013 Rebecca Morr Comments

9317- Feb. 5, Radiation Sickness; Alexandra Ansell 314 Josh Finley 9320 2013 Reply Comments

9321- Feb. 5, Donna L. Radiation Sickness; 315 9331 2013 Bervinchak Donna L. Bervinchak Comments

VOLUME 24 – Tabs 316-377

9332- Feb. 5, Catherine Radiation Sickness; 316 9334 2013 Morgan Catherine Morgan Comments

9335- Feb. 5, Radiation Sickness; 317 Angelica Rose 9338 2013 Angelica Rose Comments

9339- Feb. 5, Brian J. Radiation Sickness; 318 9341 2013 Bender Brian J. Bender Comments

9342- Jul. 11, Maggie Radiation Sickness; 319 9343 2016 Connolly Maggie Connolly Comments

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9344- Sep. 3, Gregory Radiation Sickness; 320 9345 2013 Temmer Gregory Temmer Comments

9346- Sep. 3, Bernice Radiation Sickness; 321 9347 2013 Nathanson Bernice Nathanson Comments

9348- Sep. 3, Terry Radiation Sickness; 322 9350 2013 Losansky Terry Losansky Comments

9351- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; 323 Ronald Jorstad 9352 2013 Ronald Jorstad Comments

9353- Jul. 8, Radiation Sickness; 324 Liz Menkes 9354 2013 Liz Menkes Comments

9355- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; 325 Katie Mickey 9356 2013 Katie Mickey Comments

9357- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; 326 Karen Nold 9360 2013 Karen Nold Comments

9361- Jul. 8, David DeBus, Radiation Sickness; 327 9362 2013 PhD. David DeBus, Ph.D. Comments

9363- Jun. 20, Radiation Sickness; 328 Jamie Lehman 9365 2013 Jamie Lehman Comments

9366- Jun. 12, Jane van Radiation Sickness; 329 9367 2013 Tamelen Jane van Tamelen Comments

9368- Jun. 10, Sebastian Radiation Sickness; 330 9379 2013 Sanzotta Sebastian Sanzotta Comments

9380- Mar. 7, Taale Laafi Radiation Sickness; Taale Laafi 331 9383 2013 Rosellini Rosellini Reply Comments

9384- Mar. 7, Robert E. Radiation Sickness; Robert E. Peden 332 9387 2013 Peden Reply Comments

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9388- Mar. 7, Marilyn L. Radiation Sickness; Marilyn L. Peden 333 9391 2013 Peden Reply Comments

9392- Mar. 5, Doreen Radiation Sickness; Doreen Almeida 334 9393 2013 Almeida Reply Comments

9394- Mar. 5, Radiation Sickness; 335 Oriannah Paul 9395 2013 Oriannah Paul Comments

9396- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; 336 Heather Lane 9397 2013 Heather Lane Comments

9398- Aug. 15, Radiation Sickness; 337 John Grieco 9399 2013 John Grieco Comments

9400- Sep. 29, Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 338 Linda Kurtz 9401 2016 Linda Kurtz Comments

9402- Feb. 5, Lisa Drodt- Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 339 9406 2013 Hemmele Lisa Drodt-Hemmele Comments

9407- Aug. 26, Robert S Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 340 9409 2013 Weinhold Robert S Weinhold Comments

9410- Jul. 12, Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 341 Dianne Black 9411 2016 Dianne Black Comments

9412- Jul. 13, Derek C. Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 342 9415 2016 Bishop Derek C. Bishop Comments

9416- Aug. 21, Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 343 Steven Magee 9435 2013 Steven Magee Comments

9436- Sep. 3, Melissa Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 344 9437 2013 Chalmers Melissa Chalmers Comments

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9438- Aug. 30, Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 345 Garril Page 9440 2013 Garril Page Comments

9441- Sep. 5, Laddie W. Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 346 9444 2013 Lawings Laddie W. Lawings Comments

9445- Sep. 4, Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 347 Fern Damour 9446 2018 Fern Damour Comments

9447- Aug. 28, Rebecca Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 348 9449 2013 Rundquist Rebecca Rundquist Comments

9450- Sep. 3, JoAnn Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 349 9451 2013 Gladson JoAnn Gladson Comments

9452- Jul. 13, Jonathan Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 350 9453 2016 Mirin Jonathan Mirin Comments

9454- Jul. 12, Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 351 Mary Adkins 9455 2016 Mary Adkins Comments

9456- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; Ian 352 Ian Greenberg 9458 2013 Greenberg Comments

9459- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 353 Helen Sears 9462 2013 Helen Sears Comments

9463- Mar. 4, Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 354 Janet Johnson 9464 2013 Janet Johnson Comments

9465- Aug. 20, Mr. and Mrs. Radiation Sickness & ADA/FHA; 355 9467 2013 Gammone Mr. and Mrs. Gammone Comments

9468- Sep. 10, Shelley Radiation Sickness - Disability; 356 9475 2013 Masters Shelley Masters Comments

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Tara Schell & Radiation Sickness; Disability; Tara 9476- Sep. 12, 357 Kathleen Schell & Kathleen Bowman 9479 2016 Bowman Comments

9480- Feb. 6, Radiation Sickness; Disability; 358 Patricia Burke 9481 2013 Patricia Burke Comments

9482- Aug. 19, Deirdre Radiation Sickness; Disability; 359 9484 2013 Mazzetto Deirdre Mazzetto Comments

9485- Mar. 5, Jim and Jana Radiation Sickness; Disability; Jim 360 9486 2013 May and Jana May Comments

9487- Jun. 10, Radiation Sickness; Disability; Lisa 361 Lisa M. Stakes 9488 2013 M. Stakes Comments

9489- Sep. 3, Veronica Radiation Sickness; Disability; 362 9490 2013 Zrnchik Veronica Zrnchik Comments

9491- Sep. 12, Radiation Sickness; Disability; J.A. 363 J.A. Wood 9493 2013 Wood Comments

9494- Jul. 3, Radiation Sickness; Disability; Sherry 364 Sherry Lamb 9495 2016 Lamb Comments

9496- Aug. 28, April Radiation Sickness; Disability; April 365 9500 2013 Rundquist Rundquist Comments

9501- Jul. 21, Charlene Radiation Sickness; Disability; 366 9502 2016 Bontrager Charlene Bontrager Comments

9503- Jun. 19, Michelle Radiation Sickness; Disability; 367 9506 2013 Miller Michelle Miller Comments

-xlvi- USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 47 of 480 INDEX TO DEFERRED APPENDIX

9507- Sep. 3, James C. Radiation Sickness; Disability; James 368 9514 2013 Barton C. Barton Comments

9515- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Disability; Diane 369 Diane Schou 9526 2013 Schou Comments

9527- Jun. 24, Radiation Sickness; Disability; Alison 370 Alison Price 9532 2013 Price Comments

9533- Sep. 10, Radiation Sickness; Disability; Shari 371 Shari Anker 9535 2013 Anker Comments

9536- Aug. 30, Paul Radiation Sickness; Disability; Paul 372 9538 2013 Vonharnish Vonharnish Comments

9539- Aug. 26, Heidi Radiation Sickness; Disability; Heidi 373 9548 2013 Lumpkin F. Lumpkin, Comments

9549- Sep. 3, Kaitlin Radiation Sickness; Disability; 374 9550 2013 Losansky Kaitlin Losansky Comments

9551- Nov. 12, Monise Radiation Sickness; Disability; 376 9556 2012 Sheehan Monise Sheehan Testimonial

9557- Mar. 1, Ruthie Radiation Sickness; Disability; Ruthie 376 9558 2013 Glavinich Glavinich Comments

9559- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Testimonials of 377 Ed Friedman 9682 2013 Nine People; 2013

VOLUME 25 – Tabs 378-404

9683- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Testimonials of 378 Ed Friedman 9771 2013 Twelve People; 2013

9772- Sep. 3, Radiation Sickness; Testimonials of 379 Ed Friedman 9854 2013 Nine People; 2013

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Radiation Sickness; Testimonials of 9855- Sep. 28, 380 Kevin Mottus Twenty People, Collected by 9936 2016 StopSmartMeters; 2013

9937- Sep. 3, Amanda & Radiation Sickness: Doctor’s 381 9938 2013 Ryan Rose Diagnosis Letter for Peter Rose; 2010

9939- Jun. 10, Radiation Sickness; Doctor’s 382 Steven Magee 9940 2013 Diagnosis Letter for Steven Magee

9941- Sep. 30, European Manifesto in support of a 383 Patricia Burke 9964 2016 European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI)

ADA/FHA; Verified Complaint, G v. 9965- Jul. 7, Environmental 384 Fay Sch., Inc., No. 15-CV-40116- 10012 2016 Health Trust TSH (U.S.D.C. Mass. Aug. 12, 2015)

ADA/FHA; Organizations; American 10013- Aug. 13, 385 John Puccetti Academy of Environmental 10015 2013 Medicine, Letter to the FCC

10016- Feb. 5, Rachel ADA/FHA; Rachel Nummer 386 10018 2013 Nummer Comments

ADA/FHA; Southern Californians for 10019- Feb. 5, Barbara 387 a Wired Solution to Smart Meters 10023 2013 Schnier Comments

ADA/FHA; Opening Brief of Southern Californians for Wired 10024- Feb. 5, Barbara 388 Solutions to Smart Meters, 10057- 2013 Schnier Application 11-03-014 (July 19, 2012)

10058- Sep. 2, Barbara Li ADA/FHA; Barbara Li Santi 389 10066 2013 Santi Comments

10067- Oct. 22, ADA/FHA; Kit T. Weaver, Reply 390 Kit T. Weaver 10077 2013 Comments

-xlviii- USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 49 of 480 INDEX TO DEFERRED APPENDIX

10078- Mar. 3, Sandra ADA/FHA; Sandra Schmidt Reply 391 10086 2013 Schmidt Comments

10087- Feb. 11, Antoinette ADA/FHA; Antoinette Stein 392 10099 2013 Stein Comments

10100- Feb. 5, David ADA/FHA; David Morrison 393 10103 2013 Morrison Comments

10104- Apr. 16, 394 MK Hickox MK Hickox Reply Comments 10107 2014

10108- Sep. 3, Annemarie ADA/FHA; Annemarie Weibel 395 10009 2013 Weibel Comments

10110 - Sep. 3, Omer Abid, Individual Rights; Dr. Omer Abid 396 10117 2013 MD, MPH MD. MPH Comments

10118- Sep. 2, John A. Individual Rights; John & Pauline 397 10120 2013 Holeton Holeton Comments

Grassroots Environmental 10121- Sep. 2, Individual Rights; Nancy Naylor 398 Education, 10129 2013 Comments Inc. o/b/o Nancy Naylor

10130- Sep. 2, Deborah M. Individual Rights; Deborah M. Rubin 399 10143 2013 Rubin Comments

10,144- Sep. 2, Individual Rights; Kevin Mottus 400 Kevin Mottus 10149 2013 Comments

10150 - Aug. 30, Alexandra Individual Rights; Alexandra Ansell 401 10157 2013 Ansell Comments

10158- Aug. 25, Individual Rights; Steen Hviid 402 Steen Hviid 10161 2013 Comments

10162- Aug. 21, Individual Rights; Molly Hauck 403 Molly Hauck 10165 2013 Comments

-xlix- USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 50 of 480 INDEX TO DEFERRED APPENDIX

10166- Feb. 5, Olle Individual Rights; Prof. Olle 404 10171 2013 Johansson Johansson PhD., Comments

VOLUME 26 – Tabs 405-443

R.Paul and 10172- Mar. 4, Individual Rights; R. Paul and 405 Kathleen 10174 2013 Kathleen Sundmark Reply Comments Sundmark

10175- Feb. 5, Cynthia Individual Rights & ADA; 406 10180 2013 Edwards Cynthia Edwards Comments

10181- Feb. 4, Diana Individual Rights; Diana Ostermann 407 10185 2013 Ostermann Comments

10186- Jul. 13, Individual Rights; Chris Nubbe 408 Chris Nubbe 10193 2016 Comments

10194- Nov. 17, Individual Rights & ADA; Katie 409 Katie Singer 10201 2013 Singer Comments

Individual Rights; BC Human Rights 10202- Aug. 21, 410 John Puccetti Tribunal approves smart meter class 10203 2013 action, Citizens for Safe Technology

Individual Rights; Wireless 10204- Sep. 30, Catherine 411 Technology Violates Human Rights, 10207 2016 Kleiber Catherine Kleiber

10208- Oct. 28, Kate Reese Individual Rights; Kate Reese Hurd 412 10212 2013 Hurd Comments

Individual Rights; Wireless ‘“Revolution” Must Be Supported by 10213- Sep. 30, 413 Patricia Burke Scientific Proof of Safety for Human 10214 2016 Health and the Environment, Patricia Burke

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Individual Rights; Transcript of Hearing, Vol. 10, Application 11-03- 014, Application of Pacific Gas and Electric Company for Approval of 10215- Sep. 3, 414 Ed Friedman Modifications to its SmartMeter™ 10216 2013 Program and Increased Revenue Requirements to Recover the Costs of the Modifications, California Public Utilities Commission; Dec. 20, 2012

Individual Rights; Letter of Complaint and Appeal, and Notice of 10235- Dec. 1, Julienne 415 Liability Regarding ‘Smart Meter’ 10248 2013 Battalia and Wireless Networks, Julienne Battalia, Washington State

Precautionary Principle; Mobile Phone Infrastructure Regulation in Europe: Scientific Challenges and 10249- Jul. 7, Environmental Human Rights Protection, Professor 416 10270 2016 Health Trust Susan Perry, (international human rights law) Professor Claudia Roda (Impacts of digital technology on human behavior and social structure)

Precautionary Principle; Wi-Fi - Children; Saying Good-Bye to WiFi 10271- Jul. 11, Environmental 417 A Waldorf School Takes a 10275 2016 Health Trust Precautionary Step, Dr. Ronald E. Koetzsch PhD.

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Precautionary Principle; Wireless Devices, Standards, and Microwave 10276- Jul. 7, Environmental Radiation in the Education 418 10290 2016 Health Trust Environment, Dr. Gary Brown, Ed.D. (Instructional Technologies and Distance Education)

10291- Nov. 18, Richard H. Precautionary Principle; Dr. Richard 419 10294 2013 Conrad, Ph.D. H. Conrad Reply Comments

Precautionary Principle; Smart Meters-Firefighters; Letter from 10295- Sep. 3, 420 Holly Manion Susan Foster to San Diego Gas & 10304 2013 Electric, California Public Utilities Commission; Nov. 8, 2011

Precautionary Principle; Letter to the 10305- Jul. 7, Environmental Montgomery County Board of 421 10348 2016 Health Trust Education Members, Theodora Scarato

10349- Oct. 30, Precautionary Principle; Diane 422 Diane Hickey 10352 2013 Hickey Comments

10353- Sep. 3, Monnie Precautionary Principle; Monnie 423 10356 2013 Ramsell Ramsell Comments

10357- Aug. 29, Precautionary Principle; Kevin Kunze 424 Kevin Kunze 10409 2013 Comments

10410- Feb. 6, Clara De La Precautionary Principle; Clara de La 425 10429 2013 Torre Torre Comments

10430- Sep. 30, Center for Precautionary Principle; Center for 426 10431 2016 Safer Wireless Safer Wireless Comments

-lii- USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 53 of 480 INDEX TO DEFERRED APPENDIX

Precautionary Principle; Possible Hazards of Cell Phones and Towers, 10432- Sep. 27, Gary C. Wi-Fi, Smart Meters, and Wireless 427 10440 2016 Vesperman Computers, Printers, Laptops, Mice, Keyboards, and Routers Book Three, Gary Vesperman Comments

10441- Jul. 11, Cecelia Precautionary Principle; Cecelia 428 10443 2016 Doucette Doucette Comments

10444- Aug. 31, Chuck Precautionary Principle; Chuck 429 10446 2016 Matzker Matzker Comments

Precautionary Principle; Dr. Diane 10447- Sep. 3, 430 Diane Schou Schou PhD, Dr. Bert Schou, PhD., 10460 2013 Comments (letter sent to FCC’s OET)

10461- Sep. 3, Evelyn Precautionary Principle; Evelyn 431 10465 2013 Savarin Savarin Comments

10466- Jun. 19, Precautionary Principle; Jamie 432 Jamie Lehman 10468 2013 Lehman, Comments

10469- Mar. 7, Marlene Precautionary Principle; Marlene 433 10470 2013 Brenhouse Brenhouse, Comments

10471- Jul. 11, Precautionary Principle; Lynn Beiber 434 Lynn Beiber 10474 2016 Comments

10475- Sep. 2, Precautionary Principle; Kevin 435 Kevin Mottus 10489 2013 Mottus Comments

10490- Jul.13, Precautionary Principle; 436 Mary Paul 10491 2016 Mary Paul, Comments

10492- Jul. 11, Stephanie Precautionary Principle; Stephanie 437 10493 2016 McCarter McCarter Comments

-liii- USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 54 of 480 INDEX TO DEFERRED APPENDIX

10494- Feb. 4, Precautionary Principle; Rebecca 438 Rebecca Morr 10496 2013 Morr Comments

10497- Feb. 3, Precautionary Principle; Nancy Baer 439 Nancy Baer 10505 2013 Comments

10506- Sep. 2, Precautionary Principle; Holly 440 Holly LeGros 10507 2013 LeGros Comments

10508- Aug. 18, Precautionary Principle; Loe Griffith 441 Loe Griffith 10509 2013 Comments

10510- Nov. 18, EMR Policy EMR Policy Institute Reply 442 10555 2013 Institute Comments

10566- Sep. 3, 443 Leslee Cooper Leslee Cooper Comments 10572 2013

-liv- USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 55 of 480

Organizations - Cyprus Government; Neurological and behavior effects οf Non Ionizing Radiation emitted from mobile devices on children: Steps to be taken ASAP for the protection of children and future generations. Presentation Slides; 2016

JA 04375

NeurologicalUSCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759and behavior Filed: 11/04/2020 Page effects 56 of 480 οf Non Ionizing Radiation emitted from mobile devices on children: Steps to be taken ASAP for the protection of children and future generation

Dr. Stella Canna Michaelidou President of the Cyprus National Committee on Environment and Children’s Health

IUCP: CNS Pathology-Oncology an update for the general pathologies IOANINNA 6-8 June 2016

IUPAC 060616 FINAL NNA

JA 04376 USCA Case #20-1025 DocumentThe #1869759 Outline Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 57 of 480 1. PART A . The threat of 21th century: Non ionizing radiation of Radio waves . . Special vulnerability of the children -Potential neurological/behavioural effects 2. PART B : Precautionary measures- reduction of exposure

2 JA 04377 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 58 of 480 Radiofrequency range (30KHz-300 GHz of Non Ionizing Radiation (EMF-RFR)

. It has lower Energy than ionizing radiation , can not brake chemical bonds but can cause thermal,electrical and biological effects

. Can penetrate the tissues more that infrared, visible and to some extent UV . 30ΚΗz-300GHz SCMichaelidou 3 JA 04378 RadiofrequencyUSCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759range Filed: (30KHz-300 11/04/2020 Page 59 of 480 GHz of Non Ionizing Radiation (EMF-RFR)

It carries information and because of this is PULSED and potentially more bioactive.

Lower intensities are not always less harmful; It depends on potential sychronization with natural oncillators

Intensity windows exist, where bio effects are much more powerful

Adapted from Fragopoulou AF_KI_April 2015 JA 04379

 it is a PULSED Radiation EMF-RFRUSCA Case #20-1025 canDocument #1869759be extremely Filed: 11/04/2020 Page bioactive 60 of 480 when exposure is repeated, intermittent and multiple

IT STARTs AND CONTNUES THROUOGH ADDITIVE VULNERABLE STAGES κτινοβολία αυτή διεισδύειEMBRYO TO βαθιά MULTIPLE ADULECENCE μέσα στοINTERMITTENT σώμα (και στον

ΠΟΛΛΑΠΛΗέφαλο2015-…. )

5 1999 JA 04380 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 61 of 480

JA 04381 ChildrenUSCA Case #20-1025are exposed Document #1869759 to anFiled: 11/04/2020electromagnetic Page 62 of 480 cloud created by mobile phones and other wireless devices and connections Mob and DECT phones Baby monitors

Bluetooth WIFI • I pads, tablets – playing consoles Wireless connected laptops • i-pads, tablets

ELECTRONIC CLOUD……that SCMichaelidou 7 is….. JA 04382 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 63 of 480 We are biochemically/electo dynamic organism

Our body, functions and electrophysiology are dependent on well synchronized electro/ biochemical processes JA 04383 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 64 of 480 DNA: A Fractal sensitive and efficient antena

In every cell

SCMichaelidou 9 JA 04384 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 65 of 480

Our body can interact with external electromagnetic fields

JA 04385 USCA Case #20-1025Because Document #1869759 we Filed: 11/04/2020are Page 66 of 480 biochemically/electro dynamic

We are subjected to time-varying conditions  extrinsic from the environment and  intrinsic rhythms. These are generated by intrinsic cellular clocks e.g . the cardiac pacemaker and the circadian clock This ‘clocks” are composed of thousands of clock cells functioning in oscillatory synchronization .

ΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ Cyprus 22-10-15, Λ.Χ. 11 ΜΑΡΓΑΡΙΤΗΣ JA 04386 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 67 of 480 HOW these rhythmus are affected?

These oscillations can be disrupted by artificial signals e.g. EMF-RF resulting in desynchronization of the neural activity

This in turn can dis-regulate critical functions (including metabolism) in the brain, gut and heart and circadian rhythms governing sleep and hormone cycles.

ΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ Cyprus 22-10-15, Λ.Χ. 12 ΜΑΡΓΑΡΙΤΗΣ JA 04387

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 68 of 480

DIFFERENT EFFECTS

. THERMAL effects caused at relative high intensities at the level of W/m2 (Established since 1999)

. Non Thermal BIOLOGICAL effects caused at extremely low intensities at the level of μW/m2 especially under conditions of continuous /long term exposures …….The evidence is growing

SCMichaelidou 13 JA 04388 EMF-RFRUSCA Case #20-1025 Document 30kHz #1869759 to Filed: 11/04/2020300 PageMHz 69 of 480 is possible Human Carcinogen class 2B IARC/WHO (May, 2011)*.

. Covering all EMF-RFR-emitting devices and exposure sources (cell and cordless phones, WI-FI, wireless laptops, wireless hotspots, electronic baby monitors, wireless classroom access points, wireless antenna facilities, etc).

Recent Studies Reviews (2014-2015 Hardell) indicated the need for upgrading of Human carcinogenicity SCMichaelidou 14 classification up to 2A or 1. JA 04389 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 70 of 480

THE STUDY DESIGN . A pooled analysis of two case-control studies on malignant brain tumours with patients diagnosed during 1997–2003 and2007–2009. They were aged 20–80 years and 18–75 years, respectively, at the time of diagnosis. Only cases with histopathological verification of the tumour were included.

. Population-based controls, matched on age and gender, were used.

. Exposures were assessed by questionnaires

. In total, 1498 (89%) cases and 3530 (87%) controls

SCMichaelidou 15 . JA 04390 L.Hardell et al USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 71 of 480 RESULTS . Mobile phone and cordless phones use increased the risk of glioma,. . The OR increased statistically significant both per 100 h of cumulative use, and per year of latency for mobile and cordless phone use. Highest ORs overall were found for ipsilateral (oμοπλευρο) mobile or cordless phone use, . The highest risk was found for glioma in the temporal lobe. . First use of mobile or cordless phone before the age of 20 gave higher OR for glioma than in later age groups.©

SCMichaelidou JA 04391 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 72 of 480

. HILL CRITERIA FOR CAUSALITY FULLFILLED FOR new CLASSIFICATION AS . A HUMAN CARCINOGEN . “There is a consistent pattern of increased risk for glioma (a malignant brain tumor) and acoustic neuroma with use of mobile and cordless phones” Lennart Hardell

SCMichaelidou 17 JA 04392 ButUSCA Caseis #20-1025 not Document only #1869759 cancer Filed: 11/04/2020 related Page 73 of 480 RISKS. Other potential short and long term effects may exist (supported by thousands of recent peer review studies, ref Bioiniative Report, 2012/2014 ) Relative Short-term exposure may cause . Insomnia, sleeping disorders, . Attention deficit, learning difficulties, . “Unexplained” changes in school performance, . headaches, nervousness, ear tinnitusSCMichaelidou etc . Pains at multiple body sites

18 . Baby is crying all night …without reason?JA 04393

BiologicalUSCA Case #20-1025 effects Document #1869759 are Filed: 11/04/2020 established Page 74 of 480 – a snapshot of the evidence (1/3) Ref Bionitiative updated report 2014

DNA IS . Abnormal gene transcription AFFECTED . genotoxicity and single-and double-strand DNA damage . Chromatin condensation and loss of DNA repair capacity in human stem cells

SCMichaelidou 19 JA 04394

BiologicalUSCA Case #20-1025 effects Document #1869759 are Filed: 11/04/2020 established Page 75 of 480 – a snapshot of the evidence (2/3) Ref Bionitiative updated report 2014

. Reduction in melatonin & other free-radical scavengers

Disruption of circadian rhythms DEFENCE MECHANISMS . Destruction of Myelin ARE AFFECTED . Increase the perfusion of blood-brain barrier

. Synthesis of Stress proteins

SCMichaelidou 20 JA 04395

: BiologicalUSCA Case #20-1025 Document effects #1869759 Filed: are 11/04/2020 established Page 76 of 480 – a snapshot of the evidence (3/3)Ref Bionitiative updated report 2014

. Impacts on human and animal sperm morphology and function

. Effects on neuronal, brain and cranial bone development in the offspring of animals

. Neurotoxicity in humans and animals -latent neurotoxicity

. Carcinogenicity in humans

. HYPERSENSITIVITY TO ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION : EHS SCMichaelidou 21 JA 04396

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 77 of 480

Proposed Mechanisms (ref Erika Malley,) The radiation reduces melatonin levels and increases nitric oxide (NO) levels [Yariktas 2005]. These changes may

. May reduce the amount of cancer fighting cells in our bodies and the immune system's ability to repair cancer damage is compromised,

. May also promote sleeping disorders, increase blood presasure and cholesterol levels leading to greater risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, [Aly 2008]

. May also change the body's ability to cope with other toxins.

JA 04397

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 78 of 480

Proposed Mechanisms (ref Erika Malley,)

Changes in the choline uptake . A study by in the late 80's [Lai 1989] found that 45 minutes of exposure to pulsed microwaves affected choline uptake in the rat. . . Choline is a chemical precursor or "building block" needed to produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, . research suggests that memory, intelligence and mood are mediated at least in part by acetylcholine metabolism in the brain.

JA 04398 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 79 of 480

SCMichaelidou 24 JA 04399 BiologicalUSCA Case #20-1025 Document effects #1869759 Filed: can 11/04/2020 lead Page 80 of 480 to adverse health effects if exposure is chronic (1/2) Ref Bionitiative updated report 2014 WHY ??

1, They interfere with normal body processes (DISRUPT HOMEOSTASIS)  prevent the body from healing damaged DNA, produce immune system imbalances,  metabolic disruption and lower resistance to disease across multiple pathways. 25 SCMichaelidouJA 04400

BiologicalUSCA Case #20-1025 Document effects #1869759 Filed: can 11/04/2020 lead Page 81 of 480 to adverse health effects if exposure is chronic (2/2) Ref Bionitiative updated report 2014 WHY ?? 2. Essential body processes can eventually be disabled and lead to pervasive impairment of • metabolic, • neurological and • reproductive functions

26 SCMichaelidouJA 04401 USCAFrom Case #20-1025 Biological Document #1869759 Filed: effects 11/04/2020 Page 82to of 480 diseases and disorders Ref Bionitiative updated report 2014

. Cancer, . reproductive disorders, . immune dysfunction, . neurological damage and cognitive disorders has been documented repeatedly . Behaviour problems in animals and child after in utero exposure –links to autism . Hypersensitivity disorders like allergies ,asthma- EHS

SCMichaelidou 27 JA 04402 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 83 of 480 Review 2014, of peer review studies on biological effects of RFR

Neurological Effects : positive 68% from 211 studies Effects on DNA: positive 65% from 114 studies

Most studies at cellular level in vitro (including human cells) . There are few epidemiological studies in humans , most studies in animals and plants Ref : Bio Initiative 2012 Report 2014 Radiofrequency Radiation Research Summary Updated March 29, 2014, & supplement summary for public 28 SCMichaelJA 04403 idou TheUSCA Case %#20-1025 of Document Positive #1869759 Filed: studies 11/04/2020 Page 84 ofare 480 dependent on the funding source (university of Bern 2006)

POSITIVE . in 33% of industry supported studies

. In 80% of industry independent studies

SCMichaelidou 29 JA 04404 USCA CaseRFR-EMF #20-1025 Document #1869759: A scientific Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 85 of 480 controversy – Static Limits not relevant

Limits -1999/2009 Short exposure/shorterm effects

Occur at substantially lower level of energy especially under conditions of

SCMichaelidou continuous exposure Bioinitiative report evaluation of 8000 peer reviewed studies 2007, 1800 new studies 2012-2014 30 SCMichaelidou JA 04405 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 86 of 480

Athermal biological effects compared to thermal ones can be happened at at much lower radiation levels. These levels are by 100000-1 million times lower than the ICNIRP especially under continuous and repeated exposure conditions

SCMichaelidou 31 JA 04406 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 87 of 480 LIMITS INTERNATIONAL -

ΙCΝIRP Η Κύπρος και οι πλείστες

Limits based on biological effects till 2007

Limits based on biological effects till 2015

Fragopoulou AF_KI_April 2015 32 JA 04407 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 88 of 480 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, COUNCIL OF EUROPE , MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATIONs ARE CALLING FOR BIOLOGICAL RELEVANT LIMITS

EUROPEAN PRLIAMENT 2012

:"the limits on exposure to electromagnetic fields which have been set for the general public are obsolete" and called upon the Council to "set stricter exposure limits for all equipment which emits electromagnetic waves ..."

SCMichaelidou 33 JA 04408 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 89 of 480

JA 04409 USCAThe Case #20-1025 impact Document #1869759 of EMF-RFR Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 90 isof 480 dependent on :

. Modulation and strength of the radiation . THE DISTANCE FROM THE EMMITING SOURCE . EXPOSURE DURATION and HOW OFTEN THIS HAPPENS . THE PENETRATION AND ABSRPION RATE . SENSITIVITY / VULNERABILITY of the exposed

SCMichaelidou 35 JA 04410

WHYUSCA Case #20-1025 CHILDREN Document #1869759 Filed: ARE 11/04/2020 MORE Page 91 of 480 VURNERABLE

SCMichaelidou 36 JA 04411 INCREASEDUSCA Case #20-1025 RISKS Document #1869759 AND Filed: POTENTIAL 11/04/2020 Page 92 of 480 EFFECTS FOR FETUS AND CHILDREN (WHO)

Immature organs, systems and functions constantly developing, and DEFENCE MECHANISMS Faster cell division and higher vulnerability to genotoxic effect More years of exposure and higher risk to develop long- term diseases such as cancer Strong evidence: Absorption of electromagnetic radiation from the child’s brain might be greater and in deeper tissues compared to adults, because the child’s brain has Different dielectric constants , greater 37 conductivity, smaller size, thinner cranial bones and

SCMichaelidou distance from the radiation source.. JA 04412 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 93 of 480

Up to 2χ in brain tissues 5 years 10 years Adult up to 10χ marrow bone Ref WHO/IARC 2011, 102

4.5 W/Kg 3.2 W/Kg 2.9 W/Kg Review Morgan et al Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure (2014) 197–204) Ghandi et al. IEEE Trans, Microwave Theory & 38 Techniques, Vol. 44(10), pp. 1884-1897, 1996SCMichael JA 04413 idou USCAWINDOWS Case #20-1025 Document #1869759OF VULNERABILITY Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 94 of 480

INTERVENATION on PROGRAMMING AND DEVELOPMENT IN PARTICULAR OF FOETUS AND CHILD BRAIN

faster cell division More susceptible to genotoxic effects WEAKENING of DEFENSE

39 SCMichaelidou JA 04414 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 95 of 480 Brain Development Processes

. The interaction of genetic inheritance and environment determines

how the brain will40 develop

JA 04415 .. USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 96 of 480

Brain neurological development Figure 19 : Décours temporel des évènements majeurs du développement cérébral. Image de Giedd (1999) dans la revue de Tau and Peterson 2010 22 ANSES pg

Adapted from ANSES Pre consultation Opinion “EMF & Children”, 2015 JA 04416 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 97 of 480 Essential Brain Development Processes 1. NEUROGENESIS is completed before a baby is born. (RFR may intervene in nurons development-distract nervous cells) 2. NEURAL MIGRATION Begins prenatally, but continues for at least 8 to 10 months after a baby is born.(RFR may intervene in the programing and of networking development)

3. MYELINATION begins in brain stem42 and cerebelium before birth, but is not completed in the frontal cortex until late in adolescence. (RFR causes myelin destruction) JA 04417 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 98 of 480 Brain Development Processes

4. SYNAPTOGENESIS It begins forming prenatally and continues throughout life. RFR may cause abnormal synaptogenesis 5. PRUNING Some pruning begins very early in development. The most rapid pruning is between about age 3 & 16. RFR may interfere to normal pruning

43

JA 04418 USCAProcesses Case #20-1025 Document are #1869759 affected Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 99by of 480 Environmental factors

. An exposure during development can initiate a cascade of alterations which may not be detected structurally or functionally until much later in life. . The effects may be manifested as:  persistent deficits, developmental delays, or transient deficits. Ref Deborah Rice1 and Stan Barone Jr.2Abstract

SCMichaelidou 44 JA 04419 DevelopmentUSCA Case #20-1025 of Document CNS #1869759 sheathing Filed: 11/04/2020 –MYELINATION Page 100 of 480 (M.Redmayne 2014, Rathus, 2010),(Paus et al,1999),(Yakovlev& Lecours, 1967

25th week of gestation- 2years

45 JA 04420 SCMichaelidou USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 101 of 480 Could Myelin Damage From RFR Exposure Help Explain the Functional Impairment Electrohypersensitivity? A Review of the Evidence Mary Redmayneab* & Olle Johanssonc

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews .Volume 17, Issue 5, pages 247-258,2014

. in vivo and in vitro and epidemiological studies suggests an association between RF-EMF exposure and either myelin deterioration or a direct impact on neuronal conduction

. If myelin is damaged, the impulses traveling along the nerves slow down.

JA 04421 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 102 of 480 Could Myelin Damage From RFR Exposure Help Explain the Functional Impairment Electrohypersensitivity? A Review of the Evidence Mary Redmayneab* & Olle Johanssonc

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews .Volume 17, Issue 5, pages 247-258,2014

. If myelin is not repaired, this results in a variety of symptoms and diseases. The most common of these is the autoimmune condition

. The greatest impact for humans would most likely be at each end of the life span.

JA 04422 INDIGATIVEUSCA Case #20-1025 Document EPIDEMIOLOGICAL #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 103 ofSTUDIES 480 IN CHILDREN

 Headaches, dizziness, fatigue, sleeping problems concentration problems [Schreier et al., 2006; Rubin et al., 2008; Van den Bulck et al., 2007]

 Prenatal and Postnatal Cell Phone Exposures and Headaches in Children, Madhuri Sudan et al, 2012

 Prenatal and Postnatal Cell Phone Exposures and Headaches in Children, (The Open Pediatric Medicine Journal, 2012, 6, 46-52, Madhuri Sudan*,et all 48 JA 04423

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 104 of 480 INDIGATIVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES

• Increased risk for brain tumor development (meningioma, glioma, acoustic neuroma, salivary gland tumor) after 10 years of heavy use [Hardell et al., 2002, 2006, 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015; Söderqvist et al., 2011, 2012– Orebro group-; Khurana et al. 2008; Baan et al., 2011]

• Possible correlation of ASD (autism spectrum disorders) symptoms deterioration and EMF [Thornton et al., 2006; Herbert and Sage C, 2013]

• Behavioral problems in children, aggressiveness [Divan et al., 2008, 2010]

49 JA 04424 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 105 of 480

USAGE of mobile 2-3 times/day by a pregnant woman linked with behavioural problems in their child (DANISH cohort -13000 children

54% more risk for the child to develop behavioural social and sentimental problems by the age of 7

The risk can go up to 80% when children are in addition continuing to be e exposed postanataly up to their sevens to mobile JA 04425

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 106 of 480 INDIGATIVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES

• ] NECATIVE OR NO EFFECT • NEGATIVE

• Prenatal cell phone use and developmental milestone delays among infants, Divan. J et al ,2012, • Limitation : The study addressed only the stages 6 & 18 months

51 Fragopoulou AF_KI_April 2015 JA 04426 NeurodevelopmentalUSCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020behavioral- Page 107 of 480 intellectual disorders

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Autism .

EMF-RFR? Growing evidence of potential correlation with the onset or syptoms of Autism

SCMichaelidou 52 JA 04427 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 108 of 480 SUMMURY of EVIDENCE

. Time-varying electromagnetic waves have the potential to temporally modulate the nervous system, . This modulation and temporal disruption might act to delay or disrupt vital calibration processes in infant (Thorton 2006) . Based on strong evidence for vulnerable biology in autism, RFR can plausibly increase autism risk and symptoms. Martha SCMichaelidou 53 Herbert, 2012 JA 04428

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 109 of 480 SUMMURY of EVIDENCE

. Wireless devices such as phones and laptops used by pregnant women may alter brain development of the fetus. This has been linked in both animal and human studies to hyperactivity, learning and behaviour problems (Bionitative 2012).

SCMichaelidou 54 JA 04429 EMF-RFUSCA Case #20-1025 is Document a synergic#1869759 Filed: factor 11/04/2020 Pagein 110 the of 480 aetiology of Autism, acting in conjunction with environmental and genetic factors,

A significant role of EMF-RF in the aetiology of Autism and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. facilitating early clinical onset of symptoms or trapping heavy metals in cells: may accelerate the onset of symptoms of metal toxicity and impeding therapeutic clearance. T. J Mariea1 ,G. L Carlo2 (J. Aust. Coll. Nutr. & Env. Med. Vol. 26 No.2 (August 2007) SCMichaelidou 55 JA 04430 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 111 of 480

A POSSIBLE ASSOCATION BETWEEN FETAL/NEONATAL EXPOSURE TO EMF- RF AND THE INCREASE INCIDENCE OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDRES (ASD) Robert C. Kane, Medical Hypotheses", Volume 62, Issue 2 , February 2004,

. It is suggested that fetal or neo-natal exposures to EMF-RF may be associated with an increased incidence of autism.

SCMichaelidou 56 JA 04431

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 112 of 480

PART B

Precaution is the only option

JA 04432 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 113 of 480

Myths and misconception Vs emerging evidence and realities

SCMichaelidou 58 JA 04433 USCA CaseMythos #20-1025 Document #1869759and Filed:Reality 11/04/2020 Page 114 of 480

Mythos The Reality

These limits are referring only to thermal effects They don’t protect against • non-thermal biological effects WRONG including cancer

• long term exposure

SCMichaelidou 59 JA 04434 USCA Case #20-1025RFR-EMF Document #1869759 & Filed: DNA11/04/2020 Page 115 of 480 Mythos and Reality

ΜΥΘΟΣ Mythos Reality

RFR/EMF can destroy

the DNA via an No oxidative mechanism and the formation of free radicals

Review 2015 “Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation in living cells», Yakymenko Ι. et al, Electromagn Biol Med, Early Online: 1–16, It can also affect http://informahealthcare.com/ebm DNA Repairing Mechanisms: SCMichaelidou 60 JA 04435 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 116 of 480

SCMichaelidou 61 JA 04436 ReviewUSCA Case #20-1025 2015 Document “Oxidative #1869759 Filed: mechanisms 11/04/2020 Page 117 of 480of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation in living cells», Yakymenko Ι. et al, Electromagn Biol Med, Early Online: 1–16, http://informahealthcare.com/ebm

Molecular effects induced by low-intensity RFR in living cells includes . significant activation of key pathways generating reactive oxygen species (ROS),

. activation of peroxidation,

. oxidative damage of DNA and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. SCMichael idou 62 JA 04437 ReviewUSCA Case #20-1025 2015 Document “Oxidative #1869759 Filed: mechanisms 11/04/2020 Page 118 of 480of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation in living cells», Yakymenko Ι. et al, Electromagn Biol Med, Early Online: 1–16, http://informahealthcare.com/ebm

From 93 studies of 100 peer-reviewed studies demonstrate . low intensity RFR induced oxidative effects is one of the primary mechanisms of the biological activity. . A wide pathogenic potential of the induced ROS and their involvement in cell signaling pathways explains a range of biological/health effects of low intensity RFR, both cancer and non-cancer pathologies. . low-intensity RFR is an expressive oxidative agent for living cells with a high pathogenic potential

u 63 JA 04438 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 119 of 480 EFFECTS ON DNA

Repairing process of DNA can be compromised

• The embryonic stem cells cannot adapt to chronic exposure to RF/EMF and cannot correct damages

• DNA Damages of other cells cannot always corrected effectively

Based on L.Margaritis presentation, Cyprus 22-10-15», 64 JA 04439 USCAΜΥΘΟΣ Case #20-1025 Document ΚΑΙ #1869759 ΑΝΑΔΥΟΜΕΝΗ Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 120 of 480 ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ

ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ WIFI ΜΥΘΟΣ

SCMichaelidou 65 JA 04440 MythosUSCA Case #20-1025 and Document Emerging #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Reality Page 121 of 480 about Wi-Fi REALITY WIFI It is true that the average Wi-Fi Mythos emitted energy is much lower than the one from mobile. However

1. WI-FI HAVE PULSES & PEAKS OF VERY HIGH INTENSITY

2. EXPOSURE DURATION CAN be VERY LONG FOR SOME HOURS To 24h

ΟΧΙ 3. The user of a A laptop connected to WiFi (depending on the managed data) can receive radiation similar or even higher WRONG than the one he could receive if he was at a distanceSCMichaelidou of 50m-150m from a Mast66 . JA 04441 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 122 of 480

SCMichaelidou 67 JA 04442 PASSIVEUSCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 123 of 480 ACTIVE+PASSIVE . Wi-Fi routers cause passive exposure to not-users The user is exposed to . Distance of at least the highest exposure 4m up to 10m should through wireless be kept from places connections via Wi-Fi, where children are 3G or 4G . This playing, staying or applies also to any sleeping.ι bystander . WiFi should always kept closed when not in Because of proximity use especially when and the high intensity pregnant and children of pulsed signals transmitting data are near by. SCMichaelidou 68 JA 04443 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 124 of 480 Wi-Fi: Active and Passive Exposure

max

4-10 μέτρα SCMichaelidou 69 JA 04444 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 125 of 480

What scientific research showed ?

. Conrado Avendaño, M.S. et .al .,Fertility and Sterility Volume 97, Issue 1, Pages 39- 45.e2 (January 2012

. Use of laptop computers connected to internet through Wi-Fi decreases human sperm motility and increases sperm DNA fragmentation after 4 hours of usage. . ) SCMichaelidou 70 JA 04445 USCADo Case we #20-1025 wish Document #1869759an ANTENA Filed: 11/04/2020 Page IN 126 ofOUR 480 HOME??

WE OPPOSE TELEPHONE CONTINUOUS MASTS CLOSE TO OUR HOMES !!

HOW CAN WE VOLUNTARY PUT ANTENNAS INSIDE ??

CUMULATIVE

SCMichaelidou EXPOSURE

71 JA 04446

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 127 of 480 Wi-Fi in schools?? It is convenient but…. Can be Dangerous ?

SCMichaelidou 72 JA 04447 USCAWi Case-Fi #20-1025 in Documentschool #1869759 can Filed: be 11/04/2020 like Pagethis 128 of 480!!! A multiple disperse exposure 7h/5d/week /every working week

PASSIVE STRENGTH ACTIVE

DURATION

Image adapted from the excellent video by WiFi in Schools Australia SCMichaelidou 73 JA 04448 AGAINSTUSCA Case #20-1025 Document OR #1869759 RESTRICTING Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 129 of 480 SCHOOL Wi-Fi 2011

,Resolution 1815 8.3.2. for children in general, and particularly in schools and classrooms, give preference to wired Internet connections, and strictly regulate the use of mobile phones by schoolchildren on school . Medical and Scientific Associations, . many countries France Germany Austria Italy ,Israel . French national libraries (BNF) has imposed a moratorium on wi-fi networks in French libraries.. SCMichaelidou 74 JA 04449

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 130 of 480 No Wi-Fi in Kindergarden

France February 2015 : Legislation prohibiting Wi-Fi in kinder garden ….. What about to “Sef-Prohibition” in our homes

????SCMichaelidou 75 JA 04450

TheUSCA Case Austrian #20-1025 Document #1869759 Medical Filed: 11/04/2020 Chamber Page 131 of 480 (40,000 doctors):

. Wi-Fi environments will lead to high microwave exposure for students and teachers which might increase the burden of oxidative stress. . . Oxidative stress might slow down the energy production especially in brain cells and may lead e.g. to concentration difficulties and memory problems in certain individuals.

. The Austrian Medical Association recommends Wi-Fi free school environments.“. “

http://wifiinschools.org.uk/resources/safeschools2012.pdf SCMichaelidou 76 JA 04451 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 132 of 480 MYTHOS AND REALITY MYTHOS REALITY

Wrong

The CHOICE

SCMichaelidou 77 JA 04452 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 133 of 480 Βασικά κλειδιά:

Keep Distance from the source, use hands free Reduction of the exposure duration and frequency The usage must be inverted proportional to the age of the child OPTION for wired not wireless Deactivate all Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G , 4G when no in use , when pregnant or child is near by , and always in the night. Children with existing neurological problems that include cognitive, learning, attention, memory, or behavioural problems as well with chronic diseases e.g cancer must be provided with wired (not wireless) learning, living and sleeping environments,

SCMichaelidou 78 JA 04453 USCA Case #20-1025Pregnant Document #1869759 woman Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 134 of 480 Wireless devices such as phones and laptops used by pregnant woman may alter brain development of the fetus.

. Avoid mobile or wireless telephone Use hands free for very short call and with deactivated WiFi, Bluetooth 3G,4G . Avoid Wi-Fi go for Wired. Avoid all wireless connected iPad, lap tops etc . Never sited between computer and router or close to a router keep a distance of 4 to 10 m. . Keep a distance from people using their smart phones or iPads or in general connected wireless through Wi-Fi, 3G or 4 G

SCMichaelidou 79 JA 04454 InfantUSCA Case #20-1025 and Document children #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 below Page 135the of 480 age of 14-16 Mobiles and similar devices should be avoided., especially smart phones .

The use at schools elementary and Gymnasium it should not permitted. It will cause a wide range PASSIVE exposure .

Tablets / iPads/mobiles can be used as devices for music or video provided that ‘these have been preloaded by the parents and devices are on Flight mode with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth και 3G or 4 G deactivated

Usage should be short depending on the age , maximum 30min /d for pre-schoolers

Never be given to a child before the age of 2. (American Medical Association)

SCMichaelidou 80 JA 04455 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 136 of 480

All these are not toys!!!!

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmau.2014.06.005

Review Why children absorb more microwave radiation than adults: The consequences L. Lloyd Morgana,∗, Santosh Kesarib, Devra Lee Davisa Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure, Volume 2, Issue 4, 2014, 197JA - 204 04456 ForUSCA AdolescentCase #20-1025 Document #1869759 older Filed: 11/04/2020 than Page 137 of14- 480 16

Delay the purchase of smart phone

Raise awareness and educate on potential risks once their mobile or tablet or iPads or other smart devices are connected to the internet WIRELESS through Wi-Fi ή 3G & 4G etc.

Educate them to the reasonable and essential usage : SMS , short calls always with hands free or loudspeaker and always deactivated Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G, 4G when they are not using them

Advice to keep mobile away from their body, never in the pockets, bras or bust . Never in their bedroom or next to their bed unless in flight mode. Never use it in the car or in elevators and in general in places with weak signal SCMichaelidou 82 JA 04457 .

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 138 of 480

SCMichaelidou 83 JA 04458 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 139 of 480

SCMichaelido u 84 JA 04459 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 140 of 480 Don’t Irradiate your child !!

Source: adapted from weekly healthylife 2015 SCMichaelidou 85 JA 04460 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 141 of 480

Never work close to a child

SCMichaelidou 86 JA 04461

CLOSINGUSCA Case #20-1025 Document REMARKS #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 142 of 480

Are we Absolutely sure of all effects? No because we don’t have yet all the answers and the full picture of potential long-term. Effects or on synergistic effects. Studies especially focusing on children exposure are scarce. BUT on the other hand the security of the technology has never been pre-market tested under realistic exposure conditions nor has SCMichaelidou 87 been proved JA 04462

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 143 of 480 CLOSING REMARKS

Limits are obsolete, covering only short exposure and immediate thermal effects

The industry claims that they are within limits……. Which are irrelevant to the present exposure and do not take into account long term effects and emerging scientific evidence

SCMichaelidou 88 JA 04463 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 144 of 480 CLOSING REMARKS

The existing scientific evidence and the degree of the potential risks indicate the necessity to immediately apply the PECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE COM2000, AND ALARA PRINCIBLE ----as little as feasibly possible

SCMichaelidou 89 JA 04464 COUNCIL OF EUROPE Resolution 1815 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 145 of 480 (2011)

. STANDARDS based on the ALARA as low as reasonably possible . Precautionary Principle should be applied when scientific evaluation does not allow the risk to be determined with sufficient certainty. . APPLY reasonable measures to reduce exposure foetus, children, teenagers, young people of reproductive age . Information and awareness-raising campaigns . Protect electro sensitive people  creation of wave-free areas not covered by the wireless network SCMichaelidou 90 JA 04465 EncourageUSCA Case #20-1025 Documentprecautions #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 right Page 146 ofnow 480 based on present knowledge

. Physicians and health care people should raise the visibility of EMF-RF as a plausible environmental RISK factor in clinical evaluations and treatment protocols. . Advise parents for safer options . Ministry of Health and doctors: Push for systematic monitoring of the impacts in learning and care environments. Demand that 91this should reflect realistic scenarios of exposure and effect and evaluation with criteria relevant to biological effects JA 04466 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 147 of 480 THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION

CYPRUS NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND CHILDREN HEALTH

SCMichaelidou 92 www.cyprus-child-environment.orgJA 04467 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 148 of 480 KEEP ALWAYS DISTANCE FROM…..

. Microwave oven : 50 cm . Electrical cooker : 30 cm . From PLASMA TV at least 2m . Wireless playing consoles 2 – 3 m

SCMichaelidou 93 JA 04468 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 149 of 480 Wi-Fi in Schools

. Avoid installing and using wireless connection (Wi-Fi) at kindergartens, playgrounds and schools.

. If, however, the kindergarten/ playground/school is equipped with Wi-Fi, to diminish the exposure of children:

SCMichaelidou 94 JA 04469 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 150 of 480 WiFi in Schools

do not install or operate Wi-Fi routers in the rooms where children are sleeping or playing or to adjacent rooms. The distance from the rooter should be at least 4 meters and preferably 10 meters even if a wall is interfering. The Wi-Fi of the kindergarten or the school should be kept turned off, when children are at school.

SCMichaelidou 95 JA 04470 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 151 of 480

CLOSING REMARKS There are alternatives and options although may be ….less convenient .

BUT now we know and we should never allow our children to become “Experimental animals” …to provide concrete evidence

SCMichaelidou 96 JA 04471 ……? USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 152 of 480

SCMichaelidou 97 JA 04472 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 153 of 480 THE EXPOSURE

Multiple sources in, schools, playgrounds, home (Wi-Fi, cell phones, Ipads baby monitor etc) Repeated, intermittent exposures (every day 365/Y) up to 24h/d exponentially growing

SCMichaelidou 98 JA 04473 NewUSCA Case25 #20-1025 million Document #1869759 study Filed: 11/04/2020in USA Page 154 ofof 480 th NT

SCMichaelidou 99 JA 04474 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 155 of 480 Could Myelin Damage From RFR Exposure Help Explain the Functional Impairment Electrohypersensitivity? A Review of the Evidence Mary Redmayneab* & Olle Johanssonc

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews .Volume 17, Issue 5, pages 247-258,2014

The greatest impact for humans would most likely be at each end of the life span.

. The CNS of the foetus, infant, child, and adolescent is more susceptible because myelination is incomplete and neural connections are rapidly forming and pruned . older people because their myelin protection is ,. already degenerating JA 04475 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 156 of 480 Could Myelin Damage From RFR Exposure Help Explain the Functional Impairment Electrohypersensitivity? A Review of the Evidence Mary Redmayneab* & Olle Johanssonc

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews .Volume 17, Issue 5, pages 247-258,2014

The greatest impact for humans would most likely be at each end of the life span.

. The CNS of the foetus, infant, child, and adolescent is more susceptible because myelination is incomplete and neural connections are rapidly forming and pruned . older people because their myelin protection is ,. already degenerating JA 04476 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 157 of 480

1. Proliferation of radial glia and neurons. These continue to develop and is not complete until almost 3 years of age 2. Migration of neurons, which occurs from the 2nd to the 6th month of gestation, and again within the cerebellum postnatally 3. Synapse formation, which occurs essentially in the last trimester and in the first 2 years 4. Myelination begins in the second half of gestation and goes on to adolescence, 102 targeting to differentRice systems. D. Environ Health Perspectives, 2000;108(S3) JA 04477 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 158 of 480

1 Human: promyelocytic cell line HL-60 fibroblasts, lymphocytes and thymocytes, neuroblastoma cell line NB69 and neural stem cells, Brain cells of different origin and monocytes, endothelial cell lines EA.hy926 and EA.hy926v1, (12) Animals :Mouse embryonic stem cells and rats granulosa REFLEX 2004 EU funded

12 2 Human animals cells cells

SCMichaelidou 103 SCMichaelidouJA 04478 USCA CaseMULTIPLE #20-1025 Document #1869759 and PROLONGEDFiled: 11/04/2020 Page 159 of 480 EXPOSURE can cause

. ADDITIVE EFFECTS

. MOSTLY IRREVERSIBLE CUMULATIVE DAMAGES

. The evidence is growing and at the moment is the tip of an emerging iceberg

JA 04479104 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 160 of 480 Protect others from passive exposure

. When pregnant and children are close to you:  Keep a distance at least of 1m when you are calling  Keep deactivated WiFi, Bluetooth 3G,4G .. . Mothers when are nursing the child:

 Should never use mobile lap-tops, iPads, tablets. Should avoid to sit close to Wi-Fi router (at least 4- 10 m away) unless it is deactivated

. Avoid using wireless digital baby monitors. Choose wired or analogue type . In any case monitors should put 2m away from the baby. Never in or on the bed

105 JA 04480

USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 161 of 480 Connections to the Internet

. Opt always for Wired Connection . Avoid Wi-Fi . When this is impossible the following should be strictly applied • Keep routers closed when children or pregnant woman are in home, when you are not using them and always KEEP THEM CLOSED DURING THE NIGHT • Put routers at a distance at least 4m - 10m from sleeping, playing sitting areas

SCMichaelidou 106 JA 04481 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 162 of 480 Connections to the Internet

. Look for Kinder garden and Play places without Wi-Fi

. Wi-Fi should be avoided in schools especially in elementary and Gymnasium at least

SCMichaelidou 107 JA 04482 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 163 of 480

Organizations; Austrian Medical Association, Environmental Medicine Evaluation of Electromagnetic Fields; Dr. Jerd Oberfeld MD.; 2007

JA 04483 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 164 of 480

Environmental Medicine Evaluation of Electromagnetic Fields

Dr. med. Gerd Oberfeld [email protected]

Translation: Katharina Gustavs [email protected]

ÖÄK (Austrian Medical Association) Environmental Medicine Diploma Course Seminar 3 – Electromagnetic Fields 21 and 22 April 2007, Pörtschach a.W., Austria

© Dr. med. Gerd Oberfeld 2007

G. Oberfeld Environmental Medicine Evaluation of Electromagnetic Fields © 2007 1/48 www.salzburg.gv.at/Oberfeld-EMF-enviro-med-evaluation-2007.pdf

JA 04484 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 165 of 480

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...... 2

Static Magnetic Fields (Magnetostatics) ...... 4

Static Electric Fields (Electrostatics) ...... 6

AC Electric Fields – ELF/VLF ...... 7

AC Magnetic Fields – ELF/VLF...... 12

Electromagnetic Waves - Radiofrequency Radiation (RF) and Microwave Radiation (MW) ...... 29

References...... 41

G. Oberfeld Environmental Medicine Evaluation of Electromagnetic Fields © 2007 2/48 www.salzburg.gv.at/Oberfeld-EMF-enviro-med-evaluation-2007.pdf

JA 04485 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 166 of 480

Introduction Life on our planet has developed throughout evolution against the background and under the influence of the natural electromagnetic spectrum. Examples include photosynthesis and visual sense through visible light, tanning of the skin as a protection mechanism against UV radiation, navigation of migratory birds along the static geomagnetic field, weather sensitivity for certain sferics in the kHz-range, or the synchronization of brain waves through Schumann resonances (ca. 8 Hz and others).

Cells, tissues, organs, and entire organisms do not only function through chemical reactions, but at the same time these complex, non-linear processes are closely linked to internal and external electromagnetic events. Plants, animals, and humans are electromagnetic beings.

Never before in human history, stretching back for about seven million years, have we seen a comparable development as it has been unfolding with increasing speed and infiltration for the past 100 years – the exposure of more and more people to artificially generated electromagnetic fields and waves with most diverse frequencies and signal patterns.

In line with the experiences of our past, the author assumes that the human exposure to human-made electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields will continue to rise with regard to intensity as well as frequency range. As a consequence, the associated health implications will become more obvious, resulting in change.

In physics, we generally distinguish between five clearly defined types of electromagnetic fields and waves:

- Static magnetic fields - magnetostatics - Static electric fields - electrostatics - AC electric fields – ELF /VLF - AC magnetic fields - ELF /VLF - Elelectromagnetic waves – radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation

G. Oberfeld Environmental Medicine Evaluation of Electromagnetic Fields © 2007 3/48 www.salzburg.gv.at/Oberfeld-EMF-enviro-med-evaluation-2007.pdf

JA 04486 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 167 of 480

Static Magnetic Fields (Magnetostatics)

Properties Beside the geomagnetic field, static magnetic fields occur, for example, in current- carrying DC conductors, permanent magnets and magnetized metal parts. The unit of the magnetic field strength is A/m (ampere per meter), from which the magnetic induction or flux density T (tesla) is derived.

Sources Magnetized steel parts in beds, furniture, innerspring mattresses, steel joists in floors, extensive steel reinforcement, steel tank in the basement, car in the garage below the bedroom, direct current from electric trams and buses.

Effects Life on our planet has evolved against the background of the geomagnetic field. We have data on how migratory birds and other animals use the geomagnetic field for navigating (Binhi 2002). In vitro investigations of nerve cells (Blackman 1985) and mathematical models (Thompson et al. 2000) show that the orientation as well as the strength of the geomagnetic field are important factors for responses of the calcium ion channels, which are crucial for signal transmission. Animal experiments show that static magnetic fields can impact the production of melatonin, a hormone of the pineal gland (Reiter 1993).

Taking the exposure to visible light into consideration, a study showed that there is a significant inverse relationship for the geomagnetic activity of the past 36 hours measured in nT, whereby this factor is correlated with many other variables, and the amount of the melatonin derivative 6-hydroxymelatoninsulfate (6-OHMS) in morning urine (Burch JB, 1999). With regard to direct impacts on sleep behavior and well-being caused by, for example, geomagnetic disturbances in buildings, we have individual cases documented in the building biology literature (Maes 2005). The data on potential health impacts caused by building-related static magnetic fields, however, is very unsatisfying. The root cause for the lack of data has to do with the fact that up until now there are no epidemiological studies, which would have selected static magnetic fields as an exposure factor.

Besides using a compass for the measurement of the horizontal deviation from the geomagnetic field, there are also single- and triple-axis probes available that measure the intensity of static magnetic fields based on the fluxgate principle.

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Target Aspects At present, when aiming for the least possible disturbance of the naturally occurring geomagnetic field, it is reasonable to recommend that materials that do disturb the geomagnetic field are avoided in close proximity to the human body including magnetized iron components such as steel trusses, door jambs, heating panels, steel tanks, innersprings in mattresses and loudspeaker boxes.

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Static Electric Fields (Electrostatics)

Properties Electric fields form between positive and negative charges, between which this field is built up as lines of force. The unit is V/m (volt per meter).

Sources The natural static electricity of the earth is determined by the potential difference between the earth’s surface and the electrically charged particles of the atmosphere, measuring about 100 V/m in fair weather. During a thunderstorm, atmospheric electricity can reach more than 10 kV/m. Due to discharges (lightning), the field is reduced again. In buildings, too, high electrostatic fields can build up in dry air. Causes may include the separation of charges due to movement across poor electrically conductive materials such as synthetics. Movements (friction) resulting in separation of charges can be caused by walking with rubber soles on synthetic flooring, rolling plastic office chair castors across synthetic flooring, rubbing with wool pants against a synthetic armchair cover or by warm, dry air rising from a heater and flowing across synthetic drapes. Other sources can be TV displays and old CRT computer monitors.

Effects When a person becomes charged due to charge separation, he or she will experience a spontaneous discharge as soon as an opportunity conducive to discharge presents itself such as shaking hands with another person or touching a door knob. In some instances such an event may even generate sparks and a painful electric sensation. These electrostatic discharges pose a great risk for electronic devices because they may destroy electronic components. Electrostatic sparks can also cause explosions in air-solvent mixtures. In buildings, high static electricity causes an imbalance in the indoor climate by the decrease of small air ions. In individual cases (Maes 2005), correlations were seen with asthma attacks, concentration problems, stress and headaches. Likewise, epidemiological studies are urgently needed in this field.

Target Aspects Considering that the natural atmospheric electricity during fair weather is around 100 V/m, surface treatments and materials that tend to have a great potential for charge separation, e.g. poor electrically conductive synthetic materials, should be avoided in indoor environments. In addition, indoor relative humidity should possibly not fall below 35% during winter.

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AC Electric Fields – ELF/VLF

Properties of AC Electric Fields Electric fields form between positive and negative charges, between which this field is built up as lines of force. This field does solely exist because of an electric potential difference, that is, even when no electric current flows. The unit is V/m (volt per meter). The strength of the AC electric field or the density and distribution of the field lines, respectively, are determined by the potential difference and the distance between the high potential terminal (field source) and the low potential terminal as well as their surface. The frequencies below 30 kHz can be divided in the ELF-range (Extremely Low Frequencies) between close to zero Hz and 3 kHz, followed by the VLF-range (Very Low Frequencies) between 3 kHz and 30 kHz.

Sources of AC Electric Fields Appliance connection cables, extension cords, lamp cords, electric installations, electric devices, especially unshielded devices with flat plugs that are used in close proximity to the body such as heating blankets, desk lamps, electric typewriters and electric calculators as well as walls and floors that spread AC electric fields due to the home wiring installed in them; overhead power lines. Energy saving lamps, electronic controls and dimmer switches can generate AC electric fields in the kHz range. For the power frequency 50 Hz in Europe, typical indoor exposures range from 1 to 20 V/m, in individual cases up to 100 V/m.

Effects of AC Electric Fields Based on epidemiological studies, in vitro studies and animal experiments, draft recommendations (NCRP 1995) for the US National Council of Radiation Protection were prepared under the leadership of Ross Adey in 1995. Among other things, the draft suggests various policy options how to deal with AC magnetic and electric fields in the frequency range between close to 0 Hz up to 3 kHz. From a total of 4 options, option 2 recommended 0.2 µT (2 mG) as an exposure guideline for the magnetic flux density and 10 V/m for the AC electric field. The report stated with regard to AC electric fields: “Although largely neglected in the emphasis on magnetic field bioeffects, there is also a body of laboratory evidence relating biologically significant effects, particularly in cerebral tissue calcium binding, to ELF electric field exposures in the range 10-100 V/m. Neurobehavioral effects, including a regulatory role in biological rhythms of man and animals, have been attributed to ELF environmental electric fields at intensities in the range 10-100 V/m.”

In contrast to epidemiological research on AC magnetic fields, AC electric field research is so far still in its infancy. Below epidemiological studies for living environments and work spaces are discussed.

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Studies on AC Electric Fields and Cancer / Childhood Leukemia The case-control study (n=140/109) on AC electric fields and childhood leukemia (age 0- 10), published by London et al. (1991), found no association for the AC electric fields as measured in the center of the children’s bedrooms. Since the AC-electric-field exposure is dominated by local field sources such as wiring in the wall next to the bed, lamp cords and appliance connection cables, measurements taken in the center of a room are of no relevance due to their high potential for exposure misclassifications. For this reason alone, there are no associations to be expected. Thus the study results cannot be utilized.

In a case-control study on childhood leukemia < 15 years (n=56/56) (Coghill et al. 1996), the exposure to AC magnetic and electric fields was measured at the actual sleeping area of the children. The arithmetic mean of AC magnetic fields over 24 hours resulted in 0.07 µT (0.7 mG) for cases in contrast to 0.057 µT (0.57 mG) for controls. The arithmetic mean of the vertical component of the AC electric fields over 12 hours (8:00 pm to 8:00 am) measured 13.9 V/m for cases in contrast to 7.3 V/m for controls. For the statistical risk calculations, the publication cites the relative risk (RR). This method of calculation, however, is reserved for cohort studies. The odds ratio (OR) would be the appropriate method for case-control studies. The publication also missed to include any information on the significance level for the four-stage evaluation. Therefore, the author of this paper (Oberfeld) calculated the respective OR and the significance level of the exposure-effect relationship from the raw data of the publication.

Exposure Cases Controls OR 95%CI 8:00 pm - 8:00 am (n) (n) (V/m) <5 17 30 1 5-9 12 13 1.63 0.61-4.36 10-19 14 8 3.09 1.07-8.85 >19 13 5 4.59 1.39-15.09

The analysis shows that with increasing electric field strength the risk also increases and that with p=0.038 a significant exposure-effect relationship exists. Exposure values above 10 V/m showed a significantly increased leukemia risk with OR 3.09.

In the McBride et al. (1999) case-control study on childhood leukemia (n=274/331) with ages 0-14 and AC electric fields, a personal exposure meter was used and the 48-hour mean value was used as exposure variable. The publication provides no information on the measurement procedure regarding the physiologically relevant night phase. Since the exposure to AC electric fields is dominated by local field sources such as wiring in the wall next to the head area, appliance connection cables etc., the measurement of AC electric fields is only meaningful if taken directly in the bed. Even if the exposure meter was placed on the bedside table, this would lead to considerable exposure misclassifications and no relationships could be expected. The result is therefore useless.

Like the McBride et al. (1999) study, the Green et al. (1999a) case-control study (n=88/133) on childhood leukemia (ages 0-14) and AC electric fields also used personal

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exposure meters. For the exposure variable, the 2-day mean value of the AC electric field without the night phase was chosen. As a result, the most essential information, that is nighttime exposure, is missing and therefore respective risk analyses for the endpoint childhood leukemia are not usable.

Within the framework of the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study, Skinner et al. (2002), a case-control study on childhood leukemia (age at diagnosis 0 to 14), Coghill et al. (1996) took measurements of the vertical component of the AC electric field in the bed of the children (pillow and center of bed) as part of a pilot study with limited case numbers. As an OR for acute lymphocytic leukemia, cancer of the central nervous system, all forms of leukemia, other types of cancer and all types of cancer with different case/control numbers, n=273/276 and n=426/419, two sets of results were presented that differ from each other with regard to the quality assurance of the measurement results. The exposure ranges were divided into 0-<10V/m, 10-<20 V/m and ≥20V/m.

In the evaluation group, for which the validity of testing results was checked twice, nine out of the ten calculated OR values were greater than one, indicating a trend towards an increased risk. For the testing results with a lower quality assurance, the ratio was five to five. The factor that might be able to explain this discrepancy is not mentioned in the publication. The time between diagnosis and testing took on average about three years for cases as well as controls. There are no statements or analyses that would show a correspondence between the exposure level detected on the day of testing and the etiologic relevant time period. Moving, changing bedrooms or changing the use of electric devices in close proximity to the bed have a direct impact on exposure levels in the sleeping area, which is why misclassifications of exposure levels may occur, thereby reducing the effect or risk evaluation towards zero. In addition, the OR calculation was based on unevenly distributed exposure tertiles. As a result, not only the exposure gradient is lowered but the statistical power as well. When considering all of these aspects, it is more likely than not that the study results point towards an association.

Studies on AC Electric Fields and Leukemias / Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Adults – Occupational Exposure In a nested case-control study (matching 1:4) on non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (n=51/203), Villeneuve et al. (2000b) found a significantly increased risk for the job-exposure matrix in relation to AC electric fields (60Hz) in a cohort of male utility workers (Ontario Hydro). For the evaluation, the percentage of time spent above selected threshold field intensities was determined in tertiles. For the exposure index “exposure career” (threshold value 10 V/m), the comparison between the reference tertile (0-<11.19% of the time) and the mean tertile (11.19-15.27%) showed an OR 1.63 (0.56-4.723), and for the third tertile (>15,27%) an OR 3.05 (1.07-8.8). The assessment showed exposure-effect relationships.

In another nested case-control study (matching 1:4) on leukemia (n=50/200) by the same author Villeneuve et al. (2000a), a significantly increased risk for electric-field exposure

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(60 Hz) based on a job-exposure matrix could be shown for the same cohort (see above). As in the study above, the evaluation determined the percentage of time spent above selected threshold field intensities in tertiles and took also the exposure duration into consideration. For employees with exposure periods of more than 20 years (threshold value 10 V/m), the comparison with the reference tertile (0-<11.19% time) showed an OR 10.48 (1.20-90.98) for the first 10 years of employment for the mean tertile (11.19- <15.27%) as well as an OR 14.79 (1.76-124.10) for the highest tertile (> 15.27%). The assessment showed exposure-effect relationships.

Target Aspects When evaluating the effects of alternating electric fields, this is not only about chronic disease such as cancer, but also about sometimes considerable impairments of well-being such as sleep disturbances, reduced performance and vitality, etc. Even though we have no epidemiological studies on the latter, this does not mean that these effects could not or do not occur. Therefore a documentation of individual cases is considered instead. A Swedish commission gathered written statements about personal experiences and health problems associated with electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields from people who are adversely affected by the exposure to such fields. These documents were published in a report called “Black on White” (Granlund-Lind et al. 2004).

The IARC (2002) has dealt with the issue of human carcinogenity in association with alternating electric fields. It states that there was no data from animal experiments available that would be relevant to carcinogenity with regards to alternating electric fields. For humans there was insufficient evidence concerning carcinogenity and alternating electric fields. This assessment does not mean that there was no evidence, but rather that at the time of the assessment the available data was insufficient to classify it, for example, as a possible, probable or definite carcinogen.

The ICNIRP Guidelines (1998) are based on reference values for short-term, acute health implications such as irritation of the peripheral nerves and muscles, shocks and burns, which can be caused by the contact with a conductive object as well as increased tissue temperatures, which result from the absorption of energy during EMF exposure. The recommended threshold limit for the exposure of the general public is set at 250/f, covering the frequency range from 25 Hz to 3 kHz. At a frequency of 50 Hz, the formula 250/0.050 kHz results in 5,000 V/m. At 60 Hz, 250/0.060 kHz results in 4,166 V/m. At higher frequencies the threshold value decreases.

Based on the information available, it is possible to draft a first preliminary assessment of alternating electric fields. Though not officially issued, the NCRP drafted recommendations for a target value of 10 V/m as one of four policy options based on a thorough investigation of the then most current literature, not least due to Dr. Ross Adey’s highly qualified chairmanship of this commission. This recommendation coincides with the exposure guidelines of the Swedish TCO certificate for office equipment such as computer monitors and printers in the frequency range between 5 Hz

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and 2 kHz. The TCO exposure limits evolved within the framework of risk reduction based on technical feasibility, and in the meantime they have gained acceptance as a standard worldwide. Two epidemiological studies in employees and one study in children showed significant associations with leukemia or non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas at values above 10 V/m. In sleeping areas, isotropic and potential-free measurements of AC electric fields usually show values between 1 and 20 V/m, sometimes even up to 100 V/m. In keeping with the available data on 8-hour daytime or nighttime exposures, the author (Oberfeld) suggests 10 V/m as a preliminary assessment value for areas with continual exposure. In both Canadian studies (Villeneuve et al. 2000a, Villeneuve et al. 2000b), it was observed that time-dependent exposures are associated with adverse effects. As a precaution, therefore, target values for sleeping areas should be set lower, around 1 V/m.

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AC Magnetic Fields – ELF/VLF

Properties AC magnetic fields are generated, among other things, around current-carrying conductors, forming closed circles around it. An actual current flow is necessary for any magnetic field to be formed, whose magnitude depends on the strength of the current but not the voltage. The unit of the magnetic field strength is A/m (ampere per meter), from which the magnetic induction (induction of electric currents and voltages through changing magnetic fields) T (tesla) is derived.

The magnetic field strength decreases with increasing distance whereby the degree of decrease depends on compensation effects, among other things. In single conductor systems, such as net and fault currents, the decrease can be given with 1/r, in two- conductor systems with ca. 1/r2, in transformer coils with ca. 1/r3. Magnetic fields permeate almost all materials unimpeded. Field deflections are possible with such materials like highly conductive nickel-iron alloys (mu-metal), transformer sheet metal or combinations thereof (sandwich sheets).

The magnetic field strength or flux density, respectively, is increased or decreased by for example: - Level of load (current) - Phase angle - Spatial configuration (distance) of current-carrying and return current-carrying conductors (compensation effects) - Net currents along electrically conductive pipes, grounding conductors, across soil, etc. - Quality of compensation and shielding strategies - Distance from magnetic field sources

Sources of AC Magnetic Fields First of all, we need to distinguish between short-range magnetic fields, which only reach a few feet, and far-range magnetic fields, which reach much further. In the following listing the various field sources are roughly sorted according to their field range:

• Small loudspeakers in headsets and phone receivers in close proximity to the human body • Transformers from e.g. 110 or 230 V clock radio, CD player, radio, typewriters, calculators // electric blankets, heated waterbeds, magnetic field pads // electromotors in tools, kitchen appliances, clocks, aquarium pumps, overhead projectors // electric stove

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• Feeder and riser cables in multi-family homes and multi-storey apartment buildings (without fault currents) • Low-voltage (12V) halogen rope lighting, depending on distance between conductors • Underground cable • Overhead feeder cable mounted on the roof, especially when individual conductors are spatially separated • Individual conductors running through electrical tubing instead of a single electric cable • Net currents across electrically conductive structures such as water piping, heat piping, district heating piping, gas piping, grounding conductors, computer network cables with shielding that is grounded on both ends, etc. as well as fault currents in circuits with or without ground loops • Electric railways with and without net currents • High voltage power lines

This classification according to the field range, that is, the distance where the usual background level is reached, is of great relevance when considering exposures.

Note: In rural areas typical background levels range between about 0.01 and 0.02 µT (0.1 and 0.2 mG) caused by the electrical home wiring system.

The relevance of the magnetic field range results from the probability for long-term exposures. In the case of exposures from far-range sources, this is more relevant because avoidance is often impossible. Apart from obvious sources such as low, medium and high voltage power lines, far-range magnetic fields cannot be recognized by a simple visual inspection even if performed by an expert because ground currents on a gas pipe can only be detected with specific current probes or magnetic field testing equipment. An exception would be an electric railway (16 2/3Hz), which can cause screen interference on CRT display units at levels around several 0.1 µT (1 mG), thereby drawing the user’s attention to it. Short-range field sources can lead to extended exposure periods, especially in sleeping areas and at workplaces.

Statistical Distribution of AC Magnetic Fields Information on the level of magnetic field exposures in residences is urgently needed in order to better evaluate the existing exposure from, for example, the 220-kV Salzburg transmission line and the proposed exposure from the 380-kV Salzburg transmission line.

For Austria, there is no exposure data available as far as the distribution of AC magnetic fields is concerned. In Germany, Schüz et al. (2000) conducted 24-hour measurements of AC magnetic fields as part of the Germany-wide case-control study on the causes of childhood leukemia. The table below shows the distribution of AC magnetic fields (50 Hz) as median of the 24-hour measurements in the children’s rooms of n=1314 controls.

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Field Distribution Median µT n % < 0.05 1006 76.6 0.05-≤0.1 217 16.5 0.1-<0.15 49 3.7 0.15-<0.2 24 1.8 0.2-<0.3 13 1.0 0.3-<0.4 2 0.2 0.4-<0.5 0 0.0 ≥0.5 3 0.2 Table: Statistical distribution of AC magnetic fields (50 Hz) in Germany from various sources as 24-hour median in the children’s rooms of n=1314 controls.

When combining the data in the 0-<0.1 µT (0-<1 mG) category, it accounts for 93.1% (n=1223). When combining the data in the 0-<0.2 µT (0-<2 mG) category, it accounts for 98.6% (n=1296).

Statistical Measurements µT (mG) Arithmetic mean 0.040 (0.40) 25th percentile 0.016 (0.16) Median (50th percentile) 0.027 (0.27) 75th percentile 0.048 (0.48) 95th percentile 0.117 (1.17) Maximum 0.682 (6.82) Table: Statistical distribution of AC magnetic fields (50 Hz) in Germany from various sources in the children’s rooms of n=1314 controls.

It is really important to keep this distribution in mind, when interpreting epidemiological studies since researchers often work with so-called cut-off values of 0.1 µT (1 mG), 0.2 µT (2 mG), etc. For the given distribution, this calculation approach, among other things, may cause a dilution effect since it mixes lower and higher exposures, resulting in a reduced measure of association towards zero. Furthermore, high cut-off points also result in a reduced statistical power with the consequence that results can be statistically instable. As far as risk assessment is concerned, an alternative approach is the quantile classification into, for instance, quartiles whereby the first quartile would be the reference category, which then would allow us to determine the risk of, for example, a disease in relation to the reference category. From the above values, the resulting reference category (1st quartile) would cover exposures from 0 to 0.016 µT (0.16 mG).

The exposure distribution with regards to AC magnetic fields depends on many factors. Schüz et al. (2000), for example, found that in rural areas of Lower Saxony about 0.9% of the 24-hour medians of the studied control population were above 0.2 µT(2 mG). In West Berlin it was at 3.5% and in East Berlin 10.3%, whereby less than 20% of those values above 0.2 µT (2 mG) could be associated with the proximity to high tension power lines.

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AC Magnetic Field Effects The public discussion on health impacts from electromagnetic fields has one of its roots in the epidemiological studies by Wertheimer and Leeper, investigating the association between the proximity to power lines and the increased incidence of childhood leukemia (Wertheimer and Leeper 1979) or adult cancer (Wertheimer and Leeper 1982) in Colorado, USA. The authors found exposure-effect relationships, which were independent of age, urbanization or socioeconomic status. The suspicion that leukemia mortality might be associated with occupational exposures to AC electric and magnetic fields was voiced for the first time in the literature in 1982 when Milham (1982) studied male electrical workers, stating that “The findings suggest that electrical and magnetic fields may cause leukemia.” These first studies triggered intense research activities in the area of power-frequency magnetic fields, especially for the frequencies 50 Hz and 60 Hz.

Data on Childhood Leukemia and AC Magnetic Fields The environmental medicine evaluation of all relevant endpoints, which have been studied in the relation of exposures to AC magnetic fields, would go far beyond the scope of this report. Therefore the data on childhood leukemia will be used as an example to show that the current evidence for adverse health impacts, especially from long-term exposures to AC magnetic fields at field strengths as they occur, e.g. in the vicinity of high tension power lines, is sufficiently documented. The association between AC magnetic fields and childhood leukemia in particular was and is the subject of epidemiological research. The following information is taken from Schüz (2002) and applies to Germany, which in contrast to Austria has a childhood cancer registry that meets international standards:

“Leukemia is the most frequent cancer in childhood with about 35% from all malignant disorders. In Germany, about 620 children out of 13.2 million below the age of 15 become ill with leukemia every year. This corresponds with an incidence of 4.8 leukemia cases per 100,000 children per year. Today the prognosis of healing is above 80%. For children with an acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), which accounts for about 85% of all childhood leukemias, the prognosis is considerably better than for children with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) for whom the five-year survival rate is still below 60%. AML accounts for the remaining 15% of all childhood leukemias. Only very few children become ill with a chronic or a lymphocytic-myelocytic mixed leukemia.”

In a review paper on what role environmental factors play in the development of leukemias at childhood age, the author (Schüz 2002) summarizes the results from the data of several papers published in various journals as shown in the table below. It becomes obvious that the highest odds ratio with an OR 3.6 (1.5-8.8) is associated with the mother’s exposure to pesticides during pregnancy followed by exposures to magnetic fields at night ≥ 0.2 µT(2 mG) with an OR 2.8 (1.4-5.5).

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Environmental Factors OR (95%-CI)a Other Factors OR (95%-CI)a Use of insecticides at homeb Age of mother at birthf more than 1x per year 1.2 (0.9-1.6) ≥ 35 years 1.1 (0.8-1.5) Use of pesticidesb Smoking of mother (pregnancy)f in gardening 1.0 (0.8-1.2) 1-10 cigarettes per day 0.8 (0.6-1.1) in agriculture 1.5 (1.0-2.2) 11-20 cigarettes per day 0.5 (0.3-0.9) Occupational pesticide exposureb >20 cigarettes per day 1.3 (0.4-4.7) mother (pregnancy) 3.6 (1.5-8.8) Smoking of father (prior to pregnancy)f father (prior to pregnancy) 1.5 (1.1-2.2) 1-10 cigarettes per day 1.1 (0.8-1.5) Magnetic fields at nightc 11-20 cigarettes per day 1.0 (0.8-1.2) ≥ 0.2 microtesla 2.8 (1.4-5.5) >20 cigarettes per day 0.9 (0.7-1.2) Occupational radiation exposure (ionizing)d Birth weightf father (prior to pregnancy) 1.2 (0.8-1.7) <2.5 kg 1.7 (1.1-2.8) >4 kg 1.4 (1.0-1.8) X-rays of mother (pregnancy)d Previous miscarriagesf ≥ 1 time 0.9 (0.7-1.4) ≥1 time 1.1 (0.9-1.3) Occupational Exposures (pregnancy)e Breastfeeding (more than half a year)g mother with solvents 1.2 (0.9-1.7) 2-6 months 1.2 (0.9-1.5) mother with paints, varnishes 1.6 (1.1-2.4) not at all or 1 month 1.2 (0.9-1.6) mother, metal industry 1.0 (0.6-1.7) a Odds Ratio and 95% confidence interval; b from Meinert et al. (2000); c from Schüz et al. (2001a); d from Meinert et al. (1999); e from Schüz et al. (2000b); f from Schüz et al. (1999a); g from Schüz et al. (1999b) Table: Selected results from a national case-control study (1992-2000) on the causes of childhood leukemia (Source: Schüz 2002).

The incidence peak for acute lymphocytic childhood leukemia is found between the age of two and four years. This is referred to as “Childhood Leukemia Peak,” which has developed only over the last century. In 1961, Court Brown and Richard Doll (quoted in Milham and Ossiander 2001) relate it as follows: “… a new leukemogenic agent ..., had been introduced first into Britain in about 1920, and later into the United States and other countries.” This statement is based on the important observation that leukemia mortality in ten-year-olds has increased over the past 50 years since 1911 by 4.5% on average per year. An analysis of the association between leukemia mortality in the age group of 2- to 4-year olds showed a significant association with the degree of electrification of the studied population in the US (Milham und Ossiander 2001). In this publication the authors come to the conclusion that the “childhood leukemia peak” is related to the electrification and that 75% of acute lymphocytic leukemia cases could be avoided.

Steliarova-Foucher et al. (2004) published data on cancer incidence trends in children and adolescents across Europe. Data was only taken from cancer registries that met certain data quality standards. The map below shows the percentage of usable data from the participating countries.

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Graph: Population coverage of cancer registries in the study for children and adolescents in percent. Source: Steliarova-Foucher et al. (2004).

The graphic below shows the incidence rate for lymphocytic leukemia in the age group 0- 14, distinguishing between eastern and western Europe in decades. Two observations can be noted here, on the one hand, we have an increase during the last three decades and, on the other hand, the incidence rate between Eastern (blue line) and Western Europe (red line) is different, with Western Europe having the higher incidence.

Graphic: Age-specific incidence rates for lymphocytic leukemia in children and adolescents up to 14 years. Source: Steliarova-Foucher et al. (2004).

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Regarding the potential association between magnetic field exposure and cancer incidence including leukemia, Milham and Ossiander (2002) quote that since the early 1980s about 100 epidemiological studies were published on employees and about 40 on the general population (NIEHS 1999). Furthermore, they point out that from the about 500 individual risk factors, we have six increased risk factors for each decreased risk factor.

To date, we have one meta-analysis (Wartenberg 1998) and two pooled analyses (Ahlbom et al. 2000, Greenland et al. 2000) for the issue of childhood leukemia and AC magnetic field exposures.

After having reviewed 16 studies on childhood leukemia, Wartenberg comes to the conclusion: ”... the data provide relatively strong and consistent support for a somewhat weak elevated risk of leukemia for children living in proximity to power lines.”

The graphic below shows the distribution of risk ratios given as odds ratio (OR). An OR value above 1.0 means an increased risk, an OR value <1.0 a reduced risk. An OR value of 1.6, for example, translates into an increased risk by the factor 1.6 or 60%. From the graphic below it becomes clear that the majority of the OR values is above 1.0. The analysis also shows the wide confidence intervals for many, though not all, of the studies, which include the value 1.

Graphic: Results of the analysis of the individual studies on the association between electric as well as magnetic fields and cancer in children and the selected meta-analysis. Source: Wartenberg (1998).

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The pooled analysis by Ahlbom et al. (2000) evaluated nine case-control studies (n=3203/10338) on childhood leukemia and AC magnetic fields. Adjusting for age and gender, a significantly increased OR value 2.00 (1.27-3.13) was found for the exposure class >0.4 µT (4 mG) with the reference category <0.1 µT (1 mG) (see table, last line “All studies”). The analysis of acute lymphocytic leukemia adjusted for age, gender and traffic exhausts showed an increased OR value 3.24 (1.22-8.63) for the exposure class >0.4 µT (4 mG).

Table: Analysis for individual studies and the pooled analysis, all leukemias. Source: Ahlbom et al. (2000).

In a pooled analysis, Greenland et al. (2000) evaluated among others eleven case-control studies (n=2078/5516) with data on childhood leukemia and AC magnetic fields. Adjusted for age, gender, social and economic variables, the OR 2.06 (1.4-3.01) was calculated to be significantly higher for the exposure group >0.3 µT(3 mG) based on a reference category of <0.1 µT(1 mG). Thus the results of the two analyses, based on partly overlapping studies, are in agreement.

In addition, the case-control study by Draper et al. (2005) is the single largest study published to date with the endpoints leukemia (n=9700/9700), central nervous system/brain tumor (n=6605/6605) and other cancer diagnoses (n=12776/12776) in children (age: 0-14 years) regarding their association with the distance to 275-kV and 400-kV power lines as well as a small portion of 132-kV power lines in England and Wales (total length of power lines ca. 7,000 km). The group of children with the distance >600 m was classified as reference group and compared to the exposure levels at distances of 0-49 m, 50-69 m, 70-99 m, 100-199 m, and 200-599 m. For all groups of distances, the risk ratio was above 1.0 with a significant exposure-effect association of p for the trend <0.01. The adjusting for the socio-economic status did not change the risk ratios.

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Table: RR unadjusted for various distances from the high tension power lines, (Draper et al. 2005).

A case-control study (n=251/495) from Japan (Kabuto et al. 2006) showed a significantly increased risk OR=4.67 (1.15-19.0) for acute lymphocytic leukemia in children ages 0-15 and exposure to AC magnetic fields, measured as weekly mean values in the children’s bedrooms with magnetic field levels above 0.4 µT (4 mG) compared to the reference category of 0.1 µT (1 mG). The result proved to be rather stable even when adjusted for covariables or maximized for selection bias.

In a prospect cohort study, Foliart et al. (2006) examined the survival rate (5.07 years median follow-up) in 361 children with acute lymphocytic (B-cell) leukemia, ages 0-15, in the US. During this period, 28 children died, most of them through a relapse. Within the first months after the initial diagnosis, personal 24-h magnetic field measurements were obtained. Though only this first series of measurements could be consulted for evaluation purposes (The participation rate for follow-up measurements one and two years later was too low.), children with exposure levels above 0.3 µT (3 mG), who died, showed an HR (hazard ratio) of 4.53 (1.49-13.76) compared with the reference category 0.1 µT (1 mG). Even if this study can be viewed only as hypothesis generating and further studies are needed, it does fit in with the existing picture.

Especially in the area of epidemiological investigations, the qualification and quantification of (historical) exposures poses one of the greatest challenges. At the beginning of studying magnetic field exposures from high tension power lines, for example, investigators tried to determine the exposure levels by calculating the field strengths from wire codes. This method, however, has the disadvantage that other field sources, which can also contribute to elevated magnetic fields, are not captured, causing exposure misclassifications (in this case so-called non-differential exposure misclassification). This can result in a dilution effect, which can even go so far that no effect will be discovered. Later investigators tried to determine magnetic field levels by taking so-called spot measurements, for example, in the living room, bedroom or in front of the entrance door. The disadvantage of this method is that those measurements can also result in exposure misclassifications due to the usual, sometimes rather strong fluctuations of the magnetic field strengths associated with high tension power lines, underground cables, net currents, transformers and distribution cables (e.g. night storage heating).

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Thus it is more suitable to study a smaller, well-defined sample than a large group with poor exposure analysis. But even person-related, 24-hour data logging of exposures has its drawbacks because, in general, current measurements do not necessarily have to coincide with past exposure levels, which is why in the latter case region-specific wire codes, as long as all relevant power lines are accounted for, can have advantages. In this context, it is crucial for the quality of epidemiological studies that exposures in the etiologically relevant period are documented as accurately as possible and that cases/controls with incomplete exposure analysis are either removed from risk calculations or at least adjusted for. Since not all studies have been adjusted this way, the interpretation of results needs to take this into consideration.

The distinction between daytime and nighttime exposures as well as their separate analysis is also very important. At a threshold value of 0.2 µT (2 mG), Michaelis et al. (1997b) could show a significant risk increase for childhood leukemia from OR 2.3 (0.8- 6.7) to OR 3.8 (1.2-11.9) when assessing the measurements of the nighttime period. By limiting the assessment to the age group 0 to 4 years, the risk increased to OR 7.4 (1.4- 38.4). When interpreting study results, these aspects need to be taken into consideration because they can often cause the risk ratio to be moved towards zero and existing associations will not become visible. In general, the actual risks are almost always and often significantly higher than can be captured through epidemiological studies.

It is the goal of epidemiological studies to determine so-called exposure-effect associations. Usually this is accomplished by dividing the sample under study into different exposure categories, so-called quantiles such as tertile (three categories), quartile (four categories) or quintile (five categories), etc. The first quantile is the reference group (category with the lowest exposure). Furthermore, in comparison with the reference group, the so-called relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) is calculated for the various exposure categories - either unadjusted or adjusted for various covariants (e.g. age, gender, suspected other risk factors, etc.).

In this calculation, the reference group is assigned the value 1 for RR or OR. If, for example, the 2nd quantile showed an RR/OR of 2.1, this would mean that the statistical mean for all n from the second quantile showed a 2.1 times (given as factor) higher risk/odds ratio for the disease under study (e.g. childhood leukemia) compared to the reference quantile.

Instead of using quantiles, various investigations, studying the association between magnetic fields and the endpoint cancer, applied a so-called cut-off point or fixed classification (e.g. 0 – 0.1µT (1 mG)) as reference group versus 0.1-0.2 µT (2 mG) as well as 0.2–0.4 µT (4 mG), >0.4 µT (4 mG). With a cut-off point, the risk ratio/odds ratio of a group below a certain exposure threshold is compared to a group with exposures above this threshold (e.g. 0.2 µT (2 mG)). The meaningfulness of this assessment method is rather difficult to interpret when the distribution of the exposure levels in both groups is unknown.

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The application of a fixed classification, especially when limited to this method, prevents any further gain of knowledge because it virtually prevents the analysis of the low- exposure category, to which the largest portion of the population is exposed. Since in most cases the exposure category 0 to 0.1 µT (1 mG) comprises about 95% of the samples, the statistical power is also greatly diminished. In summary, the combination of these classification and calculation methods may result in shifting the risk ratio towards zero. In the area of epidemiology and environmental epidemiology, the statistical assessment by means of quantiles is the methodically correct procedure. And for comparability purposes, the additional assessment of fixed classifications will be helpful, however, at a much lower and therefore reality-related level such as the following categories 0-0.02 µT (0.2 mG), 0.021-0.05 µT (0.21-0.5 mG), 0.051-0.1 µT (0.51-1 mG), >0.1 µT (1 mG)).

The following three examples are meant to demonstrate that ensuring a low-exposure group as reference group is one of the crucial points in a statistical assessment.

Example 1 The evaluation of the case-control study on childhood leukemia (Michaelis et al.1997a) (n=129/328) for children at the age of less than 14 years showed an OR 3.9 (0.9 – 16.9) with a cut-off point of 0.2 µT (2 mG) - determined as a median value of the AC magnetic field in the children’s bedroom at night. In addition, the odds ratios were calculated in increments of 0.01 µT (0.1 mG) for the median of the 24-hour exposure value from 0.05 µT (0.5 mG) to 0.25 µT (2.5 mG) in the children’s bedroom. The graphic below shows that a risk increase can be observed at values starting from 0.1 µT (1 mG). At the same time it is noted that this evaluation must not be compared with an exposure-effect curve, which for instance would result from contrasting quartiles. Data for the 25th percentile are not provided in the publication, however, the 24-hour median (50th percentile) is given as 0.025 µT (0.25 mG)! This kind of contrasting was not applied even though it would have been the statistical analysis method of choice. The cut-off point method divides the data into two categories, resulting in an underestimation and blurring of actual risk factors.

Graphic: Function of the odds ratio for the comparison of childhood leukemia cases and controls based on the 24-h median with cut-off points from 0.05 µT (50 nT/0.5 mG) to 0.25µT (250 nT/0.25 mG) in increments of 0.01 µT (10 nT/0.1 mG). Source: Michaelis et al. (1997a).

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Example 2 In a Canadian case-control study (Green et al. 1999a) (n=88/131) on childhood leukemia, magnetic field exposures were measured with personal exposure meters. In the group of those children under the age of six, a significant association in the form of an exposure- effect curve was found. With exposure levels as 24-h mean values, an increased risk was found at an OR 4.0 (1.1-14.4) for exposures from 0.07 µT (0.7 mG) to 0.14 µT (1.4 mG) as well as at an OR 4.5 (1.3-15.9) for exposures from 0.14 µT (1.4 mG). This is one of the few studies that did perform a quartile analysis, showing that significantly increased risks can already be observed below 0.1 µT (1 mG).

Exposure (24-h mean value) Cases Controls OR 95%CI µT (mG) n n <0.03 (0.3) 14 33 1 0.03-0.07 (0.3-0.7) 18 32 2.0 0.6-6.8 0.07-0.14 (0.7-1.4) 27 33 4.0 1.1-14.4 >0.14 (1.4) 29 33 4.5 1.3-15.9 Table: Risk for childhood leukemia in relation to the 24-h mean value – quartile analysis

Example 3 With the EMF Study II from Germany, we have a case-control study (n=690/1717) on AC magnetic fields (50 Hz) and childhood leukemia, which was the most comprehensive single study until its publication in 2001 (Schüz et al. 2001). Unfortunately, as many as 625 out of 690 cases were accumulated into the reference category – with possibly serious consequences for the results. Yet, the analysis for the nighttime period (median 22:00 – 6:00 o’clock) shows a significant association in form of an exposure-effect relationship across four exposure categories.

<0.1 µT 0.1-<0.2 µT 0.2-<0.4 µT >=0.4 µT (100 nT) (100-200 nT) (200-400 nT) (400 nT) Cases (n) 625 44 14 7 ORa 1.00 1.33 (0.9-1.97) 2.40 (1.07-5.37) 4.28 (1.25-14.7)

Assessments by Expert Committees As already mentioned above in the discussion on AC electric fields, the draft report by the US National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP) recommends under „option 2“ exposure limits of 0.2 µT (2 mG) for magnetic flux densities in the frequency range from close to 0 Hz up to 3 kHz (NCRP 1995). For future planning, the draft report also recommends that preschools and schools should not be built in zones with magnetic flux density levels above 0.2 µT (2 mG) or that the installation of new power lines next to existing buildings should not raise the magnetic flux density levels above 0.2 µT (2 mG). In the case of new office buildings or industrial facilities, exposures should remain below 0.2 µT (2 mG).

The ICNIRP Guidelines (ICNIRP 1998) are based on short-term, acute health effects such as the stimulation of peripheral nerves and muscles, shocks and burns, which are

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caused by contact with electrically conductive objects as well as increased temperatures of tissue, which result from energy absorption during EMF exposure. For the frequency range from 25 Hz to 800 MHz, the recommended reference value for the AC-magnetic- field exposure of the general public is set at 5/f. At f=50 Hz, the formula gives 5/0.050kHz=100 µT (1000 mG). At f=60 Hz 5/0.060kHz=83 µT (830 mG). At higher frequencies, the threshold value decreases.

In 1999 the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS 1999) published a report on the health effects of power-frequency electric and magnetic fields. In this publication the research group comes to the conclusion that the exposure to “Powerline Frequency ELF-EMF” may represent a possible carcinogen. The following relevant recommendations are made: “NIEHS suggests that the power industry continue its current practice of siting power lines to reduce exposures and continue to explore ways to reduce the creation of magnetic fields around transmission and distribution lines without creating new hazards. We also encourage technologies that lower exposures from neighbourhood distribution lines provided that they do not increase other risks, such as those from accidental electrocution or fire.”

In June 2001, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a member organization of the WHO with its headquarters in Lyon, brought together a working group of science experts to scrutinize studies on carcinogenity with regard to static and ELF electric and magnetic fields (IARC 2002). Based on the standard classification of the IARC, which evaluates evidence from humans and animals as well as laboratory experiments, ELF magnetic fields were classified as possibly carcinogenic for humans (Group 2B) due to the epidemiological studies on childhood leukemia.

From 1993 to 2002, the California Department of Health ran the “California EMF- Program” in order to evaluate the potential risks caused by electric and magnetic field emissions from power lines, electrical installations, electric workplaces and appliances (CDH 2002). The final report, published in fall 2002, lists comprehensive scientific data on health effects including a risk assessment. The table below shows the assessment results from the California Department of Health (DHS).

Health Endpoint Classification Risk Childhood Leukemia 2B to 1 Possible to Definite Adult Leukemia 2B to 1 Possible to Definite Adult Brain Cancer 2B Possible Miscarriage 2B Possible Lou Gherig’s Disease or ALS 2B Possible Childhood Brain Cancer, Breast Cancer, 3 Inadequate Alzheimer’s, Suicide, Sudden Cardiac Death

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Further Relevant Data on Health Effects For the evaluation of carcinogenic effects of alternating magnetic fields, the work published by a group at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Fedrowitz et al. 2004) is highly relevant. These researchers were able to clarify why animal experiments by the Löscher group, in which DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene) was used to induce tumors in female rats, showed significant increases in breast cancer risk with the additional exposure to alternating magnetic fields (Baum et al. 1995, Mevissen et al. 1998, Thun-Battersby et al. 1999), but not by another workgroup around Anderson (Anderson et al. 1999, Boorman et al. 1999a, Boorman et al. 1999b, Anderson et al. 2000). It could be demonstrated that the different responses correlate with the genetically different sensitivity of the rats used. In an additional study (Fedrowitz and Löscher 2006), which looked at a variety of rat species, this knowledge could be expanded and confirmed.

Up until recently, the differing results of these animal studies were considered to be uncertain and therefore were not consulted for evaluations. Since these uncertainties could be clarified, the results of these animal studies gain a totally new level of significance. In connection with the animal studies showing chromosomal damage (Lai and Singh 2004), discussed in the paragraph below, it seems appropriate to classify alternating magnetic fields as a definite carcinogen for humans.

In 2004, a study showed (Lai and Singh 2004) significantly increased DNA breakage in rat brain cells that had been exposed to AC magnetic fields at 10 µT (100 mG) and 60 Hz sine wave for 24 hours. The doubling of the exposure period to 48 hours showed even stronger effects, suggesting a cumulative effect. In a second investigation, the possible effect mechanism was studied. For that reason, rats were exposed to AC magnetic fields at 500 µT (5,000 mG) for two hours. Rats that had received Trolox (vitamin E analogue), 7-nitroindazole (inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase synthesis) or Deferiprone (iron chelate) prior to the magnetic field exposure did not show any chromosome damage. The authors (Lai and Singh 2004) hypothesize that an acute exposure to AC magnetic fields initiates an iron-mediated process (e.g. fenton reaction) that directly causes the formation of free radicals as well as indirectly via a metabolic cascade and the nitrogen monoxide (NO).

In the past years, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which both are referred to as “free radicals” in this paper, gained recognition as one of the central pathophysiological mechanisms for the origin and development of chronic diseases as well as cancer. Free radicals are highly reactive metabolic products, which are produced endogenously (mitochondria, cytochrome P450, macrophages, peroxisomes) and exogenously (iron and copper via fenton reaction, ionizing radiation), constantly being kept in balance by antioxidant regulating mechanisms. When antioxidant control mechanisms become exhausted or overwhelmed, the cellular redox balance will shift towards oxidative stress, resulting in an increased potential of damage to the DNA in the nucleus, to the DNA in the mitochondria, to lipids and proteins. Unrepaired damage of the DNA can result in mutations and further down the road to an increased cancer risk. Apart from the direct damage of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, interactions with DNA

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repair mechanisms can also lead to oxidative damage. Furthermore, free radicals impact cell signaling paths for the control of cellular growths and thus can also impact the development of cancer. The modification of the gene expression initiated by free radicals has a direct effect on cell division and cell self-destruction (apoptosis). DNA damage, mutations, and altered gene expressions are all steps in the process of cancer development (Touyz 2004, Young and Woodside 2001, Klauning and Kamendulis 2004).

With regard to cancer-suppressing effects, melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) with its diversity of functions plays an important role. Among other things, melatonin is a neurohormone that is produced by the pineal gland during darkness. It holds an important role in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes such as the regulation of the circadian rhythm as well as antioxidative and immunomodulating functions. Melatonin suppresses cancer processes in, for example, breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer, leukemia and liver cancer (Buyukavci et al. 2006, Henshaw and Reiter 2005, Blask et al. 1999).

There is sufficient, conclusive and integral evidence from in vitro experiments (Ahuja et al. 1999, Ivancsits et al. 2002, Ivancsits et al. 2003, Ivancsits et al. 2005, Winker 2005, Moretti et al. 2005, Wolf et al. 2005) and animal experiments (Beniashvili et al. 1991, Lai and Singh 1997a, Lai and Singh 1997b, Mevissen et al. 1998, Thun-Battersby et al. 1999, Svedenstal et al. 1999, Lai and Singh 2004, Fedrowitz et al. 2004, Fedrowitz and Löscher 2006) that alternating magnetic fields can lead, among other effects, to DNA damage through free radicals, partly in connection with melatonin (reviews see Simko and Mattson 2004, Henshaw and Reiter 2005). Some of these studies could demonstrate exposure-specific associations.

Likewise, there is evidence that alternating magnetic fields can suppress the effect of tamoxifen (breast cancer drug) in breast cancer cells (Blackman et al. 2001, Ishido et al. 2001, Girgert et al. 2005).

Epidemiological studies show that, among other factors, exposure to alternating magnetic fields can increase the risk of certain forms of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases (reviews see Stevens und Davis 1996, Erren 2001, IARC 2001, CDH 2001, Henshaw and Reiter 2005).

Up until recently, the exposure levels of alternating magnetic fields were usually determined as a mean value. Results from California, which were published in 2000, showed for the first time an association between miscarriages and the ascertained maximum value. The two epidemiological studies, a case-control study (Lee et al. 2002) and a prospective cohort study (Li et al. 2002) showed a significant association between the incidence of miscarriages during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy and the level of alternating magnetic fields (60 Hz), measured with a personal monitor for 24 hours. The evaluations were based on the measured peak values in the range of 1.6 µT (16 mG) and above, but not calculated mean values. The 25th percentile was 1.6 µT (16 mG), which means that 75% of the women were exposed to magnetic field peak values from 1.6 µT (16 mG) and up. 40% of all miscarriages were associated with magnetic fields > 1.6 µT

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(16 mG). When approximating these numbers for Austria, that would translate into ca. 5,800 miscarriages per year. For comparison, Austria mourns ca. 1,000 road victims per year.

Target Aspects In a large number of studies, epidemiological researchers could observe a risk increase in connection with increased exposure levels. Bias, confounding or coincidence cannot plausibly explain this risk pattern, which was found in various studies with different populations. Now epidemiological evidence is also supported by evidence of DNA damage in in vitro and in vivo studies as well as by the DMBA model of breast cancer in rats. The currently available effect evidence shows, among others, an increased leukemia risk at values of 0.2 µT (2 mG) and 0.3 µT (3 mG), and in some studies even below this exposure level. As a first approach, the author (Oberfeld) therefore suggests limiting the total exposure from alternating magnetic fields to 0.1 µT (1 mG) with regard to a sliding 8-hour mean value. The latter shall apply particularly to places where we spend substantial amounts of our time such as periods of sleep and work.

There is always the possibility that a specific location is exposed from a variety of external magnetic field sources, which are difficult to control or not at all such as high tension power lines, distribution power lines, ring mains, etc. As a result, it appears to be rather unrealistic to assign the total exposure value to only one field source. For all practical purposes, it is therefore recommended to follow a realistic and pragmatic four- pronged approach. Then 0.05 µT(50 nT/0.5 mG) can be assigned to the specific exposure of each of any four field sources.

Owing to the quadratic addition of magnetic flux densities, it is possible to simultaneously have four sources with 50 nT (0.5 mG) each, thereby taking full advantage of the total immission value of 100 nT (1 mG). The following table illustrates this point:

Immission Immission Immission Immission Field Source 1 Field Source 2 Field Source 3 Field Source 4 0.05 µT (0.5 mG) 0.05 µT (0.5 mG) 0.05 µT (0.5 mG) 0.05 µT (0.5 mG) Sum 1+2 = 0.071 µT (0.71 mG) Sum 1+2+3 = 0.087 µT (0.87 mG) Sum 1+2+3+4 = 0.1 µT (1 mG)

Exposure guidelines as recommended by the ICNIRP, which are based exclusively on stimulation effects and do not include by now proven long-term effects, are unable to ensure the expected and required protection of personal and public health. Even such precautionary considerations, which in 1999 resulted in the Swiss exposure limit of 1 µT (10 mG), are out-dated because the value was derived by simply reducing the ICNIRP exposure limit of 100 µT (1,000 mG) by a factor of 1/100, without consulting the existing data that in the meantime has reached the level of “substantial body of evidence”.

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Therefore, according to the currently available scientific evidence for long-term effects, evaluations by the ICNIRP guideline of 100 µT or the Swiss exposure limit of 1 µT (10 mG) are completely irrelevant. A medical evaluation, which ignores this evidence, does not evaluate according to the currently available medical knowledge.

At this point it is important to note that the conclusion of a possible, probable or definite causal association between cause and effect does not require a complete model of the cause-and-effect mechanism.

Future investigations should also take transients and harmonics into consideration. This could lead to a different, that is, stronger evaluation.

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Electromagnetic Waves – Radiofrequency Radiation (RF) and Microwave Radiation (MW)

Properties In contrast to ELF electromagnetic fields, the electric and magnetic field become coupled in the case of electromagnetic waves: the electric field causes the magnetic one and vice versa. The resulting electromagnetic waves wirelessly propagate through space, adopting increasingly quasioptical properties from the MHz range and up. These include, for example, reflection on conductive surfaces or refraction at edges. For this reason, these radiofrequency waves are used for the transmission of information (data). They can be transmitted from an antenna and at another location they can again be received with an antennae. The information can be “imprinted on” a carrier wave through various types of modulations such as by changing the frequency, amplitude, or phase.

Frequencies above 30 kHz are generally referred to as high frequency or RF radiation. In North American language usage, “radiofrequency radiation” (30 kHz to 300 MHz) is distinguished from “microwave radiation” (300 MHz to 300 GHz).

At present, mobile phone base stations in Europe usually transmit GSM signals in the 920-960 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz bands as well as UMTS-FDD signals in the 2110- 2170 MHz bands. In North America, GSM signals are transmitted in the 820 - 890 MHz and 1850 -1990 MHz bands as well as UMTS signals in the 1750 MHz and 2150 MHz bands.

Sources Transmitters such as broadcasting, television, mobile phone base stations for GSM, UMTS, etc, mobile phone handsets, cordless phones (CT1, DECT/GAP), trunked radio systems (TETRA, Tetrapol), digital data communications, Bluetooth, wireless local area networks (WLAN), radar stations, directional radio systems, microwave ovens, baby monitors and cameras, wireless keyboards and ordering systems, high-speed computers.

Effects In the following discussion about biological and health effects, we will present and discuss epidemiological findings of mobile phone networks because they allow for an immediate insight into occurring symptoms. They will be supported by results from exposure studies of radar and radio stations.

Even though the exposure from a mobile phone handset is considerably higher than from mobile phone base stations, at present the more severe effects are observed in the latter. The main reason for this observation is most likely to be found in the longer exposure

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duration and a missing opportunity for the organism to regenerate. It is, for example, possible to spend several hours at 95 dB in a nightclub, but for restorative sleep a continuous sound level of around 35 dB or lower is necessary. At any rate, the difference is 60 dB, which translates into a factor of 1,000,000!

Studies about the health effects of electromagnetic waves go back to the 40s in the 20th century. Those studies were mainly concerned with high-dosage exposures and the question of excessive heating of a body or the development of cataracts, for example, in radar exposed persons. For this purpose various animal experiments were carried out, which showed cataracts at increasingly lower dosages provided that the lenses were not analyzed right after the radiation exposure, but only after a waiting period of several weeks (source: Richardson 1948, quoted in Becker 1990). Even at that time, non-thermal effects were already discussed in connection with the development of cataracts.

In 1959, a new physical method for the production of chromosomal damage was presented in the journal Nature (Heller and Teixeira-Pinto 1959). The authors used pulsed shortwaves with a frequency of 27 MHz, exposing garlic root cells, growing in a bowl of water, to this field for 5 minutes. No temperature increase could be measured in the water. The analysis was performed 24 hours after the radiation exposure. The highest number of chromosomal breaks occurred at pulse rates between 80 and 180 pulses per second.

In a review paper about the effects of electromagnetic waves (Sage 2000), evidence is presented for the following areas: effects on DNA, chromosome aberration and micronuclei, effects on ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), gene transcription and induction, stress response (heat shock proteins), cellular effects of microwave radiation (calcium ions), immune system cellular effects, blood-brain barrier, blood pressure, reproductive tract, cancer, symptoms reported using mobile phones, neurological effects, psychoactive drugs, serotonin, eye damage, behavioral changes, learning and memory, cognitive functions, and sleep.

Based on the available literature on electromagnetic waves, Neil Cherry comes to the conclusion that electromagnetic radiation from, for example, mobile phone base stations constitutes a probable risk factor for the following diseases: cancer, especially brain tumors and leukemia but also all other types of cancer, heart arrhythmia, cardiac infarcts, neurological effects including sleep disturbances, learning disabilities, depression, and suicide, miscarriages, and malformations (Cherry 2000).

Studies on Mobile Phone Base Stations With regard to an association between mobile phone base stations and direct health effects, there are worldwide four epidemiological studies as well as one experimental short-term exposure study, all of which follow different publication standards.

1) In France, a questionnaire, listing 16 non-specific disease symptoms, was sent to 530 persons, who had responded to an appeal for participation (Santini et al. 2002). In this

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study, Santini used self-selection. Thus it can be assumed that the persons responding to the survey were those who are more likely to suspect negative health effects from mobile phone base stations. This implies the disadvantage that the study results cannot be extrapolated to the general population. Yet it offers the advantage that potential effects can be detected earlier. In an opposite approach, one would select only healthy young adults, who must not show any negative health effects from mobile phone base stations.

The study showed that the number of non-specific symptoms increased as the self- determined distance from mobile phone base stations decreased. In the symptom category “very frequently,” a significant increase in such symptoms as fatigue, irritability, headaches, sleep disruptions, depressive tendencies, concentration difficulties, memory loss, and dizziness could be observed in comparison to the reference group (> 300 m distance). The table and graph further below illustrate this clearly.

The increase of symptom incidence in the distance group 50-100 m corresponds with the equally frequent field-strength maximum in those particular urban areas. Thus, it could be shown that these health complaints have a physical cause, namely electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone base stations.

Distance to Mobile Phone Base Station in meter (m) Symptoms < 10 m 10-50 m 50-100 m 100-200 m 200-300 m >300 m Fatigue 72* 50.9* 56.6* 41.1 43.7 27.2 Irritability 23.2* 25.7* 44.1* 4.1 9 3.3 Headaches 47.8* 26.1* 36.7* 31.2* 0 1.8 Nausea 6.9 3 3.8 4.6 2.3 1.1 Loss of Appetite 8.3 5.5 5 0 0 3.3 Sleep Disruption 57* 57.5* 58.5* 50* 35.5 21.1 Depressive 26.8* 19.7* 24* 3.1 2.5 3.7 Tendencies Feeling of 45.4* 18.9 12.8 0 5.1 8.1 Discomfort Concentration 28.8* 16.6 26.4* 12.5 5.5 7.1 Difficulties Memory Loss 25.4* 26.6* 29* 15.6 11.1 5.8 Skin Problems 17.1* 10.8 11.1 7.5 0 4.6 Visual Problems 24.3* 13.5 7.1 4.9 2.8 4.1 Hearing Problems 17.4 12 15.5 7.7 9.5 8.7 Dizziness 12.5* 7.5* 9.6* 2.7 5.2 0 Mobility Problems 7.7* 1.7 3 0 0 1 Cardio-vascular 13* 9.6 7.4 0 6.5 3 Problems *) Significant difference (p < 0.05) in comparison to reference group > 300 m or non-exposed for the symptom category „very frequently“ Table: Incidence (%) of Complaints by Respondents (n=530) Living in the Vicinity of Mobile Phone Base Stations as a Function of Distance

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Symptoms experienced by people in the vicinity of cellular phone base stations By R. SANTINI & coll. December 2001 Symptoms (category=very frequent) related to the distance to mobil phone base

80,0

70,0 Fatigue Irritability 60,0 Headaches Nausea Loss of Appetite 50,0 Sleep Disruption Depressive Tendencies Feeling of Discomfort 40,0 Concentration Difficulties Memory Loss 30,0 Skin Problems Visual Problems Symptoms Frequency [%] Frequency Symptoms Hearing Problems 20,0 Dizziness Mobility Problems 10,0 Cardio-vascular Problems

0,0 < 10 m 10 bis 50 m 50 bis 100 m 100 bis 200 m 200 bis 300 m > 300 m Distance to mobile phone base stations [m]

Graph: Incidence (%) of Complaints by Respondents (n=530) Living in the Vicinity of Mobile Phone Base Stations as a Function of Distance

2) In a cross-sectional study from Austria (Carinthia and Vienna), the authors studied persons, who have been living in the vicinity of a mobile phone base station for longer than one year (Hutter et al. 2002). Subjective symptoms and complaints, sleep quality and memory capacity were inquired about or tested for, respectively. The RF exposure in the bedroom of the study participants was measured for various selected frequencies including mobile phone radiation as well as radio and TV stations. The maximum for the sum total of all GSM mobile phone frequency bands was 1.4 mW/m² (0,14 µW/cm²).

Independent from potential fears due to the vicinity of mobile phone base stations, significant associations between the power density of GSM mobile phone base stations and cardio-vascular symptoms were found. The latter include fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, headaches, quick fatigue, cold feet and dizziness (Proceedings Rhodos: Hutter et al. 2002). In the 2006 publication (Hutter et al. 2006), individual symptoms were evaluated. Significant associations were observed for the symptoms: headaches, concentration problems as well as cold hands and feet. It is important to make two major comments: The symptoms occurred at exposure levels well below 1 mW/m² (former Salzburg Precautionary Exposure Limit outdoor). Furthermore, the selection of the study participants was representative; the selection was not based on any groups with higher susceptibility. This means that the study results are representative for the general population.

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Group without concerns about mobile phone base Group with concerns about mobile phone base stations 2, 2,5 fatigue, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, fatigue, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, 2 headaches, fatigue, cold feet, dizziness 2 headaches, fatigue, cold feet, dizziness

1, 1,5 S S co co re 1 re 1

0, 0,5

0 0 <0.14 V/m 0.14 – 0.2 V/m >0.2 V/m <0.14 V/m 0.14 – 0.2 V/m >0.2 V/m <0.05 µW/cm² 0.05-0.01 µW/cm² >0.01 µW/cm² < 0.05 µW/cm² 0.05-0.01 µW/cm² >0.01 µW/cm² GSM – exposure sleeping room GSM – exposure sleeping room Graphs: Exposure-Effect Relationship between Cardio-Vascular Symptoms and GSM Mobile Phone Exposure Levels in Bedrooms

3) In a cross-sectional study from La Nora, Murcia, in Spain, residents in the vicinity of two GSM mobile phone base stations were studied (Navarro et al. 2003). The study participants were recruited based on self-selection. Questionnaires were made available at the pharmacy and at the hairdresser. The questionnaire was identical with the one used by Santini, the symptoms inquired about were all in line with the “microwave syndrome”. The power density was measured as a broad spectrum across the bed (400 MHz – 3,000 MHz). The spectrum analysis showed the dominance of two GSM base stations at 900/1800 MHz. The participants were classified into two exposure groups: distance > 250 m with an average RF exposure of 0.1 mW/m² (0.01 µW/cm²) and distance < 250 m with an average RF exposure of 1.11 mW/m² (0.11 µW/cm²). The latter group with the higher exposure levels also had a significantly higher score for 9 symptoms.

n=47 n=54 p-value Average Exposure 0.1 mW/m² 1.11 mW/m² <0.001 (0.01 µW/cm²) (0.111 µW/cm²) Average Distance 284 m 107 m <0.001 Irritability 1.04 1.56 <0.05 Headaches 1.53 2.17 <0.001 Nausea 0.53 0.93 <0.05 Loss of Appetite 0.55 0.96 <0.05 Feeling of 0.87 1.41 <0.02 Discomfort Sleep Disruptions 1.28 1.94 <0.01 Depression 0.74 1.3 <0.02 Dizziness 0.74 1.26 <0.05 n: number of participants in group p-value: The p-value is the probability value. For p < 0.05 results are considered significant. Table: Comparison of Groups: Exposure to GSM Base Stations and Various Disease Symptoms (Score)

4) The above mentioned cross-sectional study by Navarro et al. was re-analyzed by the author (Oberfeld) with a logistic regression model for individual levels (Oberfeld et al.

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2004). Significant associations between measured power densities and 13 symptoms in an exposure-effects relationship were found. The table below shows the results adjusted for age, gender, and distance.

Medium Exposure High Exposure 0.05 – 0.22 V/m 0.25 – 1.29 V/m (6 – 128 µW/m²) (165 – 4,400 µW/m²) Symptoms OR 95%-CI p OR 95%-CI p p for the trend Fatigue 28.53 3.03 – 268.78 0.0034 40.11 4.56 – 352.44 0.0009 0.0039 Irritability 3.12 0.91 – 10.68 0.0704 9.22 2.86 – 29.67 0.0002 0.0009 Headaches 5.99 1.50 – 23.93 0.0113 6.10 1.80 – 20.65 0.0037 0.0050 Nausea 5.92 0.60 – 58.68 0.1288 12.80 1.48 – 110.64 0.0205 0.0499 Loss of Appetite 6.66 0.62 – 71.52 0.1175 27.53 3,07 – 247.03 0.0031 0.0030 Sleep Disruptions 10.39 2.43 – 44.42 0.0016 10.61 2.88 – 39.19 0.0004 0.0008 Depressive Tendencies 39.41 4.02 – 386.40 0.0016 59.39 6.41 – 550.11 0.0003 0.0016 Feeling of Discomfort 4.29 1.14 – 16.15 0.0314 10.90 3.16 – 37.56 0.0002 0.0007 Concentration Difficulties 8.27 2.01 – 34.01 0.0034 19.17 4.91 – 74.77 0.0000 0.0001 Memory Loss 2.35 0.62 – 8.89 0.2090 7.81 2.27 – 26.82 0.0011 0.0031 Skin Problems 7.04 1.06 – 46.62 0.0429 8.22 1.39 – 48.51 0.0201 0.0628 Visual Problems 2.48 0.65 – 9.44 0.1830 5.75 1.68 – 19.75 0.0054 0.0186 Hearing Problems 3.89 0.99 – 15.21 0.0510 1.63 0.45 – 5.95 0.4572 0.1285 Dizziness 2.98 0.62 – 14.20 0.1712 8.36 1.95 – 35.82 0.0042 0.0117 Mobility Problems 1.32 0.30 – 5.84 0.7114 2.07 0.57 – 7.50 0.2690 0.5211 Cardio-vascular Problems 9.42 0.93 – 95.07 0.0572 17.87 1.96 – 162.76 0.0105 0.0333 Table: Association between Broadspectrum Electric-Field Measurements (dominated by GSM 900/1800 Mobile Phone Base Stations) and Various Disease Symptoms

The distance between residence and mobile phone base stations as estimated by the study participants was entered into the model as a measure for possible concerns and it hardly affected the statistic model. This data, too, cannot be extrapolated to the general population because of self-selection. However, the study results can be applied to an as- of-yet unquantifiable subgroup within the general population, which independent from possible concerns suffers from significant disturbance of their general well-being and health due to the RF exposure from mobile phone base stations.

Based on empirical evidence, the Salzburg Public Health Office recommended in February 2002 for the sum total of the continuous exposure to GSM 900/1800 mobile phone base stations not to exceed 0.02 V/m or 1 µW/m² (new Salzburg Precautionary Exposure Limit indoor) and 0.06 V/m 10 µW/m² (new Salzburg Precautionary Exposure Limit outdoor). The above data support this approach.

5) The TNO Physics and Electronics Laboratory was commissioned by three Dutch ministries (health, environment, trade and industry) to study UMTS and GSM. On 30 September 2003, the study results were published (Zwamborn et al.2003). In this double- blind study, participants of two different groups were lead individually into an RF chamber where they were exposed to RF radiation transmitted from two base station

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antennae, located three meters away. For all participants, the maximum exposure value for any signal was 1 V/m or 2.65 mW/m² (0.265 µW/cm²), respectively. This exposure level is typically found in the main beam of a standard mobile phone sector antenna (10 W antenna input power, isotropic antenna gain 17 dBi) at a distance of ca. 125 m. From the three different signals (GSM 900 MHz, GSM 1800 MHz, UMTS 2100 MHz), only two signals were used per participant and only one placebo period without exposure. The sequence of the exposure and non-exposure periods was not known to the participants under study and the study supervisors dealing with the application of the actual exposure experiment (double-blind design). Each exposure period was timed for 15 minutes, followed by a 30-min break. Prior to the application of the test, there was a supervised training period without any exposure.

Two groups with 36 persons each were studied. Group A included persons who had reported their health problems with mobile phone base stations to an environmental organization. Group B included persons who did not have any health complaints with regard to mobile phone base stations. As endpoints for this study, four computer-aided tests (reaction time, memory comparison, selective visual attention and double-step task) as well as a questionnaire concerning their well-being (23 questions) were used.

With regard to the effects on cognitive functions, statistically significant changes were observed, but without a clear pattern concerning type of exposure (GSM, UMTS), cognitive subfunctions and group association.

The results of the questionnaire concerning their well-being, however, showed a clear picture. The sum score of all questions showed a significant increase in health complaints in both groups during UMTS radiation exposure. In group B, the sum score increased from 2.44 (placebo) to 3.08 (UMTS). In group A, the sum score increased from 7.47 (placebo) to 10.75 (UMTS). With regard to the 23 individual questions on well-being, group A showed a significant increase in the level of complaint for eight questions in comparison to the sham exposure:

• Q 1 “Dizziness” • Q 3 “Nervousness” • Q 8 “Chest pain or difficulties breathing or a feeling of not getting enough air” • Q 16 “Certain body parts feel numb or tingle” • Q 18 “Certain body parts feel weak” • Q 19 “Cannot concentrate” • Q 21 “Feeling easily distracted” • Q 23 “Having very little attention”

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Graph: Group A: Mean Score for the Individual Graph: Group B: Mean Score for the Individual Questions of Well-being Questionnaire. Source: TNO Questions of Well-being Questionnaire. Source: TNO report 2003 report 2003

It is interesting to note here that the degree of symptoms differed clearly between group A (complaints during GSM exposure) and group B (no complaints during GSM exposure); and this difference could not only be observed during the training and sham exposure periods, but especially during exposure periods. This is another piece of evidence that electrosensitive persons do exist.

The clear response of group-A participants to the UMTS-FDD signal (W-CDMA), which was applied for only 15-min intervals, is of great importance. This type of signal is currently being used in the installation of the UMTS network. In the TNO study a signal generator produced a type of UMTS signal that consisted of only four dominant control channels being active and no user channel. This exposure situation would occur in a UMTS base station when no phone calls are transmitted and only the continuously transmitting control channels would be active. In real life, this would most likely occur at nighttime.

A study done in Switzerland 2006 (Regel et al. 2006), which was intended as a replication of the TNO study did not find an association between symptoms and the UMTS signal investigated.

Studies on Health Effects from Mobile Phones In the health discussion about mobile phone use, the questions concerning tumor risks and risks of neurological disorders are given priority.

Lai and Singh (1995, 1996, 1997) could show in rats that DNA single- and double-strand breaks occur in chromosomes after a 2-h exposure (SAR 1.2 W/kg) at 2,450 MHz, which could be prevented through melatonin. This finding supports the notion that genotoxic effects caused by non-ionizing radiation are indirectly mediated by free radicals. This effect mechanism was also shown for alternating magnetic fields (60 Hz) in animal experiments (Lai and Singh 2004).

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The exposure of genetically altered mice to GSM-900 radiation (SAR 0.13 – 1.4 W/kg) for two 30-min periods daily over 18 months showed a 2.4-fold increase in lymphoma risk (Repacholi et al. 1997). The replication study was not usable due to shortcomings in methodology – e.g. in contrast to the first study too high lymphoma rates in the unexposed group (Utterige et al. 2002).

A recent study on cell cultures, the EU co-financed REFLEX study “Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From Low Energy Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods” (REFLEX 2004), observed chromosome damage due to exposure from electromagnetic waves. The damage to the genetic material (DNA) in the chromosomes is a serious finding, which usually leads to legal rulings to reduce such risks.

At an exposure level (specific absorption rate - SAR) of 1.3 W/kg over 24 hours, human HL-60 cells showed single- and double-strand breaks as well as micronuclei formation at the frequency of 1800 MHz. For cells it is much more difficult to repair double-strand breaks than single-strand breaks. With 1.3 W/kg, the SAR value is well below the partial- body threshold of 2 W/kg (general public) or 10 W/kg (occupationally exposed persons) as recommended by the ICNIRP for the head region during mobile phone use.

Genotoxic events can result in cellular death, mutation, replication errors, permanent DNA damage and genome instability with an increased risk of cancer and accelerated aging. In another experiment it could be demonstrated that the addition of vitamin C prevented the micronuclei formation caused by RF radiation.

A typical image after RF-EMF Exposure of HL60 cells Graph: Chromosome damage in comet assay through RF radiation 24 h, 1800 MHz, SAR 1.3 W/kg or 0.5 Gy γ-radiation in a HL-60 blood cell line. 0.5 Gy are equivalent to ca. 1,600 lung x-rays. Source: REFLEX 2004

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In a study at the University of Lund, Sweden, rats were exposed to GSM mobile phone radiation (900 MHz) for two hours just once. And after 50 days, their brains were studied for damage (Salford et al. 2003). At an absorption rate of only 0.02 W/kg, significantly more “dark neurons”, damaged nerve cells, were found. It says in the study: “The intense use of mobile phones by youngsters is a serious consideration. A neuronal damage of the kind described here may not have immediately demonstrable consequences, even if repeated. In the long run, however, it may result in reduced brain reserve capacity that might be unveiled by other later neuronal disease or even the wear and tear of aging. We cannot exclude that after some decades of (often) daily use, a whole generation of users may suffer negative effects, perhaps as early as in middle age.”

Graph: Section A Pyramidal Cell Band, Section B Cortex. Among the normal neurons (large cells) increasingly more deep blue, shrunken nerve cells, so called “dark neurons,” are found (magnification x 160). Source: Salford et al. 2003

In a case-control study, Hardell (et al. 2002) studied 1,617 patients of both sexes between the age of 20 and 80 who had been diagnosed with a brain tumor between 1 January 1997 and 30 June 2000. Exposures to mobile and cordless phone radiation, ionizing radiation, organic solvents, pesticides, asbestos, etc. were investigated. The use of an analogue mobile phone showed a higher risk with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.3 (95% CI 1.02-1.6). When patients had started using analogue mobile phones more than 10 years ago, the risk increased to an OR 1.8 (95 % CI 1.1-2.9).

In an additional analysis (Hardell et al. 2003), increased risks for the tumor type astrocytoma were found for the dominant use (ipsilateral) of digital mobile phones (GSM) with an OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.1-3.2) and cordless phones with an OR=1.8 (95% CI 1.1-2.9). For astrocytomas a significantly increased risk was also found at the ipsilateral side for the duration of use for all three types of phones.

The findings about acoustic neuromas are confirmed by another study from Sweden, which also showed an increased risk in dependence of duration of analogue mobile phone use (Lönn et al. 2004). After ten years, the OR of the side used for mobile phone calls came in at 3.9 (95% CI 1.6-9.5). This translates into a four-fold increase in risk.

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The latest studies by Hardell et al. (2006) show now an about three-fold increase in risk for malignant brain tumors (astrocytomas grade III and IV) in study participants who have been using their mobile phones for more than 10 years. In the case of cordless phones the respective risk was doubled. With increasing duration of usage (accumulated hours), the risk also increased. The age group < 20 years shows the highest risk. To complete the picture, it should be pointed out here that methodology problems exist in studies of the Interphone Project by the WHO, which can contribute to making it much more difficult to detect risks (Hardell and Mild 2006).

After a 10-year research period on the health risks associated with mobile phones, it is now confirmed on all levels of natural sciences (cells, animal experiments, observations in humans) that for usage duration of more than 10 years the risk to develop malignant brain tumors increases three-fold. Due to the cumulative risk, a further risk increase is to be expected.

Graph 1: Odds ratio and 95% CI bars for three categories of latency period for use of analogue, digital, and cordless telephones, respectively, Source: Hardell et al. 2006.

Mobile and cordless phones should, if at all, only be used for very short calls of an important or urgent nature.

In summary, it can be said that the biological and health effects of RF radiation that are independent of the thermal effect principle, which the ICNIRP and WHO recommendations are based on, can be considered as proven and that research should focus on the issue of exposure-effect relationships for various technical applications and

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signal forms at the low-exposure range, combination effects with e.g. alternating as well as static electric and magnetic fields or the establishing of additional effect mechanisms and above all finding more compatible alternatives.

Target Aspects for Mobile Phone Applications For the protection of personal and public health, the author (Oberfeld) suggests the following target values based on the latest scientific findings and empirical data: Permanent exposures to pulsed RF/MW signals (as from DECT cordless phone base stations (2.4 GHz/5.8 GHz) , WLAN (WiFi) transmitters, Bluetooth transmitters and GSM and UMTS base stations) measured with peak detector should not exceed 0.06 V/m (0.001 µW/cm²) outdoors and 0.02 V/m (0.0001 µW/cm²) indoors. In general, cordless and mobile phones should only be used for important and urgent calls. Children and adolescents should use cordless and mobile phones, if at all, in emergencies only.

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References Ahlbom A, Day N, Feychting M, Roman E, Skinner J, Dockerty J, Linet M, McBride M, Michaelis J, Olsen JH, Tynes T, Verkasalo PK. 2000. A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 2000 Sep;83(5):692-8. Ahuja YR, Vijayashree B, Saran R, Jayashri EL, Manoranjani JK, Bhargava SC. 1999. In vitro effects of low-level, low-frequency electromagnetic fields on DNA damage in human leucocytes by comet assay. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 Oct;36(5):318-22. Anderson LE, Boorman GA, Morris JE, Sasser LB, Mann PC, Grumbein SL, Hailey JR, McNally A, Sills RC, Haseman JK. 1999. Effect of 13 week magnetic field exposures on DMBA-initiated mammary gland carcinomas in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Carcinogenesis. 1999 Aug;20(8):1615-20. Anderson LE, Morris JE, Sasser LB, Loscher W. 2000. Effects of 50- or 60-hertz, 100 microT magnetic field exposure in the DMBA mammary cancer model in Sprague- Dawley rats: possible explanations for different results from two laboratories. Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Sep;108(9):797-802. Baum A, Mevissen M, Kamino K, Mohr U, Loscher W. 1995. A histopathological study on alterations in DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats with 50Hz, 100 muT magnetic field exposure. Carcinogenesis. 1995 Jan;16(1):119-25. Becker R B. Cross Currents, The Perils of Electropollution, the Promise of Electromedicine, USA 1990. Beniashvili DS, Bilanishvili VG, Menabde MZ. 1991. Low-frequency electromagnetic radiation enhances the induction of rat mammary tumors by nitrosomethyl urea. Cancer Lett. 1991 Dec 9;61(1):75-9. Binhi V N: Magnetobiology: Underlying Physical Problems. Academic Press. London, San Diego 2002. Blackman CF, Benane SG, House DE. 2001. The influence of 1.2 microT, 60Hz magnetic fields on melatonin- and tamoxifen-induced inhibition of MCF-7 cell growth. Bioelectromagnetics. 2001 Feb;22(2):122-8. Blackman, C.F. 1985. The biological influences of low-frequency sinusoidal electromagnetic signals alone and superimposed on RF carrier waves, in: Interaction between Electromagnetic Fields and Cells, (A. Chiabrera, C. Nicolini, and H. P. Schwan, eds), NATO ASI Series A97, Plenum, New York, 521-535. Burch, J.B., Reif, J.S. and Yost, M.G. 1999. Geomagnetic disturbances are associated with reduced nocturnal excretion of melatonin metabolite in humans. Neurosci Lett 266(3):209-212.

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Blask DE, Sauer LA, Dauchy RT, Holowachuk EW, Ruhoff MS, Kopff HS. 1999. Melatonin inhibition of cancer growth in vivo involves suppression of tumor fatty acid metabolism via melatonin receptor-mediated signal transduction events. Cancer Res. 1999 Sep 15;59(18):4693-701. Boorman GA, Anderson LE, Morris JE, Sasser LB, Mann PC, Grumbein SL, Hailey JR, McNally A, Sills RC, Haseman JK. 1999a. Effect of 26 week magnetic field exposures in a DMBA initiation-promotion mammary gland model in Sprague-Dawley rats. Carcinogenesis. 1999 May;20(5):899-904. Boorman GA, McCormick DL, Findlay JC, Hailey JR, Gauger JR, Johnson TR, Kovatch RM, Sills RC, Haseman JK. 1999b. Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity evaluation of 60Hz (power frequency) magnetic fields in F344/N rats. Toxicol Pathol. 1999 May- Jun;27(3):267-78. Buyukavci M, Ozdemir O, Buck S, Stout M, Ravindranath Y, Savasan S. 2006. Melatonin cytotoxicity in human leukemia cells: relation with its pro-oxidant effect. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;20(1):73-79. California Department of Education 2004. Electromagnetic Field Setback Exemption Protocol http://www.cde.ca.gov/ls/fa/sf/emfstbckprotocol.asp California Department of Health (CDH). 2002. An Evaluation of the Possible Risks From Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMFs) From Power Lines, Internal Wiring, Electrical Occupations and Appliance; California department of health; Final Report June 2002. www.dhs.ca.gov/ehib/emf/RiskEvaluation/riskeval.html Cherry N. 2000. Probable Health Effects Associated with Base Stations in Communities: The Need for Health Surveys; In: Proceedings of “International Conference on Cell Tower Siting – Linking Science & Public Health, 7th – 8th June 2000, Salzburg, Austria. Coghill RW, Steward J, Philips A. 1996. Extra low frequency electric and magnetic fields in the bedplace of children diagnosed with leukaemia: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1996 Jun;5(3):153-8. Draper G, Vincent T, Kroll ME, Swanson J. 2005. Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high voltage power lines in England and Wales: a case-control study. BMJ. 2005 Jun 4;330(7503):1290. Erren TC. 2001. A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of electric and magnetic fields and breast cancer in women and men. Bioelectromagnetics. 2001;Suppl 5:S105-19. Fedrowitz M, Kamino K, Loscher W. 2004. Significant differences in the effects of magnetic field exposure on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in two substrains of Sprague-Dawley rats. Cancer Res. 2004 Jan 1;64(1):243-51. Fedrowitz M, Loscher W. 2006. Power Frequency Magnetic Fields Increase Cell Proliferation in the Mammary Gland of Female Fischer 344 Rats but Not Various Other Rat Strains or Substrains. Oncology. 2006 Jan 16;69(6):486-498.

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International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2002. Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields, VOL. 80 (2002), IARC, Lyon. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). 1998. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Health Phys. 1998 Apr;74(4):494-522. Ishido M, Nitta H, Kabuto M. 2001. Magnetic fields (MF) of 50Hz at 1.2 microT as well as 100 microT cause uncoupling of inhibitory pathways of adenylyl cyclase mediated by melatonin 1a receptor in MF-sensitive MCF-7 cells. Carcinogenesis. 2001 Jul;22(7):1043-8. Ivancsits S, Diem E, Jahn O, Rudiger HW. 2003. Intermittent extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields cause DNA damage in a dose-dependent way. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003 Jul;76(6):431-6. Ivancsits S, Diem E, Pilger A, Rudiger HW, Jahn O. 2002. Induction of DNA strand breaks by intermittent exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in human diploid fibroblasts. Mutat Res. 2002 Aug 26;519(1-2):1-13. Ivancsits S, Pilger A, Diem E, Jahn O, Rudiger HW. 2005. Cell type-specific genotoxic effects of intermittent extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Mutat Res. 2005 Jun 6;583(2):184-8. Kabuto M, Nitta H, Yamamoto S, Yamaguchi N, Akiba S, Honda Y, Hagihara J, Isaka K, Saito T, Ojima T, Nakamura Y, Mizoue T, Ito S, Eboshida A, Yamazaki S, Sokejima S, Kurokawa Y, Kubo O. 2006. Childhood leukemia and magnetic fields in Japan: A case- control study of childhood leukemia and residential power-frequency magnetic fields in Japan, Int. J Cancer: 199,643-650. Klaunig JE, Kamendulis LM. 2004. The role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004;44:239-67. Lai H and Singh N P. 1995. Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics, Vol 16, pp 207-210, 1995. Lai H and Singh N P. 1996. Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int. J. Radiation Biology, 69 (4): 513-521. Lai H and Singh N P. 1997a. Acute exposure to a 60Hz magnetic field increases DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18(2):156-65. Lai H and Singh N. 1997b. Melatonin and N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone block 60-Hz magnetic field-induced DNA single and double strand breaks in rat brain cells. J Pineal Res. 1997 Apr;22(3):152-62. Lai H and Singh N P. 1997c. Melatonin and Spin-Trap compound Block Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation-induced DNA Strands Breaks in Rat Brain Cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 18:446-454.

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Lai H, Singh NP. 2004. Magnetic-field-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat. Environ Health Perspect. 2004 May;112(6):687-94. Lee GM, Neutra RR, Hristova L, Yost M, Hiatt RA. 2002. A nested case-control study of residential and personal magnetic field measures and miscarriages. Epidemiology. 2002 Jan;13(1):21-31. Li DK, Odouli R, Wi S, Janevic T, Golditch I, Bracken TD, Senior R, Rankin R, Iriye R. 2002. A population-based prospective cohort study of personal exposure to magnetic fields during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Epidemiology. 2002 Jan;13(1):9-20 London SJ, Thomas DC, Bowman JD, Sobel E, Cheng TC, Peters JM. 1991. Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Nov 1;134(9):923-37. Lönn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. 2004. Mobile Phone Use and the Risk of Acoustic Neuroma; in: Epidemiology, Volume 15, Number 6, November 2004, S. 653- 659. Maes W. Stress durch Strom und Strahlung – Baubiologie: Unser Patient ist das Haus [Stress Caused by Electricity and Radiation – Building Biology: Our Patient Is the House] – Vol 1. ISBN 3-923531-25-7. Neubeuern, 2005. McBride ML, Gallagher RP, Theriault G, Armstrong BG, Tamaro S, Spinelli JJ, Deadman JE, Fincham S, Robson D, Choi W. 1999. Power-frequency electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia in Canada. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 May 1;149(9):831-42. Mevissen M, Haussler M, Lerchl A, Loscher W. 1998. Acceleration of mammary tumorigenesis by exposure of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-treated female rats in a 50-Hz, 100-microT magnetic field: replication study. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 1998 Mar 13;53(5):401-18. Michaelis J, Schüz J, Meinert R, Menger M, Grigat JP, Kaatsch P, Kaletsch U, Miesner A, Stamm A, Brinkmann K, Karner H. 1997a. Childhood leukemia and electromagnetic fields: results of a population-based case-control study in Germany. Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Mar;8(2):167-74. Michaelis J, Schüz J, Meinert R, Zemann E, Grigat JP, Kaatsch P, Kaletsch U, Miesner A, Brinkmann K, Kalkner W, Karner H. 1997b. Combined risk estimates for two German population-based case-control studies on residential magnetic fields and childhood acute leukemia. Epidemiology. 1997 Jan;9(1):92-4. Milham S Jr. 1982. Mortality from leukemia in workers exposed to electrical and magnetic fields. N Engl J Med. 1982 Jul 22;307(4):249. Milham S, Ossiander EM. 2001. Historical evidence that residential electrification caused the emergence of the childhood leukemia peak. Med Hypotheses. 2001 Mar;56(3):290-5.

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Moretti M, Villarini M, Simonucci S, Fatigoni C, Scassellati-Sforzolini G, Monarca S, Pasquini R, Angelucci M, Strappini M. 2005. Effects of co-exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields and benzene or benzene metabolites determined in vitro by the alkaline comet assay. Toxicol Lett. 2005 Jun 17;157(2):119-28. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). Draft Report of NCRP Scientific Committee 89-3 on Extremely Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields, June 13, 1995. http://www.microwavenews.com/ncrp1.html National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS 1999). NIEHS Report on Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetci Fields. NIH Publication No. 99-4493. Navarro E A, Segura J, Portolés M, Gómez-Perretta de Mateo C. 2003. The Microwave Syndrome: A Preliminary Study in Spain; in: Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine (formerly Electro- and Magnetobiology), Volume 22, Issue 2,; S. 161-169. Oberfeld G, Navarro E A, Portolés M, Maestu C, Gómez-Perretta de Mateo C. 2004. The Microwave Syndrom – further Aspects of a Spanish Study; prepared for the 3rd International Workshop on Biological Effects of EMFs, 4. - 8. October 2004, Kos, Greece. Reiter RJ. 1993. Static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure: reported effects on the circadian production of melatonin. J Cell Biochem. Apr. 51(4): S 394-403. Sage C. 2000. An Overview of Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation Studies Relevant to Wireless Communications and Data. In: Proceedings of “International Conference on Cell Tower Siting – Lingking Science & Public Health, 7th – 8th June 200, Salzburg, Austria. Salford LG, Brun A E, Eberhard J L. 2003. Malmgren L.; Perrson B.R.R. (2003): Nerve Cell Damage in Mammalian Brain after Exposure to Microwaves from GSM Mobile Phones; in: Environ Health Perspect 111 (2003); 881-883. Santini R, Santini P, Danze J M, Le Ruz P, Seigne M. 2002. Study of the health of people living in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations: 1st Influence of distance and sex; Pathol Biol; 50; 369 – 373. Schüz J. 2002. Leukämie im Kindesalter und die Rolle von Umwelteinflüssen bei der Entstehung Umweltmed Forsch Prax 7 (6) 309-320 (2002). Schüz J, Grigat JP, Brinkmann K, Michaelis J. 2001. Residential magnetic fields as a risk factor for childhood acute leukaemia: results from a German population-based case- control study. Int J Cancer. 2001 Mar 1;91(5):728-35. Schüz J, Grigat JP, Stormer B, Rippin G, Brinkmann K, Michaelis J. 2000. Extremely low frequency magnetic fields in residences in Germany. Distribution of measurements, comparison of two methods for assessing exposure, and predictors for the occurrence of magnetic fields above background level. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2000 Dec;39(4):233- 40.

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Simko M, Mattsson MO. 2004. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields as effectors of cellular responses in vitro: possible immune cell activation. J Cell Biochem. 2004 Sep 1;93(1):83-92. Skinner J, Mee TJ, Blackwell RP, Maslanyj MP, Simpson J, Allen SG, Day NE, Cheng KK, Gilman E, Williams D, Cartwright R, Craft A, Birch JM, Eden OB, McKinney PA, Deacon J, Peto J, Beral V, Roman E, Elwood P, Alexander FE, Mott M, Chilvers CE, Muir K, Doll R, Taylor CM, Greaves M, Goodhead D, Fry FA, Adams G, Law G; United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study Investigators. 2002. Exposure to power frequency electric fields and the risk of childhood cancer in the UK. Br J Cancer. 2002 Nov 18;87(11):1257-66. Steliarova-Foucher E, Stiller C, Kaatsch P, Berrino F, Coebergh JW, Lacour B, Parkin M. 2004. Geographical patterns and time trends of cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents in Europe since the 1970s (the ACCISproject): an epidemiological study. Lancet. 2004 Dec 11-17;364 (9451):2097-105. Stevens RG, Davis S. 1996. The melatonin hypothesis: electric power and breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 1996 Mar;104 Suppl 1:135-40. Thompson CJ, Yang YS, Anderson V, Wood AW. 2000. A cooperative model for Ca(++) efflux windowing from cell membranes exposed to electromagnetic radiation; in: Bioelectromagnetics. Sep; 21(6):455-64. Thun-Battersby S, Mevissen M, Loscher W. 1999. Exposure of Sprague-Dawley rats to a 50-Hertz, 100-microTesla magnetic field for 27 weeks facilitates mammary tumorigenesis in the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene model of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1999 Aug 1;59(15):3627-33. Touyz RM. 2004. Reactive oxygen species, vascular oxidative stress, and redox signaling in hypertension: what is the clinical significance? Hypertension. 2004 Sep;44(3):248-52. Epub 2004 Jul 19. Villeneuve PJ, Agnew DA, Miller AB, Corey PN, Purdham JT. 2000a. Leukemia in electric utility workers: the evaluation of alternative indices of exposure to 60Hz electric and magnetic fields. Am J Ind Med. 2000 Jun;37(6):607-17. Villeneuve PJ, Agnew DA, Miller AB, Corey PN. 2000b. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among electric utility workers in Ontario: the evaluation of alternate indices of exposure to 60Hz electric and magnetic fields. Occup Environ Med. 2000 Apr;57(4):249-57. Wartenberg D. 1998. Residential magnetic fields and childhood leukemia: a meta- analysis. Am J Public Health. 1998 Dec;88(12):1787-94. Wertheimer N, Leeper E. 1979. Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1979 Mar;109(3):273-84. Wertheimer N, Leeper E. 1982. Adult cancer related to electrical wires near the home. Int J Epidemiol. 1982 Dec;11(4):345-55.

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Wichmann HE, Hubner HR, Malin E, Kohler B; Hippke G, Fischer D; Bontemps M, Huenges R, Rebmann H, Walzer H. 1989. The significance of health risks caused by outdoor pollution, demonstrated by cross-sectional studies of pseudocrupp in Baden- Würtemberg; Öffentl Gesundheitswes; VOL 51, ISS 8-9, 1989, P4414-20. Wichmann HE; Schlipköter HW, Fülgraff G. 1995. Handbuch Umweltmedizin: Toxikologie, Epidemiologie, Hygiene, Belastungen, Wirkungen, Diagnostik, Prophylaxe [Handbook Environmental Medicine: Toxicology, Epidemiology, Hygiene, Exposures, Effects, Diganostics, Prevention]. ecomed Verlag, Landsberg, 1995. Winker R, Ivancsits S, Pilger A, Adlkofer F, Rudiger HW. 2005. Chromosomal damage in human diploid fibroblasts by intermittent exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Mutat Res. 2005 Aug 1;585(1-2):43-9. Wolf FI, Torsello A, Tedesco B, Fasanella S, Boninsegna A, D'Ascenzo M, Grassi C, Azzena GB, Cittadini A. 2005. 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance cell proliferation and DNA damage: possible involvement of a redox mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Mar 22;1743(1-2):120-9. Young IS, Woodside JV. 2001. Antioxidants in health and disease. J Clin Pathol. 2001 Mar;54(3):176-86. Zwamborn A P M, Vossen S H J A, van Leersum B J A M, Ouwens M A, Mäkel W N (TNO Physics and Electronics Laboratory): Effects of Global Communication system radio-frequency fields on Well Being and Cognitive Functions of human subjects with and without subjective complaints; TNO-report FEL-03-C148, September 2003; www.ez.nl/beleid/home_ond/gsm/docs/TNO-FEL_REPORT_03148_Definitief.pdf

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Organizations; The American Academy of Pediatrics, Letter to the FCC; 2013

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AAP Headquarters August 29, 2013 141 Northwest Point Blvd Elk Grove Village, IL 60007-1019 Phone: 847/434-4000 Fax: 847/434-8000 The Honorable Mignon L. Clyburn E-mail: [email protected] Acting Commissioner www.aap.org Federal Communications Commission Reply to 445 12th Street SW Department of Federal Affairs Homer Building, Suite 400 N Washington, DC 20054 601 13th St NW Washington, DC 20005 Phone: 202/347-8600 The Honorable Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Fax: 202/393-6137 Commissioner E-mail: [email protected] U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Executive Committee 10903 New Hampshire Avenue President Silver Spring, MD 20993 Thomas K. McInerny, MD, FAAP President-Elect Dear Acting Chairwoman Clyburn and Commissioner Hamburg: James M. Perrin, MD, FAAP Immediate Past President Robert W. Block, MD, FAAP The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), a non-profit professional

Executive Director/CEO organization of 60,000 primary care pediatricians, pediatric medical sub- Errol R. Alden, MD, FAAP specialists, and pediatric surgical specialists dedicated to the health, safety and

Board of Directors well-being of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults appreciates this District I opportunity to comment on the Proposed Rule “Reassessment of Exposure to Carole E. Allen, MD, FAAP Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Limits and Policies” published in the Arlington, MA Federal Register on June 4, 2013. District II Danielle Laraque, MD, FAAP Brooklyn, NY In the past few years, a number of American and international health and scientific District III bodies have contributed to the debate over cell phone radiation and its possible link David I. Bromberg, MD, FAAP Frederick, MD to cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the District IV United Nations’ World Health Organization, said in June 2011 that a family of Francis E. Rushton, Jr, MD, FAAP frequencies that includes mobile-phone emissions is “possibly carcinogenic to Beaufort, SC humans.” The National Cancer Institute has stated that although studies have not District V Marilyn J. Bull, MD, FAAP demonstrated that RF energy from cell phones definitively causes cancer, more Indianapolis, IN research is needed because cell phone technology and cell phone use are changing District VI rapidly. These studies and others clearly demonstrate the need for further research Pamela K. Shaw, MD, FAAP Kansas City, KS into this area and highlight the importance of reassessing current policy to District VII determine if it is adequately protective of human health. Kenneth E. Matthews, MD, FAAP College Station, TX As radiation standards are reassessed, the AAP urges the FCC to adopt radiation District VIII Kyle Yasuda, MD, FAAP standards that: Seattle, WA District IX Protect children’s health and well-being. Children are not little adults Stuart A. Cohen, MD, MPH, FAAP San Diego, CA and are disproportionately impacted by all environmental exposures, District X including cell phone radiation. Current FCC standards do not account for Sara H. Goza, MD, FAAP the unique vulnerability and use patterns specific to pregnant women and Fayetteville, GA children. It is essential that any new standard for cell phones or other wireless devices be based on

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protecting the youngest and most vulnerable populations to ensure they are safeguarded throughout their lifetimes.

Reflect current use patterns. The FCC has not assessed the standard for cell phone radiation since 1996. Approximately 44 million people had mobile phones when the standard was set; today, there are more than 300 million mobile phones in use in the United States. While the prevalence of wireless phones and other devices has skyrocketed, the behaviors around cell phone uses have changed as well. The number of mobile phone calls per day, the length of each call, and the amount of time people use mobile phones has increased, while cell phone and wireless technology has undergone substantial changes. Many children, adolescents and young adults, now use cell phones as their only phone line and they begin using wireless phones at much younger ages. Pregnant women may carry their phones for many hours per day in a pocket that keeps the phone close to their uterus. Children born today will experience a longer period of exposure to radio-frequency fields from cellular phone use than will adults, because they start using cellular phones at earlier ages and will have longer lifetime exposures. FCC regulations should reflect how people are using their phones today.

Provide meaningful consumer disclosure. The FCC has noted that it does not provide consumers with sufficient information about the RF exposure profile of individual phones to allow consumers to make informed purchasing decisions. The current metric of RF exposure available to consumers, the Specific Absorption Rate, is not an accurate predictor of actual exposure. AAP is supportive of FCC developing standards that provide consumers with the information they need to make informed choices in selecting mobile phone purchases, and to help parents to better understand any potential risks for their children. To that end, we support the use of metrics that are specific to the exposure children will experience.

The AAP supports the reassessment of radiation standards for cell phones and other wireless products and the adoption of standards that are protective of children and reflect current use patterns. If you have questions, please contact Clara Filice in the AAP’s Washington Office at 202/347-8600.

Sincerely,

Thomas K. McInerny, MD FAAP President

TKM/cf

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Organizations; California Medical Association, House of Delegates Resolution Wireless Standards (Resolution 107 - 14); 2014

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California Medical Association House of Delegates Resolution Wireless Standards Reevaluation 2014 Resolution 107- 14 PASSED Date Adopted Dec 7, 2014

Resolved 1 That CMA supports efforts to reevaluate microwave safety exposure levels associated with wireless communication devices, including consideration of adverse non-thermal biologic and health effects from non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation used in wireless communications; and be it further Resolved 2 That CMA support efforts to implement new safety exposure limits for wireless devices to levels that do not cause human or environmental harm based on scientific research.

CALIFORNIA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION HOUSE OF DELEGATES 2014 Wireless Communications Public Safety Standards Reevaluation Introduced by Cindy Lee Russell, M.D. AND Ken Yew, M.D.

Whereas there are over 6 billion active cell phones worldwide and dependence of wireless communication networks is rapidly expanding including cell phones, cell towers, wireless routers for home use, medical devices and utility smart meters; and (1)

Whereas scientists are increasingly identifying EMF from wireless devices as a new form of environmental pollution with a growing body of peer reviewed scientific evidence finding significant adverse health and biologic effects on living organisms with exposure to low levels of non-ionizing microwaves currently approved and used in wireless communication, and

Whereas peer reviewed research has demonstrated adverse biological effects of wireless EMF including single and double stranded DNA breaks, creation of reactive oxygen species, immune dysfunction, cognitive processing effects, stress protein synthesis in the brain, altered brain development, sleep and memory disturbances, ADHD, abnormal behavior, sperm dysfunction, and brain tumors; and (2-55)

Whereas there is a long latency period of years to decades to study and identify adverse health effects such as brain cancer, neurodegenerative damage and autism; and

Whereas children’s brains are developmentally immature until adolescence, their skulls are thinner and the brain is considerably more vulnerable to toxin exposure , and (23,24)

Whereas the World Health Organization in 2011 designated wireless communications including cell phones to be a possible carcinogenic, and (63)

Whereas many scientists, researchers, public health officials and agencies conclude that wireless electromagnetic frequency (EMF) standards established by the Federal Communications Commission are outdated as they are based only on heat effects which damage to the organism and not biological effects of non –ionizing EMF microwave radiation which are scientifically demonstrated at levels hundreds of times less than current safety exposure limits and thus current standards are inadequate to protect public health; and (49-51)(57)

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Whereas the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2013 has asked for reassessment of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields limits and policies that protect children’s health and well- being throughout their lifetimes and reflect current use patterns (58)

RESOLVED; that the CMA understands that existing public safety limits for microwave EMF devices are outdated and inadequate to protect public health thus endorses efforts of the Federal Communications Commission to reevaluate its safety standards to include consideration of adverse non thermal biologic and health effects from non ionizing electromagnetic radiation used in wireless communications; and be it further

RESOLVED; that the CMA supports efforts to implement microwave safety exposure limits to levels that do not cause human or environmental harm based on scientific research, and be it further

RESOLVED; that the CMA set up a task force to determine adequate precautionary recommendations for the use of cell phones and wireless devices for schools and children

References Wireless Communications Public Safety Standards Reevaluation

1) More People Have Cell Phones Than Toilets, U.N. Study Shows. Time. March 25, 2013. http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/03/25/more-people-have-cell-phones-than-toilets-u-n-study- shows/ 2) Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells. Lai H, Singh, NP Bioelectomagnetics 1995;16(3):207- 10 WEB http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7677797 3) Behavioral Effects of Microwaves . Neurobehavioral Toxicology: 1980 Spring;2(1): 49-58 Sern S. WEB http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7442919 4) Microwave Radiation Absorption: Behavioral Effects. Health Physiology: 1991 Jul;6(1):29-40 D’Andrea JA. WEB http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2061046?ordinalpos=1&itool=PPMCLayout.PPMCAppC ontroller.PPMCArticlePage.PPMCPubmedRA&linkpos=2 5) Nerve Cell Damage in Mammalian Brain after Exposure to Microwaves from GSM Mobile Phones. Safford L. Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 111, Number 7, June 2003 WEB http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2003/6039/6039.html http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/pre ss/012903.html 6) The effects of broad-band electromagnetic field exposure on mice (Mus musculus). Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering. Volume 35, Issue 3, 2000. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a906773614 7) Electromagnetic Fields and DNA Damage. Phillips J. Pathophysiology 16 (2009) 79- 88. http://www.scribd.com/doc/21750937/EMF-Cell-Phone-DNA-Damage 8) Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Lai H, Singh NP, Int J Radiat Biol 69(4):513-521, 1996. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/14573695_Single-_and_double- strand_DNA_breaks_in_rat_brain_cells_after_acute_exposure_to_radiofrequency_electromagnetic_ radiation 9) DNA Strand Breaks in Rat Brain Cells Exposed to Low level Microwave Radiation. Behari J. http://www.ursi.org/proceedings/procGA08/papers/K02bp2.pdf 10) Long Term Exposure to Microwave Radiation Provokes Cancer Growth: Evidences from Radars and Mobile Communication Systems. Kyrylenko S . Experimental Oncology. March 2011. http://exp-oncology.com.ua/article/1845/long-term-exposure-to-microwave-radiation-provokes- cancer-growth-evidences-from-radars-and-mobile-communication-systems 11) ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS: Conference, Hearing Call Up Cell Phone Use. Environ Health

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Perspect. Nov 2009; 117(11): A486. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2801166/ 12) EMF’s and DNA Effects: Potential Mechanism Elucidated-Science Selections. Hood E. Environmental Health Perspectives, May 2004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1316056/ 13) Association between vestibular schwannomas and mobile phone use. Moon S. Tumour Biol. Jan 2014; 35(1): 581–587. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3907669/ 14) Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumors: increased risk associated with use for > or =10 years. Hardell L, Carlsberg M. Occupational Environmental Medicine 2007, Sept; 64(9):626- 32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17409179 15) Meta-analysis of long-term mobile phone use and the association with brain tumors. Hardell L International Journal of Oncology. May 2008 vol 32 Number 5. http://www.spandidos- publications.com/ijo/article.jsp?article_id=ijo_32_5_1097 16) Cell phone Use and Acoustic Neuroma: The Need for Standardized Questionaires and access to Industry Data. Surgical Neurology. Volume 72, issue 3, pages 216-222 (Sept 2009) Yueh-Ying Han. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/24241041_Cell_phone_use_and_acoustic_neuroma_t he_need_for_standardized_questionnaires_and_access_to_industry_data 17) Exposure to Wireless Phone Emissions and Serum Bets-Trace Proteins. Hardell L. Soderqvist F. International Journal Molecular Medicine. 2010 August; 26(2):301- 306. http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Exposure-to-wireless-phone-emissions/20596612.html 18) Mobile Phone Use and the Risk for Malignant Brain Tumors: A Case Control Study on Deceased Cases and Controls . Hardell L, Carlsberg M, Neuroepidemiology: 2010 June 15;35(2): 109-114. http://www.avaate.org/IMG/pdf/Hardell_et_al_Neuroepidemiology_2010.pdf 19) Case-control study of the association between malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 and mobile and cordless phone use. Hardell L . Int J Oncol. 2013 Dec;43(6):1833- 45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24064953 20) Mobile Phones, Cordless Phones and the Risk for Brain Tumors. Hardell L, Carlberg M. International Journal of Oncology, 2009 Jul;35(1):5-17 PMID: 19513546 http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijo/article.jsp?article_id=ijo_35_1_5 21) Oxidative damage in chemical teratogenesis. Wells PG . Mutat Res. 1997 Dec 12;396(1- 2):65-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9434860 22) Swedish review strengthens grounds for concluding that radiation from cellular and cordless phones is a probable human carcinogen. Dr. Devra Davis. Pathophysiology. Volume 20, issue 2, Pages 123–129, April 2013 23) Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models. Environ Health Perspect. Rice D. 108(suppl 3):511–533 (2000). http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.281.957 24) Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models. Environ Health Perspect. Rice D. 108(suppl 3):511–533 (2000). http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.281.957 25) Electromagnetic noise inhibits radiofrequency radiation-induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen species increase in human lens epithelial cells. Yao K . Mol Vis. 2008 May 19;14:964- 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509546 26) Neuronal Death and Oxidative Stress in the Developing Brain. Chrysanthy Ikonomidou. ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING Volume 00, Number 0, 2011. https://neurology.wisc.edu/publications/2010%20Pubs/Ikonomidou-5.pdf 27) Reactive oxygen species elevation and recovery in Drosophila bodies and ovaries following short-term and long-term exposure to DECT base EMF. Manta AK . Electromagn Biol Med. 2014 Jun;33(2):118-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23781995 28) Protective effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester against retinal oxidative stress in long-term use of mobile phone: a comparative study. Ozguner F . Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Jan;282(1-2):83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16317515 29) Autism-relevant social abnormalities in mice exposed perinatally to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970316

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30) Drosophila oogenesis as a bio-marker responding to EMF sources. Margaritis LH . Electromagn Biol Med. 2014 Sep;33(3):165- 89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23915130 31) Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation induces oxidative DNA base damage in a mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line. Liu C . Toxicol Lett. 2013 Mar 27;218(1):2- 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333639 32) [Metabolic changes in cells under electromagnetic radiation of mobile communication systems]. Iakimenko. IL. Ukr Biokhim Zh. 2011 Mar-Apr;83(2):20- 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21851043 33) Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for cancer- and blood-brain barrier-related effects. Leszczynski D . Differentiation. 2002 May;70(2-3):120- 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12076339 34) Effect of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation on oxidative stress in rat brain and serum. Bilgici B . Electromagn Biol Med. 2013 Mar;32(1):20-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23301880 35) Behavior and memory evaluation of Wistar rats exposed to 1·8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Júnior LC . Neurol Res. 2014 Sep;36(9):800- 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24620965 36) Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats. Narayanan SN . Ups J Med Sci. 2010 May;115(2):91- 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20095879 37) Analysis of emotionality and locomotion in radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposed rats. Narayanan SN . Neurol Sci. 2013 Jul;34(7):1117- 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22976773 38) Evaluation of oxidant stress and antioxidant defense in discrete brain regions of rats exposed to 900 MHz radiation. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2014;115(5):260- 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174055 39) Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From 800-1900 Mhz-Rated Cellular Telephones Affects Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice. Aldid, T.Nature. Scientific Reports 2, Article number: 312. Feb 18, 2013. http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120315/srep00312/full/srep00312.html 40) Cell phone radiation exposure on brain and associated biological systems. Kesari KK . Indian J Exp Biol. 2013 Mar;51(3):187-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23678539 41) Disturbance of the immune system by electromagnetic fields-A potentially underlying cause for cellular damage and tissue repair reduction which could lead to disease and impairment. Johansson O . Pathophysiology. 2009 Aug;16(2-3):157-77. Epub 2009 Apr 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19398310 42) Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children. Divan HA , . J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012 Jun;66(6):524- 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21138897 43) Prenatal and postnatal exposure to cell phone use and behavioral problems in children. Divan HA . Epidemiology. 2008 Jul;19(4):523-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467962 44) Maternal cell phone and cordless phone use during pregnancy and behaviour problems in 5- year-old children. Guxens M . J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013 May;67(5):432- 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23386674 45) Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats. Mailankot M . Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(6):561-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19578660 46) Effects of the exposure to mobile phones on male reproduction: a review of the literature. La Vignera S . J Androl. 2012 May-Jun;33(3):350-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799142 47) Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Agarwal A . Fertil Steril. 2009 Oct;92(4):1318- 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804757

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48) Bioinitiative 2012. http://www.bioinitiative.org/conclusions/ 49) Autism and EMF/RFR? Plausibility of a Pathophysiological Link-Part I. Pathophysiology Volume 20, Issue 3 , 191-209, June 2013. Herbert M, Sage C (2013) . http://www.pathophysiologyjournal.com/article/S0928-4680(13)00037-0/fulltext 50) Autism and EMF/RFR? Plausibility of a Pathophysiological Link-Part II. Pathophysiology Volume 20, Issue 3 , 211-234, June 2013. Herbert M, Sage C (2013) http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=7520958031 51) BioInitiative Report: A Rationale for Biologically-based Public Exposure Standards for Electromagnetic Radiation. December 31, 2012. BioInitiative Working Group, Cindy Sage and David O. Carpenter. http://www.bioinitiative.org/ 52) Epidemiological Evidence for a Health Risk from Mobile Phone Base Stations. International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health: 16-3, Jul/Sep 2010, p263-267. Khurana V, Hardell L . http://www.brain-surgery.us/Khurana_et_al_IJOEH-Base_Station_RV.pdf 53) Shallow Minds: How the Internet and Wi–Fi in Schools Can Affect Learning. Cindy Lee Russell, MD. Oct 2013 issue SCCMA Bulletin. http://issuu.com/18621/docs/bulletin_1013_web or http://www.sccma- mcms.org/Portals/19/assets/docs/Wi-Fi%20in%20Schools%20rev.pdf for full references 54) Autism Rising Part 1. Dr. Cindy Russell. May/June SCCMA Bulletin 2014 http://www.sccma-mcms.org/NewsEvents/BulletinMemberMagazine.aspx or http://www.sccma- mcms.org/Portals/19/•Autism%20Rising%20Part%201.pdf 55) Autism Rising Part 2 . Dr. Cindy Russell. SCMA Bulletin 2014 http://www.sccma- mcms.org/NewsEvents/BulletinMemberMagazine.aspx or http://www.sccma- mcms.org/Portals/19/assets/docs/Autism%20Rising%20Part%202%20rev.pdf 56) Scientific panel on electromagnetic field health risks: consensus points, recommendations, and rationales. Fragopoulou A . Rev Environ Health. 2010 Oct-Dec;25(4):307- 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268443 57) Letter American Academy of Pediatrics to FDA on “Reassessment of Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Limits and Policies” published in the Federal Register on June 4, 2013. http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=7520941318 58) Wired vs Wireless in Classrooms. Letter to Los Angeles Unified School District. Feb 2013 from Martha Herbert, Assistant Professor Pediatric Neurology, Harvard Medical School. http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=7520940748 59) The precautionary principle in environmental science. D Kriebel . Environ Health Perspect. Sep 2001; 109(9): 871–876.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240435/ 60) Environmental Working Group Cell Phone Report http://www.scribd.com/doc/19576223/EWGs-Cell-Phone-Radiation-Report 61) WiFi in schools proven dangerous. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KN7VetsCR2I&feature=related 62) Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en/

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Organizations; American Academy of Environmental Medicine, Letter to the Federal Communications Commission; 2013

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American Academy of Environmental Medicine 6505 E Central ‡6WH‡:LFKLWD.6 Tel: (316) 684-‡)D[  -5709 www.aaemonline.org

Executive Committee August 30, 2013

President Amy L. Dean, D.O., FAAEM 1955 Pauline Blvd Ste 100D Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Office of the Secretary Federal Communications Commission President-Elect 445 12th Street, SW Janette Hope, M.D., FAAEM Washington, D.C. 20554 304 W Los Olivos Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Re: ET Docket No. 13-84 Secretary Jennifer Armstrong, M.D., FAAEM 3364 Carling Ave. Dear Federal Communications Commission Commissioners: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada The American Academy of Environmental Medicine is writing to request that the Treasurer FCC review radiofrequency (RF) exposure limits (reference is made to the FCC's Richard G. Jaeckle, M.D., FAAEM NOI sections 48, 51, 52, 53, 56, 60, 65 and 69), recognize non-thermal effects of 8220 Walnut Hill Ln Ste 404 RF exposure (NOI sections 66 and 69), and lower limits of RF exposure to protect Dallas, TX 75231 the public from the adverse health effects of radiofrequency emissions (NOI Immediate Past President sections 48, 52, 54, 65 and 71). A.L. Barrier, M.D., FAAO-HNS Founded in 1965 as a non-profit medical association, the AAEM is an international Advisor association of physicians and scientists who study and treat the effects of the William J. Rea, M.D.,FAAEM environment on human health. With an elite membership of highly trained Gary R. Oberg, M.D., FAAEM physicians and clinicians, AAEM is committed to education, public awareness and research regarding Environmental Medicine.

Board of Directors ,WEHFDPHFOHDUWR$$(0SK\VLFLDQVWKDWE\WKHPLG·VSDWLHQWVZHUH Craig Bass, M.D. experiencing adverse health reactions and disease as a result of exposure to Robin Bernhoft, M.D., FAAEM electromagnetic fields. In the last five years with the advent of wireless devices, Martha Grout, M.D., MD(H) there has been an exponential increase in the number of patients with W. Alan Ingram, M.D. radiofrequency induced disease and hypersensitivity. Derek Lang, D.O. Allan D. Lieberman, M.D., FAAEM Numerous peer reviewed, published studies correlate radiofrequency exposure Lisa Nagy, M.D. with a wide range of health conditions and diseases. (NOI sections 54, 59, 60 and Kalpana D. Patel, M.D., FAAEM 65) 7KHVHLQFOXGHQHXURORJLFDODQGQHXURGHJHQHUDWLYHGLVHDVHVVXFKDV3DUNLQVRQ·V Disease, ALS, paresthesias, dizziness, headaches and sleep disruption as well as Continuing Medical Education cardiac, gastrointestinal and immune disease, cancer, developmental and Chair reproductive disorders, and electromagnetic sensitivity. The World Health James W. Willoughby, II, D.O. Organization has classified RF emissions as a group 2 B carcinogen. This research is 24 Main St. Liberty, MO 64068 reviewed and cited in the following attached documents: AAEM Electromagnetic and Radiofrequency Fields Effect on Human Health and AAEM Recommendations Assistant-Chair Regarding Electromagnetic and Radiofrequency Exposure. Wm. Alan Ingram, M.D. 18015 Oak St Ste B The scientific literature proves that non-thermal adverse effects of RF exposure Omaha, NE 68130 exist and negatively impact health and physiology. New guidelines based on measurements of non-thermal effects and lowering limits of exposure are needed and critical to protect public health.

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Page 2 FCC

In fact, electromagnetic sensitivity and the health effects of low level RF exposure have already been acknowledged by the federal government. In 2002, the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board stated:

´7KH%RDUGUHFRJQL]Hs...electromagnetic sensitivities may be considered disabilities under the ADA if they so severely impair the neurological, respiratory or other functions RQDQLQGLYLGXDOWKDWLWVXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWVRQHRUPRUHRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO·VPDMRUOLIH DFWLYLWLHVµ

Additionally, in 2005, the National Institute of Building Sciences, an organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1974, issued an Indoor Environmental Quality Report which concluded:

´For people who are electromagnetically sensitive, the presence of cell phones and towers, portable telephones, computers,... wireless devices, security and scanning equipment, microwave ovens, electric ranges and numerous other electrical appliances FDQPDNHDEXLOGLQJLQDFFHVVLEOHµ

By recognizing electromagnetic sensitivity, the federal government and affiliated organizations are clearly acknowledging the existence of non-thermal effects. The AAEM urges the FCC to recognize that non-thermal effects of RF exposure exist and cause symptoms and disease. (NOI sections 66 and 69) The AAEM also requests that the FCC base guidelines of RF exposure on measurements of non-thermal effects and lower the limits of RF exposure to protect the health of the public. (NOI sections 48, 52, 54, 65 and 71)

Sincerely ,

Amy L. Dean, DO, FAAEM, DABEM, DAOBIM President

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Organizations - Radiation Sickness; Austrian Medical Association, Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of EMF Related Health Problems and Illnesses (EMF Syndrome); 2011

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Guideline of the Austrian Medical Association ( ) for the diagnosis and treatment of EMF- related health problems and illnesses (EMF syndrome) Consensus paper of the Austrian Medical Association’s EMF Working Group ( AG-EMF)

Adopted at the meeting of environmental medicine officers of the Regional Medical Association´s and the Austrian Medical Association on 3rd March 2012 in Vienna.

Introduction

There has been a sharp rise in unspecific, often stressassociated health problems that increasingly present physicians with the challenge of complex differential diagnosis. A cause that has been accorded little attention so far is increasing electrosmog exposure at home, at work and during leisure activities, occurring in addition to chronic stress in personal and working life. It correlates with an overall situation of chronic stress that can lead to burnout.

How can physicians respond to this development? The Austrian Medical Association has developed a guideline for differential diagnosis and potential treatment of unspecific stressrelated health problems associated with electrosmog. Its core element is a patient questionnaire consisting of a general assessment of stress symptoms and a specific assessment of electrosmog exposure. The guideline is intended as an aid in diagnosing and treating EMFrelated health problems.

Background

Many people are increasingly exposed, to various degrees, to a combination of low and high frequency electric fields (EF), magnetic fields (MF) and electromagnetic fields (EMF) of different signal patterns, intensities and technical applications for varying periods of time, colloquially referred to as electrosmog.

Physicians are often confronted with unspecific complaints without clearly identifiable causes (Huss and Röösli 2006). It has been suspected that environmental conditions such as increasing exposure of the population to radio waves, emanating e.g. from cordless phones, mobile phone base stations, cell phones, GPRS, UMTS, data cards for laptop and notebook computers and wireless LAN (WLAN), but also exposure to electric and magnetic fields emanating from power lines, devices and equipment, may play a causal role (Blake Levitt and Lai 2010). For the medical profession, this raises new challenges in diagnosis and treatment. A central issue for 1

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the causal attribution of symptoms is the assessment of variation in health problems depending on time and location, which is particularly relevant for environmental causes such as EMF exposure.

Austria is currently rolling out the fourth generation of mobile telephony (LTE), as well as smart metering (for electricity, gas and water consumption), resulting in additional EMF exposure of the population.

New radio technologies and applications have been introduced without certainty about their health effects, raising new challenges for medicine. For instance, the issues of socalled nonthermal effects and potential longterm effects of lowdose exposure were hardly investigated at all prior to introduction. Some patients suspect a link between EMF exposure and their health problems. Moreover, physicians are increasingly confronted with health problems with unidentified causes. Pursuing an evidencebased treatment strategy in this context is a challenge for differential diagnosis.

In Austria, there are no democratically legitimized limits to protect the general population from EMF exposure. The recommendations of the WHO, compiled by the International Commission on NonIonizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP 1998), are based on a thermal model. These recommendations were adopted by the EU in its Council Recommendation of 1999 (EURatsempfehlung 1999) and by Austria in its prestandard ÖVE/ÖNORM E 8850:2006 02 01 (ÖNORM 2006) without taking into account longterm nonthermal effects.

In August 2007, the BioInitiative, an international group of experts, published a comprehensive report calling for preventive measures against EMF exposure based on the scientific evidence available (BioInitiative 2007). Consequently, the European Environment Agency compared electrosmog to other environmental hazards such as asbestos or benzene (EEA 2007).

In April 2009, a resolution of the European Parliament called for a review of the EMF limits in the EU Council Recommendation of 1999, which was based on the guidelines of the ICNIRP, with reference to the BioInitiative Report (EU Parliament 2009).

In May 2011, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted the report “The potential dangers of electromagnetic fields and their effect on the environment” (PACE 2011). The report calls for a number of measures to protect humans and the environment, especially from highfrequency electromagnetic fields. One of the recommendations is to “take all reasonable measures to reduce exposure to electromagnetic fields, especially to radio frequencies from mobile phones, and particularly the exposure to children and young people who seem to be most at risk from head tumours”.

Also in May 2011, a group of experts at the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an agency of the WHO, classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic (Group 2B) for humans (IARC 2011).

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A representative telephone survey (n=2048, age >14 years) carried out in 2004 in Switzerland yielded a frequency of 5% (95% CI 46%) for a selfattributed “diagnosis” of electrosensitivity (Schreier et al. 2006).

In another survey carried out in Switzerland, in 2001, 394 respondents attributed specific health problems to EMF exposure. Among others, the following symptoms were reported as occurring frequently: sleep problems (58%), headaches (41%), nervousness (19%), fatigue (18%) and difficulty concentrating (16%). The respondents listed mobile phone base stations (74%), cell phones (36%), cordless phones (29%) and highvoltage lines (27%) as causes. Two thirds of respondents had taken measures to reduce their symptoms, the most frequent measure being to avoid exposure. Remarkably, only 13% had consulted their physicians (Röösli et al. 2004).

While a 2006 study by Regel et al. described no exposure effects, two provocation studies on exposure of “electrosensitive” individuals and control subjects to mobile phone base station signals (GSM, UMTS or both) found a significant decline in well being after UMTS exposure in the individuals reporting sensitivity (Zwamborn et al. 2003, Eltiti et al. 2007). Analysis of the data available on exposure of people living near mobile phone base stations has yielded clear indications of adverse health effects (Santini et al. 2002, Navarro et al. 2003, Hutter et al. 2006, AbdelRassoul et al. 2007, Blettner et al. 2008).

Based on the scientific literature on interactions of EMF with biological systems, several mechanisms of interaction are possible. A plausible mechanism at the intracellular and intercellular level, for instance, is interaction via the formation of free radicals or oxidative and nitrosative stress (Friedmann et al. 2007, Simkó 2007, Pall 2007, Bedard and Krause 2007, Pacher et al. 2007, Desai et al. 2009). It centres on the increased formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO) from a reaction of nitrogen monoxide (NO) with superoxide (O2). Due to its relatively long halflife, peroxynitrite damages a large number of essential metabolic processes and cell components.

This approach can serve as a plausible explanation of many of the health problems, symptoms and their progression observed in the context of EMF exposure. There are increasing indications that EMF syndrome (EMFS) should be counted among multi system disorders (Pall 2007) such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), fibromyalgia (FM) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

In Sweden, EMF syndrome is designated as electrohypersensitivity (EHS), considered a physical impairment and recognized as a disability. With reference to UN Resolution 48/96, Annex, of 20 December 1993 (UN 1993), local governments grant support to individuals with EHS. Employees with EHS have a right to support from their employers so as to enable them to work despite this impairment. Some hospitals in Sweden provide rooms with low EMF exposure.

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The Austrian Medical Association considers it its duty and its mission to provide members of the medical profession with a compilation of the current state of the scientific and political debate from a medical perspective and with specific recommendations for action in this first guideline. The guideline can only be improved by suggestions, criticism and amendments. Due to the rapid development of various technologies, the recommendations need to be adapted on an ongoing basis. We therefore invite all medical professionals to send contributions to the next edition of the guideline to the following email address: [email protected]

What to keep in mind when dealing with patients and EMF

In the case of unspecific health problems (see patient questionnaire) for which no clearly identifiable cause can be found, EMF exposure should in principle be taken into consideration as a potential cause, especially if the patient suspects that it may be the cause.

How to proceed if EMF-related health problems are suspected

The recommended approach to diagnosis and treatment is intended as an aid and should, of course, be modified as each individual case requires. 1. History of health problems and EMF exposure 2. Examination and findings 3. Measurement of EMF exposure 4. Prevention or reduction of EMF exposure 5. Diagnosis 6. Treatment

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Fig. 1: Flow chart for diagnosing EMFrelated health problems

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1. History of health problems and EMF exposure A patient questionnaire to facilitate a systematic history of health problems and EMF exposure, compiled by the Austrian Medical Association’s EMF Working Group, is available for download at: www.aerztekammer.at/referate Umweltmedizin.

The patient questionnaire consists of three sections: a) List of symptoms b) Variation of health problems depending on time and location c) Assessment of EMF exposure

a) List of symptoms The list of symptoms in the patient questionnaire serves to systematically quantify stressrelated health problems regardless of their causes. It also includes questions on when the health problems first occurred. Most EMFrelated symptoms fall within the scope of socalled stressrelated health problems, e.g. sleep problems, fatigue, exhaustion, lack of energy, restlessness, heart palpitations, blood pressure problems, muscle and joint pain, headaches, depression, difficulty concentrating, forgetfulness, anxiety, urinary urgency, anomia, dizziness, tinnitus and sensations of pressure in the head and the ears.

The health problems may range in severity from benign, temporary symptoms, such as slight headaches or paraesthesia in the head when using a cell phone, to severe, debilitating symptoms that drastically impair physical and mental health.

b) Variation of health problems depending on time and location The answers to questions on when and where the health problems occur or recede, and when and where the symptoms increase or are particularly evident, provide indications as to whether the health problems may be related to specific times and locations. They must be interpreted in the context of the patient’s living conditions and circumstances.

c) Assessment of EMF exposure Regardless of whether or not the patient suspects EMF exposure as a cause, these questions should be used to assess the kind of exposure that exists. It is important to note that only certain types of EMF exposure can be assessed by means of the questionnaire, such as use of cell phones and cordless phones. Detection of other types of EMF exposure, e.g. due to high frequency transmitter sites or the electric or magnetic fields of power lines, generally requires measurements (see section 3: Measurement of EMF exposure). In principle, questions should be asked to assess EMF exposure at home and at work, keeping in mind that the degree of EMF exposure may vary at different times.

2. Examination and findings There are no findings specific to EMF, which makes diagnosis and differential diagnosis a considerable challenge. A method that has proven useful is to use stress

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associated findings for diagnosis and followup and to evaluate them synoptically. Basic diagnostic tests should be carried out as a first step, followed by measurements of EMF exposure as a second step. Only then can specific diagnostic tests be considered.

Cardiovascular system Basic diagnostic tests
Blood pressure and heart rate (in all cases resting heart rate in the morning while still in bed), including selfmonitoring, possibly several times a day, e.g. at different places and with journaling of subjective wellbeing for a week. Specific diagnostic tests
24hour blood pressure monitoring (absence of nighttime decline)
24hour ECG (heart rhythm diagnosis)
24hour heart rate variability HRV (autonomous nervous system diagnosis)

Laboratory tests Basic diagnostic tests
Early morning urine  Adrenaline  Noradrenaline  Noradrenaline/adrenaline quotient  Dopamine  Serotonin
Early morning urine  6OH melatonin sulphate
Saliva  Cortisol (8 am, 12 am and 8 pm)
Blood  Blood count and differential blood count  Fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose  HBA1c  TSH Additional diagnostic tests – specific individual parameters depending on symptoms
Late morning urine  Histamine, glycine  Gammaaminobutyric acid GABA  Glutamate
Saliva  Alpha amylase A (10 am)  Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA (8 am and 8 pm)
Blood  Homocysteine  Intracellular ATP 7

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 Intracellular glutathione (redox balance)  Malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation)  8hydroxydeoxyguanosine (DNA oxidation)  Interferongamma (IFNg)  Interleukin1 (IL1)  Interleukin6 (IL6)  Interleukin10 (IL10)  Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa)  NFkappaB  Vitamin B2 (FAD and riboflavin) (whole blood)  Vitamin B6 (whole blood)  Vitamin D  Ubichinon (Q 10)  Selenium (whole blood)  Zinc (whole blood)  Magnesium (whole blood)  Differential lipid profile

3. Measurement of EMF exposure1

In general, a wide variety of forms of EMF exposure (e.g. from cordless phones, wireless internet access, electrical installations and electrical devices in the building, mobile phone base stations, radio and TV transmitters, highvoltage lines or transformer stations) may be the root causes of health problems.

EMF measurements should be planned and carried out by specially trained and experienced measurement engineers. See e.g. http://www.salzburg.gv.at/adressen_elektrosmog.htm.

After the measurements have been commissioned by the patient and carried out, the results should be discussed with the attending physician or a physician familiar with the issue.

The measurements should be carried out in accordance with relevant standards, e.g. the guidelines of the Professional Association of German Building Biologists (VDB Richtlinien). In addition to the readings, the measurement report should include suggestions for a potential reduction of exposure.

Basic measurements Low-frequency alternating magnetic fields Isotropic magnetic field sensor (for all spatial axes) in the frequency range from 5 Hz to 2 kHz, e.g. near the bed, near the desk with source identification (shortterm orientation measurement); in addition, longterm measurements e.g. during the night can be useful. Low-frequency alternating electric fields

1 EMF measurements are not covered by statutory health insurance. 8

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Isolated isotropic electric field sensor (for all spatial axes) in the frequency range from 5 Hz to 2 kHz, e.g. near the bed, near the desk with source identification. High-frequency electromagnetic radiation Broadband measurements and/or bandselective measurements of common frequencies in the high frequency range, e.g. GSM base stations (900 and 1800 MHz), DECT base stations (1900 MHz), UMTS (2100 MHz), WLAN (2450 and 5000 MHz), possibly WiMAX (34003600 MHz), LTE (25002700 MHz), within a defined measurement space such as the head and torso area on the bed, or the desk chair, with source identification (e.g. acoustic diagnosis); identification of maximum reading; peak detector.

Additional measurements High-frequency electromagnetic radiation Frequencyselective measurements (individual frequencies) of common frequencies in the high frequency range, within a defined measurement space such as the head and torso area on the bed, or the desk chair, with source identification; identification of maximum reading; peak detector. The measurements should be adapted to each individual case, e.g. to account for shortwave transmitters, radar, “dirty power” and other high frequency sources.

Benchmarks The following aspects should be taken into account when evaluating the readings in each case: duration of exposure, exposure during the night or the day, multiple exposure to different EMF sources, additional exposure to noise, chemicals etc., patient’s individual regulation capacity status. Based on epidemiological studies (BioInitiative 2007, Kundi and Hutter 2009) and measurements relevant in practice (Standard of Building Biology Testing Methods, SBM 2008), the Austrian Medical Association ’s EMF Working Group has recommended preliminary benchmarks.

Irrespective of the ICNIRP recommendations for acute effects, the following benchmarks apply to regular exposure of more than four hours per day.

High-frequency electromagnetic radiation (as power flow density)  ≥1000 W/m² (≥1 mW/m²) very far above normal  101000 W/m² (0.011 mW/m²) far above normal  110 W/m² (0.0010.01 mW/m²) slightly above normal  ≤1 W/m² (≤0.001 mW/m²) within normal limits The benchmarks listed are intended to be applied to individual types of radiation, e.g. GSM, UMTS, WiMAX, TETRA, radio, TV, DECT or WLAN, and refer to peak levels. The benchmarks do not apply to radar, which must be evaluated separately. Highly critical types of radiation, such as periodic signals (mobile telephony, DECT, WLAN, digital broadcasting…), should be critically evaluated, especially if levels are far above normal, while less critical types, such as nonpulsed or nonperiodic signals (USW, shortwave, medium and long wave, analogue broadcasting), may be considered more leniently. Low-frequency alternating magnetic fields  ≥400 nT (≥0.4 T) very far above normal  100400 nT (0.10.4 T) far above normal

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 20100 nT (0.020.1 T) slightly above normal  ≤20 nT (≤0.02 T) within normal limits The benchmarks are intended to be applied to the range up to and around 50 Hz; higher frequencies and distinct harmonics should be more critically evaluated. Mains current (50 Hz) and traction current (16.7 Hz) should be assessed separately. Longterm measurements should be carried out – also and especially during the night – if intense and frequent field variations occur over time; in such cases, evaluation should be based on the arithmetic mean over the period of exposure. Low-frequency alternating electric fields  ≥10 V/m very far above normal  1.510 V/m far above normal  0.31.5 V/m slightly above normal  ≤0.3 V/m within normal limits The benchmarks (potentialfree measurement) are intended to be applied to the range up to and around 50 Hz; higher frequencies and distinct harmonics should be more critically evaluated.

4. Prevention or reduction of EMF exposure Preventing or reducing EMF exposure after consultation of a measurement engineer is advantageous for several reasons: a) to prevent and reduce risks to the individual and to public health, b) to treat the causes of EMF syndrome and c) to aid in identifying any links to health problems.

There are numerous potential causes for EMF exposure above normal limits, and this guideline can only give a few examples. Further information can be found, for instance, in the building biology checklist “Gebäudecheckliste Baubiologie” (Land Salzburg and VDB 2009) as well as in the information folder on electrosmog (Land Salzburg 2009), which also lists contact data of measurement engineers, sources for measurement devices and materials to reduce exposure. In most cases, it will be necessary to consult an experienced measurement engineer.

Based on documented cases, it is useful to recommend that patients take certain measures (also as preventive measures) to eliminate or reduce EMF exposure, which may lead to an alleviation of health problems within days or weeks. Such measures include the following:
Disconnecting (unplugging) the power supply of all DECT cordless phones – the use of “classical” cord phones is recommended instead.
Disconnecting (unplugging) the power supply of all WLAN access points or WLAN routers. (NB: Many LAN routers now come equipped with additional WLAN.)
Disconnecting the power supply in the bedroom (switching off the fuse) while sleeping. – NB: The benefits should be weighed against the potential risk of accidents and the use of a flashlight should be recommended.
Disconnecting the power supply to all nonessential electric circuits, possibly in the entire flat or building. NB: See note above.
Moving the bed or desk to a different place with lower exposure, such as another room or floor; in case of external high frequency sources, rooms facing away from the source should be chosen.
Discontinuing use of certain appliances and lamps. 10

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Retrofitting the electrical wiring of the building to reduce residual current and equalising current (installation of a residual current device RCD).

We also recommend following the 10 medical rules for cell phone use published by the Vienna Medical Association : http://www2.aekwien.at/media/Plakat_Handy.pdf.

5. Diagnosis A diagnosis of EMF syndrome will largely be based on a comprehensive case history, focusing in particular on correlations between health problems and times and places of EMF exposure, as well as the progression of symptoms over time. In addition, measurements of EMF exposure and the results of additional diagnostic tests (laboratory tests, cardiovascular system) serve to support the diagnosis. Moreover, all other potential causes should be excluded as far as possible.

We recommend that the code Z58.4 (Exposure to radiation) under the International Classification of Diseases (ICD10) be used for EMF syndrome for the time being.

6. Treatment The primary method of treatment should consist in the prevention or reduction of EMF exposure, taking care to reduce or eliminate all sources of EMF if possible. Many examples have shown that such measures can prove effective.

Since sufficient EMF reduction is not possible in all cases, other measures can and must be considered. These include not only keeping additional exposure to a minimum, but also enhancing and increasing resistance to EMF. In some cases, positive effects of holistic medicine treatments have been reported.

We take it as given that appropriate treatment will be initiated after diagnosis if the patient presents manifest illness. Regardless of such treatment, the abovementioned measures to reduce exposure should also be taken.

There is increasing evidence that a main effect of EMF on patients is the reduction of oxidative and nitrosative regulation capacity. This hypothesis also explains observations of changing EMF sensitivity and the large number of symptoms reported in the context of EMF exposure. From the current perspective, it appears useful to recommend a treatment approach such as those gaining ground for multi system disorders, with the aim of minimizing adverse peroxynitrite effects.

In summary, the following treatment measures appear advantageous, depending on the individual case:

a) Reduction of exposure to electric and magnetic fields and high frequency electromagnetic waves. For more information see e.g. the information folder on electrosmog at www.salzburg.gv.at/infomappeelektrosmog.pdf.

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b) Lifestyle coaching (exercise, nutrition, addictive substances, sleeping habits etc.) and stress reduction measures (reduction of general stress and work stress), as well as methods to increase stress resistance (autogenic training, yoga, progressive muscle relaxation, breathing techniques, meditation, tai chi, qui gong).

c) Holistic treatments such as antioxidative and antinitrosative therapies, trace elements, vitamins, amino acids.

d) Treatment of symptoms until the causes have been identified and eliminated.

References

AbdelRassoul G, ElFateh OA, Salem MA, Michael A, Farahat F, ElBatanouny M, Salem E. 2007. Neurobehavioral effects among inhabitants around mobile phone base stations. Neurotoxicology. Mar; 28(2): 43440. Blake Levitt B and Lai H. 2010. Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays. Environ. Rev. 18: 369–395. Doi:10.1139/A10018. Bedard K and Krause KH. 2007. The NOX Family of ROSGenerating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev. 87: 245–313. BioInitiative. 2007. Bioinitiative Report: A Rationale for a Biologicallybased Public Exposure Standard for Electromagnetic Fields (ELF and RF). http://bioinitiative.org/freeaccess/report/index.htm Blettner M, Schlehofer B, Breckenkamp J, Kowall B, Schmiedel S, Reis U, Potthoff P, Schüz J, BergBeckhoff G. 2008. Mobile phone base stations and adverse health effects: phase 1 of a populationbased, crosssectional study in Germany. Occup. Environ. Med. 2009 Feb; 66(2):11823. Epub Nov. 18. Desai NR, Kesari KK, Agarwal A. 2009. Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: oxidative stress and carcinogenesis with focus on male reproductive system. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. Oct. 22; 7:114. Eltiti S, Wallace D, Ridgewell A, Zougkou K, Russo R, Sepulveda F, Mirshekar Syahkal D, Rasor P, Deeble R, Fox E. 2007. Does shortterm exposure to mobile phone base station signals increase symptoms in individuals who report sensitivity to electromagnetic fields? A doubleblind randomized provocation study. Environ. Health Perspect. Nov; 115(11):16038. EU Parliament 2008: European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009 on health concerns associated with electromagnetic fields (2008/2211(INI)). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=//EP//TEXT+TA+P6 TA20090216+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN EURatsempfehlung 1999: EMPFEHLUNG DES RATES vom 12. Juli 1999 zur Begrenzung der Exposition der Bevölkerung gegenüber elektromagnetischen Feldern (0 Hz — 300 GHz) (1999/519/EG).

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EEA 2007: European Environment Agency, Radiation risk from everyday devices assessed. www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/radiationriskfromeverydaydevices assessed Friedmann J, Kraus S, Hauptmann Y, Schiff Y, Seger R, 2007. Mechanism of short term ERK activation by electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequencies. Biochem. J. 405, 559–568. Huss A and Röösli M. 2006. Consultations in primary care for symptoms attributed to electromagnetic fieldsa survey among general practitioners. BMC Public Health Oct. 30; 6:267. Hutter HP, Moshammer H, Wallner P, Kundi M. 2006. Subjective symptoms, sleeping problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations. Occup. Environ. Med. 63:307313 IARC 2011: IARC CLASSIFIES RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AS POSSIBLY CARCINOGENIC TO HUMANS 31 May 2011. http://www.iarc.fr/en/mediacentre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf ICNIRP 1998: Guidelines for limiting exposure to timevarying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection. Health Phys. 1998 Apr; 74(4):494522. Kundi M and Hutter HP. 2009. Mobile phone base stations – Effects on wellbeing and health. Pathophysiology 2009 Aug; 16(23):12335. Epub Mar. 4. Land Salzburg and VDB. 2009. Gebäudecheckliste Baubiologie. www.baubiologie.net Land Salzburg. 2009. Informationsmappe Elektrosmog. www.salzburg.gv.at/infomappeelektrosmog.pdf Navarro EA, Segura J, Portolés M, GómezPerretta de Mateo C. 2003. The Microwave Syndrome: A Preliminary Study in Spain. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine (formerly Electro and Magnetobiology), 22 (2003) 161 – 169. ÖNORM 2006: Vornorm ÖVE/ÖNORM E 8850:2006 02 01, Elektrische, magnetische und elektromagnetische Felder im Frequenzbereich von 0 Hz bis 300 GHz Beschränkung der Exposition von Personen. Pall ML. 2007. Explaining “Unexplained Illnesses”: Disease Paradigm for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, Fibromyalgia, PostTraumatic Stress Disorder, Gulf War Syndrome, and Others. Harrington Park Press. PACE 2011: Council of Europe – Parliamentary Assembly. The potential dangers of electromagnetic fields and their effect on the environment. Resolution, Doc. 1815, Text adopted by the Standing Committee, acting on behalf of the Assembly, on 27 May 2011. http://www.assembly.coe.int/Mainf.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta11/ER ES1815.htm Pacher P, Beckman JS, Liaudet L. 2007. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2007 Jan; 87(1):315424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2248324/pdf/nihms38119.pdf

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Regel SJ, Negovetic S, Röösli M, Berdiñas V, Schuderer J, Huss A, Lott U, Kuster N, Achermann P. 2006. UMTS base stationlike exposure, wellbeing, and cognitive performance. Environ. Health Perspect. Aug; 114(8):12705. Röösli M, Moser M, Baldinini Y, Meier M, BraunFahrländer C. 2004. Symptoms of ill health ascribed to electromagnetic field exposure—a questionnaire survey. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 207, 141–150. Santini R, Santini P, Danze JM, Le Ruz P, Seigne M. 2002. Investigation on the health of people living near mobile telephone relay stations: I/Incidence according to distance and sex. Pathol. Biol. (Paris) Jul; 50(6):36973. Schreier N, Huss A, Röösli M. 2006. The prevalence of symptoms attributed to electromagnetic field exposure: a crosssectional representative survey in Switzerland. Soz. Praventivmed. 51, 202–209. Simkó M. 2007. Cell Type Specific Redox Status is Responsible for Diverse Electromagnetic Field Effects. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2007, 14, 11411152. SBM 2008: Standard der baubiologischen Messtechnik (SBM2008); http://www.baubiologie.de/downloads/standard2008.pdf UN 1993: UN Resolution 48/96, Annex, 20 December 1993. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/dissre00.htm VDBRichtlinien Band 1 Physikalische Untersuchungen. http://www.baubiologie.net/verband/richtlinien/ WHO position on EMF Standards and Guidelines. http://www.who.int/peh emf/standards/en/ Zwamborn APM, Vossen SHJA, van Leersum BJAM, Ouwens MA, Mäkel WN (TNO Physics and Electronics Laboratory). 2003. Effects of Global Communication system radiofrequency fields on Well Being and Cognitive Functions of human subjects with and without subjective complaints. TNOreport FEL03C148, September 2003. www.ez.nl/beleid/home_ond/gsm/docs/TNOFEL_REPORT_03148_Definitief.pdf

Download of guidelines and patient questionnaire and contact to the Austrian Medical Association : www.aerztekammer.at/referate Umweltmedizin

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Patient questionnaire

Last name, first ………………………………………………………………………… name, Mr/Ms

Place, date ………………………………………………………………………….

a) List of symptoms

How often have you experienced the following health problems in the past 30 days? Please mark the appropriate box in every line. Never Rarely Someti Often Very If yes, since Symptoms mes often when (month/year) Anxiety      / Tightness in chest      / Depression      / Difficulty concentrating      / Restlessness, tension      / Hyperactivity      / Irritability      / Exhaustion      / Fatigue      / Anomia (difficulty finding words)      / Forgetfulness      / Headaches      / Dizziness      / Sleep problems      / Noise sensitivity      / Sensation of pressure in the ears      / Ear noises, tinnitus      / Burning sensation in the eyes      / Nervous bladder, urinary urgency      / Heart palpitations      / Blood pressure problems      / Muscle tension      / Joint pain      / Skin conditions      / Other (please state)      / …………………………………… Other (please state)      / ……………………………………

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b) Variation of health problems depending on time and location

Which health problems do you perceive to be the most severe?

Since when have you been experiencing these health problems?

At what times do the health problems occur?

Is there a place where the health problems increase or are particularly severe? (e.g. at work, at home)

Is there a place where the health problems recede or disappear altogether? (e.g. at work, at home, other places, at the home of a friend, on holiday, at your weekend home, in the woods) Do you have an explanation for these health problems?

Are you experiencing stress, e.g. due to changes in your personal life or at work?

Please list any environmental assessments made, measurements or measures taken up to now.

Please list any environmental medicine diagnoses and treatments given up to now.

Other

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c) Assessment of EMF exposure at home and at work

1. Do you use a cell phone at home or at work? How long have you been using it (years/months)? ______How much do you use it to make calls per day (hours/minutes)? ______Have you noticed any relation to your health problems?

______

2. Do you have a cordless phone (DECT base station) at home (H) or at work (W)? How long have you had it (years/months)? ______How much do you use it to make calls per day (hours/minutes)? ______Have you noticed any relation to your health problems?

______

3. Do you use wireless internet access (WLAN, WiMAX, UMTS) at home (H) or at work (W)? If yes, how long have you been using it (years/months)? ______How much do you use it per day (hours/minutes)? ______Have you noticed any relation to your health problems?

______

4. Do you use energyefficient light bulbs in your immediate vicinity (desk lamp, dining table lamp, reading lamp, bedside lamp) at home (H) or at work (W)? If yes, how long have you been using them (years/months)? ______For how long are you exposed to them per day (hours/minutes)? ______Have you noticed any relation to your health problems?

______

5. Is there a cell tower (mobile phone base station) near your home (H) or your workplace (W)? If yes, how long has it been there (years/months)? ______At what distance is it from your home/workplace? ______Have you noticed any relation to your health problems?

______

6. Are there any power lines, transformer stations or railway lines near your home (H) or your workplace (W)? If yes, for how long are you exposed to them per day (hours/minutes)? ______Have you noticed any relation to your health problems?

______

6. Do you use Bluetooth devices in your car? If yes, how long have you been using them? ______Have you noticed any relation to your health problems?

______

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Organizations; International Association of Fire Fighters, Position on the Health Effects from Radio Frequency/Microwave Radiation in Fire Department Facilities from Base Stations for Antennas and Towers; 2004

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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIRE FIGHTERS

DIVISION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND MEDICINE

Position on the Health Effects from Radio Frequency/Microwave (RF/MW) Radiation in Fire Department Facilities from Base Stations for Antennas and Towers for the Conduction of Cell Phone Transmissions

The International Association of Fire Fighters’ position on locating cell towers commercial wireless infrastructure on fire department facilities, as adopted by its membership in August 2004 (1), is that the IAFF oppose the use of fire stations as base stations for towers and/or antennas for the conduction of cell phone transmissions until a study with the highest scientific merit and integrity on health effects of exposure to low-intensity RF/MW radiation is conducted and it is proven that such sitings are not hazardous to the health of our members.

Further, the IAFF is investigating funding for a U.S. and Canadian study that would characterize exposures from RF/MW radiation in fire houses with and without cellular antennae, and examine the health status of the fire fighters as a function of their assignment in exposed or unexposed fire houses. Specifically, there is concern for the effects of radio frequency radiation on the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system, as well as other metabolic effects observed in preliminary studies.

It is the belief of some international governments and regulatory bodies and of the wireless telecommunications industry that no consistent increases in health risk exist from exposure to RF/MW radiation unless the intensity of the radiation is sufficient to heat body tissue. However, it is important to note that these positions are based on non-continuous exposures to the general public to low intensity RF/MW radiation emitted from wireless telecommunications base stations. Furthermore, most studies that are the basis of this position are at least five years old and generally look at the safety of the phone itself. IAFF members are concerned about the effects of living directly under these antenna base stations for a considerable stationary period of time and on a daily basis. There are established biological effects from exposure to low-level RF/MW radiation. Such biological effects are recognized as markers of adverse health effects when they arise from exposure to toxic chemicals for example. The IAFF’s efforts will attempt to establish whether there is a correlation between such biological effects and a health risk to

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fire fighters and emergency medical personnel due to the siting of cell phone antennas and base stations at fire stations and facilities where they work.

Background

Critical questions concerning the health effects and safety of RF/MW radiation remain. Accordingly, should we allow exposure of our fire fighters and emergency medical personnel to this radiation to continue for the next twenty years when there is ongoing controversy over many aspects of RF/MW health effects? While no one disagrees that serious health hazards occur when living cells in the body are heated, as happens with high intensity RF/MW exposure (just like in a microwave oven), scientists are currently investigating the health hazards of low intensity RF/MW exposure. Low intensity RF/MW exposure is exposure which does not raise the temperature of the living cells in the body.

Additionally, a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences panel designated power frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF/EMF) as "possible human carcinogens." (2) In March 2002 The International Association on Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization also assigned this designation to ELF/EMF in Volume 80 of its IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. (3)

Fixed antennas used for wireless telecommunications are referred to as cellular base stations, cell stations, PCS ("Personal Communications Service") stations or telephone transmission towers. These base stations consist of antennas and electronic equipment. Because the antennas need to be high in the air, they are often located on towers, poles, water tanks, or rooftops. Typical heights for freestanding base station towers are 50-200 feet.

Some base stations use antennas that look like poles, 10 to 15 feet in length, that are referred to as "omni-directional" antennas. These types of antennas are usually found in rural areas. In urban and suburban areas, wireless providers now more commonly use panel or sector antennas for their base stations. These antennas consist of rectangular panels, about 1 by 4 feet in dimension. The antennas are usually arranged in three groups of three antennas each. One antenna in each group is used to transmit signals to wireless phones, and the other two antennas in each group are used to receive signals from wireless phones.

At any base station site, the amount of RF/MW radiation produced depends on the number of radio channels (transmitters) per antenna and the power of each transmitter. Typically, 21 channels per antenna sector are available. For a typical cell site using sector antennas, each of the three transmitting antennas could be connected to up to 21 transmitters for a total of 63 transmitters. When omni-directional antennas are used, a cellular base station could theoretically use up to 96 transmitters. Base stations used for PCS communications generally require fewer transmitters than those used for cellular radio transmissions, since PCS carriers usually have a higher density of base station antenna sites.

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The electromagnetic RF/MW radiation transmitted from base station antennas travel toward the horizon in relatively narrow paths. The individual pattern for a single array of sector antennas is wedge-shaped, like a piece of pie. Cellular and PCS base stations in the United States are required to comply with limits for exposure recommended by expert organizations and endorsed by government agencies responsible for health and safety. When cellular and PCS antennas are mounted on rooftops, RF/MW radiation levels on that roof or on others near by would be greater than those typically encountered on the ground.

The telecommunications industry claims cellular antennas are safe because the RF/MW radiation they produce is too weak to cause heating, i.e., a "thermal effect." They point to "safety standards" from groups such as ANSI/IEEE or ICNIRP to support their claims. But these groups have explicitly stated that their claims of “safe RF/MW radiation exposure is harmless” rest on the fact that it is too weak to produce a rise in body temperature, a "thermal effect." (4)

There is a large body of internationally accepted scientific evidence which points to the existence of non- thermal effects of RF/MW radiation. The issue at the present time is not whether such evidence exists, but rather what weight to give it.

Internationally acknowledged experts in the field of RF/MW radiation research have shown that RF/MW transmissions of the type used in digital cellular antennas and phones can have critical effects on cell cultures, animals, and people in laboratories and have also found epidemiological evidence (studies of communities, not in the laboratory) of serious health effects at "non-thermal levels," where the intensity of the RF/MW radiation was too low to cause heating. They have found:

(5) • Increased cell growth of brain cancer cells (6) • A doubling of the rate of lymphoma in mice (7) • Changes in tumor growth in rats (8) • An increased number of tumors in rats (9) • Increased single- and double-strand breaks in DNA, our genetic material (10) • 2 to 4 times as many cancers in Polish soldiers exposed to RF (11) • More childhood leukemia in children exposed to RF (12) • Changes in sleep patterns and REM type sleep (13) • Headaches caused by RF/MW radiation exposure (14) • Neurologic changes including:

(15) o Changes in the blood-brain-barrier (16) o Changes in cellular morphology (including cell death) (17) o Changes in neural electrophysiology (EEG) (18) o Changes in neurotransmitters (which affect motivation and pain perception) (19) o Metabolic changes (of calcium ions, for instance) o Cytogenetic effects (which can affect cancer, Alzheimer's, neurodegenerative diseases) (20)

(21) • Decreased memory, attention, and slower reaction time in school children (22) • Retarded learning in rats indicating a deficit in spatial "working memory" (23) • Increased blood pressure in healthy men (24) • Damage to eye cells when combined with commonly used glaucoma medications

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Many national and international organizations have recognized the need to define the true risk of low intensity, non-thermal RF/MW radiation exposure, calling for intensive scientific investigation to answer the open questions. These include:

• The World Health Organization, noting reports of "cancer, reduced fertility, memory loss, and adverse changes in the behavior and development of children." (25) (26) • The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (27) • The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (28) • The Swedish Work Environmental Fund (29) • The National Cancer Institute (NCI) (30) • The European Commission (EC) (31) • New Zealand's Ministry of Health (32) • National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (33) • Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization of Australia (CSIRO) (34) • The Royal Society of Canada expert group report prepared for Health Canada • European Union's REFLEX Project (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods) (35) • The Independent Group on Electromagnetic Fields of the Swedish Radiation Protection Board (SSI) (36) (37) • The United Kingdom’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) (38) • The EMF-Team Finland's Helsinki Appeal 2005

Non-thermal effects are recognized by experts on RF/MW radiation and health to be potential health hazards. Safe levels of RF/MW exposure for these low intensity, non- thermal effects have not yet been established.

The FDA has explicitly rejected claims that cellular phones are "safe." (39)

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stated repeatedly that the current (ANSI/IEEE) RF/MW safety standards protect only against thermal effects. (40)

Many scientists and physicians question the safety of exposure to RF/MW radiation. The CSIRO study, for example, notes that there are no clear cutoff levels at which low intensity RF/MW exposure has no effect, and that the results of ongoing studies will take years to analyze. (41)

Internationally, researchers and physicians have issued statements that biological effects from low- intensity RF/MW radiation exposure are scientifically established:

(42) • The 1998 Vienna-EMF Resolution (43) • The 2000 Salzburg Resolution on Mobile Telecommunication Base Stations (44) • The 2002 Catania Resolution (45) • The 2002 Freiburger Appeal • The 2004 Report of the European Union's REFLEX Project (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods) (46) • The 2004 Second Annual Report from Sweden's Radiation Protection Board (SSI) Independent Expert Group on Electromagnetic Fields Recent Research on Mobile Telephony and Health Risks (47) • Mobile Phones and Health 2004: Report by the Board of NRPB (The UK's National Radiological Protection Board) (48)

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The county of Palm Beach, Florida, the City of Los Angeles, California, and the country of New Zealand have all prohibited cell phone base stations and antennas near schools due to safety concerns. The British Columbia Confederation of Parent Advisory Councils [BCCPAC] passed a resolution in 2003 banning cellular antennae from schools and school grounds. This organization is comparable to the Parent Teachers Association (PTA) in the United States. The resolution was directed to B.C. Ministry of Education, B.C. Ministry of Children and Family Development, B.C. School Trustees Association, and B.C. Association of Municipalities.

US Government Information

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has used safety guidelines for RF/MW radiation environmental exposure since 1985.

The FCC guidelines for human exposure to RF/MW radiation are derived from the recommendations of two organizations, the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In both cases, the recommendations were developed by scientific and engineering experts drawn from industry, government, and academia after extensive reviews of the scientific literature related to the biological effects of RF/MW radiation.

Many countries in Europe and elsewhere use exposure guidelines developed by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The ICNIRP safety limits are generally similar to those of the NCRP and IEEE, with a few exceptions. For example, ICNIRP recommends different exposure levels in the lower and upper frequency ranges and for localized exposure from certain products such as hand-held wireless telephones. Currently, the World Health Organization is working to provide a framework for international harmonization of RF/MW radiation safety standards.

In order to affirm conformity to standards regarding heating of tissue, measurements are time averaged over 0.1 hours [6 minutes]. This method eliminates any spikes in the readings. Computer power bars have surge protectors to prevent damage to computers. Fire fighters and emergency medical personnel do not!

The NCRP, IEEE, and ICNIRP all have identified a whole-body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value of 4 watts per kilogram (4 W/kg) as a threshold level of exposure at which harmful biological thermal effects due to tissue heating may occur. Exposure guidelines in terms of field strength, power density and localized SAR were then derived from this threshold value. In addition, the NCRP, IEEE, and ICNIRP guidelines vary

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depending on the frequency of the RF/MW radiation exposure. This is due to the finding that whole-body human absorption of RF/MW radiation varies with the frequency of the RF signal. The most restrictive limits on whole-body exposure are in the frequency range of 30-300 MHz where the human body absorbs RF/MW energy most efficiently. For products that only expose part of the body, such as wireless phones, exposure limits in terms of SAR only are specified.

Similarly, the exposure limits used by the FCC are expressed in terms of SAR, electric and magnetic field strength, and power density for transmitters operating at frequencies from 300 kHz to 100 GHz. The specific values can be found in two FCC bulletins, OET Bulletins 56 and 65.

OET Bulletin 56, “Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields” was designed to provide factual information to the public by answering some of the most commonly asked questions. It includes the latest information on FCC guidelines for human exposure to RF/MW radiation. Further information and a downloadable version of Bulletin 56 can be found at: http://www.fcc.gov/oet/info/documents/bulletins/#56

OET Bulletin 65, “Evaluating Compliance With FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields” was prepared to provide assistance in determining whether proposed or existing transmitting facilities, operations or devices comply with limits for human exposure to RF/MW radiation adopted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Further information and a downloadable version of Bulletin 65 can be found at: http://www.fcc.gov/oet/info/documents/bulletins/#65

The FCC authorizes and licenses products, transmitters, and facilities that generate RF and microwave radiation. It has jurisdiction over all transmitting services in the U.S. except those specifically operated by the Federal Government. Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), the FCC has certain responsibilities to consider whether its actions will significantly affect the quality of the human environment. Therefore, FCC approval and licensing of transmitters and facilities must be evaluated for significant impact on the environment. Human exposure to RF radiation emitted by FCC-regulated transmitters is one of several factors that must be considered in such environmental evaluations. In 1996, the FCC revised its guidelines for RF/MW radiation exposure as a result of a multi-year proceeding and as required by the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

For further information and answers to questions about the safety of RF/MW radiation from transmitters and facilities regulated by the FCC go to http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety/rf-faqs.html.

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Canadian Government Information

Industry Canada is the organization that sets regulatory requirements for electromagnetic spectrum management and radio equipment in Canada. Industry Canada establishes standards for equipment certification and, as part of these standards, developed RSS-102, which specifies permissible radiofrequency RF/MW radiation levels. For this purpose, Industry Canada adopted the limits outlined in Health Canada's Safety-Code 6, which is a guideline document for limiting RF exposure. A downloadable version of “RSS-102 - Evaluation Procedure for Mobile and Portable Radio Transmitters with respect to Health Canada's Safety Code 6 for Exposure of Humans to Radio Frequency Fields”, as well as additional information can be found at: http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/insmt-gst.nsf/vwapj/rss102.pdf/$FILE/rss102.pdf .

Safety Code 6 specifies the requirements for the use of radiation emitting devices. This Code replaces the previous Safety Code 6 - EHD-TR-160. A downloadable version of “Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz TO 300 GHz – Safety Code 6”, as well as further detailed information can be found at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/ccrpb/publication/99ehd237/toc.htm.

US and Canadian Legal Issues

Although some local and state governments have enacted rules and regulations about human exposure to RF/MW radiation in the past, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires the United States Federal Government to control human exposure to RF/MW radiation. In particular, Section 704 of the Act states that, "No State or local government or instrumentality thereof may regulate the placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless service facilities on the basis of the environmental effects of radio frequency emissions to the extent that such facilities comply with the Commission's regulations concerning such emissions." Further information on federal authority and FCC policy is available in a fact sheet from the FCC's Wireless Telecommunications Bureau at www.fcc.gov/wtb.

In a recent opinion filed by Senior Circuit Judge Stephen F. Williams, No. 03-1336 EMR Network v. Federal Communications Commission and United States of America, the Court upheld the FCC's decision not to initiate an inquiry on the need to revise its regulations to address non-thermal effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation from the facilities and products subject to FCC regulation as EMR Network had requested in its September 2001 Petition for Inquiry.

At the request of the EMR Network, the EMR Policy Institute provided legal and research support for this appeal. On January 13, 2005, a Petition for Rehearing en banc by the full panel of judges at the DC Circuit Court of Appeals was filed. Briefs, background documents and the DC Circuit decision are found at: http://www.emrpolicy.org/litigation/case_law/index.htm.

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The Toronto Medical Officer of Health for the Toronto Board of Health recommended to Health Canada that public exposure limits for RF/MW radiation be made 100 times stricter; however the recommendation was not allowed, since, as in the US, only the Canadian federal government can regulate RF/MW radiation exposure level.

World Health Organization Efforts

In 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the International EMF Project to review the scientific literature and work towards resolution of health concerns over the use of RF/MW technology. WHO maintains a Web site that provides addition information on this project and about RF/MW biological effects and research. For further information go to http://www.who.int/peh-emf/en/.

Conclusion

For decades, the International Association of Fire Fighters has been directly involved in protecting and promoting the health and safety of our membership. However, we simply don't know at this time what the possible health consequences of long-term exposure to low-intensity RF/MW radiation of the type used by the cell phone base stations and antennas will be. No one knows--the data just aren't there. The chairman of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection ICNIRP), one of the leading international organizations which formulated the current RF/MW radiation exposure guidelines, has stated that the guidelines include "no consideration regarding prudent avoidance" for health effects for which evidence is less than conclusive (49)

Again, fire department facilities, where fire fighters and emergency response personnel live and work are not the proper place for a technology which could endanger their health and safety

The only reasonable and responsible course is to conduct a study of the highest scientific merit and integrity on the RF/MW radiation health effects to our membership and, in the interim, oppose the use of fire stations as base stations for towers and/or antennas for the conduction of cell phone transmissions until it is proven that such sitings are not hazardous to the health of our members.

Footnotes

[back] 1. Revised and Amended IAFF Resolution No. 15; August 2004

Study of Firefighters Exposed to Radio Frequency (RF) Radiation from Cell Towers/Masts

WHEREAS, fire stations across the United States and Canada are being sought by wireless companies as base stations for the antennas and towers for the conduction of cell phone transmissions; and

WHEREAS, many firefighters who are living with cell towers on or adjacent to their stations are paying a substantial price in terms of physical and mental health. As first

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responders and protectors of the general public, it is crucial that firefighters are functioning at optimal cognitive and physical capacity at all times; and

WHEREAS, the brain is the first organ to be affected by RF radiation and symptoms manifest in a multitude of neurological conditions including migraine headaches, extreme fatigue, disorientation, slowed reaction time, vertigo, vital memory loss and attention deficit amidst life threatening emergencies; and

WHEREAS, most of the firefighters who are experiencing symptoms can attribute the onset to the first week(s) these towers/antennas were activated; and

WHEREAS, RF radiation is emitted by these cellular antennas and RF radiation can penetrate every living cell, including plants, animals and humans; and

WHEREAS, both the U. S. and Canadian governments established regulatory limits for RF radiation based on thermal (heat) measurements with no regard for the adverse health effects from non-thermal radiation which is proven to harm the human brain and immune system; and

WHEREAS, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency stated in a July 16, 2002, letter, “Federal health and safety agencies have not yet developed policies concerning possible risk from long-term, non-thermal exposures. The FCC’s exposure guideline is considered protective of effects arising from a thermal mechanism (RF radiation from cell towers is non-thermal) but not from all possible mechanisms. Therefore, the generalization by many that the guidelines protecting human beings from harm by any or all mechanisms is not justified”; and

WHEREAS, an Expert Panel Report requested by the Royal Society of Canada prepared for Health Canada (1999) stated that, “Exposure to RF fields at intensities far less than levels required to produce measurable heating can cause effects in cells and tissues. These biological effects include alterations in the activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase, in calcium regulation, and in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Some of these biological effects brought about by non-thermal exposure levels of RF could potentially be associated with adverse health effects”; and

WHEREAS, based on concerns over growing scientific evidence of dangers from RF radiation, an international conference was convened in Salzburg, Austria, in the summer of 2000 where renowned scientists declared the upper-most RF radiation exposure limit from a tower-mast should be 1/10th of 1 microwatt (Note that 1/10th of 1 microwatt is 10,000 times lower than the uppermost limit allowed by the U. S. or Canada.); and it should be noted this limit was set because of study results showing brain wave changes at 1/10th of 1 microwatt; and

WHEREAS, in a recently cleared paper by Dr. Richard A. Albanese of the U. S. Air Force, a highly recognized physician in the area of the impact of radiation on the human body, Dr. Albanese states, “I would ask a good faith effort in achieving as low exposure

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rates as are possible within reasonable financial constraints. Also I would fund targeted studies using animal subjects and human groups living or working in high radiation settings or heavy cellular phone users, emphasizing disease causations. I urge acceptance of the ideal that there should be no unmonitored occupational or environmental exposures whose associated disease rates are unknown.” (The opinions expressed herein are those of Dr. Albanese, and do not reflect the policies of the United States Air Force.); and

WHEREAS, recently a study, not affiliated with the wireless industry, was conducted of firefighters exposed to RF radiation from cell towers/antennas affixed to their stations.** The study revealed brain damage that can be differentiated from chemical causation (such as inhalation of toxic smoke) suggesting RF radiation as the cause of the brain damage found on SPECT scans; and

WHEREAS, firefighters are the protectors of people and property and should be protected under the Precautionary Principle of Science and therefore, unless radiation is proven safe and harmless, cellular antennas should not be placed on or near fire stations; therefore be it

RESOLVED, That the IAFF shall seek funding for an initial U. S. and Canadian study with the highest scientific merit and integrity, contrasting firefighters with residence in stations with towers to firefighters without similar exposure; and be it further

RESOLVED, That in accordance with the results of the study, the IAFF will establish protective policy measures with the health and safety of all firefighters as the paramount objective; and be it further

RESOLVED, That the IAFF oppose the use of fire stations as base stations for antennas and towers for the conduction of cell phone transmissions until such installations are proven not to be hazardous to the health of our members.

**Note: A pilot study was conducted in 2004 of six California fire fighters working and sleeping in stations with towers. The study, conducted by Gunnar Heuser, M.D., PhD. of Agoura Hills, CA, focused on neurological symptoms of six fire fighters who had been working for up to five years in stations with cell towers. Those symptoms included slowed reaction time, lack of focus, lack of impulse control, severe headaches, anesthesia-like sleep, sleep deprivation, depression, and tremors. Dr. Heuser used functional brain scans - SPECT scans - to assess any changes in the brains of the six fire fighters as compared to healthy brains of men of the same age. Computerized psychological testing known as TOVA was used to study reaction time, impulse control, and attention span. The SPECT scans revealed a pattern of abnormal change which was concentrated over a wider area than would normally be seen in brains of individuals exposed to toxic inhalation, as might be expected from fighting fires. Dr. Heuser concluded the only plausible explanation at this time would be RF radiation exposure. Additionally, the TOVA testing revealed among the six fire fighters delayed reaction time, lack of impulse control, and difficulty in maintaining mental focus.

[back] 2. An international blue ribbon panel assembled by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) designated power frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) as "possible human carcinogens" on June 24, 1998. The panel's decision was based largely on the results of epidemiological studies of children exposed at home and workers exposed on the job. The evaluation of the EMF

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literature followed procedures developed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), based in Lyon, France. The working group's report will be the basis for the NIEHS report to Congress on the EMF Research and Public Information Dissemination program (EMF RAPID). The National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) of the United Kingdom noted that the views of its Advisory Group on Non-Ionizing Radiation are "consistent with those of the NIEHS expert panel."

June 26, 1998 statement of the National Radiological Protection Board, sited in Microwave News, July/August 1998

[back] 3. World Health Organization; International Agency for Research on Cancer; IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; Volume 80 Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields; 2002; 429 pages; ISBN 92 832 1280 0; See http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol80/80. This IARC Monograph provides the rationale for its designation of ELF/EMF as a possible human carcinogen. It states that:

A few studies on genetic effects have examined chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in lymphocytes from workers exposed to ELF electric and magnetic fields. In these studies, confounding by genotoxic agents (tobacco, solvents) and comparability between the exposed and control groups are of concern. Thus, the studies reporting an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei are difficult to interpret.

Many studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of ELF magnetic fields on various genetic end-points. Although increased DNA strand breaks have been reported in brain cells of exposed rodents, the results are inconclusive; most of the studies show no effects in mammalian cells exposed to magnetic fields alone at levels below 50 µT. However, extremely strong ELF magnetic fields have caused adverse genetic effects in some studies. In addition, several groups have reported that ELF magnetic fields enhance the effects of known DNA- and chromosome-damaging agents such as ionizing radiation.

The few animal studies on cancer-related non-genetic effects are inconclusive. Results on the effects on in-vitro cell proliferation and malignant transformation are inconsistent, but some studies suggest that ELF magnetic fields affect cell proliferation and modify cellular responses to other factors such as melatonin. An increase in apoptosis following exposure of various cell lines to ELF electric and magnetic fields has been reported in several studies with different exposure conditions. Numerous studies have investigated effects of ELF magnetic fields on cellular end-points associated with signal transduction, but the results are not consistent.

[back] 4. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) statement "Health Issues Related to the Use of Hand-Held Radiotelephones and Base Transmitters" of 1996 reads:

"Thermally mediated effects of RF fields have been studied in animals, including primates. These data suggest effects that will probably occur in humans subjected to whole body or localized heating sufficient to increase tissue temperatures by greater than 1C. They include the induction of opacities of the lens of the eye, possible effects on development and male fertility, various physiological and thermoregulatory responses to heat, and a decreased ability to perform mental tasks as body temperature increases. Similar effects have been reported in people subject to heat stress, for example while working in hot environments or by fever. The various effects are well established and form the biological basis for restricting occupational and public exposure to radiofrequency fields. In contrast, non-thermal effects are not well established and currently do not form a scientifically acceptable basis for restricting human exposure for frequencies used by hand-held radiotelephones and base stations."

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, "Health Issues Related to the Use of Hand-Held Radiotelephones and Base Transmitters," Health Physics 70:587-593, 1996

The ANSI/IEEE Standard for Safety Levels of 1992 similarly states:

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"An extensive review of the literature revealed once again that the most sensitive measurements of potentially harmful biological effects were based on the disruption of ongoing behavior associated with an increase of body temperature in the presence of electromagnetic fields. Because of the paucity of reliable data on chronic exposures, IEEE Subcommittee IV focused on evidence of behavioral disruption under acute exposures, even disruption of a transient and fully reversible nature."

IEEE Standards Coordinating committee 28 on Non-Ionizing Radiation Hazards: Standard for Safe Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 KHz to 300 GHz (ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1991), The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 1992.

[back] 5. Drs. Czerska, Casamento, Ning, and Davis (working for the Food and Drug Administration in 1997) using "a waveform identical to that used in digital cellular phones" at a power level within our current standards (SAR of 1.6 W/Kg, the maximum spatial peak exposure level recommended for the general population in the ANSI C95.1-1991 standard) found increases in cellular proliferation in human glioblastoma cells. This shows that "acceptable" levels of radiation can cause human cancer cells to multiply faster. The authors note that "because of reported associations between cellular phone exposure and the occurrence of a brain tumor, glioblastoma, a human glioblastoma cell line was used" in their research.

E.M. Czerska, J. Casamento, J. T. Ning, and C. Davis, "Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Cell Proliferation," [Abstract presented on February 7, 1997 at the workshop 'Physical Characteristics and Possible Biological Effects of Microwaves Applied in Wireless Communication, Rockville, MD] E. M. Czerska, J. Casamento Centers for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA; H. T. Ning, Indian Health Service, Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA; C. Davis, Electrical Engineering Dept., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA

[back] 6. Dr. Michael Repacholi (in 1997, currently the director of the International Electromagnetic Fields Project at the World Health Organization) took one hundred transgenic mice and exposed some to radiation for two 30 minute periods a day for up to 18 months. He found that the exposed mice developed lymphomas (a type of cancer) at twice the rate of the unexposed mice. While telecommunications industry spokespersons criticized the experiment for using mice with a mutation which predisposed them to cancer (transgenic) the researchers pointed out that "some individuals inherit mutations in other genes...that predispose them to develop cancer, and these individuals may comprise a subpopulation at special risk from agents that would pose an otherwise insignificant risk of cancer."

Dr. Repacholi stated "I believe this is the first animal study showing a true non-thermal effect." He repeated the experiment in 1998 using 50 Hz fields instead of the 900 MHz pulsed radiation (the type used by cellular phones) used in the original experiment and found no cancer risk. He stated that this new data had implications for his original cellular phone study: "the control groups for both our RF and 50 Hz field studies showed no statistical differences, which lessens the possibility that the RF/MW radiation study result was a chance event or due to errors in methodology."

It is extremely important to note that Dr. Michael Repacholi was Chairman of the ICNIRP at the time its Statement on Health Issues Related to the Use of Hand-Held Radiotelephones and Base Transmitters was developed in 1996.

M. Repacholi et al., "Lymphomas in Eµ-Pim1 Transgenic Mice Exposed to Pulsed 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields," Radiation Research, 147, pp.631-640, May 1997

[back] 7. Dr. Ross Adey (Veterans Administration Hospital at Loma Linda University in 1996) found what appeared to be a protective effect in rats exposed to the type of radiation used in digital cellular phones. The rats were exposed to an SAR of 0.58-0.75 W/Kg 836 MHz pulsed radiation of the TDMA type two hours a day, four days a week for 23 months, with the signals turned on and off every 7.5 minutes, so

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total exposure was 4 hours a week. Interestingly this effect was not present when a non-digital, analog signal was used. Rats exposed developed cancer less often. This study shows that low power fields of the digital cellular frequency can influence cancer development. Whether they would protect or promote in our children is a question for further study.

Ross Adey of the Veterans Administration Hospital at Loma Linda University, CA presented the results of pulsed (digital cellular) radiation on June 13, 1996 at the 18th Annual Meeting of the Bioelectromagnetics Society in Victoria, Canada. He presented the findings of the analog cellular phone radiation effect at the June 1997 2nd World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine in Bologna, Italy. Reviews can be found in Microwave News issues July/August, 1996 and March/April 1997.

In recognition of his more than three decades of "fundamental contributions to the emerging science of the biological effects of electromagnetic fields," the authors of the November 2004 Report of the European Union's REFLEX Project (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods) chose to include Dr. Adey's personal views on Electromagnetic Field Exposure research as the Foreword to that report. To view the entire report, see: http://www.itis.ethz.ch/downloads/REFLEX_Final%20Report_171104.pdf

The following is taken from Dr. Adey's Foreword found on pages 1-3 of the REFLEX Report:

The Future of Fundamental Research in a Society Seeking Categoric Answers to Health Risks of New Technologies

In summary, we have become superstitious users of an ever-growing range of technologies, but we are now unable to escape the web that they have woven around us.

Media reporters in general are no better informed. Lacking either responsibility or accountability, they have created feeding frenzies from the tiniest snippets of information gleaned from scientific meetings or from their own inaccurate interpretation of published research. In consequence, the public has turned with pleading voices to government legislatures and bureaucracies for guidance . . .

We face the problem brought on by the blind leading the blind. Because of public pressure for rapid answers to very complex biological and physical issues, short-term research programs have been funded to answer specific questions about certain health risks.

In many countries, and particularly in the USA, the effects of such harassing and troublesome tactics on independent, careful fundamental research have been near tragic. Beguiled by health hazard research as the only source of funding, accomplished basic scientists have diverted from a completely new frontier in physical regulation of biological mechanisms at the atomic level. Not only have governments permitted corporate interests in the communications industry to fund this research, they have even permitted them to determine the research questions to be addressed and to select the institutions performing the research.

[back] 8. Dr. A. W. Guy reported an extensive investigation on rats chronically exposed from 2 up to 27 months of age to low-level pulsed microwaves at SARs up to 0.4 W/Kg. The exposed group was found to have a significantly higher incidence of primary cancers.

A. W. Guy, C. K. Chou, L. Kunz, L, Crowley, and J. Krupp, "Effects of Long-Term Low-Level Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure on Rats." Volume 9. Summary. Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, USF-SAM-TR-85-11; 1985

[back] 9. Drs. Henry Lai and N. P. Singh of the University of Washington in Seattle have reported both single- and double-strand DNA breaks in the brains of rats exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic

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radiation at an SAR of 1.2 W/Kg. DNA is the carrier of the genetic information in all living cells. Cumulated DNA strand breaks in brain cells can lead to cancer or neurodegenerative diseases.

H. Lai and N. P. Singh, "Single- and Double-Strand DNA Breaks in Rat Brain Cells After Acute Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation," International Journal of Radiation Biology, Vol 69, No. 4, 513-521, 1996

[back] 10. Dr. Stanislaw Szmigielski has studied many thousands of Polish soldiers. He has found that those exposed to radiofrequency and microwave radiation in the workplace had more than double the cancer rate of the unexposed servicemen analyzing data from 1971-1985. He has presented further data suggesting a dose-response relationship with soldiers exposed to 100-200 W/cm2 suffering 1.69 times as many cancers as the unexposed, and those exposed to 600-1000 W/cm2 suffering 4.63 times as many cancers. The level considered safe for the public according to FCC regulations is 1000 W/cm2. Occupational exposure up to 5000 W/cm2 is allowed.

S. Szmigielski, "Cancer Morbidity in Subjects Occupationally Exposed to High Frequency (Radiofrequency and Microwave) Electromagnetic Radiation," The Science of the Total Environment 180:9-17, 1996

[back] 11. Dr. Bruce Hocking found an association between increased childhood leukemia incidence and mortality in the proximity of television towers. The power density ranged from 0.2-8.0 W/cm2 nearer and 0.02 W/cm2 farther from the towers.

B. Hocking, I. R. Gordon, H. L. Grain, and G. E. Hatfield, "Cancer Incidence and Mortality and Proximity to TV Towers," Medical Journal of Australia 165: 601-605; 1996

[back] 12. Drs. Mann and Röschke investigated the influence of pulsed high-frequency RF/MW radiation of digital mobile radio telephones on sleep in healthy humans. They found a hypnotic effect with shortening of sleep onset latency and a REM (Rapid Eye Movement) suppressive effect with reduction of duration and percentage of REM sleep. "REM sleep plays a special physiological role for information processing in the brain, especially concerning consolidation of new experiences. Thus the effects observed possibly could be associated with alterations of memory and learning functions."

K. Mann and J. Röschke, "Effects of Pulsed High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Human Sleep," Neuropsychobiology 33:41-47, 1996

[back] 13. Dr. Allen Frey has been researching RF/MW radiation for over 3 decades. Here is the abstract on a paper concerning headaches and cellular phone radiation. "There have been numerous recent reports of headaches occurring in association with the use of hand-held cellular telephones. Are these reported headaches real? Are they due to emissions from telephones? There is reason to believe that the answer is "yes" to both questions. There are several lines of evidence to support this conclusion. First, headaches as a consequence of exposure to low intensity microwaves were reported in the literature 30 years ago. These were observed during the course of microwave hearing research before there were cellular telephones. Second, the blood-brain barrier appears to be involved in headaches, and low intensity microwave energy exposure affects the barrier. Third, the dopamine-opiate systems of the brain appear to be involved in headaches, and low intensity electromagnetic energy exposure affects those systems. In all three lines of research, the microwave energy used was approximately the same--in frequencies, modulations, and incident energies--as those emitted by present day cellular telephones, Could the current reports of headaches be the canary in the coal mine, warning of biologically significant effects?"

A. H. Frey, "Headaches from Cellular Telephones: Are they Real and What Are the Implications?" Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 106, Number 3, pp.101-103, March 1998

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[back] 14. Henry Lai's review of the literature concerning neurological effects of RF/MW radiation: Existing data indicate that RF/MW radiation of relatively low intensity can affect the nervous system. Changes in blood-brain barrier, morphology, electrophysiology, neurotransmitter functions, cellular metabolism, and calcium efflux, and genetic effects have been reported in the brain of animals after exposure to RF. These changes can lead to functional changes in the nervous system. Behavioral changes in animals after exposure to RR have been reported.

Even a temporary change in neural functions after RF/MW radiation exposure could lead to adverse consequences. For example, a transient loss of memory function or concentration could result in an accident when a person is driving. Loss of short term working memory has indeed been observed in rats after acute exposure to RF/MW radiation.

Research has also shown that the effects of RF/MW radiation on the nervous system can cumulate with repeated exposure. The important question is, after repeated exposure, will the nervous system adapt to the perturbation and when will homeostasis break down? Related to this is that various lines of evidence suggest that responses of the central nervous system to RF/MW radiation could be a stress response. Stress effects are well known to cumulate over time and involve first adaptation and then an eventual break down of homeostatic processes.

H. Lai, "Neurological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Relating to Wireless Communication Technology," Paper presentation at the IBC-UK Conference: "Mobile Phones-Is There a Health Risk?" September 16-17, 1997, Brussels, Belgium

[back] 15. Blood-Brain-Barrier: The blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is primarily a continuous layer of cells lining the blood vessels of the brain. It is critical for regulation of the brain's activity. Lai notes that "Even though most studies indicate that changes in the BBB occurs only after exposure to RF/MW radiation of high intensities with significant increase in tissue temperature, several studies have reported increases in permeability after exposure to RF/MW radiation of relatively low intensities...Pulsed RF seems to be more potent than continuous wave RF." Pulsed RF/MW is the type used in digital cellular systems. Effects on the BBB were noted at the 0.2 W/cm2 level, and even at SAR of 0.016-5 W/kg. These effects could lead to local changes in brain function.

H. Lai, Ibid

[back] 16. Cellular Morphology: RF/MW radiation induced morphological changes of the central nervous system cells and tissues have been shown to occur under relatively high intensity or prolonged exposure to the RF/MW radiation. However, there are several studies which show that repeated exposure at relatively low power intensities caused morphological changes in the central nervous system. Again here pulsed (as in digital phone use) RF/MW radiation produced more pronounced effects. Certain drugs given to nonhuman primates sensitized them, for instance allowing eye damage to occur at very low power intensities. Dr Lai notes "Changes in morphology, especially cell death, could have an important implication on health. Injury-induced cell proliferation has been hypothesized as a cause of cancer." Some of these experiments were in the range of SAR 0.53 W/kg or even 0.26 W/kg.

H. Lai, Ibid

[back] 17. Neural Electrophysiology: Changes in neuronal electrophysiology, evoked potentials, and EEG have been reported. Some effects were observed at low intensities and after repeated exposure, suggesting cumulative effect. Energy density levels were as low as 50 W/cm2.

H. Lai, Ibid

[back] 18. Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are molecules which transmit information from one nerve cell to another. Early studies have reported changes in various neurotransmitters (catecholamines,

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serotonin, and acetylcholine) in the brain of animals only after exposure to high intensities of RF/MW radiation. However, there are more recent studies that show changes in neurotransmitter functions after exposure to low intensities of RF radiation. For example, effects were seen at 50 µW/cm2 in one experiment. U.S. and Canadian RF/MW radiation safety policies allow exposures of 1000 µW/cm2 at that frequency.

RF/MW radiation activates endogenous opioids in the brain. Endogenous opioids are neurotransmitters with morphine-like properties and are involved in many important physiological and behavioral functions, such as pain perception and motivation.

The response to RF/MW radiation depends on the area of the brain studied and on the duration of exposure. Exposure to RF/MW radiation has been shown to affect the behavioral actions of benzodiazepines (these are drugs such as Valium).

H. Lai, Ibid

[back] 19. Metabolic Changes in Neural Tissue: Several studies investigated the effects of RF/MW radiation exposure on energy metabolism in the rat brain. Surprisingly, changes were reported after exposure to relatively low intensity RF/MW radiation for a short duration of time (minutes). The effects depended on the frequency and modulation characteristics of the RF/MW radiation and did not seem to be related to temperature changes in the tissue.

Calcium ions play important roles in the functions of the nervous system, such as the release of neurotransmitters and the actions of some neurotransmitter receptors. Thus changes in calcium ion concentration could lead to alterations in neural functions. This is an area of considerable controversy because some researchers have also reported no significant effects of RF/MW radiation exposure on calcium efflux. However, when positive effects were observed, they occurred after exposure to RF/MW radiation of relatively low intensities and were dependent on the modulation and intensity of the RF/MW radiation studied (window effects). Some studies had SARs as low as 0.05-0.005 W/Kg.

H. Lai, Ibid

[back] 20. Cytogenetic effects have been reported in various types of cells after exposure to RF/MW radiation. Recently, several studies have reported cytogenetic changes in brain cells by RF/MW radiation , and these results could have important implication for the health effects of RF/MW radiation . Genetic damage to glial cells can result in carcinogenesis. However, since neurons do not undergo mitosis, a more likely consequence of neuronal genetic damage is changes in functions and cell death, which could either lead to or accelerate the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Power densities of 1 mW/cm2 were employed, a level considered safe for the public by the FCC.

RF/MW radiation -induced increases in single and double strand DNA breaks in rats can be blocked by treating the rats with melatonin or the spin-trap compound N-t-butyl--phenylnitrone. Since both compounds are potent free radical scavengers, these data suggest that free radicals may play a role in the genetic effect of RF. If free radicals are involved in the RF-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells, results from this study could have an important implication on the health effects of RF exposure. Involvement of free radicals in human diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis, has been suggested. Free radicals also play an important role in the aging process, which has been ascribed to be a consequence of accumulated oxidative damage to body tissues, and involvement of free radicals in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Huntington, and Parkinson, has also been suggested. One can also speculate that some individuals may be more susceptible to the effects of RF/MW radiation exposure.

H. Lai, Ibid

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[back] 21. Dr. A. A. Kolodynski and V. V. Kolodynska of the Institute of Biology, Latvian Academy of Sciences, presented the results of experiments on school children living in the area of the Skrunda Radio Location Station in Latvia. Motor function, memory, and attention significantly differed between the exposed and control groups. The children living in front of the station had less developed memory and attention and their reaction time was slower.

A. A. Kolodynski, V. V. Kolodynska, "Motor and Psychological Functions of School Children Living in the Area of the Skrunda Radio Location Station in Latvia," The Science of the Total Environment 180:87-93, 1996

[back] 22. Dr. H. Lai and colleagues in 1993 exposed rats to 45 minutes of pulsed high frequency RF/MW radiation at low intensity and found that the rats showed retarded learning, indicating a deficit in spatial "working memory" function.

H Lai, A. Horita, and A. W. Guy, "Microwave Irradiation Affects Radial-Arm Maze Performance in the Rat," Bioelectromagnetics 15:95-104, 1994

NOTE: Dr. Lai's January 2005 compilation of published RF/MW radiation studies demonstrating biological effects of exposure to low-intensity RF/MW radiation is included as a Reference section at the end of this report.

[back] 23. Dr. Stefan Braune reported a 5-10 mm Hg resting blood pressure rise during exposure to RF/MW radiation of the sort used by cellular phones in Europe. The Lancet, the British medical journal where the report appeared, stated that "Such an increase could have adverse effects on people with high blood pressure."

S. Braune, "Resting Blood Pressure Increase During Exposure to a Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field," The Lancet 351, pp. 1,857-1,858, 1998

[back] 24. Dr. Kues and colleagues (of Johns Hopkins University and the Food and Drug Administration) found that placing timolol and pilocarpine into the eyes of monkeys and then exposing them to low power density pulsed RF/MW radiation caused a significant reduction in the power-density threshold for causing damage to the cells covering the eye and the iris. In fact the power was reduced by a factor of 10, so that it entered the "acceptable, safe" level of the FCC, 1 mW/cm2! Timolol and pilocarpine are commonly used by people suffering from glaucoma. This is a very important study, as it points to the fact that laboratory experiments under "ideal" conditions are rarely what one finds in real life. The "safe" level of RF/MW radiation exposure for healthy people is likely to be very different than for those of us who suffer from illness, take medications, or are perhaps simply younger or older than those in the experiments.

H. A. Kues, J. C. Monahan, S. A. D'Anna, D. S. McLeod, G. A. Lutty, and S. Koslov, "Increased Sensitivity of the Non-Human Primate Eye to Microwave Radiation Following Ophthalmic Drug Pretreatment," Bioelectromagnetics 13:379-393, 1992

[back] 25. The World Health Organization states that "concerns have been raised about the safety of cellular mobile telephones, electric power lines and police speed-control 'radar guns.' Scientific reports have suggested that exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted from these devices could have adverse health effects, such as cancer, reduced fertility, memory loss, and adverse changes in the behaviour and development of children." Therefore, "In May 1996, in response to growing public health concerns in many Member States over possible health effects from exposure to an ever-increasing number and diversity of EMF sources, the World Health Organization launched an international project to assess health and environmental effects of exposure to electric and magnetic fields, which became known as the International EMF Project. The International EMF Project will last for five years." "A number of studies at [frequencies above about 1 MHz] suggest that exposure to RF fields too weak to cause heating may have adverse health consequences, including cancer and memory loss. Identifying and encouraging

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coordinated research into these open questions is one of the major objectives of the International EMF Project."

World Health Organization Fact Sheet N181, "Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health, The International EMF Project," reviewed May 1998 and World Health Organization Fact Sheet N182, "Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health, Physical Properties and Effects on Biological Systems," reviewed May 1998,

[back] 26. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration in a January 14, 1998 letter to the House Telecommunications Subcommittee stated it "believes additional research in the area of RF is needed." In 1997 the FDA established the following priorities:

• Chronic (lifetime) animal exposures should be given the highest priority. • Chronic animal exposures should be performed both with and without the application of chemical initiating agents to investigate tumor promotion in addition to tumorigenesis. • Identification of potential risks should include end points other than brain cancer (e.g. ocular effects of RF radiation exposure). • Replication of prior studies demonstrating positive biological effects work is needed. A careful replication of the Chou and Guy study (Bioelectromagnetics, 13, pp.469-496, 1992) which suggests that chronic exposure of rats to microwaves is associated with an increase in tumors, would contribute a great deal to the risk identification process for wireless communication products. • Genetic toxicology studies should focus on single cell gel studies of DNA strand breakage and on induction of micronuclei. • Epidemiology studies focused on approaches optimized for hazard identification are warranted.

Food and Drug Administration Recommendations quoted in Microwave News, March/April, 1997

[back] 27. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is planning a multi-country, multi- million dollar study of cancer among users of wireless phones, beginning 1998. Microwave News, January/February, 1998

[back] 28. The Swedish Work Environmental Fund initiated a new epidemiological study on cellular phone radiation and brain tumors in 1997. Microwave News, November/December, 1997

[back] 29. The National Cancer Institute announced plans for a 5 year study of brain tumors and RF/MW radiation in 1993. Microwave News, January/February, 1993

[back] 30. The European Commission (EC) Expert Group on health effects of wireless phones called for a 5 year research program with a $20 million budget, reported 1997. Microwave News , January/February, 1997

[back] 31. A report commissioned by New Zealand's Ministry of Health stated that "It is imperative that the scientific issues be clarified as soon as possible, as there is much at stake." It called for more research to examine the potential health effects of RF radiation. Microwave News, November/December, 1996

[back] 32. The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia announced its sponsorship of a 5 year, $3.5 million project on potential health effects of mobile phone technology in 1996. Microwave News, November/December, 1996

[back] 33. The Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) of Australia concluded in 1995 that the safety of cellular telephones cannot be resolved "in the near future." Dr. Stan Barnett, a principal researcher of CSIRO, states that "My goal is to establish a national committee to

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approach this problem by coordinating relevant and focused research." He estimated a budget of $3 million over a 3 year period would be necessary.

Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization, "Status of Research on Biological Effects and Safety of Electromagnetic Radiation: Telecommunications Frequencies," a report prepared by Dr. Stan Barnett, as sited in Microwave News, September/October, 1995

[back] 34. In Canada, Expert Panels are formed in response to requests from governments and other organizations for guidance on public policy issues where specialized knowledge is required. The Royal Society of Canada (RSC) is the only national academic organization, encompassing all fields of study in the sciences, arts and humanities that provides, through its Committee on Expert Panels, a service to Canadians by convening Expert Panels that produce publicly disseminated, arms-length, third party reviews. The most recent Expert Panel report addressing RF/MW radiation examines new data on dosimetry and exposure assessment, thermoregulation, biological effects such as enzyme induction, and toxicological effects, including genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and testicular and reproductive outcomes. Epidemiological studies of mobile phone users and occupationally exposed populations are examined, along with human and animal studies of neurological and behavioural effects. All of the authoritative reviews completed within the last two years have supported the need for further research to clarify the possible associations between RF fields and adverse health outcomes that have appeared in some reports. See: http://www.rsc.ca//index.php?lang_id=1&page_id=120.

Recent Advances in Research on Radiofrequency Fields and Health: 2001-2003; A Follow-up to The Royal Society of Canada, Report on the Potential Health Risks of Radiofrequency Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Devices, 1999

[back] 35. The European Union effort to address this issue is in the study Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Energy Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods (REFLEX). Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in relation to health is a controversial topic throughout the industrial world. So far epidemiological and animal studies have generated conflicting data and thus uncertainty regarding possible adverse health effects. This situation has triggered controversies in communities especially in Europe with its high density of population and industry and the omnipresence of EMF in infrastructures and consumer products. These controversies are affecting the siting of facilities, leading people to relocate, schools to close or power lines to be re-sited, all at great expense. The European Union believes that causality between EMF exposure and disease can never be regarded as proven without knowledge and understanding of the basic mechanisms possibly triggered by EMF. To search for those basic mechanisms powerful technologies developed in toxicology and molecular biology were to be employed in the REFLEX project to investigate cellular and sub-cellular responses of living cells exposed to EMF in vitro.

The REFLEX data have made a substantial addition to the data base relating to genotoxic and phenotypic effects of both ELF-EMF and RF-EMF on in vitro cellular systems. While the data neither precludes nor confirms a health risk due to EMF exposure nor was the project designed for this purpose, the value lies in providing new data that will enable mechanisms of EMF effects to be studied more effectively than in the past. Furthermore, the REFLEX data provide new information that will be used for

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risk evaluation by WHO, IARC and ICNIRP. For further information on REFLEX see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/quality-of-life/ka4/ka4_electromagnetic_en.html

[back] 36. The Swedish Radiation Protections Institute (SSI) endeavors to ensure that human beings and the environment are protected from the harmful effects of radiation, both in the present and in the future. SSI has focused on epidemiological research on cancer and exposure from mobile phones and transmitters as well as experimental cancer research. In addition three selected topics were also discussed, namely blood- brain barrier, heat shock proteins, and precautionary framework. For further information on SSI see: http://www.ssi.se/forfattning/eng_forfattlista.html

[back] 37. In the United Kingdom, the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) was created by the Radiological Protection Act 1970. The statutory functions of NRPB are to advance the acquisition of knowledge about the protection of mankind from radiation hazards through research and to provide information and advice to persons (including Government Departments) with responsibilities in the United Kingdom in relation to the protection from radiation hazards either of the community as a whole or of particular sections of the community. The NFPB believes that there is a need for better occupational studies rather than simply for more. In particular, the studies need to be of occupational groups for whom measurements show that there is genuinely a substantially raised exposure to RF fields. If the studies are to be more informative than those so far, a key requirement will be for improved exposure measurement (or improved estimation of exposure) for individuals, or at least for occupational groups. It would be desirable, as far as practical, that the studies should measure the intensity and timing of RF field exposures, and also that they should include some assessment of major RF field exposures from sources other than the current occupation. Ideally, exposure assessment needs to be anatomical site (organ)-specific, because some sources result in greatly differing doses to different parts of the body. It is a difficulty in these prescriptions, of course, that the appropriate exposure metric is unknown. For further information on NRPB see: http://www.nrpb.org/index.htm

[back] 38. On January 5, 2005, the EMF-Team Finland issued the Helsinki Appeal 2005 to members of the European Parliament. In it physicians and researchers call on the European Parliament to apply the Precautionary Principle to electromagnetic fields, especially in the radio- and microwave- frequency bands. They criticize the present RF/MW radiation safety standards that do not recognize the biological effects caused by non-thermal exposures to non-ionizing radiation [i.e., RF/MW radiation.] They also call for continued refunding of the REFLEX EMF research program. The text of the Helsinke Appeal 2005 is found at: http://www.emrpolicy.org/news/headlines/index.htm

[back] 39. On July 19, 1993 Dr. Elizabeth Jacobson, Deputy Director for Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration criticized Thomas Wheeler, President of the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association:

"I am writing to let you know that we were concerned about two important aspects of your press conference of July 16 concerning the safety of cellular phones, and to ask that you carefully consider the following comments when you make future statements to the press. First, both the written press statements and your verbal comments during the conference seemed to display an unwarranted

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confidence that these products will be found absolutely safe. In fact, the unremittingly upbeat tone of the press packet strongly implies that there can be no hazard, leading the reader to wonder why any further research would be needed at all.....More specifically, your press packet selectively quotes from our Talk Paper of February 4 in order to imply that FDA believes that cellular phones are "safe." ("There is no proof at this point that cellular phones are harmful.") In fact, the same Talk Paper also states, "There is not enough evidence to know for sure, either way." Our position, as we have stated it before, is this: Although there is no direct evidence linking cellular phones with harmful effects in humans, a few animal studies suggest that such effects could exist. It is simply too soon to assume that cellular phones are perfectly safe, or that they are hazardous--either assumption would be premature. This is precisely why more research is needed."

Full text of letter can be found in Microwave News, July/August, 1993

[back] 40. In 1993 the Director of the Office of Radiation and Indoor Air of the Environmental Protection Agency suggested that the FCC not adopt the 1992 ANSI/IEEE standard "due to serious flaws," among them (1) "the ANSI/IEEE conclusion that there is no scientific data indicating that certain subgroups of the population are more at risk than others is not supported by NCRP and EPA reports" and (2) "the thesis that ANSI/IEEE recommendations are protective of all mechanisms of interaction is unwarranted because the adverse effects level in the 1992 ANSI/IEEE standard are based on a thermal effect."

Letter from Margo T. Oge, Director, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air to Thomas Stanley, Chief Engineer, Office of engineering and Technology, FCC, dated Nov 9, 1993

[back] 41. A brief sampling of the CSIRO report:

Problems in studies of human populations published to date include imprecise estimates of exposure. As a result, such epidemiological studies may underestimate any real risk. The likelihood of epidemiological studies providing useful information is questionable, particularly if the biological end point cannot be predicted. Its value in the short term (less than 10 years) must be negligible unless there was an enormous increase in the rate of cancer growth. Interestingly, the incidence of brain tumors in the EC countries has increased substantially in recent years.

RF safety cannot be assessed in the absence of reported serious effects when so little research has been aimed at the problem. It is somewhat surprising, and rather disappointing, to find that although the literature contains many hundreds of publications, there are very few areas of consensus....At low levels the absence of clear thresholds and [the] presence of intensity and frequency windows have created questions rather than provided answers.

There is no doubt that the interpretation of bioeffects data has been clouded by a preoccupation with thermally mediated processes. In fact, development of the ANSI/IEEE standard is based only on well- established thermal effects, and ignores the more subtle non-thermal processes that are more difficult to interpret and apply to human health.

Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization, "Status of Research on Biological Effects and Safety of Electromagnetic Radiation: Telecommunications Frequencies," a report prepared by Dr. Stan Barnett, as sited in Microwave News, September/October, 1995

[back] 42. Statement from the October 25-28, 1998 "Symposium of Mobile Phones and Health - Workshop on Possible Biological and Health Effects of RF Electromagnetic Fields" held at the University of Vienna, Austria.

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The preferred terminology to be used in public communication: Instead of using the terms "athermal", "non-thermal" or "microthermal" effects, the term "low intensity biological effects" is more appropriate.

Preamble: The participants agreed that biological effects from low-intensity exposures are scientifically established. However, the current state of scientific consensus is inadequate to derive reliable exposure standards. The existing evidence demands an increase in the research efforts on the possible health impact and on an adequate exposure and dose assessment.

Base stations: How could satisfactory Public Participation be ensured: The public should be given timely participation in the process. This should include information on technical and exposure data as well as information on the status of the health debate. Public participation in the decision (limits, siting, etc.) should be enabled.

Cellular phones: How could the situation of the users be improved: Technical data should be made available to the users to allow comparison with respect to EMF- exposure. In order to promote prudent usage, sufficient information on the health debate should be provided. This procedure should offer opportunities for the users to manage reduction in EMF-exposure. In addition, this process could stimulate further developments of low-intensity emission devices.

[back] 43. Statement from the June 7-8, 2000 International Conference on Cell Tower Siting Linking Science and Public Health, Salzburg, Austria. The full report can be found at: www.land- sbg.gv.at/celltower

• It is recommended that development rights for the erection and for operation of a base station should be subject to a permission procedure. The protocol should include the following aspects:

o Information ahead and active involvement of the local public

o €Inspection of alternative locations for the siting

o Protection of health and wellbeing

o Considerations on conservation of land- and townscape

o Computation and measurement of exposure

o Considerations on existing sources of HF-EMF exposure

o Inspection and monitoring after installation

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• It is recommended that a national database be set up on a governmental level giving details of all base stations and their emissions.

• It is recommended for existing and new base stations to exploit all technical possibilities to ensure exposure is as low as achievable (ALATA-principle) and that new base stations are planned to guarantee that the exposure at places where people spend longer periods of time is as low as possible, but within the strict public health guidelines.

• Presently the assessment of biological effects of exposures from base stations in the low-dose range is difficult but indispensable for protection of public health. There is at present evidence of no threshold for adverse health effects.

o Recommendations of specific exposure limits are prone to considerable uncertainties and should be considered preliminary. For the total of all high frequency irradiation a limit value of 100 mW/m² (10 µW/cm²) is recommended.

o For preventive public health protection a preliminary guideline level for the sum total of exposures from all ELF pulse modulated high-frequency facilities such as GSM base stations of 1 mW/m² (0.1 µW/cm²) is recommended.

[back] 44. Scientists attending the September 13-14, 2002 International Conference “State of the Research on Electromagnetic Fields – Scientific and Legal Issues,” organized by ISPESL (National Institute for Prevention and Work Safety, Italy), the University of Vienna, and the City of Catania, held in Catania, Italy, agreed to the following:

• Epidemiological and in vivo and in vitro experimental evidence demonstrates the existence for electromagnetic field (EMF) induced effects, some of which can be adverse to health.

• We take exception to arguments suggesting that weak (low intensity) EMF cannot interact with tissue.

• There are plausible mechanistic explanations for EMF-induced effects which occur below present ICNIRP and IEEE guidelines and exposure recommendations by the EU.

• The weight of evidence calls for preventive strategies based on the precautionary principle. At times the precautionary principle may involve prudent avoidance and prudent use.

• We are aware that there are gaps in knowledge on biological and physical effects, and health risks related to EMF, which require additional independent research.

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[back] 45. The Freiburger Appeal is a German based appeal by mainly medical practitioners who are concerned about the effects, they believe, from mobile phone technology including masts that are appearing in their patients. It started in Oct 2002 and with very little international publicity has got 50,000 signatories with at least 2000 medical signatures from across the world. Mast These physicians and scientists agreed to establish an international scientific commission to promote research for the protection of public health from EMF and to develop the scientific basis and strategies for assessment, prevention, management and communication of risk, based on the precautionary principle.

Excerpt:

On the basis of our daily experiences, we hold the current mobile communications technology (introduced in 1992 and since then globally extensive) and cordless digital telephones (DECT standard) to be among the fundamental triggers for this fatal development. One can no longer evade these pulsed microwaves. They heighten the risk of already-present chemical/physical influences, stress the body–immune system, and can bring the body–still-functioning regulatory mechanisms to a halt. Pregnant women, children, adolescents, elderly and sick people are especially at risk.

Statement of the physicians and researchers of Interdisziplinäre Gesellschaft für Umweltmedizin e. V. (Interdisciplinary Association for Environmental Medicine) IGUMED, Sackingen, Germany, September 19, 2002. The Freiburger Appeal can be found at: http://www.mastsanity.org/doctors-appeals.html.

[back] 46. Report of the European Union's REFLEX Project (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods), November 2004. The Project studied ELF and RF exposures to various animal cell types. The report is found at: http://www.itis.ethz.ch/downloads/REFLEX_Final%20Report_171104.pdf

From the Summary: [t]he omnipresence of EMF's in infrastructures and consumer products have become a topic of public concern. This is due to the fear of people that based on the many conflicting research data a risk to their health cannot be excluded with some certainty. Therefore, the overall objective of REFLEX was to find out whether or not the fundamental biological processes at the cellular and molecular level support such an assumption. For this purpose, possible effects of EMF’s on cellular events controlling key functions, including those involved in carcinogenesis and in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, were studied through focused research. Failure to observe the occurrence of such key critical events in living cells after EMF exposure would have suggested that further research efforts in this field could be suspended and financial resources be reallocated to the investigation of more important issues. But as clearly demonstrated, the results of the REFLEX project show the way into the opposite direction.

[back] 47. From the Discussion section of the December 20, 2004 Second Annual Report of Sweden's Radiation Protection Board (SSI) entitled: Recent Research on Mobile Telephony and Health Risks: Second Annual Report from SSI's Independent

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Expert Group on Electromagnetic Fields. The complete report is available at: http://www.ssi.se/english/EMF_exp_Eng_2004.pdf

To date, little is known about the levels of radiofrequency radiation exposure in the general population from sources such as mobile phones being used by oneself or other people, mobile phone base stations, and radio and television transmitters. Measurements that have been performed have usually been made as a result of public concern about base station exposures or other specific sources, and have therefore been made at locations that could be assumed to have higher fields than would be the case if measurement locations were selected randomly. Furthermore, all measurements have been stationary, and there is today no knowledge about the level of exposure that an individual will have throughout the day.

There is need for information about the personal exposure to RF fields in the general population, to enhance the understanding of the relative importance of exposure from base stations close to the home, from radio and television transmitters, and from the use of mobile phones . . . Studies with personal RF exposure measurements of randomly selected samples of the general population are strongly encouraged.

[back] 48. Released January 11, 2005, Mobile Phones and Health 2004: Report by the Board of NRPB Documents of the NRPB: Volume 15, No. 5. See: http://www.nrpb.org/publications/documents_of_nrpb/abstracts/absd15-5.htm

From the Executive Summary:

The Board notes that a central recommendation in the Stewart Report was that a precautionary approach to the use of mobile phone technologies be adopted until much more detailed and scientifically robust information on any health effects becomes available.

The Board considers that it is important to understand the signal characteristics and field strengths arising from new telecommunications systems and related technologies, to assess the RF exposure of people, and to understand the potential biological effects on the human body.

[back] 49. The ICNIRP exposure guidelines are only designed to protect against "known adverse health impacts," according to Dr. Jürgen Bernhardt, ICNIRP's chairman. Bernhardt reviewed the updated limits, which cover the spectrum from 1 Hz to 300 GHz, in a presentation at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Bioelectromagnetics Society in St. Pete Beach, FL, on June 10. The limits protect against "short-term, immediate health effects" such as nerve stimulation, contact shocks and thermal insults, according to the guidelines, which appear in the April issue of Health Physics (74, pp.494-522, 1998). Despite "suggestive" evidence that power frequency magnetic fields can be carcinogenic, ICNIRP has concluded that this and other non-thermal health effects have not been "established." ICNIRP has long followed this approach to standard-setting. In his talk, Bernhardt noted that the guidelines include "no consideration regarding prudent avoidance" for health effects for which evidence is less than conclusive.

Microwave News, July/August 1998

Additional References and Studies

The following references reporting biological effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) at low intensities through January 2005 were compiled on 12/27/04 by Henry C. Lai PhD, Research Professor of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

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Balode Sci Total Environ 180(1):81-85, 1996 - blood cells from cows from a farm close and in front of a radar installation showed significantly higher level of severe genetic damage.

Boscol et al. Sci Total Environ 273(1-3):1-10, 2001 - RFR from radio transmission stations (0.005 mW/cm2) affects immune system in women.

Chiang et al. J. Bioelectricity 8:127-131, 1989 - people who lived and worked near radio antennae and radar installations showed deficits in psychological and short-term memory tests.

de Pomerai et al. Nature 405:417-418, 2000. Enzyme Microbial Tech 30:73-79, 2002 - reported an increase in a molecular stress response in cells after exposure to a RFR at a SAR of 0.001 W/kg. This stress response is a basic biological process that is present in almost all animals - including humans. de Pomerai et al. (FEBS Lett 22;543(1-3):93-97, 2003 - RFR damages proteins at 0.015-0.020 W/kg. D'Inzeo et al. Bioelectromagnetics 9(4):363-372, 1988 - very low intensity RFR (0.002 – 0.004 mW/cm2) affects the operation of acetylcholine-related ion-channels in cells. These channels play important roles in physiological and behavioral functions. Dolk et al. Am J Epidemiol 145(1):1-91997- a significant increase in adult leukemias was found in residents who lived near the Sutton Coldfield television (TV) and frequency modulation (FM) radio transmitter in England. Dutta et al.Bioelectromagnetics 10(2):197-202 1989 - reported an increase in calcium efflux in cells after exposure to RFR at 0.005 W/kg. Calcium is an important component of normal cellular functions. Fesenko et al. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 49(1):29-35, 1999 - reported a change in immunological functions in mice after exposure to RFR at a power density of 0.001 mW/cm2. Hallberg O, Johansson O, ( 2004) concluded that continuous disturbance of cell repair mechanisms by body-resonant FM electromagnetic fields seems to amplify the carcinogenic effects resulting from cell damage caused e.g. by UV-radiation. Hjollund et al. Reprod Toxicol 11(6):897, 1997 - sperm counts of Danish military personnel, who operated mobile ground-to-air missile units that use several RFR emitting radar systems (maximal mean exposure 0.01 mW/cm2), were significantly lower compared to references. Hocking et al. Med J Aust 165(11-12):601-605, 1996 - an association was found between increased childhood leukemia incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers. Ivaschuk et al. Bioelectromagnetics 18(3):223-229, 1999 - short-term exposure to cellular phone RFR of very low SAR (26 mW/kg) affected a gene related to cancer.

Kolodynski and Kolodynska, Sci Total Environ 180(1):87-93, 1996 - school children who lived in front of a radio station had less developed memory and attention, their reaction time was slower, and their neuromuscular apparatus endurance was decreased.

JA 04588 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 269 of 480

Kwee et al. Electro- and Magnetobiology 20: 141-152, 2001 - 20 minutes of cell phone RFR exposure at 0.0021 W/kg increased stress protein in human cells.

Lebedeva et al. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 28(1-2):323-337, 2000 - brain wave activation was observed in human subjects exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.06 mW/cm2.

Magras and Xenos Bioelectromagnetics 18(6):455-461, 1999 - reported a decrease in reproductive function in mice exposed to RFR at power densities of 0.000168 - 0.001053 mW/cm2. Irreversible sterility was found in the fifth generation of offspring.

Mann et al. Neuroendocrinology 67(2):139-144, 1998 - a transient increase in blood cortisol was observed in human subjects exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.02 mW/cm2. Cortisol is a hormone involved in stress reaction.

Marinelli et al. J Cell Physiol. 198(2):324-332, 2004 - exposure to 900-MHz RFR at 0.0035 W/kg affected cell’s self-defense responses.

Michelozzi et al. Epidemiology 9 (Suppl) 354p, 1998 - leukemia mortality within 3.5 km (5,863 inhabitants) near a high power radio-transmitter in a peripheral area of Rome was higher than expected.

Michelozzi et al. Am J Epidemiol 155(12):1096-1103, 2002 - childhood leukemia higher at a distance up to 6 km from a radio station.

Navakatikian and Tomashevskaya “Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields, Volume 1," D.O. Carpenter (ed) Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp.333-342. 1994 - RFR at low intensities (0.01 - 0.1 mW/cm2; 0.0027- 0.027 W/kg) induced behavioral and endocrine changes in rats. Decreases in blood concentrations of testosterone and insulin were reported.

Novoselova et al. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 49(1):37-41, 1999 -low intensity RFR (0.001 mW/cm2) affects functions of the immune system.

Park et al. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 77(6):387-394, 2004 - higher mortality rates for all cancers and leukemia in some age groups in the area near the AM radio broadcasting towers.

Persson et al. Wireless Network 3:455-461, 1997 - reported an increase in the permeability of the blood- brain barrier in mice exposed to RFR at 0.0004 - 0.008 W/kg. The blood-brain barrier envelops the brain and protects it from toxic substances.

Phillips et al. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 45:103-110, 1998 - reported DNA damage in cells exposed to RFR at SAR of 0.0024 - 0.024 W/kg.

Polonga-Moraru et al. Bioelectrochemistry 56(1-2):223-225, 2002 - change in membrane of cells in the retina (eye) after exposure to RFR at 15 µW/cm2.

Pyrpasopoulou et al. Bioelectromagnetics 25(3):216-227, 2004 - exposure to cell phone radiation during early gestation at SAR of 0.0005 W/kg (5 µW/cm2) affected kidney development in rats.

Salford et al. Environ Health Persp Online January 29, 2003 - Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones signal at 0.02 W/kg.

Santini et al. Pathol Biol (Paris) 50(6):369-373, 2002 - increase in complaint frequencies for tiredness, headache, sleep disturbance, discomfort, irritability, depression, loss of memory, dizziness, libido decrease, in people who lived within 300 m of mobile phone base stations.

Sarimov et al. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 32:1600-1608, 2004 - GSM microwaves affect human lymphocyte chromatin similar to stress response at 0.0054 W/kg.

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Schwartz et al. Bioelectromagnetics 11(4):349-358, 1990 - calcium movement in the heart affected by RFR at SAR of 0.00015 W/kg. Calcium is important in muscle contraction. Changes in calcium can affect heart functions.

Somosy et al. Scanning Microsc 5(4):1145-1155, 1991 - RFR at 0.024 W/kg caused molecular and structural changes in cells of mouse embryos.

Stagg et al. Bioelectromagnetics 18(3):230-236, 1997- glioma cells exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.0059 W/kg showed significant increases in thymidine incorporation, which may be an indication of an increase in cell division.

Stark et al. J Pineal Res 22(4):171-176, 1997 - a two- to seven-fold increase of salivary melatonin concentration was observed in dairy cattle exposed to RFR from a radio transmitter antenna.

Tattersall et al. Brain Res 904(1):43-53, 2001 - low-intensity RFR (0.0016 - 0.0044 W/kg) can modulate the function of a part of the brain called the hippocampus, in the absence of gross thermal effects. The changes in excitability may be consistent with reported behavioral effects of RFR, since the hippocampus is involved in learning and memory.

Vangelova et al. Cent Eur J Public Health 10(1-2):24-28, 2002 - operators of satellite station exposed to low dose (0.1127 J/kg) of RFR over a 24-hr shift showed an increased excretion of stress hormones.

Velizarov et al. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 48(1):177-180, 1999 - showed a decrease in cell proliferation (division) after exposure to RFR of 0.000021 - 0.0021 W/kg.

Veyret et al. Bioelectromagnetics 12(1):47-56, 1991 - low intensity RFR at SAR of 0.015 W/kg affects functions of the immune system.

Wolke et al. Bioelectromagnetics 17(2):144-153, 1996 - RFR at 0.001W/kg affects calcium concentration in heart muscle cells of guinea pigs.

Return to Top of Document

The International Association of Fire Fighters recognizes IAFF Local 3368, Carpinteria-Summerland, California, who brought this issue to the attention of our membership through the Resolution 15, submitted through our biennial convention in August 2004. Additionally, the following local affiliates provided support for the passage of the resolution: Brookline, Massachusetts, San Diego, California, San Francisco, California and Vancouver, British Columbia. We also acknowledge the efforts of Dr. Henry C. Lai, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Dr. Magda Havas of Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario; Janet Newton, President of the EMR Policy Institute; and Susan Foster Ambrose for their technical support and continued passion to protect the health and safety of fire fighters and emergency medical personnel. Finally, we thank Dr. Leslie Plachta and the Safe Ossining Schools for their research efforts and their battle to stop siting cell towers on Ossining, New York schools.

RMD; 3/2005

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Organizations; Cities of Boston and Philadelphia Reply Comments, Nov. 18, 2013

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Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554

In the Matter of ) ) Reassessment of Federal Communications ) ET Docket No. 13-84 Commission Radiofrequency Exposure Limits and ) Policies ) ) Proposed Changes in the Commission's Rules ) ET Docket No. 03-137 Regarding Human Exposure to Radiofrequency ) Electromagnetic Fields ) )

REPLY COMMENTS OF CITIES OF BOSTON AND PHILADELPHIA

The Cities of Boston, Massachusetts and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania hereby reply to the

comments of others in the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“NPRM”) and Notice of Inquiry (“NOI”) in

the captioned proceeding.1 The FCC’s last broad review of safeguards against human exposure to non-

ionizing radio frequency (“RF”) radiation began 20 years ago and adopted in 1996 the regulations found

at 47 C.F.R §§ 1.1307, 1.1310, 2.1091 and 2.1093. In 2003, the FCC opened Docket 03-137, ostensibly

not to change the protective standards but to consider issues of compliance and enforcement.2 The

present combined review of standards and compliance is thus long overdue.3

A Dilemma for Local Governments

For the better part of two decades, local authorities responsible for the zoning of wireless

antennas have been caught on the horns of a dilemma. On the one hand, their authority is clear over the

“placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless service facilities,” subject only to certain

1 In the same FCC document, FCC 13-39, released March 29, 2013, a Report and Order concluded, among other decisions, that the outer ear, or pinna, should be classified as an extremity akin to hands, wrists, feet and ankles for purposes of protection from radio frequency (“RF”) radiation. The Order is under a Petition for Reconsideration for which oppositions/comments are due September 11, 2013, and replies September 23, 2013, 78 Federal Register 52893, August 27, 2013. 2 The decision to re-classify the pinna was, however, a substantive change for which the FCC claims to have given due notice. Order, ¶ 43. 3 “Telecommunications: Exposure and Testing Requirements for Mobile Phones Should be Reassessed.” http://www.gao.gov/assets/600/592901.pdf

JA 04592 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 273 of 480 -2-

due-process limitations arising from Congress’ desire for a speedy deployment of these services – which

include cellular telephony.4 On the other hand, the FCC’s authority over radiation from personal wireless

service facilities is preemptive.5 That is, local zoning authorities may not base their decisions about

placement, construction and modification of personal wireless service facilities on concerns about RF

radiation so long as those facilities comply with FCC regulations.

Differing reactions to this dilemma have been offered by the Town of Hillsborough, California,

on the one hand,6 and Pima County and the City of Tucson on the other. 7 For its part, Hillsborough asks

the FCC to speak in “clear English, understandable to the citizens who will be affected,” on why U.S.

radiation protection standards “are far higher than standards in effect in other countries;” health risks of

long-term exposures; and effects on “at-risk populations” of children, the infirm and the elderly. Given

the mutual interest of federal and local governments in wireless antenna collocation, the FCC should

promulgate easy-to-use standards for evaluating “the cumulative impact of multiple transmitters in a

single location.” Tucson, echoing Resolution 2009-188 of Pima County, calls on Congress to repeal

Section 332(c)(7)(B)(iv), which precludes denial of wireless siting applications on the basis of the

environmental effects of RF radiation so long as the applicant complies with federal safeguards.

Mediating the Dilemma

For this administrative proceeding, we must assume Congress will not repeal the radiation

standards preemption. While the FCC is satisfied that the present regulations adequately protect humans

against the thermal effects of RF radiation, many of the citizens who show up at zoning hearings on

wireless placements are not.8 They expect reassurance from local officials. Unable to write their own

standards, these officials at least must be able to demand proof of compliance with federal safeguards.

4 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(A), (B) and (C); H.R. Rept. 104-458, January 31, 1996, 207-09. 5 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(iv). 6 Comments of City Manager Randy Schwartz, September 3, 2013. 7 Memorial adopted by Mayor and Council of Tucson August 6, 2013, citing also action by Pima County of 2009, placed on docket record 9-3-2013 by Elizabeth Kelley of Electromagnetic Safety Alliance. 8 Notes 6 and 7 supra; exchange of letters between John F. Deasy, Superintendent, Los Angeles Unified School District, and Julius Knapp, Chief, Office of Engineering and Technology, respectively May 13, 2013, and August 5, 2013.

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Similarly in Boston, citizens who contact the City through its Telecomm offices, “Citizens

Connect” CRM and Mayor’s Hotline, equally expect reassurance from local officials. Local officials

regularly review performance testing reports from cable operators in order to identify possible radio

frequency leakage, etc. Over the last decade, Boston has witnessed considerable investment,

advancement and propagation of indoor and outdoor Distributed Antenna Systems (“DAS”), small cell

deployment, wireless video surveillance and outdoor Wi-Fi. These new technology platforms are

welcome advancements in communications benefits for consumers and quality of life for wireless device

users. Frequently, the deployment of these devices necessitates public process and public grant-of-

location. Local governments need – and their citizens demand – the assurance and comfort of full

disclosure as it relates to the radio frequency transmission power and exposure potential and deployment

and use of these devices. Unlike early cell tower deployment, today’s newer repeater network

technologies are deployed in closer proximity to users. As such, potential exposure comes not from the

receiving device – the phone – but rather the transmission device.

When the FCC last considered this problem, it decided not to specify how far these local demands

could go.9 Rather, if a facilities applicant felt the required demonstration was oppressive, he could seek

relief from the FCC. Conversely, a local government unhappy with an applicant’s proof of compliance

could ask the Commission for help.10 The discussion at Appendix H of the Order maintains this status

quo, in the hope that requests for FCC adjudication by either applicants or local zoning authorities would

remain at the low level of the past 15 years. This discussion acknowledges, however, that some of the

changes proposed in the NPRM – e.g., the elimination of most categorical exclusions now found at Table

1 of Section 1.1307(b) – may increase referrals to the FCC for dispute resolution. With the parties now

“on the clock” for consideration of wireless facility applications,11 we need a more expeditious means to

resolve differences.

9 Procedures for Reviewing Requests for Relief From State and Local Regulations Pursuant to Section 332(c)(7)(B)(v) of the Communications Act of 1934, Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd 22821 (2000). 10 See, generally, Order, Appendix H, # 4, Local Government Concerns. 11 City of Arlington v. FCC, 133 S. Ct. 1863 (2013).

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The administrative dispute resolution provided for at Section 1.l8 of the Commission’s rules may

be one answer. The Commission has considerable experience with the form of mediation practiced in the

Market Dispute Resolution Division of the Enforcement Bureau, and could extend the practice beyond the

sections of the Communications Act to which it is most often applied.12 The FCC also has the indirect

experience of 800 MHz rebanding mediation as conducted by the Transition Administrator (“TA”).13 The

Commission’s continuing preference for case-by-case adjudication over bright-line rules is commendable,

but changes in the radiation density of the wireless environment and in the compliance/enforcement

sections of the NPRM suggest a need for new and more expeditious dispute resolution techniques.

Uniformity Across Wireless Services

In place of the service-specific “categorical exclusions” from routine evaluation of RF radiation

risks at Section 1.1307(b) of the Rules, the NPRM proposes (¶¶ 114-138) to standardize “exemptions”

from such evaluation for single transmitters – fixed, mobile or portable – while allowing for a 1-watt

blanket exemption. In general, this proposed uniformity should be easier for local governments to explain

and for their constituents to understand. Given the broad support for uniform exemptions over categorical

exclusions, the special pleading for, e.g., low-power metering exclusions should be refused.14

In joint Comments, Verizon and Verizon Wireless (“Verizon”) appear to assume that to be

successful the new standards must result in the same or greater numbers of instances where routine

evaluation is avoided. (Comments, 7) But the Commission’s objective of standardization on power,

separation distance and frequency across all services never promises numerical equivalency of new

exemptions and old categorical exclusions. Verizon misreads the Order as governing the NPRM when it

cites ¶ 103 for the proposition that “any changes to exemption criteria should not affect the exempt status

of existing facilities.” In fact, the Order adopted no changes to exclusion criteria.

Nowhere in the discussion of the uniform criteria proposed by the NPRM is standardization

synonymous with relaxation. To the contrary, the NPRM (¶ 116) refers prominently to commenters who

12 http://transition.fcc.gov/eb/mdrd/. 13 47 C.F.R. § 90.677(d); see also, http://www.800ta.org/content/resources/processes.asp#mediation. 14 Reply Comments, Utilities Telecommunications Council, November 4, 2013, 7.

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expect the proposed new rules to “increase the number of new facilities requiring routine evaluation.”

One such example is discussed at ¶ 114, where a relatively high-powered transmitter today could be

excluded, even if less than 10 meters above ground, because it did not exceed the maximum ERP of 1000

watts. The proposed standards recognize that unguided radiation is spherical and its effects cannot be

evaluated by vertical separation distances alone.

Where multiple-transmitter sites are concerned, Verizon asks (8-9) to use any of four recited

methods “in determining the contributions of each transmitter.” In the interests of simplicity and

consistency, it would seem that all wireless providers at the site should agree upon a single method to use

in that place, lest the differing methods produce skewed percentages. In some other site, a different

method might be the consensus choice of the providers, but they should still agree upon that method.

Greater Transparency in Consumer Information

At ¶234, the NOI asks “whether the Commission should consistently require either disclosure of

the maximum SAR value or other more reliable exposure data in a standard format, perhaps in manuals,

at point-of-sale, or on a website.” San Francisco’s effort in this regard was blocked by the wireless

industry’s principal trade association, CTIA.15 Not surprisingly, CTIA’s answer in this proceeding is

negative again. The trade association professes concern that additional disclosure – or easing access to

available data – risks misleading consumers that phones or other wireless devices are unsafe.16 If that

were the case, there would be no need for the disclosures on the labels of approved drugs.

In their Reply Comments (11), the City and County of San Francisco contend that the FCC would

be justified in mandating warnings or compliance labels “as long as they convey truthful information in

an unbiased format.”17 The FCC should adopt its proposal and publicize the information through

manuals, point-of-sale and web site information.

15 See, e.g. http://www.nfib.com/press-media/press-media-item?cmsid=60968. 16 Comments, September 3, 2013, 34-46. 17 Citing Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel, 471 U.S. 626, 651 (1986).

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CTIA also attacks the “precautionary principle” by which, in areas of scientific uncertainty,

margins of safety are extended in case prevalent notions of sufficient protection are later proven wrong.18

The trade association’s essential response is: “Trust us, the existing safeguards are more than adequate.”

Some of the papers and comments on this record contradict such easy optimism.19 At least one court has

approved a local government’s act of prudent avoidance of potential RF radiation hazard by alternative

siting that did not significantly burden the industry applicant.20 We believe that judicial outcome should

be acknowledged in the new rules.

Added Protection for Transients

At section IV.D of the NPRM (“Mitigation”), the FCC proposes that individuals “transiting” a

potential radiation danger zone must not be exposed beyond “general population” limits which are lower

than “occupational” maxima for trained workers. The NPRM also discusses warning signs and physical

barriers as means of protection. The extra protection for transients is warranted.21 The warning signs and

barriers should be considered minima that local authorities can exceed if necessary.

Verizon appears to recommend less monitoring, by urging “safe harbors” (10-15) at wireless sites

that are physically difficult to access or where a provider cannot control the behavior of third parties.

This would seem to invite any number of easy excuses for RF radiation risks to untrained or unaware

persons. The better solution, we believe, is give providers every incentive to inform third parties of these

risks and enlist their help in protection. In the end, not all over-exposure can be prevented, but the facts

of any given case should determine whether the provider or the interloper or some third party is to blame.

18 “The Precautionary Principle and EMF,” . http://www.who.int/pehemf/meetings/southkorea/Leeka_Kheifets_principle_.pdf Taking action on the principle is sometimes described as “prudent avoidance.” 19 E.g.,Comments of Cindy Sage and David Carpenter, summarizing Bio-Initiative of 2012, attached to multiple other comments; EMR Policy Institute; Blake Levitt and Henry Lai; Reply of Joel M. Moskowitz dated11-5-13. 20 New York SMSA Limited Partnership v. Town of Clarkstown, 99 F. Supp. 2d 381, 392 (SDNY, 2000) 21 Comments of International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.

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Help from Expert Agencies

At ¶ 210 of the NOI, the FCC appeals for the help of other knowledgeable agencies such as EPA,

FDA and NIOSH. Local government commenters with connections to these and other federal specialist

agencies should echo the appeal and directly solicit their aid. The FCC admits its own lack of expertise in

the field. (Order, ¶ 6) But the overlap of federal agency responsibilities for RF radiation protection and

the merely advisory status of the Radiofrequency Interagency Work Group often leaves leadership

unclear and encourages a pass-the-buck attitude.22 We regret that no other federal agencies have seen fit

to participate in the comment round, and we look forward to hearing from them on reply.

The 1999-2000 judicial challenge to the FCC’s 1996 rules23 never reached the issue of

“electrosensitivity” as a cognizable disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act. (“ADA”) Here

again, an agency responsible for ADA implementation acknowledges that the impairment may be

disabling but has promised merely further inquiry. After more than a decade, that investigation remains

unopened.24 The dockets here have been updated with massive additional evidence of the crippling

effects of RF radiation on an admitted minority – but a suffering minority – of U.S. citizens.25 The FCC

22 http://www.fda.gov/radiation- emittingproducts/radiationemittingproductsandprocedures/homebusinessandentertainment/cellphones/ 23 Cellular Phone Taskforce v. FCC, 205 F.3d 82 (USCA-2, 2000). 24 67 Federal Register 56352, 56353, Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, September 3, 2002. 25 See, e.g. declarations attached to the Comments of EMF Safety Network.

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and its sister regulatory agencies share responsibility for adherence to the ADA and should replace

promises with serious attention to a serious medical problem. This is one area where the FCC could lead

in advice to electrosensitive persons about prudent avoidance.

Respectfully submitted,

William F. Sinnott Corporation Counsel CITY OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS

CITY OF PHILADELPHIA LAW DEPT. Shelley R. Smith, City Solicitor

Michael C. Athay, Chief Deputy Robert Sutton, Divisional Deputy City of Philadelphia Law Department 1515 Arch Street, 17th Floor Philadelphia, PA 19102-1595 (215) 683-5062

______James R. Hobson Gerard Lavery Lederer BEST BEST & KRIEGER 2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Suite 4300 Washington, DC 20006 Counsel for the Cities of Boston, Massachusetts and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania November 18, 2013

51087.00011\8415606.1

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Organizations; Appeal to the FCC Signed by 26,000 People and Organized by the Environmental Working Group, 2013 (Tab 68 Part 1)

JA 04600 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 281 of 480


  

 
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JA 04637 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 318 of 480

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JA 04638 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 319 of 480

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JA 04640 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 321 of 480

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JA 04641 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 322 of 480

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JA 04698 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 379 of 480

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JA 04715 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 396 of 480

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JA 04717 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 398 of 480

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JA 04734 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 415 of 480

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JA 04765 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 446 of 480

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JA 04789 USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869759 Filed: 11/04/2020 Page 470 of 480

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