SMITHSONIAN Chem-Works Microchemistry

Home , Chemistry set

Additional SupplyNeeds (to be suppliedby you) WARNING: THISSET CONTAINS CHEMICALS & APPARATUS Your Microchemistry set includes all of the special chemicals and materials to provide you with the reagent chemicals and equipmentto perform experiments and provide you with hours of educational fun. Since there are so manyexperiments and procedures, you are THATMAY BE HARMFUL IF MISUSED. READ asked to supply manyof the commonhousehold items and household chemicals which would be impractical to supply and ship in your ITEM #2835 chemistry set. AGES 10 AND UP CAUTIONSONINDIVIDUAL CONTAINERS Youwill need to gather various items listed in each experiment so that you can perform the experiments. Always read through your experimentbeforehand and gather all of the materials you will needat the beginning. CAREFULLY.NOTTO BE USED BY CHILDREN

Thefollowing list of outside items and materials is listed below for your convenience.You DO NOT need to collect ALLitems on the list EXCEPTUNDER ADULT SUPERVISION. at one time, only as you plan aheadto perform a particular experimentor series of experiments.

Plastic sheeting for work area Lemonjuice paper towels for cleanup 3%solution hydrogen peroxide Cotton or cotton balls Fine steel wool Scissors Rawliver ,® Distilled water Raw potato Isopropyl RubbingAlcohol or Ethyl RubbingAlcohol Grassclippings and/or plant leaf SMITHSONIAN Cardstock (3" x 5" filing card) Sunlight and/or strong artificial light source Pencils (red and black) Sodiumbicarbonate (baking soda) Ball point pen Alka Seltzer~ tablet Kitchen paring knife Teaspoon Chem-Works Fine sandpaper Toothbrush Sheet of white paper Window pane Liquid dishwashing soap Woodenruler MicroChemistry Hair shampoo Set of colored pencils Dishwasher Jet-Dry @soap Flower petals Liquid hand soap Plant fruit skins i.e. blueberries, blackberries,cherries, red cab- Baby powder or talcum powderor flour bage leaves ~" 2 3 4 7 __~.__~ 1 0 1 1 1 2D SodiumChloride (table salt) Householdtea from tea bags 5 6 Iron nails Householdsoap solution Copper tacks Liquid laundry detergent O0 0000 Aluminumnails Pet shampoo Styrofoamballs Clear soda (sparkling water) Modeling clay Toothpaste O0 0000 Toothpicks Milk P!pe c!ea~ers Grapefruit juice O0 0000 Straws Rain water Gum drops Plastic wrap 00"" "-" 9 volt battery Fine line marker D-cell battery Individual brand samplesof different vinegars i.e. apple cider Vinegar vinegar, white vinegar, ambervinegar, pineapple vinegar, tarra- Cornstarch gon vinegar Several heavy books Various brands of Antacid tablets Crushed ice C~eanseror scouring powder Cellophane tape Kleenex Transparent tape Various nickels and pennies (15 each) Household ammonia Model paint or fingernail enamel Plastic sandwich bags

PART#2835-08 PRINTEDIN HONGKONG PLEASE KEEP A NOTE OF OUR NAME AND ADDRESSDETAILS FOR FUTURE REFERENCE. Chem-Works List of Set Contents

IN U.S.A. CONTACT." IN EUROPECONTACT:

NATURALSCIENCEINDUSTRIES, LTD. NSI SIMM GmbH #8 1 Well...... CobaltChloride ...... China 1 Each...... 6"Plastic Ruler ...... China 910 Orlando Avenue D 76162 KARLSRUHE #11 1 Bottle...... CopperSulfate ...... England West Hempstead, NY 11552-3942 1 Each...... FilterPaper ...... England GERMANY #18 1 Bottle...... SodiumSilicate ...... Sweden 1 Package...... MoleculeKit...... China 516-678-1700 49- 0721-9584-116 #40 1 Bottle...... CalciumHydroxide ...... Germany #41 1 Well...... CalciumNitrate ...... Japan 1 Each...... SafetyGoggles ...... China #42 1 Bottle...... CitricAcid...... China 1 Package...... GalvanometerKit ...... China 1 Pair...... SpringClips ...... WARNING!ONLY FOR USE BY CHILDREN OVER 10 YEARS OLD. TO BE USED SOLELY UNDER THE STRICT #44 1 Well...... FerrousSulfate ...... Taiwan China #47 1 Well...... MethyleneBlue ...... England 1 Each...... SodaStraw ...... Hong Kong SUPERVISION OF ADULTS THAT HAVE STUDIED THE PRECAUTIONSGIVEN IN THE EXPERIMENTALSET. #49 1 Bottle...... PotassiumIodide ...... Japan 1 Each...... Magnifier...... China #53 1 Bottle...... Germany CAUTION!CONTAINS SOME CHEMICALS WHICH ARE CLASSIFIED AS A SAFETY HAZARD. READ THE IN- SodiumSulfate ...... 1 Each...... BatteryClip 9V ...... China STRUCTIONS BEFORE USE, FOLLOWTHEM AND KEEP FOR REFERENCE. DO NOT ALLOW CHEMICALS TO COME #57 1 Bottle...... AluminumAmmonium Sulfate China #58 1 Bottle...... AmmoniumChloride ...... Japan 2 Each...... 1oz. Cup ...... U.S.A. INTO CONTACTWITH ANY PART OF THE BODY, PARTICULARLY THE MOUTHAND EYES. KEEP SMALL CHILDREN 1 Bottle...... 1 Each...... AtomSheet ...... China AND ANIMALS AWAYFROM EXPERIMENTS. STORE THIS SET OUT OF REACH FROMSMALL CHILDREN. EYE PRO- #64 MagnesiumSulfate ...... Germany #65 1 Well...... Phenolphthalein...... U.S.A. t Each...... RedLED ...... China TECTION FOR SUPERVISING ADULTS IS NOT PROVIDED. #67 1 Bottle...... SodiumCarbonate ...... Germany 1 Each...... Microplate...... ENTER THE DETAILS AND TELEPHONE NUMBEROF THE LOCAL POISON CENTER QR HOSPITAL IN THE BOX China #70 1 Well...... UniversalIndicator ...... U.S.A. 8 Each...... Pipette...... U.S.A. BELOW: #63 1 Package...... IronWire ...... China 1 Each...... Resistor1K Ohm ...... Taiwan IN CASE OF ACCIDENTAL INTAKE OF A CHEMICAL CONTACT: #54 1 Package...... ZincWire ...... China #38 1 Package...... AluminumWire...... China Each...... PlasticTube with Cap ...... China #61 1 Package...... CopperWire ...... China 2 Each...... Toothpick...... China Each...... PVCCoated Wire ...... China Each...... InstructionManual ...... Hong Kong

GENERALFIRST AID INFORMATION: IN CASE OF EYE CONTACT: WASHOUT WITH PLENTY OF WATER, HOLDING EYE OPENIF NECESSARY.SEEK IM- MEDIATE MEDICAL ADVICE. IF SWALLOWED:WASH OUT MOUTHWITH PLENTY OF WATER, DRINK SOME FRESH If wemade an error andleft somethingout of this set, or if WATER. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ADVICE. IN CASE OF INHALATION: REMOVE somethingis damaged,we are sorry and wish to correct our PERSONTO FRESH AIR. IN CASE OF CONTACTAND BURNS: WASH AFFECTED AREA WITH PLENTY OF WATER error. Pleasedo not return the set to the store whereyou FOR 5 MINUTES. IN CASE OF INJURY OR DOUBT, SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE WITHOUT DELAY. TAKE THE CHEMI- purchasedit, as the store doesnot havereplacement parts. CAL WITH THE CONTAINERWITH YOU. NOTE: FIRST AID INFORMATIONMAY ALSO BE FOUNDIN THE INSTRUC- Instead,write us a letter givingus: TIONS FOR CARRYING OUT THE EXPERIMENTS OR ON THE CONTAINERS. 1. Date of Purchase ADVICE FOR SUPERVISING ADULTS: 2. WherePurchased 3. Price Paid ¯ READ AND FOLLOWTHESE SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS, THE SAFETY RULES AND THE FIRST AID INFORMATION 4. Model Number AND KEEP THEM FOR REFERENCE. ¯ THE INCORRECT USE OF CHEMICALS CAN CAUSE INJURY AND DAMAGE 5. Nameof Set TO HEALTH. ¯ ONLY CARRYOUT THOSEEXPERIMENTS WHICH ARE LISTED IN THE INSTRUCTIONS. ¯ THIS SET IS 6. Brief Descriptionof Problem FOR USE BY CHILDREN OVER 10 YEARS OF AGE. ¯ BECAUSE CHILDREN’S ABILITIES VARY SQ MUCH, EVEN 7. SalesReceipt WITHIN AGE GROUPS, SUPERVISING ADULTS SHOULD EXERCISE DISCRETION AS TO WHICH EXPERIMENTS ARE SUITABLE AND SAFE FOR THEM. THE INSTRUCTIONS SHOULDENABLE SUPERVISORSTO ASSESS ANY EX- PERIMENTTO ESTABLISH ITS SUITABILITY FOR A PARTICULARCHILD. ¯ THE SUPERVISINGADULT SHOULDDIS- CUSS THE WARNINGS AND SAFETY INFORMATION WITH THE CHILD OR CHILDREN BEFORE COMMENCINGTHE EXPERIMENTS. PARTICULARATTENTION SHOULDBE PAID TO THE SAFE HANDLINGOF HOT LIQUIDS. THE AREA SURROUNDINGTHE ACTIVITY SHOULD BE KEPT CLEAR OF ANY OBSTRUCTIONS AND AWAY FROM STORAGE OF FOOD, IT SHOULDBE WELL LIT AND VENTILATEDAND CLOSE TO A WATERSUPPLY. ¯ A SOLID TABLE WITH A HEAT RESISTANT TOP SHOULD BE PROVIDED. Wewill do our best to satisfy you. SAFETY RULES: ° DO READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE USE, FOLLOWTHEM AND KEEP THEM FORREFERENCE. ¯ DO KEEP Quality Control Department YOUNG CHILDREN AND ANIMALS AND THOSE NOT WEARING EYE PROTECTION AWAYFROM THE EXPERIMEN- Natural Science Industries, Ltd. TAL AREA. ¯ DO ALWAYSWEAR EYE PROTECTION.¯ DO STORE CHEMICALSETS OUT OFREACH OF YOUNGCHIL- 910 Orlando Avenue DREN. ¯ DO CLEAN ALL EQUIPMENTAND WASHAFTER CARRYINGOUT THE EXPERIMENTS.¯ DO NOT EAT, DRINK West Hempstead, NY 11552-3942 OR SMOKEIN THE ACTIVITY OR EXPERIMENTALAREA. ¯ DO NOT USE EQUIPMENTWHICH HAS NOT BEEN SUP- (516) 678-1700 PLIED QR RECOMMENDEDIN THE SET. ¯ DO NOT ALLOWCHEMICALS TO COMEINTO CONTACTWITH THE EYES OR MOUTH. ¯ DO NOT REPLACEFOODSTUFFS IN ORIGINAL CONTAINER. DISPOSE OF IMMEDIATELY. ¯ DO MAKE SURE THAT ALL CONTAINERS ARE FULLY CLOSED AND PROPERLYSTORED AFTER USE. VIAL SIZE OF NAME OF CONTENTS CHEMICAL WARNING UMBEF VIAL OR FIRST AID ~ CONTAINER (CHEMICAL NAME) FORMULA ON LABEL THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FACT SHEET FIRST AID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYE CONTACT,IMMEDIATELY FLUSH WARNING EYES FREELY WITH WATER The SmithsonianInstitution is a museum,education and research complexof 17 READ SIDE PANEL BEFORE ¯ IN CASE OF SKIN CONTACT. IMMEDIATELY WASHSKIN WITH USING CAUSES EYE AND SOAP AND LARGE AMOUNTS OF WATER museumsand galleries, and the National Zoological Park. Fifteen museumsand galleries #53 SODIUM SKIN IRRITATION MAY BE ¯ IF INHALED. GETTO FRESHAIR are located in Washington,D.C., two are in NewYork City, and the National Zoois in SULFATE Na2SO4 o10H20 HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED, ¯ IF SWALLOWEDGET MEDICAL HELP IMMEDIATELY INHAI ED OR ABSORBED f HROUGHSKIN. IN ALL CASES. CONTACT A POISON CONTROL CENTER Washington.Ten of the museumsand galleries are situated on the National Mall between AND/OR SEEK MEDICAL AT-rENTION. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. the U.S. Capitol and WashingtonMonument.

FIRST AID: ¯ IN CASE OF EYE CONTACT,IMMEDIATELY FLUSH EYES FREELY WITH WATER DANGER ¯ IN CASEOF SKIN CONTAC1. IMMEuIAIELY I- LUSHSKIN l- HEE- Oneof the world’sleading scientific researchcenters, the Institution has facilities in ALUMINUM R[AD SIDE PANEL. BEFORE LY WITH WATER eight states andthe Republicof Panama.Research projects in the arts, history, andscience #57 6 ml AMMONIUM AINH4(SO4)2°12H20 (/,=;INC. CAUSESBURNS ¯ IF INHALED, GET10 FRESHA R CORROSIVE HARMFUL IF I " IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSONIS CONSCIOUS, GIVE WATER are carried out by the Smithsonianatf over the world. SULFATE SWALLOWED, INHALED OR AND GET MEDICAL HELP ABSORBED THROUGH IN ALL CASES. CONTACT A POISON CONTROL CENTER SKIN AND/OR SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. The newNational Museumof the AmericanIndian is scheduledto openonthe National FIRST AID: ¯ IN CASE OF EYE CONTACT.IMMEDIATELY FLUSH WARNING EYES FREELY WITH WATER Mall in 2002. The centerpieceof the museumis the priceless collection of Native American READ SIDE PANEL BEFORE ¯ IN CASE OF SKIN CONTACT, IMMEDIATELY WASHSKIN WlrH artifacts transferred to the Smithsonianfrom the Museumot the AmericanIndian, Heye AMMONIUM USING CAUSES SKIN. MU- SOAP AND LARGE AMOUNTS OF WAFER #58 6 ml NH4C1 COUS MEMBRANEAND SE- ¯ IF INHALED,GET 1O FFIESH AIR Foundation(New York). The NewYork exhibition facility - the HeyeCenter of the National CHLORIDE VERE EYE IR RITA’IION. ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSON IS CONSCIOUS. WASH OUT MAY BE HARMFULIF SWAL- MOUTH WITH WATER. Museurnof the AmericanIndian openedOctober 30, 1994 in lower Manhattan. LOWED, INHALED OR AB- IN ALL CASES. CONTACT A POISON CONTROL CENTER AND/OR SEEK MEDICAL ATrENTION. KEEP OUT OF REACH SORBED THROUGHSKIN. IOF CHILDREN.

FIRST AID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYE CONTAC~"IMMFDIAIELY FI.USH Anothernew museum, the National Postal Museum,is located near UnionStation on EYES FREELY WITH WATER WARNING ¯ IN CASE OF SKiN CONTACT. IMMEDIATELYWASH SKIN WITH Capitol Hill. Devotedto the history of the U.S. mail service, the museumhouses the world’s READ SIDE PANEL BEFORE J SOAP AND LARGE AMOUNTSOF WATER largest and mostcomprehensive collection of its kind, with morethan 16 million stamps, MAGNESIUM USING. CAUSES IRRITA- ¯ IF INHALED, GET TO FRESHAIR #64 6 ml MgSO4°7H20 ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSON IS CONSCIOUS, WASH OUT SULFATE T/ON MAYBE HARMFULIF covers,and artifacts. SWALLOWED, iNHALED OR ~ MOUTHW TH WATER¯ IN ALL CASES, CONTACT A POISON CONTROL CENTER ABSORBED THROUGH AND/OR SEEK MEDICAL A’VrENTION. KEEP OUT OF REACH SKIN. OF CHILDREN. FIRST AID: ¯ IN CASE OF EYE CONTACT.IMMEDIATELY FLUSH WARNING EYES FREELY WITH WATER HISTORY READ SIDE PANEL BEFORE ¯ IN CASE OF SKIN CONTACT, IMMEDIATELYFLUSH SKIN WITH USING CAUSES EYE. SKIN WATER, THEN WASH THOROUGHLYwITH SOAP AND WATER #65 6 ml PHENOLPHTHALEIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE ¯ IF INHALED, GET TO FRESHAIR C20H1404 IRRITATION. MAY BE HARM- ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSONIS CONSCIOUS, GIVE WATER JamesSmithson (1765-1829), a British scientist, drewup his will in 1826 naminghis FUL ~F SWALLOWED, IN- AND GET MEDICAL HELP IMMEDIATELY¯ HALED OR A R£CIRFCFI3 IN ALL CASES, CONTACT A POISON CONTROL CENTER nephew,Henry James Hungerford, as beneficiary. Smithsonstipulated that, shouldthe THROUGHSKIN. AND~OR SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION. KEEP OUT OF REACH )F CHILDREN. nephewdie withoutheirs (as he did in 1835), the estate wouldgo the UnitedStates to found FIRST AID: ¯ IN CASE OF EYE CONTACT.IMMEDIATELY FLUSH "at Washington,under the nameof the SmithsonianInstitution, an establishmentfor the EYES FREELY WITH WATER DANGER ¯ IN CASE OF SKIN CONTACT.IMMEDIATELY WASHSKIN WITH increase and diffusion of knowledge..." READ SIDE PANFL BEFORE SOAP AND LARGE AMOUNTS OF WATER SODIUM USING. CAUSES BURNS _ IF INHALED. GET TO FRESHAIR #67 6 ml Na2CO3ol0H20 IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSON IS CONSCIOUS. IMMEDIATELY CARBONATE CORROSIVE HARMFUL IF ,SWALLOWED. INHALED OR JVE WATERAND GET MEDICAL HELP. On July 1, 1836, Congressaccepted the legacy bequeathedto the nation by James ABSORBED ]HROUGH IN ALL CASES. CONTACT A POISON CONTROL CENTER SKIN Smithsor~,~nd ,nh=clo#dth~ faith nf the United States to the charitable trust. In 1838, OF CHILDREN. FIRST AID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYE CONTACT.IMMEDIATELY FLUSH following approval of the bequest by the British courts, the United States received WARNING EYES FREELY WITH WATER Methyl Red- ¯ IN CASEOF SKIN CONTACT,IMMEDIAFELY FLUSH SKIN FREE- Smithson’sestate- bagsof gold sovereigns- then the equivalent of $515,169. Eight years READ SIDE PANEL BEFORE LY WITH WATER later, on August 10, 1846, an Act of Congresssigned by President JamesK. Polk, UNIVERSAL C15H15N302 USING. CAUSES EYE AND ¯ IF INHALED. GET TO FRESHAIR #70 INDICATOR Phenolphthalein SKIN IRRITATION. HARM- ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSON IS CONSCIOUS. WASH OUT establishedthe SmithsonianInstitution in its presentform and provided for the administra- 6 ml Bromthymol Blue FUL IF SWALLOWED,IN- MOUTH WITH WATER. onpaper strips HALED OR ABSORBED Thymol Blue IN ALL CASES, CONTACT A POISON CONTROL CENTER tion of the trust, independentof the governmentitself, by a Boardof Regentsand Secretary THROUGHSKIN. AND/OR SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION. KEEP OUT OF REACH Methy~ Yellow OF CHILDREN. of the Smithsonian. poly- IRON Fe CAUTION KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. bag WIRE SMITHSONIAN MUSEUMS, GALLERIES AND ZOO

poly- ZINC KEEP OUT OF REACHOF CHILDREN. #54 Zn CAUTION SmithsonianInstitution Building ("Castle") National Museumof American Art bag WIRE Anacostia Museum National Museumof American History Arthur M. Sackler Gallery National Museumof the American Indian poly- Arts and Industries Building National Museumof Natural History #38 ALUMINUM AI CAUTION KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. National Portrait Gallery bag WIRE Cooper-Hew/It, National Design Museum Freer Gallery of Art National Postal Museum Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Garden National Zoological Park National Air andSpace Museum RenwiekGallery KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. poly- COPPER National Museumof African Art S. Dillon Ripley Center #61 bag WIRE Cu CAUTION Page 57 SIZE OF VIAL NAMEOF CONTENTS CHEMICAL WARNING Chem-Works NUMBER VIAL OR (CHEMICALNAME) FIRSTAID 3ONTAINER FORMULA ON LABEL INDEX FIRSTAID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYECONTACT, IMMEDIATELY FLUSH POISON EYES FREELYWITH WATER DANGER ¯ IN CASEOF SKIN CONTACT,IMMEDIATELY FLUSH SKIN FREE- LY WITH WATER COBALT READSIDE PANELBEFORE US- #8 6 ml CoC12¯ 6H20 ING. CAUSESEYE, SKIN, AND ¯ IF INHALED,GET TO FRESH AIR CHLORIDE MUCOUSMEMBRANE IRRITA- ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSONIS CONSCIOUS,IMMEDIATELY TION, HARMFULIF INHALEDOR GIVE WATER. ABSORBEDTHROUGH SKIN. IN ALL CASES, CONTACTA POISON CONTROLCENTER MAYBE FATALIF SWALLOWED.AND/ORSEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION. KEEP OUT OF REACH Chapter1 Introduction...... page 1 OF CHILDREN. Chapter 2 AWord toThe "Chemist"...... page 2 FIRSTAID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYECONTACT, IMMEDIATELY FLUSH Chapter 3 TheMicroChemistry System...... page 2 WARNING EYESFREELY WITH WATER READSIDE PANELBEFORE ¯ IN CASEOF SKINCONTACT. IMMEDIATELY FLUSH SKIN FREE- Section1 - Preparationof Laboratory Equipment ...... page 3 USING.CAUSES SKIN, MU- LY WITH WATER COPPER COUSMEMBRANE AND SE- ¯ IF INHALED.GET TO FRESHAIR Section2 - Propertiesof the Microchemistry System ...... page 8 #11 6 ml CuSO ¯ 5H20 ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSON IS CONSCIOUS,IMMEDIATELY SULFATE 4 VERE EYE IRRITATION. Section3 - Howto DestroySurface Tension ...... page 8 HARMFULIF SWALLOWED. GIVEWATER .. INHALED OR ABSORBED IN ALL CASES, CONTACTA POISON CONTROLCENTER Section4 - Alcoholand Surface Tension ...... THROUGHSKIN. AND/ORSEEK MEDICAL AI-rENTION. KEEPOUT OF REACH page 9 OF CHILDREN. Section5 - AVisible Illustration of SurfaceTension ...... page 9 FIRST AID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYECONTACT, IMMEDIATELY FLUSH DANGER EYES FREELYWITH WATER Chapter 4 Chemical ModelsandChemical Reactions ...... READSIDE PANELBEFORE ¯ IN CASEOF SKINCONTACT. IMMEDIATELY FLUSH SKIN FREE- page 10 USING.CAUSES SKIN, MU- LY WITH WATER Section1 - PaperChemistry LabI ...... page 11 #18 6 ml SODIUM Na2SiO ° 5H20 COUSMEMBRANE AND SE- ¯ IF INHALED,GET TO FRESH AIR SILICATE 3 VERE EYE IRRITATION. ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSON IS CONSCIOUS,GIVE LARGE Section2 - PaperChemistry LabII ...... page 12 HARMFULIF SWALLOWED. QUANTITIESOF WATEROR MILK. DO NOTINDUCE VOMITING, INHALED OR ABSORBED IN ALL CASES, CONTACTA POISON CONTROLCENTER Section3 - Synthesis...... AND/ORSEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION. KEEP OUT OF REACH page 13 THROUGHSKIN. Section 3A- Synthesis...... page 13 OF CHILDREN. FIRSTAID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYECONTACT, IMMEDIATELY FLUSH Section4 - PaperChemistry LabIII ...... page 14 DANGER EYESFREELY WITH WATER Section 4A- UsingMolecular Models ...... page 15 READSIDE PANELBEFORE ¯ IN CASEOF SKIN CONTACT.IMMEDIATELY FLUSH SKIN FREE- USING. CAUSESBURNS. LY WITHWATER Section 4B- UsingMolecular Models II ...... page 15 CALCIUM ESPECIALI "V ONWET SK!N - ¯ IF INHALED.GET TO FRESHAIR #40 6 ml Ca(OH) CORROSIVE.HARMFUL IF HYDROXIDE 2 ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSONIS CONSCIOUS,WASH OUT Section5 - Decompositionof Water - A ChemicalChange ...... page 16 SWALLOWED OR AB- MOUTHWITH WATER. Section6 - PaperChemistry IV...... SORBEDTHROUGH SKIN. IN ALL CASES, CONTACTA POISON CONTROLCENTER page 17 MAYBE FATALIF INHALED. AND/ORSEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION. KEEP OUT OF REACH Section 6A- Using3-D Models ...... page 17 OF CHILDREN. Section7 - ElectricalSeparation of Elementsfrom a Compound...... page 17 FIRST AID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYECONTACT, IMMEDIATELY FL~H WARNING EYES FREELYWITH WATER Section8 - AnotherElectrical Separation ...... page 18 ¯ IN CASEOF SKIN CONTACT,IMMEDIATELY FLUSH SKIN FREE- READSIDE PANELBEFORE LY WITH WATER Section9 - Electrolysisof Ferrous Sulfate ...... page 19 #41 CALCIUM USING.CAUSES EYE, SKIN, ¯ IF INHALED.GETTO FRESH AIR 6 ml Ca(NO3) ¯ H20 AND MUCOUSMEMBRANE Section10- AChemical Separation ...... NITRATE 2 ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSONIS CONSCIOUS.WASH OUT page 19 IRRITATION.MAY BE HARM- MOUTHWITH WATER. FUL ~F SWALLOWED,IN- IN ALL CASES, CONTACTA POISON CONTROLCENTER HALED OR ABSORBED AND/ORSEEK MEDICAL A’I-rENTION. KEEPOUT OF REACH Chapter 5 The GaseousPhases ofMatter ...... page19 THROUGHSKIN. OF CHILDREN. Section1 - TheEffect of Pressureon the Volumeof a Gas...... page19 WARNING FIRSTAID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYECONTACT. IMMEDIATELY FLUSH TheEffect of Temperatureonthe Volumeof a Gas...... EYES FREELYWITH WATER Section2 - page 20 READSIDE PANEL ¯ IN CASEOF SKiN CONTACT,IMMEDIATELY WASH SKIN WITH Section3 - GasDiffusion ...... page 21 BEFOREUSING. SOAPAND LARGEAMOUNTS OF WATER #42 6 ml CITRICAcID-t- ¯ IF INHALED.GET TO FRESH AIR Section 3A- GasDiffusion II ...... page 21 C6H807° H20 Section4 - Preparationof Oxygen ...... page 21 CAUSESEYE AND IN ALL CASES, CONTACTA POISON CONTROLCENTER SKINIRRITATION. AND/ORSEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION. KEEP OUT OF REACH Section5 - DoesAir Contain Oxygen? ...... page 22 OF CHILDREN. Section6 - NaturalOxygen Production: The Action of Enzymes...... page 22 FIRSTAID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYECONTACT, IMMEDIATELY FLUSH WARNING EYESFREELY WITH WATER Section7 - MethyleneBlue as an Indicator ...... page 23 READS~DE PANEL BEFORE ¯ IN CASEOF SKIN CONTACT,IMMEDIATELY FLUSH SKIN FREE- Section8 - Plantsand Oxygen ...... USING.CAUSES EYE. SKIN, LY WITH WATER page 23 FERROUS AND MUCOUSMEMBRANE ¯ IF INHALED,GETTO FRESH AIR 6 ml FeSO ¯ 7H20 ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSON IS CONSCIOUS.IMMEDIATELY Section9 - Testinga Gas for CarbonDioxide ...... page 23 SULFATE 4 IRRITATION.MAY BE HARM- FUL IF SWALLOWED,IN- GIVEWATER.. Section 10 - PreparationofCarbon Dioxide ...... page 24 HALED OR ABSORBED IN ALL CASES. CONTACTA POISON CONTROLCENTER THROUGHSKIN. AND/ORSEEK MEDICAL A’ITENTION. KEEPOUT OF REACH Section11 - AReaction which Produces Carbon Dioxide ...... page 24 OF CHILDREN. Section12 - ProducingCarbon Dioxide in AnotherWay ...... page 25 FIRSTAID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYECONTACT. IMMEDIATELY FLUSH Section13 - TheProduction of Ammonia ...... page 25 EYESFREELY WITH WATER WARNING ¯ IN CASEOF SKIN CONTACT,IMMEDIATELY WASH SKIN WITH Section 14- Neutralizationof Gases ...... page 25 READS~DE PANEL BEFORE SOAPAND LARGEAMOUNTS OF WATER METHYLENE H18C1N3S°3H20 USING. CAUSESEYE AND ¯ IF INHALED.GETTO FRESH AIR Section15 - A Reactionof AmmoniumChloride and Calcium Hydroxide ...... page 26 C16 ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSONIS CONSCIOUS.WASH OUT BLUE SKIN IRRITATION. HARM- FUL IF SWALLOWED.IN- MOUTHWITH WATER. HALED OR ABSORBED IN ALL CASES, CONTACTA POISON CONTROLCENTER Chapter 6 Experimentswith Solutions...... page 26 THROUGHSKIN. AND/ORSEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION. KEEPOUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. Section1 - AnElectrolyte Detector ...... page 27 Section2 - ElectrolytesandNon-Electrolytes ...... FIRSTAID: ¯ IN CASEOF EYECONTACT, IMMEDIATELY FLUSH page 27 EYESFREELY WITH WATER Section3 - AnotherUse for theElectrolyte Detector ...... page 28 WARNING ¯ IN CASEOF SKIN CONTACT,IMMEDIATELY FLUSH SKIN FREE- READSIDE PANELBEFORE LY WITH WATER Section4 - Reactionsof Solutions ...... page 29 ¯ IF INHALED,GET TO FRESH AIR POTASSIUM KI USING.CAUSES EYE, SKIN, Section5 - Testingthe Products of a Reaction...... page 30 AND MUCOUSMEMBRANE ¯ IF SWALLOWEDAND PERSON IS CONSCIOUS.IMMEDIATELY IODIDE IRRITATION. HARMFULIF GIVE WATER. Section6 - Testingthe RemainingSolution of a ChemicalReaction ...... page 31 INHALED OR ABSORBED IN ALL CASES, CONTACTA POISON CONTROLCENTER THROUGHSKIN. AND/ORSEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION. KEEPOUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

Page 56 APPENDIX C Chapter 7 Acidand Base Solutions ...... page 32 Section1 - ThepH Scale and Indicators ...... page 32 Section 1A- Dilutionof anAcid ...... page 33 A NOTE TO ADULTS AND PARENTS Section 2 - NaturalIndicators ...... page 34 Section 3 - NaturalIndicators ...... page 34 Youhave wisely chosento purchasethe NSI XM4000 chemistry set. With this set, you have started your child on the path Section 4 - OtherNatural Indicators ...... page 35 Section 5 - Testingfor Acidsand Bases ...... page 35 of learning about SCIENCEand the wondersfound in the world of chemistry, biology and physics. But rememberalso, too Section 6 - TestingRain Water for pHValue ...... page 35 little knowledgecan be a dangerousthing. Real scientists use powerful tools, substanceswhich can be poisons and may Section 7 - Testingthe pHof OtherChemicals ...... page 36 cause harm if misused or misapplied. Becauseof this, the WARNINGSon this set are REAL.They apply to the materials page 37 WHENUSED IN LARGERQUAN] I! IES! BUT, that is not the case here! HERE’SWHY! The amounts are deliberately Chapter 8 Titration,A QuantitativeMethod ...... Section 1 - Preparationof a StandardBase Solution ...... page 37 madesmall and dilute. They are less LIKELYto cause harmbecause of the limited quantity and form. BUT, we still want Section 2 - TestingVinegar Solutions ...... page 37 YOUAND YOUR CHILD to READ,HEED AND UNDERSTAND the instructions given you in the set. In this way, we trust Section 3 - HowMuch Acetic Acid is in Vinegar?...... page 38 that POWERFULchemicals may be SAFELYUSED, in many fun experiments. Remember,too, if you have any questions Section 4 - ComparingDifferent Brands of Vinegar...... page 39 page 40 about CHEMICALHEALTH AND SAFETY contact your local physician or Poison Control Center, or Natural Science Section 5 - HowMuch Base is in AntacidTablets? ...... Section 6 - DifferentBrands of Antacid ...... page 40 Industries. Chapter 9 Electrochemistry ...... page42 Section 1 - Detecting...... page 42 page 43 Chemicalssupplied in your microplate are: Section 1 A- Detectingthe Flow of Electrons...... Section 2 - ASimple Cell ...... page 44 Well B-l: Cobalt Chloride Section 3 - ASimple Battery ...... page 44 Well B-2: CalciumNitrate Section 4 - AnotherBattery ...... page 45 Well B-3: Ferrous Sulfate Section 5 - Activityof Metals...... page 45 page 46 Well B-4: MethyleneBlue Section 6 - OtherElectrochemical Reactions ...... Corrosionof Different Metals ...... page 47 Well B-5: Phenolphthalein Section 7 - Section 8 - ACorrosion Pair ...... page 48 Well B-6: Universal Indicator Appendix A Answersto Experiment Questions ...... page 49

Appendix B ThePeriodic Table of Elements...... page 53

Appendix C ANote to Adultsand Parents ...... page 55

II Page 55 Thesafest wayto handleANY chemical is to treat it as if it were APPENDIX B CHAPTER1 ’1’!!!~ )lOS’r l)i~tl)l.¥ I~OISON THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

NOBEL GASES Introduction Follow these simple rules to insure that your interest in chemistry will not be stoppedby an injury or sickness causedby _A_W~O_RDTO PARENTS mishandling your experiment. NONMETALS This laboratory manualis prepared with one main concern: 4.003 " SafetyRules / - ...... \ 0.1220.00018H. SAFETY! 1) NEVER ALLOW A CHILD TO EAT ANY CHEMICAL OR m A iV A V A W A VI~ A -- THE PRODUCTSOF THEIR EXPERIMENT! In recent years the ecological and health sciences have stated that exposure to certain chemicals, either in work, NEVER ALLOW THEM TO EAT FOOD WHEN YOU ARE 10.81 ~-12.011 ~ ~5 9;9--~~.998-~ ~ school, or at home, can cause serious health problems. Yet EXPERIMENTING. DO NOT ALLOW ANY LIQUID TO BE 0.083 I 2[0.077 I 210.070 I ;10.066 I z10.072 I ~ 0.~0 youngscientists needthe "handson" experience,the thrill of ex* DRUNK WHILE EXPERIMENTATION IS BEING CONDUCT- 2.34 BH2.267 el.J0.001Nl~10.00,0l~10002 FJ,0.001 perimentation, and the satisfaction of discovery which is possi- ED. ble only through labs. 2) CAUTION A CHILD NEVERTO HANDLEA CHEMICAL 20~ ] 130.974 WITH THEIR BARE HANDS. USE A SCOOP OR FOLLOW I ] ~ I . 132.06 ] I 35 453 I 39948 The MicroChemistry approach has been adopted by high 0~.7 I ~n~5 I ~10.~04 I q0099 I~ 0.191 schools and colleges throughout the United States. The use of DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING A PLASTIC SCOOP TO MEA- SURE OUT SOLID CHEMICALS. small amounts of chemicals to investigate the workings of IB lib ~ ~-"~" ~ chemistry in no way lessens the excitement of experimentation. ~+~+:~ I I I I I - 29 COPPER Yet, this approachreduces the possibility of exposureof the ex- 3) LIQUID CHEMICALS ARE ALWAYSDISPENSED WITH A SPECIAL PIPETTE. perimenter to harm from chemicals necessary for the experi- USE ONLY DROPS OF CHEMICAL 63.546 65.38 J2 z8 0.133 I mentitself. FROMTHIS PIPETTE. DO NOT USE THIS PIPETTE OR ANY 0.125 . 0.!28 I 8l OTHER EQUIPMENTIN THIS SET FOR OTHER PURPOSES! 8.90 8.96 Cu 7.13 ZnJ ~!J This is not to say that ALL CHEMICALSand CHEMICAL 1+2+ "I"I°.°°4 4) ALWAYS WORK WITH GOGGLES. PROCESSESin the MicroChemistry approach are absolutely 46 PALLA01UM 47 SILVER "~ ~A~ safe. 5) CHILDREN SHOULD WORK UNDER THE SUPERVISION 106.4 107.868 0.138 0.144 18 0.149 __.ALL CH.~MICALS AND PROCEDURESHAVE A POTEN- OF AN ADULTAT ALL TIMES. J~l 12.02 Pd 10 50 ~g TIAL TO CAUSE HARM. 8.65 Cdl;~ MicroChemistrylessens that possibility by reducing, con- 6) IF THERE IS A SPILL OF ANY CHEMICAL, THE AREA 2+.3+4+ siderably, the amountof materials used. By using plasticware, SHOULD BE CLEANED THOROUGHLY. 79 GOLD 80 MERCURY minimal amountsof glassware, by eliminating the use of fire or t95.o9I 196.967 ; 200.59 28 7) WASTE CHEMICALS FROM EXPERIMENTS AND MATE- burners andrestricting the use of heat, an additional safety fac- 0.138 1,810.!44 0~~ ~~ ~ 0.~ RIALS USED TO CLEAN AN AREA OF SPILL OR ACCIDENT tor is provided. MicroChemistryequipment is safe and easy to 19.3 Au ’8 13.546 Hg o~.1 use. SHOULD BE DISPOSED OF IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY Fromthe scientific viewpoint, for the first time in ANY SAFE MANNER. ~÷"...... 1’1 chemistry set, young experimenters will be able to tell HOW ¯ NOTE. Symbols&narnes used are assignedby IUPAC MUCHof a substancereacts or is present rather than only look- 8) IT IS IMPORTANTTO COVERCLOTHING WITH A PRO- O, fferent names& symbols are frequently used/n the U.S.& C.I.S. (fom~erlyU.S.S.R.) ing at generalproperties. TECTIVE LAYER OF CLOTH, PLASTIC OR RUBBER. YOU SHOULD OBTAIN AN APRON (LIKE A WORKSHOPAPRON) Someof the experiments in this manualare: AND WEAR IT WHILE YOU WORKWITH YOUR CHEMISTRY KEY ELECTRON SET. A PROTECTIVE PIECE OF PLASTIC SHEET SHOULD O,STR,BUT,ON BE USED UNDER YOUR WORK AREA TO PROTECT THE QUALITATIVE ELEMENT NAME This meansthat if a test is doneyou will, for example,be able SURFACE YOU ARE WORKING ON. to tell if starch is presentin a food. 66 DYSPROSIUM 67 HOLMIUM 68 ERBIUM 69 THULIUM 70 YTTERBIUM ATOMIC 2 z 167.26 z ~ 2 NUMBER -,’-29 COPPER 162.50 8 164.930 8 8 168.934 8 17304 8 ’8 0.176 18 ,8 0.177 0.177 ~8 0.175 0.194 "ATOMIC MASS Someof the experimentsin this manualare: Whileit is fitting that your child learns someideas andprin- Dy HO;~1 Er ~o Tm ~ Yb 32 8.550 8.795 8 9.066 8 9.321 8 6.965 8 (AMU) -.,~-’- K SHELL ciples about chemistry while experimenting with his/her new 2 2 2 2 2 ’63.546 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+3+ "ATOMIC RADIUS QUANTITATIVE set, it is important that he/she have FUNwhile exploring and 98 CALIFORNIUM 99 EINSTEINIUM100 FERMIUM 101 MENDELEVIUM102 NOBELIUM (NM), .,.-0.128 This meansthat youngchemists will be able to tell, for example, discovering! Throughout this Laboratory Manual, questions have been provided to help the experimenter "HOMEIN" on the 2 254.088 2 "DENSITY HOWMUCH starch there is in a sample of food. 251.08 ~ 257.095 ~ 258 8 255.093 8 (GiCM~) -- Cu 18 principles of chemistry. Someanswers are given right in the -- -- 18 _ )8 __ 18 ..-8.96 32 32 32 experiment, while other answerscan be found in the Appendix 14 Cf 28 Es32 29 Fm Md 3~ -- No 32 MAJOR -- OUTERMOST 8 8 8 8 OXIDATION ~SHEI.L at the end of the Laboratory Manual. -- 2 -- Prior to the MicroChemistry approach, QUANTITATIVEex- 2 -- 2 -- 2 STATES periments by youngscientists were not possible. It is hopedthat by providing interesting questions along ELEMENT SYMBOL Even though MicroChemistry is safer than the chemistry with the experiments, the young chemist will develop a basic whichrequires morematerial, it is important to realize that you knowledgeof chemistry along with the workings of chemistry. ¯ Values for atomic mass, etc. are are STILL handling somepotentially harmful materials. rounded to the nearest lO00th.

Page 1 Page 54 APPENDIX B SAFETY A WORDTO THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS CHAPTER2 No matter what the experiment, equipment, or procedure, THE "CHEMIST" one thing should be the first to think about: SAFETY IA A Word to The "Chemist" Follow these simple rules to insure that your interest in 1 HYDROGEN You live in an EXCITING world. chemistry will not be stopped by an injury or sickness 1 008 caused by mishandling your experiment. 0 053 It is a world full of the latest in TECHNOLOGY(the use of 0.0001 H scientific knowhowin every day life) and invention. Many of the IIA METALS things in today’s world were never considered to be possible a SAFETY RULES ¯ few years ago. The advancements in technology could only be NEVER EAT ANY CHEMICAL OR THE PRODUCTSOF possible by advancement in the basic sciences. For example, YOUR EXPERIMENT! 6.941 9 012 0.152 0 111 I 21 scientists found that by treating silicon wafers with certain NEVER EAT FOOD WHEN YOU ARE EXPERIMENTING. 2 chemicals that the electrical conducting ability of the silicon Li Ui~848 Be DO NOT DRINK ANY LIQUID WHILE YOU ARE EXPERI- MENTING. 0.5341+ wafers was changed in certain ways. This discovery opened up TRANSITION ELEMENTS a whole world of "electronic micro chips" which helped in the 11 SODIUM 1_~2 MAGNESIUMJ development of computers and other electronic devices. 2) NEVER HANDLE A CHEMICAL WITH YOUR BARE HANDS. I Your chemistry set is an excellent starting point to advance USE A CHEMICAL SCOOP. FOLLOWDIRECTIONS ON 0.192 I1,124.3°5 10 160 ] 1 your skills as a scientist. PAGE 4 FOR MAKING A PLASTIC SCOOP TQ MEASURE OUT SOLID CHEMICALS. The world of science is a world of questions. Iv B V B V~ B V, B VIIIB While you are working on your experiments in this manual, J~’~S~U-M ’ t SC~.=UM 3) DISPENSE LIQUID CHEMICALS WITH CARE. USE ONLY a series of questions will help you understand the hows and DROPS OF CHEMICAL FROM A SPECIAL MEDICINE 47.90I ;I 50.942I 2151._~96 I 21 54 938 I ;I 55847 I ;I 58933 whys of what you are seeing. The answers to some questions DROPPER CALLED A PIPETTE. THESE PLASTIC PI- 0.227 I el0 197 0 16 will be given right after the questions in the experiments. The PETTES ARE PROVIDED IN YOUR CHEMISTRYSET. l0.862 KI e/,.S5 C ~.989 Sc 4540145 "1’01 I1’ =’1"1Mn{"~ 874~1"1° 8.92 co answers to other questions will be given in the Appendix section at the end of the Laboratory Manual. 4) USE CHEMISTRY SET EQUIPMENT FOR EXPERIMENTS ~ ST.0.TIUM ] 3~ YTTNIUM The world of SCIENCE is the world of OBSERVATION. IN YOURCHEMISTRY LAB MANUALONLY. 91.22 ~92.906 ~9594 ~ 96906 ~101.07 ~102906 Scientific Observation means that the experimenter looks for 0 160 I ,~1 0 ;43 I ,~1 0 136 I ,~1 0.136 I ,;I 0 133 I ,~1 0 135 and writes down (records) all the changes which happen that 5) ALWAYSWORK WITH GOGGLES, IN PLACE, OVER YOUR R" 2.54 Srl ~14469 1.532 can be seen, and records how much these changes can be EYES. ~ ~’~$-~Ei~-6 ...... measured (quantifies). 55...... CESIUM Everything that scientists do depends on their ability to 6) YOU SHOULD WORK UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF AN ADULTAT ALL TIMES. 132 905 137 33 ;8 174 967 ; ~2849I ;I 180.948I I;I I make careful observations and measurements about their expe- 0.265 0.217 ~8 0 173 lib 0n56 I~1 0.143 I ~1 0.137 I ~ 0.137 I riences. We call these experiences EXPERIMENTS.An exper- 1 873 Cs iment is a carefully controlled set of situations which allows a 7) IF THERE IS A SPILL OF ANY CHEMICAL, THE AREA 1,* SHOULD BE CLEANED THOROUGHLY. MATERIALS scientist to see what effects a change in a single VARIABLEwill USED TO CLEAN THE AREA SHOULD BE DISPOSED OF 87 FRANCIUM have on the rest of the experiment. A variable is a single part of IN A SAFE MANNER. 223 02 ~ 226 025 256099 I ~ the experiment. 0.27 0.220 IT (S 1~4P(~F~TANTT~ ~C’)\II=R Y(")l IR WORKARFA and the effects of a change of things important to a plant. PROTECTIVE NEWSPAPER,LAYER OF CLOTH OR PLAS- We would start with two sets of plants. The two sets of TIC. plants have to be identical to each other. They must be of the RAREEARTH ELEMENTS same species, size, age, etc. One set would be a CONTROL, 9) DISPOSE OF USED CHEMICALS IN A MANNERWHICH IS ENVIRONMENTALLYSAFE. TALK TO YOUR PARENTS OR or standard. The control set would be compared with an EX- 57 LANTHANUM58 CERIUM 59 PRASEODYMIUM60 NEOOYMIUM61 PROMETHIUM62 SAMARIUM 63 EURDPIUM 64 GADOLINIUM65 TERBIUM SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHER ABOUT THE BEST WAY TO PERIMENTALgroup. The control plants would be treated in a DISPOSE OF CHEMICALS. 138.906 140 12 140.908 2 144.24 2 144 913 ; 150.4 2 8 8 8 151 96 8 157.25 158.925 normal manner. An experimental set of plants would have the LANTHANIDE 0.188 0.183 ~e 0.183 0.182 0.181 ~ 0.180 0. 204 ~8 0 180 0.178 same treatment as the control, EXCEPTFOR ONE PART. This SERIES 6 145 6.657 Ce Pr ;~ Nd Sm Eu 25 Tb 6.64 6.90 8’ 7.22 Pm ~ 7.520 8 5.243 7.900 Gd 18.23 2 is the VARIABLE. In our experiment, let’s select temperature 3+ 3+ ~+ 34. 2+ 3+ 2 2+.3+ 2 3+ 13+ as the variable. 89 ACTINIUM 90 THORIUM 91 PROACTINIUM 93 NEPTUNIUM 94 PLUTONIUM 92 URANIUM N5 AMERICIUM 96 CURIUM : 97 BERKELIUM In the experiment, the control and the experimental plants ~ 2 227.028 8 232038 8; 231 036 ~! 238.029 237048 ~ 244.064 ~ 243.061 8 247.070 247.070 would have the identical soil, receive the sameamount of water, THE MICROCHEMISTRY ACTINIDE 0.161 ~8~0.139 ~ ~8 CHAPTER 3 0 188 ~ 0.180 32I 32 0.131 0.157 and have the same lighting. The temperature surrounding the SYSTEM SERIES ~z~8 Th 3;:8 Pa ;’~1 1895U ~ 10.07 AC 11.7 1537 20.25 Np ~ 19.816 PU ~! 13.67 Am 13.51 C~ 14.78 Bk 9 9 experimental plants, however, would be different than the con- 3+ 2 4+ 2 4. 5* ~ 3+4+5+6* 3+4+64- 2 3÷4~6~ 2 3..4.~ 2 trol plants. By making careful observations, the scientist would The MicroChemistrySystem be able to see what effect temperature has on the growth of plants. He could do this by comparing the experimental plants Yourchemistry set is different! to the control plants. It usesthe latest methodsin experimentalchemistry. In this laboratory manual you will always be asked to com- Thesemethods were developed to makechemistry a safer sci- pare an EXPERIMENTAL to a CONTROL. ence. Page53 Page 2 The MicroChemistrySystem uses smaller amountsof chemi- Chapter 8 - TITRATION:A QUANTITATIVEMETHOD SECTION5 cals than other chemistrysets. Thehazards of glass havebeen minimizedby the useof plastic labware.If a chemicalreaction ~000000000 0 0 O~ 10) Theactivity of a metalpair canbe determinedby the size mustbe heated, hot water will provide the neededheat. Open SECTION1 of the movementof the compassneedle. Thegreater the flames or burners are NEVERused in MicroChemistry. ~000000000 0 0 O~ swingof the needle,the moreactive the metalpair. By using MicroChemistryyou will be able to do moreexper- cO00000000 0 0 Oc 5) A solution of sodiumbicarbonate conducts electricity be- iments,get better results in a shorter amountof time andhave o O00000000 0 0 Oo causesodium bicarbonate ionizes in water. If a drop of 11) Inactive metalsare useful in applications wherea resis- a safer environmentin whichto work. Yourwork in the labora- UniversalIndicator is addedto sodiumbicarbonate, the in- tanceto corrosionis important.Inactive metalswould have tory will bemore efficient. Thatmeans you will be able to have dicator turns blue to indicate the presenceof a base. a longeruseful life thanactive metals. moretime to explorechemistry and have more fun doing it! Sodiumhydroxide, ammoniumhydroxide, calcium hydrox- Youwill needthe followingmaterials to completethis series ide and potassium carbonate are commonbases. SECTION6 of experiments. Individual tests with UniversalIndicator will showwhich of the salt solutionsin the chemistryset are bases. 7) The metals which were not coated would be expectedto SECTION1 - PREPARATIONOF LABORATORYEQUIPMENT corrode.Metal whichwas wrapped in zinc wire did not cor- Figure #1A SECTION2 rode becausethe moreactive zinc metal corrodedbefore LIST OF MATERIALS the metalwith whichthe zinc wasin contact.The zinc func- BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING [] Microplate(from your chemistryset) 2) Sodiumacetate is the nameof the salt formedwhen sodi- tioned as a SACRIFICIALMETAL. EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! umbicarbonate reacts with acetic acid. Thegas formed is -I Threeplastic pipettes(from your chemistryset) Thetray is divided into two parts. Eachhas a series of carbondioxide. [] Smallpiece of cotton (obtain at groceryor drugstore) rowsand columns.This makesthe microplatevery orderly. It SECTION8 also makesa groupof experimentalchemical reactions easyto fl Pair of scissors(from home) SECTION4 compareto a control group. Changesin color, or any other 5) Themetals corrodedin the expectedmanner. Changes in Measuringcup (from your chemistryset) changesin a reaction can be easily seenwhen compared to the 4) Householdproducts which test positive with UniversalIndi- the solutions wouldalso be noteddue to a changein the [] Distilled water(from grocery) control. cator are acids. Commonacids are citrus juices, vinegar pH of the solution as indicated by the changein the --1 Rubbingalcohol or isopropylalcohol (from grocery Thebottom row of the microplate contains the various and soda water. The amountof base in a substancecan Universal Indicator color change.Evidence of corrosion chemicalsyou will be using in your experiments.These chem- bedetermined by the processof titration. wouldbe seenon the nail similar to previousexperiments or drugstore) icals are permanentlykept in this rowof large microwells. onthe activity of metals. [] Goggles Thechemicals supplied in the B wells of your microplate SECTION5 ~ Storage case are: B-1: CobaltChloride 8) ThepH of a solution will vary with the substancebeing test- B-2: CalciumNitrate ed. ThepH canbe estimatedby comparingthe color in the YOUR WORKSPACE B-3: FerrousSulfate test solution with the indicator with the standardcolors of MicroChemistryuses two basic tools: B-4: MethyleneBlue the indicator as determinedin the previousseries of exper- the microplateand the plastic pipette. B-5: Phenolphthalein iments. B-6: UniversalIndicator

Theremainder of your chemicalsare supplied in plastic SECTION6 vials (small plastic bottles) containedin yourchemistry set. There are 48 "small wells" or depressions in the Bases commonlyfound in the homeare milk of magnesia, MICROPLATE.These are numberedas columns #1 through householdammonia, and milk. #12. Theseare also lettered as rowsA,B, C, D. Duringtesting of reactions,you can identify individual reaction"wells" by using the rowand column.For example,"Small well A-7 or Smallwell C-10". There are 12 "large wells" or depressions in the Chapter 9 - ELECTROCHEMISTRY MICROPLATE.These large wells are located directly down from the small well section. Thelarge wells are numberedas SECTION1 columns1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Thesecolumn numbers for the large wells appearat the 7) Thecompass needle moves to the left or to the right. The base of the MICROPLATEnear the bottom edge. The deep movementindicates that a current is flowing through the wells are lettered as rowsA andB. Youcan identify individual wire fromone end of the battery to the other. large wells by the samemethod you identified the small wells, for example,"Large well A-6or Largewell B-2". 10) Whenthe connectionsare reversed, the needle movesin Figure#1 the opposite direction. As electrons movethrough a wire MicroplateUnit PLASTICPIPETTE they create a magneticfield whichaffects the compass. (medicinedropper) MicroChemistryuses a plastic pipette, suchas in Figure#2. SECTION2 THE MICROPLATE BULB 6) Theneedle of the galvanometermoves in responseto a Thefirst is a plastic tray called a microplate.This tray is STEM flow of electrons. By comparingthe movementnoted in very sturdy. Thetray hasshallow wells arrangedin order of this experimentto the movementin the previous experi- rows (running across) and columns(running up and down). ment,the direction of electron flow can be determinedin Thesewells are usedinstead of test tubes, flasks andbeakers. "-, _ SECTION3. See Figure #1A. Electrons flow from the NEGATIVETERMINAL of the bat- Figure #2 tery or cell to the POSITIVETERMINAL of the battery or cell. Page 3 Page 52 SECTION 13 SECTION 4 The pipette is madeof POLYETHYLENE.This form of plastic The chemicals in your chemistry set will most often be in is soft andis very DUCTILE(flexible). SOLUTION. This means that the chemical has been DIS- 5) The reaction of ammoniumchloride with calcium hydroxide 3) Electrolytes causethe indicator to glow while non-electro- Examineone of the pipettes provided in your chemistry set. SOLVEDin water. Solutions of chemicals react faster and more will produce ammoniagas. The ammoniagas dissolves in lytes do not causethe indicator to showconductivity. Youwill observe that it has an enlarged area called a BULB,a evenly than if the chemical were in the powderedor solid form. the moistened filter paper and causes the Universal long tubelike section called a STEM.You maywish to form a In fact, manyof the experimentswhich will be donein this man- Indicator to changecolor. 9) The combinations of chemicals which produce a precipitate microtip on one of your pipettes. This can be done by pulling ual would not be possible if the chemicalswere not in solution. or gas gives an indication that a chemical reaction has the tubelike portion of the microtip until it stretches into a thin- Your pipettes are kept in the receptacles provided in your lab taken place. ner diameterand then cutting the lower portion off with scissors, station stand. SECTION 14 allowing only the very thin tip to be the endof the stem. Making a Chemical Scoop 4) & 5) The filter paper which had been soaked in Universal SECTION 5 Whenit is necessaryfor you to use a solid in an experi- Indicator will changecolor as the ammoniais reacted with ment, the chemical solid can be transferred by the use of a the vaporsof vinegar. 7) & 8) CHEMICALSCOOP. We can very easily make a CHEMICAL The reactants would be electrolytes since their solutions SCOOPout of another pipette. 6) Thevinegar will eventually tint the Universal Indicator back showedconduction with the conductivity tester. Oneof the 1) Hold a plastic pipette by the stem. to greenand finally to orangeor red. The side of the paper productsof the reaction is a precipitate. Precipitates do not 2) With scissors, cut through both sides of the pipette at closest to the vinegar vaporswilt changecolor first. dissolve or ionize in water. If no ionization takes place, a an angle. SeeFigure #3 for a picture of the procedure. solution of a chemical doesnot showconductivity. The cut pipette makesan excellent chemical scoopfor The reaction of householdvinegar (acid) with calcium hy- any solids whichwill be usedin the rest of the experi- droxide (a base) and ammoniumchloride would produce mentsin the laboratory manual. solution which would cause the Universal Indicator to Chapter 7 - ACID AND BASESOLUTIONS return to its greencolor. SECTION 1 SECTION 15 Figure #2A 3) By diluting the acid by a factor of 10, the amountof acid per The plastic PIPETTEwill be used to dispense drops of 7) The Universal Indicator paper would showthat the reaction unit volumeis decreasedby an equal amount. chemical liquids to the microplate wells where your chemical would produce a basic gas, ammonia. You would know a reactions will take place. The use of the PIPETTEis just the reaction occurred by the changein the color of the paper. 7) By diluting the base by a factor of 10, the amountof acid sameas the use of a conventional medicine dropper or eye per unit volumeis decreasedby an equal amount. dropper. Whenthe tip is placed below the surface of a liquid and the bulb squeezed BETWEENTHUMB AND FOREFIN- / 10) TheUniversal Indicator will turn different colors dependent GER,and then released, the PIPETTEwill draw up liquid into on the amountof acid or basein the solution in eachwell. Figure #3 the bulb. The pipette can then be used to deliver drops of liq- Makinga Filter Funnel uid or chemicals to your MICROPLATEwells. Chapter 6 - EXPERIMENTSWITH SOLUTIONS 11) Phenolphthaleinis different than Universal Indicator since it has only one changeof color. Phenolphthalein is a single Wecan makea filter funnel from another pipette. PRE-LAB: chemicalindicator. Universal Indicator is a mixture of several indicators. 1) Hold a plastic pipette by the stem. 1) Any metallic alloy is an example of a solid solution. 2) With scissors, cut through the entire pipette straight across Stainless steel, carbonsteel, gold jewelry, etc., is a solid the bulb of the pipette. solution. 3) Place a small piece of cotton from a cotton swabor cotton SECTION 4 ball in the bottomof bulb. SeeFigure #4 for a picture of the 2) Air is a goodexample of a solution of a gas in a gas. In the procedure. case ef a!r, nitrogen is the so!vent since it !s in greater amountin the air.

Eachindicator changescolor at only one concentration of acid or base. Often, a single chemical indicators maybe found in SOLUTION SECTION 2 more than one source. CUT ~ TO BE

4) Pure water is not an electrolyte. Tap water is not pure Slowlyrelease water. Try to detect conduction with distilled water. There SECTION 5 bulb anddraw liquid should be little or no conductivity. Tap water contains some To deliver drops, salts and chemicals addedto prevent bacterial contamina- 4) Youwill be able to tell if eachproduct is acid or baseby the upinto pipette gently squeezebulb. tion. color of the Universal Indicator. It is very unusualto find a product which is neutral. 7) Non-electrolytes are solutions of either compoundswhich Figure #2B TrON have carbon in the molecule or are precipitates. CUT -: Electrolytes are solutions of inorganic compoundswhich dissolve and ionize in water to form chargedparticles. SECTION 6 The pipette can be used over again by simply rinsing the Figure #4 stem and bulb between chemicals. Water and chemical solutions do not "stick" to the plastic inside the pipette the waythey 8) An indicator which turns color near the range of pure water Delicatefiltering of liquids into test tubesor into wells of the would be most useful. Ask your teacher about the normal might if the pipette wasmade of glass or rubber. The plastic MICROPLATEcan be accomplished using the microfunnel. surface of the pipette is NON-WETTING.This meansthat all SECTION 3 pHof rain. Figure #4B shows how a funnel stand is made from a small the contents of the pipette can be dispensed with none of the piece of folded card stock. chemicalleft behind. Conductorsconduct electricity. Non-conductorsdo not conduct electricity. Page..51 Page 4 Noticehow it opensto allow the pipette to enter the chemical SECTION9 SECTION4 vial. Noticehow it closesback up after youtake the pipette out. Youmay have to usea pencilor ball point pen’spoint to ini- 7) & 8) 9) As the hydrogenperoxide is decomposed,oxygen gas is tially openand widen the "H" cuts in the seals so that your TheUniversal Indicator turns two different colors in the two generated. As the oxygengas bubblesthrough the meth- pipettecan easily be insertedinto the vial well. wells. Thepositive electrode well producesoxygen gas ylene blue solution the methyleneblue is decolorized. Thechemical in eachvial well is either on small strips of (whichis soluble) andan orangeor red color is seenwhen special paperor as solids in precisely measuredamounts. the indicator is present. Thenegative electrode produces Lookat oneof the plastic vials (small plastic bottles). hydrogenand is coloredblue. SECTION5 Notice that eachhas a screw-on,screw-off cap. Thecap is a safety cap. To get it off, simply pushdown on the plastic cap 8) As air goes into the methyleneblue solution, a small and unscrewthe cap. If you turn the cap clockwise it gets SECTION10 amountof oxygenin the air causesthe methyleneblue to \.._../" tighter. If youturn the capcounter-clockwise it comesoff. de-color in the sameway as in SECTION4, part 9. Oxygen 1) Thelast or control well is left aloneto showthe original gas is the only gaswhich decolorizes methylene blue. Figure #4A& 4B Push Down Push Down color of the coppersulfate solution beforethe reactionhas occurred. A Measuring Cup SECTION6 2) & 3) Oftensolid material will be requiredin your experimenta- Thecopper solution did not changein the control or copper 3) Liver andpotato contain the natural catalyst catalasewhich tion. In order to weighout correct amountsof solid materials, wire well. Thewell which containedthe zinc wire faded aids in the decompositionof hydrogenperoxide to water youwill needto usethe plastic measuringcup. SeeFigure #5. whenthe zinc wasleft in the solution. and oxygen.The gas, oxygen,can be identified by oxygen’s ability to decolorizemethylene blue. 4) & 5) Asthe zinc wire reactedwith the copperion in solution, the SECTION8 Turn zinc metal in the wire becamezinc ion and dissolvedinto the solution. Zinc in aqueoussolution is colorless. The 6) Whenthe leaf is exposedto light, photosynthesisoccurs. copperwire in the coppersolution showedno change. Photosynthesisproduces oxygen as one of its products. Theoxygen decolorizes the methyleneblue solution.

To Open To Close Chapter 5 - THE GASEOUSPHASE OF MATTER SECTION9 Figure #6 5) Thecarbon dioxide reacts with the calciumhydroxide solu- SECTION1 tion to formcalcium carbonate, a whiteprecipitate. Thefor- Figure #5 - Plastic MeasuringCup mationof a white precipitate whena gasis bubbledthrough Whena solvent is addedto the vial, the chemicalsdissolve 8) As the pressureon the gasis increased,the volumeof the calcium hydroxidesolution provesthe presenceof carbon Thesemeasuring cups are providedin your chemistryset uponshaking the microplate, and forms the chemicalsolution gas trapped in the columndecreases. Pressure and vol- dioxide. andare printed on their sides with different lines andmeasure- whichyou will usein your experiments. umeare INVERSELYrelated. Thehigher the pressure, the ments. Thereare measurementlines for teaspoons(tsp) and Thechemical’s name is printed on the label on the exterior smaller the volume. tablespoons(tbs) andalso measurementlines for fluid ounces portion of eachvial well. Specialreceptacles are providedin SECTION10 (fl. oz.). Thereare measurementlines for cubiccentimeters (cc) yourlab station standto hold the microplateand its contents. andfor milliliters (ml). SECTION2 9) Thereaction of the calcium carbonatewith an acid pro- Alwayskeep the plastic measuringcups clean and dry. IMPORTANT NOTE: READ THESE DIRECTIONS BE- ducescarbon dioxide gas. FOREADDING ANY LIQUID TO YOURCHEMICALS! 6) As the gasin the bulb of the pipette is decreased,the vol- PART TWO 10) Calciumhydroxide reacts with carbondioxide to producea Preparingthe ChemicalVial Well umeof the gas decreases. Weknow that the volume ADDING SOLVENT decreasesbecause the liquid level goesup into the pipette. whiteprecipitate of calciumcarbonate. Thevolume of a gas is DIRECTLYrelated to the tempera- BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING Youare nowready to activate your chemicalvial wells and ture of the gas. 11) Theprecipitation reaction hasbeen the methodof testing EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSECTION! your separatechemical vials with either wateror alcohol. Be for carbondioxide in SECTION9 and also this section. sureto follow the directionsexactly so that youwill put the cor- 10) As the air in the bulb is warmed,the volumeof the gas All of the chemicalvial wells andchemical vials in this rect liquid into the correctchemical vial. chemistryset will producethe chemicalsolutions you will usein increases. Theair whichis heatedexpands and is forced Youwill needto gatherthe following materialsto complete out into the well of water. Asthe temperatureon the gasis your experiments. this procedure: increased,the volumeof the gasincreases. SECTION11 Thesespecial vial wells are actually the large microplate wells in the "B" rowof your microplate. Eachof the chemical MATERIALS 5) The reaction of an acid with sodiumhydrogen carbonate wells is cappedwith an "H" seal, and is labeled as to what --I Observe that someof the chemicalvial wells in your SECTION3 producescarbon dioxide. Precipitation of calciumhydrox- chemicalit contains. microplate and your separate vials have YELLOWTOPS. ide solution is a goodtest for the presenceof carbondiox- Theother separatevials in your chemistryset will produce ide. other chemicalswhich you will needin experiments.Each of Observethat someof the chemical vials wells in your 7) As the ammoniavapors leave the well, the UniversalIndi- the chemicalvials are also cappedwith an "H" seal. Eachvial microplate and your separate vials have BLUETOPS cator changesfrom green to blue. As the vinegar vapors leave the well, the UniversalIndicator changesfrom green is labeledas to whatchemical it contains. Twoplastic pipettes (medicinedroppers) from your set. to orangeor red. SECTION12 Affixedto the top of the vial well is the vial sealingdisk. Oneplastic measuringcup from your set Lookclosely at the sealingdisk. Youwill observethat there is ~ a small"H" shapedcut in the top of the seal. This is the "H" sep- Sharppointed pencil or ball point pen 8) Theammonia vapor travels faster than the vinegar vapor. 3) Alka-Seltzeris a solid mixtureof anacid anda carbonate. Theammonia molecule is smaller and travels faster than ® turn sealingdisk. Alcohol- either isopropylalcohol (rubbing alcohol) or ethyl Whenthe Alka-Seltzer dissolves, the acid and the car- The"H" cut in the seal is a specialopening for the stemand the vinegar(acetic acid) molecule. bonateproduces carbon dioxide. Thereaction of this gas alcohol, from your local pharmacyor grocerystore. with calcium hydroxide wouldshow the gas to be carbon tip of your pipette. Try pushingthe tip end of your pipette Distilled waterfrom your local supermarketor pharmacy. throughthe "H" cut in the seal. dioxide.

Page 5 Page 50 NOTE: In the top of each of the YELLOWor BLUEcaps of 3) Youare nowready to fill someof the other vials with alcohol. APPENDIX A 12) The nail which showsthe most changeis the nail which is the chemical vial wells or separate chemical vials, there You may use Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol or Ethyl alcohol. in a salt solution. In order for nails to changeinto rust, the can be seen an "H" shaped letter. This "H" is the place (Obtain the alcohol from the local pharmacyor grocery store.) Answers to Experiment Questions iron mustbe able to react with oxygenin the water or oxy- where you will puncture, or makea hole, in the chemical Using the sametechnique as you did in step 2, place 5 ML(live genin the air. vial well. Youshould use a pencil point or a ball point pen milliliters) of alcohol into the measuringcup. Thenusing your Chapter 3 - BASICS to break through this "H", and thereby open up the chemi- pipette, draw up the 5 MLof alcohol into a pipette and then cal vial so that you mayadd liquid or take out liquid. The insert the pipette into ONLYthe following vials. PUT THE SECTION 3A "H" cut will actually seal itself betweenuses. For now, ALCOHOL ONLY INTO THE VIALS WHICH HAVE YELLOW SECTION 2 however, go ahead and proceed with the steps outlined COLORED SEALS: 11) The nails which were covered with solution showgreater next. Phenolphthalein (#65) 10) The liquid which has beenadded to the well remainsin the changethan the nails which were only coveredwith water. Universal Indicator (#70) well. The force of cohesionof water (surface tension) and DIRECTIONS adhesionto the plastic is greater than the force of gravity. 12) Copper and aluminum nails are resistant to chemical (1) II,~ing the point of a pencil or ball point pen. pokethrough the IMPORTANT:After activation of the chemicals, always keep change. A discoloration shows which chemicals tend to plastic inner seal of all the chemicalvial wells which havethe the microplate flat on its base. Donot store it on edgeor on its Waterin the large welts has greater massand a larger sur- change copper and aluminum. small "H" cut on the inner seals. side, as the chemicalsmay leak out over time. Be sure to keep face area. Thewater in the large wells falls out of the wells. This will allow you to insert the pipette into these vials and the microplate in its pouchwhen not using. The surface tension of the water is not great enoughto will makeit easier to fill anduse later. keepthe water in the wells. SECTION 5 Reviewof Terms SECTION 3 9) The oxygenion has a negative (-) charge. MICROPLATE- A plastic plate containing a series of small and large wells in which chemicalsare tested and reactions Dish detergent destroys the surface tension of water. The 10) The hydrogenion has a positive (+) charge. 7) observed. The wells are arranged in numberedcolumns water falls out of the wells. The "wetting" powerof deter- and lettered rows. gent is what makesdetergent a valuable cleaning agent. 11) The possible products formed at the positive wire of the battery are: gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen. The PLASTICPIPETTE - A plastic one-piece dropper. The SECTION 4 gas released is gaseousoxygen. microtip endof the pipette is used1o deliver small droplets of liquids for reactions in the microplate. 5) The water once again falls out of the wells. Alcohol also 12) The positive electrode is producing oxygen gas. Hydrogen destroys the surface tension of water. The results of this gas is being producedat the negative electrode. Enlarge"H" sealswith ball point penso pipette canbe used. part are similar to SECTION2. 17) The formula for water gives us the clue. H20tells us that Figure #7 //~ L~SERTED SECTION 5 "H" CUTIN a molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms for every one 2) Find the plastic measuringcup in your set. Youwill see it is "H" CUT RED SEAL ~ / "HIROUGH oxygen. Whenwe decompose water, two times as much marked with various measurements.Using the "ML" measure- ],-J’H" CUT The baby powderor flour coated the surface of the water. 5) hydrogen is produced than oxygen. This is why twice as mentscale ("ML" stands for milliliter), fill the cup to the 5 RESEALS/ Whenthe detergent was addedthe surface tension of the manybubbles of hydrogencome out of the solution at the markwith distilled water. water was destroyed and the powder or flour was forced cathode as do oxygenbubbles comeout of the solution at toward the walls of the well. The flour or powdersunk to the anode. the bottomof the well.

SECTION 7 / Figure #9 Chapter 4 - MODELS 6) The electrolysis of aqueouspotassium iodine producesel- Youmay have to use a pencil or ball point pen’s point to ini- ementaliodine (12) at the positive electrode. Hydrogen A chargedatom is Called an ion. tially open and widen the "H" cuts in the seals so that your nroducedat the neaative electrode, pipette can easily be inserted into the vials. SECTION1 Each chemical vial contains a few small plastic "mixing 7) Iodine is producedat the red electrode. Hydrogenis pro- beads" which themselves do not dissolve. The "chemical" in 6) A 3-D modelis better than a paper or 2-D model since the ducedat the black electrode. eachvial is either on small strips of special paperor as solids in 3-D modelgives a clearer, moreuseful picture of what the precisely measured amounts. The "miring beads" he~l~ the actual moleculeis believed to look like. The 3-13 modellets 11) & 12) Addingwater to the chemicalvial wells. chemicalsdissolve. you look at the structure of the molecule. The positive electrode producedthe iodine whichtests pos- Figure #8 Whena solvent is addedto the vial, the chemicalsdissolve itive with starch or paperas the indicator. A black color indi- Using your plastic pipettes, and your measuringcup with upon shaking the vial, and form the chemical _solution which cates iodine. SECTION 2 distilled water in it, drawup (sucking up into the pipette) 5 you will use in your experiments. (five milliliters) of DISTILLEDWATER. The chemical’s nameis printed or~ the label on the exterior SECTION 8 4) The combinatioq of iron and oxygenrequires that the iron Nowpush the tip of the pipette through the inner seals with of eachvial. and oxygenform an alternating structure of oxygen-iron- the "H" cut on themand squeezeout 5 MLof distilled water into 7) & 8) oxygen-iron-oxygen. The paper model may show this but only the vial wells with the BLUEtops. ADDTHE DISTILLED the 3-D model is moreinformative. The Universal Indicator turns two different colors in the two wells. The positive electrode well produces oxygen gas WATER ONLY TO THE VIAL WELLS WHICH HAVE BLUE -- SAIq’.’TY COLOREDSEALS! These vials which will get the 5 ML of dis- CAP (which is soluble) and an orange or red color is seen when SECTION 3 tilled waterare listed below: the indicator is present. The negative electrode produces C){EMICALI~AI)ER hydrogenand is colored blue. 11) The nails which were covered with solution showgreater MethyleneBlue (#47) Citric Acid(#42) OR POWDER rusting than nails which were only covered with water. The CobaltChloride (#8) PotassiumIodide (#49) (IN-~IDE VIAL) nails tend to be rusty ABOVEthe line of the solution. The FerrousSulfate (#44) SodiumSulfate (#53) CItEMICAL red-browncolor of the nail is due to the formation of iron CalciumNitrate (#41) AluminumAmmonium Sulfate (#57) MIXING BEADS oxide or rust. CopperSulfate (#11) AmmoniumChloride (#58) (INSIDE VIAL) SodiumSilicate (#18) MagnesiumSulfate (#64) CalciumHydroxide (#40) SodiumCarbonate (#67) Figure #10 Page 49 Page 6 Repeatthe experimentin SECTION6 using aluminumor cop- BE SURETO WEARGO.._G_GLES WHEN DOING REVIEW:A_D__D_.!.N_G SOLVEN_T_._T_O. THEVIALS per nails insteadof commoniron nails. EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! IMPORTANT READ THESE DIRECTIONS BEFORE ADDING ANY LIQUID TO YOUR CHEMICALS! SECTION8 - A CORROSIONPAIR

Youare nowready to activate your chemicalvials or vial wells with either wateror alcohol. Besure to follow the directions exactly In this experimentyou can actually seethe changeoccur, just so that youwill put the correctliquid into the correctchemical vial. overnight, whentwo different metalsare in close contactwith oneanother in a salt solution. By useof an indicator wecan see Youwill needto gatherthe following materialsto completethis procedure: 1) Fill a plastic pipettewith sodiumchloride solution. Place1/2 if a changehas occurred in the solution,and also if a change pipettefull of sodiumchloride solution in eachof twolarge hasoccurred to the different metals. All of the YELLOWTOP chemical vial(s) from your chemistryset wells in the microplate. All of the BLUETOP chemical vials from your chemistryset Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- All of the plastic seal top envelopeswith wiresor other material 2) Adda few dropsof UniversalIndicator to both wells with Twoplastic pipettes (medicinedroppers) from your set ment: the sodiumchloride solution. Oneplastic measuringcup (measuringcup with measurementmarks on it) from your set Sharppointed pencil or ball point pen LIST OF MATERIALS 3) Join an aluminumnail or wire and a commoniron nail or Alcohol- either isopropylalcohol (rubbing alcohol) or ethyl alcohol. (Obtainfrom yourlocal pharmacyor grocerystore) Aniron nail (or a 3 cm.length of iron wire) iron wire at their endswith a springclip. Distilled water(Obtain from your local supermarketor pharmacy) Analuminum nail (or a 3 cm.length of aluminumwire) 4) Placethe joined nails or wire in oneof the wells with the Sodiumchloride solution. (Prepareyour ownsodium NOTE:Some vials andinside inner tops maybe sealedwith clear tape for addedprotection. Removethe tape on the inner top and sodiumchloride solution. puncture"H" with pencil point or ball point penand proceed with the instructions below. chloridesolution by mixing1/2 teaspoonof table salt with 10ml. of water.Stir until all salt is dissolved.) 5) Leavethe nails in the solutionovernight. STEP1 - Usingthe point of a pencil or ball point pen,poke through the plastic inner seal of all the chemicalvials whichhave the UniversalIndicator solution small"H" cut onthe innerseals. Thiswill allow youto insert the pipetteinto thesevials andwill makeit easierto fill anduse later. Wirewith springclips Whathappens to eachof the nails? Makesure youput the safety screw-oncap back onto eachvial after you puncturethe seal. Microplate Whathappens to the UniversalIndicator? STEP2 - Find the plastic measuringcup in your set. Youwil~ seeit is markedwith various measurements.Using the "ML" mea- Plasticpipette surementscale ("ML" stands of milliliter), fill the cupto the ML_ mark with distilled water. Goggles ls there evidenceof corrosion? Usingyour plastic pipettes, andyour measuring cup with distilled waterin it, drawup (suckup into the pipette) 5 ML(five milliliters) of DISTILLEDWATER. Now push the tip of the pipette through the inner seals with the "H" cut on themand squeezeout 5 MLof distilled water into only the vials with the BLUEtops. ADDTHE DISTILLED WATER ONLY TO THEVIALS WHICH HAVE BLUE TOPSAND BLUE COLORED SEALS! These vials whichwill get the 5 MLof distilled water are listed below:

¯ MethyleneBlue (#47) ¯ SodiumSilicate (#18) ¯ FerrousSulfate (#44) ¯ CopperSulfate (#11) ¯ PotassiumIodide (#49) ¯ CobaltChloride (#8) ¯ MagnesiumSulfate (#64) ¯ Citric Acid(#42) ¯ SodiumSulfate (#53) ¯ SodiumCarbonate (#67) ¯ CalciumNitrate (#41) ¯ AluminumAmmonium Sulfate (#57) ¯ CalciumHydroxide (#40) ¯ AmmoniumChloride (#58)

STEP3 - Youare nowready to fill someof the other vials with alcohol. Youmay use Isopropyl (rubbing)alcohol or Ethyl alcohol. Obtainthe alcohol from the local pharmacyor grocerystore. Usingthe sametechnique as youdid in STEP2, place 5 ML(five milliliters) of alcohol into the measuringcup. Thenusing your pipette, suckup the 5 MLof alcoholinto a pipette andthen insert the pipette into ._only the vials with the YELLOWtops. PUTTHE ALCOHOL ONLY INTO THE VIALS WHICH HAVE YELLOW COLORED CAPSAND YELLOWCOLORED SEALS:

¯ Phenolphthalein(#65) ¯ UniversalIndicator (#70)

STEP4 - DONOT ADD ANYTHING TO the following plastic envelopes:

¯ CopperWire (#61) ¯ Iron Wire(#63) ¯ AluminumWire (#38) ¯ Zinc Wire(#54) NOTE:Iron Wireused in this set is pureand will rust. Rustwill not affect your experiments.Just wipeoff as muchrust as possible with a cleanpaper towel andsand the iron wire with a smallpiece of sandpaperif needed.The wire doeshave a light coatingof oil to reducerusting.

STEP5 - Nowreplace all of the capsback on to the vials which they cameoff of. Screwthe capson securely. Makesure you ALWAYSput the SAMEcap back on the SAMEvial it cameoff of eachtime you use a chemical.Finally, place all of the vials and all of the plastic envelopesback into the properplace in your chemistryset...... R~view of Te~S ...... MICFIOPLATE- A plastic plate containinga series of small tip endof the pipetteis usedto deliver smalldroplets of liq- andlarge wells in whichchemicals are tested andreactions uids for reactionsin the microplate. observed.The wells are arrangedin numberedcolumns and FILTERFUNNEL - An altered pipette whichcontains cotton lettered rows. as the filter element. CHEMICALSCOOP - A pipette which has had its bulb end PLASTICPIPEI-FE - A plastic one-piece dropper. The cut off and is used as a chemicalspoon to deliver solid micro- chemicals.

Page 7 Page 48 1) Obtain 15 small iron nails (check with magnetto see that 7) Add 7 drops of each of the following solutions in the SECT!.ON2_.-. PROPERTIES_OF THE__ Normally, you would expect the solution to fall out of the they are iron). Makesure the 15 nails are the samesize. microplate columnas directed. MICROCHEMISTRY SYSTEM wells. This does not happenbecause the solution holds onto Sandthe iron nails with fine sandpaperto removeany oxi- itself and the surface of the plastic well by SURFACETEN- dation or coating. Youmay also use 3 cm. lengths of iron Are you ready to do your first experiment? SION. Surface tension is the force which binds water to itself wire from your chemistry set. COLUMN CHEMICAL SOLUTION WELLS USED and the surface of the container in which it is stored. The sur- It is a good thing to know the properties of your equipment face tension of the water(a force) is greater than gravity (anoth- 2) Paint the "point half" of 5 nails or wire with oil paint, nail pol- 1 Sodium Chloride A-l, B-l, C-1 BEFOREYOU USE IT. er force). Sothe water stays in the plate. ish or modelpaint. Allow the coating time to dry. 2 Ferrous Sulfate A-2, B-2, C-2 3 Citric Acid A-3, B-3, C-3 Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- 11) Nowplace someof the blue dye/water mixture in three of 3) Cut 5 lengths of zinc wire (from your chemistry set) into 4 Sodium Carbonate A-4, B-4, C-4 ment: the LARGEWELLS. Large well B-l, A-3 and B-6. Use lengths of 3 cm. each. Wrapeach of the five nails with zinc 5 Tap Water A-5, B-5, C-5 moreliquid since the large wells can hold moreliquid. wire. See Figure #44. LIST OF MATERIALS 8) Cover the microplate with a piece of plastic wrap. Leave Plastic cup (from your chemistry set) 12) Lookat the color of the large wells w=ththe drops of color- the nails in the solutions in a safe place overnight. ing. Turn the plate and look at the drops from the side of Water the plate. Methylene Blue Dye Solution Which nails did you expect to be protected? Why? Plastic pipette PERFORMTHE NEXT STEP #13 OVER THE SINK! Microplate DO NOT TRY THIS UPSIDE DOWNOVER YOUR HEAD! Look up the word GALVANIZEDin your dictionary. Whichmetal IJ Goggles is associated with GALVANIZEDsteel? 13) Carry the microplate CAREFULLYto the sink. Turn the microplate upside down over the sink. What happened? BE SURETO WEARGOGGLES WHEN .D_._OIN(~ EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTI~_Y_SET.! 14) Nowwash the microplate out with water, being careful to SECTION 7 - CORROSIONOF DIFFERENT METAL.$ clean andrinse all of the wells of the water/dyemixture. DIRECTIONS Different metals often corrode whenthey comein contact with 1) Place your microplate on several pieces of white paper. Thewater/dye mixture acts differently in the large wells than it each other. This is a problem if the two different metals are did in the small wells. Why? used in ships or boats wheresalt water is present or sometimes 2) Fill a small plastic cup about1/2 full of water. Answer: Waterin the large wells has greater massand a larger in plumbing systems in houses where water or steam makes surface area. The water in the large wells falls out of the wells. Figure #44 contact with both metals. Sometimesto prevent this corrosion 3) Add two drops of methylene blue dye to the water in the Thesurface tension of the water is not great enoughto keep the problem, one of the metals is coated to protect it. Sometimes cup. Be sure to use your MICROTIPpipette for this exper- waterin the large wells. non-corrosive metals must be used in certain iment. 4) Place the 5 painted nails in the first five small wells of Row applications...such as stainless steel or platinum which do not SECTION 3 - HOW TO DESTROYSURFACE TENSION 1 in the microplate. Thepainted nails will be in small wells tend to corrode. 4) Return the blue dye which you have not used back to its A-l, A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5. SeeFigure #45. original container. Howto Destroy Surface Tension Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- 5) Place the 5 nails wrappedwith zinc wire in the first five ment: 5) Stir the water with the stemof the pipette. Surface tension, as you have learned, is the property of a liq- small wells of RowB in the microplate. The zinc wire uid’s surface to form a thin layer of particles or moleculesat the wrappednails will be in small wells B-l, B-2, B-3, B-4 and LIST OF MATERIALS 6) Draw up someof the water/dye mixture into the MICROTIP surface of the liquid whichpull on oneanother so that a "surface B-5. See Figure #45. Fifteen (15) small copper nails OR15 lengths of copper pipette. layer" is formed. This tends to "hold in" the liquid below. On wire cut into 3 cm. lengths water, for instance, the surface tension is strong enoughto sup- 6) Place the 5 other nails in the next row of small wells in the Place 7 or 8 drops of the water/dyemixture into small wells port the weight of small insects whichlive on the surface of the Piece of fine sandpaper 7) microplate. Use small wells C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4 and C-5. A-l, A-2, A-3, A-12, B-12, C-12. SeeFigure #11. water in ponds and lakes. You can see how surface tension See Figure #45. Moaeipaint or [i~gu~,,aii puli~l~ fnrm¢ m~.ha laver bv carefully "floatine" a needle on the top Sodiumchloride solution surface of a container of water. f I1 2 3 4 5 6 7 .~ 9 ~ O 1 1 1 2~ Ferroussulfate solution ~~000000 0 0 ~ There are chemicals which will destroy or lessen the effect of Wire Citric acid solution surface tension. Just think how difficult it would be to wash Sodiumcarbonate solution ~000000000 0 0 yourself or other things if the surface tension of the water was cO00000000 0 0 Dc so strong that it would not penetrate dirt or cloth or whatever Tap water o:000000000 0 you are trying to wash! Zinc wire cut into 3 cm. lengths (from your chemistry set) 0 Oo Microplate ~:OOOOOO In this experimentwe will destroy or lessen the effect of surface Plastic wrap tension by the use of something that makeswater more wet. A dishwashing soap has the property of a "wetting agent," or in Plastic Pipette other words, it will makewater wetter! Goggles Solutions Figure #11 You will need the following materials to completethis experi- BE SURE TO WEAR. GOGGLESWHEN DOING 8) Lookat the color of the wells with the dropsof the coloring. ment: Figure #45 EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! Turn the plate and look at the drops from the side of the plate. LIST OF MATERIALS Plastic cup (from your chemistry set) 9) Hold the plate up to a light source. Observethe color of the Methylene Blue DyeSolution (from your chemistry set) wells through the bottomof the plate. Liquid dishwashingsoap (obtain from grocery or kitchen) 10)Finally, turn the plate upside downover the white paper. Microplate (from your chemistry set) Page 47 Does anything unexpected happen? Goggles Page 8 BE.SU_R_.E__T_OWEAR GOGGLES WHEN DOING 1) Throwaway the water/dye/detergentmixture from the pre- EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRySET.! vious experiment. ACTIVITY CHART

1) If youhave any methylene blue dyesolution left in your cup 2) Rinsethe plastic cupand add 40 dropsof waterto the cup. ACTIVITYSERIES - from the last experiment,you may use it here. If not, mixa METALSWHICH WILL TENDTO LOSE ELECTRONS little moremethylene blue dye solution with waterin the 3) Adda few dropsof methyleneblue dye solution as youdid plastic cup. (seeSection 2, steps2 and3). previously. MOSTACTIVE METALS K PotassiumMetal (Thosewhich lose Ba BariumMetal 2) Add one drop of dishwashing soap to the methylene 4) Add20 dropsof ethyl or isopropylalcohol to the waterin electronsmost easily) blue/watermixture. Stir andmix thoroughly. Ca CalciumMetal the plastic cup. Na SodiumMetal Mg MagnesiumMetal 3) Drawup someof the water/dye/soap mixture into the 5) Repeatsteps 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 from Section2 Experiment. MICROTIPpipette. AI AluminumMetal Howis the result similar to either Section2 or Section3? Zn Zinc Metal 4) Place7 or 8 dropsof the water/dye/soapmixture into small Figure #42 Cr ChromiumMetal wells of the microplate. Usethe samewells as before: A- Fe Iron Metal 1, A-2, A-3, A-12, B-12and C-12. 6) Soakthe filter paperwith sodiumchloride solution. Make Co Cobalt Metal SECTION5 - A VISIBLE ILLUSTRATIONOF your ownsodium chloride solution by addingsome table Hydrogensometimes acts like Ni Nickel Metal SURFACETENSION 5) Lookat the color of the wells with the mixturein them.Turn salt to waterin yourplastic measuringcup and dissolving it a metalby giving off anelectron. Sn Tin Metal the plate and look at the wells from the side of the thoroughly. Hydrogenis shownhere in the Pb LeadMetal As in manyexperiments in chemistry, eventhough changes ACTIVITYSERIES. H HYDROGEN--- microplate. go on at the atomicor molecularlevel, weoften cannotsee the 7) Insert the filter papercut out into the threewells containing Cu CopperMetal effects with our eyes. Sometimeswe needto usesomething we LEAST ACTIVE METAL Ag Silver Metal 6) Finally, carry the microplateCAREFULLY to the sink. Turn CANsee to showus things we cannotsee. In this experiment the three different solutions. SeeFigure #43. the microplateupside down over the sink. (Those which DONOT Pt PlatinumMetal we are using fine powders, which we can see, to help us lose electronsvery easily) Au GoldMetal observethe changestaking place with the surfacetension layer 7) Whathappens? What does the dishwashingsoap do to the of a liquid. water?Why is this propertyof detergentvaluable? Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- SECTION6 - OTHERELECTROCHEMICAL RE.A_C_]-IONS Answer:Dishwashing soap destroys the surface tension of ment: water. Thewater falls out of the wells. The"wetting" powerof ~000000000 0 0 Themost commonform of electrochemistry of metals does not the detergentis whatmakes it a valuablecleaning agent. LIST OF MATERIALS ~~000000000 0 occur in a battery. Metalsgive up electronsto non-metalsand Microplate other metals in chemicalreactions. Oneof the mostcommon Extension: ~lO00000000 0 00c electrochemicalreactions is the processof CORROSION. Try this sameexperiment using a drop of hair shampoo. Ethyl or isopropylalcohol (obtain fromdrugstore) ooloo_~oo_.~o~xooo o oo Try this sameexperiment using dishwasher"Jet DryTM’’ liquid. Water In a previoussection youexperimented with iron wire or nails Try this sameexperiment using a dropof liquid handsoap. Liquid dishwashingdetergent whichwere placed in salt solutions. Thesesalt solutions helped the processof corrosion. Someprocesses help PREVENTcor- Plasticpipette ~OOG! SECTION4 - A_I,-COHOL._.AND..SURFACETENSION rosion. Babypowder, talcum powder or flour Other chemicalsbesides soap products have the property Goggles ,_ 0,0, Oil Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- of destroyingor lesseningsurface tension. This experimentex- ment: plores thesechemicals. LIST OF MATERIALS BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING Fifteen (15) smalliron nails or 3 cmlengths of iron w~re WARNING:Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and rubbingalcohol EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! Figure #43 are flammableliquids. Keepthese liquids and their vapors Pieceof fine sandpaper awayfrom any openflame. Usethese chemicals only in a well- Modelpaint or fingernail polish ventilatedarea. 1) Fill two large wells of the microplatewith water.Use large 8) Touchthe endsof the galvanometerto two metalsin the Sodiumchloride solution wells A-1 andB-I. solutions. Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- Ferroussulfate solution ment: 2) Fill two other wells with ethyl or isopropyl alcohol. Use 9) Repeatthe processof testing with eachcombination of Citric acidsolution large wells A-3 andB-3. LIST OF MATERIALS metals. Whichmetal pair gave the greatest movementof Sodiumcarbonate solution the compassneedle? Which metal pair gave the least Plastic cup 3) Dust the surface of eachof the four wells with babypow- movementof the compassneedle? Whichpair of metals Tap water Water der, wouldmake the best battery or cell? Zinc wire (from your chemistryset) talcumpowder or flour. MethyleneBlue DyeSolution Microplate 10) Whichmetal of the three is the mostactive? Howdo you Isopropyl"rubbing alcohol," or ethyl alcohol(from 4) Add1 dropof dishwashingdetergent to onewell with alco- know?Which metal is the least active? Plastic wrap the drugstore) hol (A-3) andone well with water(A-l). Plastic Pipette Plastic pipette 11) Whatwould be a gooduse for metals which are not very Goggles Microplate 5) Describethe result. Whatcaused the change? active? Goggles 12) Compareyour results of the metals you tested with the BESURE TO WEAR GOGGLES W_H_E_N_._D_ OI._NG Notes: Activity Chartabove. EXPERIMENTSIN .T__HI.S_ C__H__EMIS__T_R_Y_S_E_.T_.! BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLE_S WHEN DOING EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET!

Page 9 Page 46 4) Attach the wires to the galvanometeryou built in SECTION SECTION5 - _A.C_T_IylTY._O~"METALS It is important to knowhow chemicalsreact before you experi- 1. CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL MODELS ment. An explanation of the workings of chemical reactions Thereare several different kinds of cells, but they all haveone CHEMICAL REACTIONS means that a MODELshould be used. Models are used 5) Wetall the pieces of paper towel with a solution of sodium thing in common. Each cell converts STOREDCHEMICAL becausethe atoms and molecules which makea chemical reac- chloride (salt water). ENERGYinto ELECTRICAL ENERGY. Chemical Models and Chemical Reactions tion are far too small to be seen even with the most powerful microscope. 6) Test this electrolytic cell by touchingthe wires in an "off-on- As you may have guessed by now, chemists have a good idea A MODELis an imitation of the real thing. Modelsare use- TERMS TO KNOW off-on" method. Watch the needle on your galvanometer which metals on the Periodic Chart are best for cells or batter- ful in trying to understandhow things work. Scientists often use moveback and forth. ies. Their ideas about activity are based on experiments. The ATOM- The smallest particle of an element. models to explain unseen forces, Weuse models to makean experiment below is an example of how these activities were idea easier to understand. 7) What happens to the needle of the galvanometer? Which determined. CHEMICALMEANS - Methods of treating material which sepa- The advantageof a modelis in its ease of use. For exam- direction does the needle move?Which metal gives up rate pure substances into new compoundsor elements. ple, it is certainly easier to showsomeone a MODELof a plane, electrons? Which metal receives them? Which electrode You will needthe following materials to completethis experi- rather than a full size one. was the NEGATIVEELECTRODE? Which electrode was ment: COMPOUND- A chemical combination of two or more ele- A MODELairplane is an imitation. A model plane is not a the POSITIVE ELECTRODE? ments. A compoundhas different properties from the elements real plane. It is a smaller representationof a real plane. It can LIST OF MATERIALS which makeit up. Compoundscannot be separated into their be used to imitate the workings of a real plane. A model can ~J Compassgalvanometer from SECTION1 help to picture somethingreal but unseenor unfamiliar. SECTION 4 - ANOTHERBATTERY elements by physical means. i_~ Ferroussulfate solution In the samemanner, models of chemicals can be used to scale down, represent or MODELthe functioning of REAL You can makea simple battery by connecting several cells ELECTRODE- A wire which is placed in an electrolyte and ~J Iron nail or a 3 cm. length of iron wire from your chemicals. together. A battery is a series of cells. through whichan electrical chargeflows. chemistry set Whenchemicals combine they are said to REACT.Reac- I1 Aluminumammonium sulfate solution tions can be of several types involving few or manychemicals. You will needthe following materials to completethis experi- ELECTROLYTE- A solution which conducts an electric current. By using cut-out model ions you can see how different chemi- ment: ~1 Aluminumnail or a 3 cm. length of aluminumwire ELECTRON- The particle outside the nucleus of an atom which cals can combine to form the manycompounds which chemists from your chemistry set find so interesting. LIST OF MATERIALS carries a negative (--) charge. ~.~ Coppersulfate solution In addition to the papercut-out atomsand ions, your chem- ~,J Compass galvanometer (ELECTRON FLOW DETEC- [...J Sodiumchloride solution (salt water) ELEMENT- A substance which contains only ONEKIND of istry set contains three-dimen._sional (3-D) modelsof atoms. TOR) which you made in SECTION ~J Insulated wire atom. Example: iron, sulfur or carbon are each ELEMENTS. Thesemodels give a 3-D view of the structure of someof the 10 nickels chemical compoundswhich you will use in your set. ~J Coppernail or a 3 cm. length of copper wire from your 10 pennies EQUATION- A statement showing the way chemicals combine It is interesting to see if you can build both the papermodel chemistry set or break up. An equation shows how reactants becomeprod- and the 3-D model of molecules for comparison. The paper Cleanser or scouring powder, or fine sandpaper ~.J Filter paper(from your chemistry set) ucts in a chemicalreaction. model is useful only to showhow manyions combinewith oth- Insulated wire with spring clips ~ Plastic pipette ers to form compounds.The method of telling how manyIONS ® ION - An atom or a group of atoms which are NOTelectrically of one chemical reacts with howmany ions of another is called Papertowel or tissue like Kleenex ~J Ruler neutral. Ions will either be POSITIVEcharged or NEGATIVE STOICHIOMETRY(sto ’key ah ma tree). The 3-D models give Sodiumchloride solution (salt water). Prepare your own ~J Pencil charged. you a better picture of what chemists think these molecules sodiumchloride solution by mixing 1/2 teaspoontable [,.J Scissors would look like if we could see them. The 3-D modelsstill can salt with 10ml. of water. Stir until all salt is dissolved. METAL- A chemical elementwhich tends to lose electrons in a showthe stoichiometry of a reaction. ;I Goggles Goggles chemical reaction. Example: SodiumMetal (Na) will give off ~J Microplate one electron per atom during a chemical reaction. Sodium metal atom will then becomea sodium metal ion (Na+). Experiments with Model Elements and Ions BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLES WHEN DOING BE SURETO WEARGO_GG_LE$__WHEN _DOIN(~ EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CH_E.MIST_B.Y. ,SET! EXPERIMEN_T$_.J.N.T..HIS C_HEMISTRYS..E~ MODEL- A representation of something else. An ELEMENTis a chemical which has only one kind of 1) Clean the coins with scouring powder or sandpaper. ~tnrn Th~a ~tr~m~ ~r~ n~ltr~l in nh~r~a~. NON-METAL- A chemical element which tends to gain elec- An IONis an atomor group ol atoms which is NOTelectri- 2) Attach a copperwire to one of eachkind of coin with spring 1) Place1/2 pipette full of ferrous sulfate solution in large well trons. Example: A Chlorine atom will accept an electron to cally neutral. Someions are positive in charge. Other ions are clips. These will be the TI=RMINALELECTROD~=$. See A-1. Rinse the pipette with rinse (tap) water. negative in charge. Figure #41. becomea Chlorine Ion (CI-). A MOLECULEis a chemically combined unit of two or more atoms. The atoms maybe of the sameelements (such as 2) Place 1/2 pipette full of Aluminumammonium sulfate solu- PERIODICTABLE - A list of the different elements and someof Place a piece of folded paper towel, alternating between two hydrogens) in order to makea molecule of hydrogen gas, 3) tion in large well A-2. Rinse the pipette with rinse (tap) their properties. pennies and nickels. See Figure #41. Makesure that the water. H20or the molecule maybe of two or more different elements, spring clips touch the coins at eachend of the stack. PRODUCT- A substance which is produced in a chemical reac- such as NaCL, or table salt, which is made of an atom of 3) Place1/2 pipette full of coppersulfate solution in large well Sodium(Na) and an atomof Chlorine (Cl). A moleculeis of Attach the wires to the galvanometeryou built in SECTION tion. 4) A-3. Rinsethe pipette with rinse (tap) water. tral charge. 1. PROTON- The particle in the nucleus center of an atomwhich Chemists experiment with elements, ions, and molecules. 4) Place a piece of metal wire or nail in each well which has carries a positive (+) charge. Atoms, though very small, are madeup of parts. These 5) Wetall the pieces of paper towel with a solution of sodium the sameion in solution. Put the iron nail or wire in the fer- parts makethe atom what it is. Atomsare the basic building chloride. rous sulfate solution (large well A-l). Put the piece REACTANT- A substance which combines with another in a blocks of all chemicals. Aluminumwire or nail in the Aluminumammonium sulfate chemicalreaction. In order to talk about the atom, scientists have devised a 6) What happens to the needle of the galvanometer? Which solution (large well A-2). Put the piece of copper wire MODELof what an atom looks like. This model is called the direction does the needle move?Which metal gives up nail in the coppersulfate solution (large well A-3). REACTION- The chemical combination or change of two or PLANETARYor BOHRmodel of the atom. The model is named electrons? Which metal receives them? Which electrode more elements or compounds. after a scientist, Niels Bohr, who cameup with the idea. was the NEGATIVEELECTRODE? Which electrode was 5) Mark the filter paper with ruler and pencil to the shape Further, based on the reactions of atoms, they have an idea the POSITIVE ELECTRODE?How do you know? shownin Figure #42. Eachleg of the filter paper should be STOICHIOMETRY- The combining ratios of chemicals in a (MODEL)of what the molecules of chemical compoundslook 1 cm apart. See Figure #43. Fold the filter paper on the chemical reaction. like. dotted line. Page 45 Page 10 Thenucleus is the centerof the atomand has almost all the Whatwe, as chemists,can "see" in our mind’seye, are the 8) Detachone wire going to the "D" cell. Wh~thappens to the WEIGHTor MASSof the atom. Each element has a DIFFER- representations, or MODELS,of atomsand molecules! needle?Which direction did the needlemove? Note the ENTNUMBER of positive chargesin the center of the atom. Youare urgedto completethis experimentfully because movementof the needleon a piece of paper. BESURE TO SpringClip Thesecharges are called PROTONS.The number of positive eachof the modelsyou will seeand study, will representfor you NOTEBOTH THE MOVEMENTAND TH~ WIRE ATTACH- chargesin the center of the atomis called the ATOMICNUM- the "picture" of unseenatoms and moleculesand howthese MENT. BER.Each element has a distinct atomic number. very small building blocks of our world combineand form new Thepositive particles or protons,along with neutral parti- substances! 9) Touchthe wires to the OPPOSITEENDS of the "D" cell. cles, called NEUTRONS,make up the NUCLEUSof an atom. SeeFigure #12. Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- 10) What happens to the needle? NOTE_THE NEEDLE Theatom also contains negative charges, called ELEC- ment: MOVEMENTAND THE WIRE ATTACHM!~NT. TRONS,which are locatedat different distancesfrom the nucle- This device is called a GALVANOMETER.It detects the flow of us in ORBITSor ENERGYLEVELS. LIST OF MATERIALS electricity throughwires. It also tells the DIRECTIONof the flow Thenumber of electrons in an elementis the sameas the I,~ Paperions and atoms(pink and blue sheet of cardboard of electrons! How? numberof protons in the sameelement. Thenumber of elec- ions from your chemistryset) Figure #40 trons (-) mustequal the numberof protons(+) in a neutral atom. Pair of scissors DO NOTDISASSEMBLE THIS DEVICE!! IT WILL BE USED Theelectrons are NOTlocated in the nucleus. IN THE FOLLOWINGSERIES OF EXPERIMENTS. ELECTRONSALWAYS FLOW FROM 3-Dplastic models(from your chemistryset) NEGATIVETO POS.._TJ._VE! Goggles SECTION2 - A SIMPLECELL +2. 7) Disassembleyour cell. Rinseoff the coins. Discard the papertowel. BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING Thefirst electrical cell ever madewas the voltaic cell. It was EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! first madeby the Italian scientist AlessandroVolta. Wecan perform a similar experimentwhich Volta did backin the 18th cen- SECTION3 - A SIMPLE BATTERY tury. 1) Cut out or separateall the paperatoms which are metals. You can makea simple battery by connecting several cells Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- together.A batteryis a seriesof cells. Noticethat the metalatoms have little triangles on oneside. ment: Thesetriangles represent(are MODELSof) the electrons which Youwill needthe following materialsto completethis experi- metals lose when they form compounds.Each ELEMENThas LISTOF MATERIALS ment: Figure #12 Figure #13 a SYMBOL.A SYMBOL is like a special initial or name(model) Compassgalvanometer (ELECTRONFLOW whichis written insteadof usingthe wholeword for the element. DETECTOR)which you madein SECTION LIST OF MATERIALS A nickel [~ Compassgalvanometer (from SECTION1) If the numberof electrons DOESNOT EQUAL the number The SYMBOLis used by chemistsas a shorthandway of talk- ~ 5 nickels ing aboutchemical elements or chemicalions. A penny of protons, the atomhas a charge. Whatis a chargedatom SpringClips I-I 5 pennies called? SeeFigure #13. Figure #13 is an exampleof a posi- ~,1 SpringClips tively chargedion. For example,sodium is a metal element. Sodiumhas a SYM- Cleanseror scouringpowder, or fine sandpaper Insulatedwire ~1 Cleanseror scouring powder,or fine sandpaper Eventhough the electrons are located at a distance from BOL.The symbol for sodiumis Na. TheNa stands for the orig- Paper® towel or tissue like Kleenex ~ the nucleus, ELECTRONSMAKE CHEMICAL REACTIONS inal namefor sodiumwhich was NATRIUM.The symbolNa is Insulatedwire Salt water(’sodium chloride solution) Prepareyour ~ Paper® towel or tissue like Kleenex HAPPEN. still used today. Sodiumacts alone as a chemicalelement. I--I Chemistshave organized all the knownatoms into an orga- Manyof the elementson the Periodic Tablehave symbols taken ownsodium chloride solution by mixing 1/2 teaspoon Sodiumchloride solution (salt water) nized list they call the PERIODICTABLE. See Appendix B at from their original namesin Greekor Latin. Iron wasoriginally of table salt with 10ml. of water.Stir until all salt ~ Goggles the end of your manual. called ferrum. Thesymbol for iron is Fe. Gold was called is dissolved. BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING Go gles EXPERIMENTSIN -[HIS CHEMISTRYSET! Each ELEMENThas only the sametype of atoms. By aurum.The symbol for gold is Au. B~: SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING organizingthe knownatoms, or elementsinto a table, chemists EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! havebeen able to predict the propertiesof manyother elements Usually,the symbolfor the elementis the first letter or first two 1) Clean the pennies and nickels with scouring powderor and the chemical compoundsthey form. The most important letters in its English name.Oxygen’s symbol is O, hydrogen’s sandpaper. organizationof all elementsis the division of the elementsinto is H, nitrogen’sis N, helium’sis He,etc. 1) Cleana pennyand a nickel with scouringpowder or sand- two generalclasses. paper.These are the two different metals. 2) Attach a copper wire to one pennyand one nickel with 2) Cutout or...s_._e..garateall the paperatoms which are spring clips. Thesewill be the TERMINALELECTRODES. Thetwo generalclasses of elementsare: non-metals. 2) Attacha springclip andwire to the penny.Attach the other Metals and Non-Metals springclip andwire to the nickel. 3) Placea piece of folded papertowel, alternating between Noticethat the non-metalatoms have little notcheson oneside. penniesand nickels. SeeFigure #41. Makesure that the Metals tend to GIVEUP or release electrons. Non-metals Thesenotches represent (are MODELSof) the sites whichnon- 3) Placea piece of folded papertowel betweenthe two coins. coinswith the wires are locatedat the endsof the stack. tend to GAINor take on electrons. metals use whenthey form compounds. SeeFigure #40. The paper and plastic modelsof atomshave beenorga- Nickel nized into thesetwo groups. Thereis a set of 3-Dmodels of the elementsin your chemistry 4) Attach the wires to the galvanometeryou built in SECTION Towel set. Thesemodels give you another wayof seeing howchem- 1. SpringClip Sprin,~lip icals combine.The plastic modelsare also color coded.(See Table#1 on page12.) 5) Wetthe papertowel with a solution of sodiumchloride (salt water). Sodiumchloride solution is the electrolyte. (Re- ~ 3) Chlorineis a non-metal.The symbol for an atomof chlo- memberto use the "off-on-off" techniquefor testing this SECTION1 - PAPERCHE._MI_.S~_R__Y. LAmB1 rine is CI. Chlorineexists in natureas a gasmade of two "electrolyticcell"). atomsjoined together. Chlorine is DIATOMIC(die’ ah tom IPenny Most of the time chemistsnever actually SEEthe atomsand ik). This meanstwo atomsof a particular elementjoined 6) Whathappens to the galvanometer?Which way did the moleculeswhich makeup the chemical reactions they study togetherto form a molecule. needlemove? Which metal do you think is giving up the and experimentwith. electrons?Which is taking the electrons? Figure#41

Page11 Page44 4) If you wish, you maytape the compassface into its round Youwill needthe following materials to complete this experi- 4) Select two paper atomsof chlorine. 10) Makea 3-D model of sodium chloride. Use the colorcode depressionwith a loop of transparent cellophane tape just ment: given in Table #1 to identify the different atoms.See Figure to secure it from turning in the round depression. See 5) Slide the two atomstogether in such a waythat the side tab #16. Figure #38. LIST OF MATERIALS andnotch of one chlorine fill the side notch and tab of the IJ Compass assembly other. SeeFigure #14. SODIUM D-Cell battery CO~VIPASS NEEDLE Permanentfine tip marker [J Insul~a_te~dwire (the clear lacqueron the outsideof the COMPASS FACE wire acts as insulation) CHLORINE [J Goggles TAPE Figure #16 PLASTIC BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES W_H..EN DOING_ ~ B~ Sodiummetal is a silvery substance.It is an active element EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSE..T..! whichwill react violently with water. Chlorine is a green-yellow ~UMB Figure #14 gas. Chlorine wasused in war as a poison. Sodiumchloride is ¯ TACK a substancewhich is essential to life. Sodiumchloride is also 1) Locate the magnetic compasspacked in your chemistry This is a MODELof a MOLECULEOF CHLORINE.A chlorine kr~owr~ as table sa(t. Weuse tab(e sa{t to seasonour food. set, whichyou built in the previous section. molecule would have the symbol CI Sodiumchloride is a simple compoundwhich has the properties CARDBOARD 2. RECTA~E of neither sodiumnor chlorine. 2) Measureout about 2 ft. (60 cm.) of #24 insulated copper THE REACTION OF TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES wire. 6) Using your plastic molecule models now makea 3-D model PRODUCESA NEW SET OF SUBSTANCESWHICH ARE DIF- Figure #38 of chlorine. Usethe following color codeto identify the dif- FERENT THAN THE ORIGINAL CHEMICALS. ferent atoms. See Figure #15. 3) Strip the insulation awayfrom about 1" (2.5 cm.) of each Twoor more elements can react with each other to form a end of a wire. Label one end of the wire negative (-) and TABLE #1 new chemical called a COMPOUND. 5) Press thumbtackup through the bottom of the black plastic the other endof the wire positive (+). Useyour transparent Color code for plastic molecule models The process of forming a compoundfrom the elements is base and up through the very center of the compassface tape to label the ends of the wire. (The wire is insulated called SYNTHESIS(sin’ the sis). so that the sharp point of the tack comesout right in the with clear lacquer. This coat of lacquer is whatyou "strip" COLOR Number Atomthis represents center of the 8-pointed star of the compassface. awayat the ends of the wire.) of Arms SECTION.2__-..PAPER CHEMISTRYLAB II

6) Tape a small length of plastic cellophane tape over the 4) Wrapthe wire around the compassas shownin Figure #39. Black 4 arms Carbon Iron is a metal. Iron can combinewith manynon-metals. White Hydrogen headof the thumbtackunderneath so that the tack doesn’t BE SURE TO HAVE THE COMPASS NEEDLE AT AN 1 arm The most commoncompound formed by iron is iron oxide. The Red 2 arms Oxygen fall out. SeeFigure #38. ANGLE WITH THE WRAPPEDWIRE. oxide of iron is knownas RUST. Green 1 arm Chlorine, Fluorine Some elements, you may remember, are diatomic. 7) Gently sit the compassneedle with its one end dyed blue Gray 1 arm Sodium, potassium Oxygenis diatomic like chlorine. Iron is not diatomic. onto the sharp, pointed end of the thumbtack. Orange 2 arms Iron +2 You will needthe following materials to complete this experi- Orange 3 arms Iron +3 ment: 8) Youwill notice that the compassneedle will movefreely on Silver 3 arms Aluminum top of the thumbtackand the needle will eventually become Yellow 4 & 6 arms Sulfur LIST OF MATERIALS still andpoint to magneticNorth. Blue 4 arms Nitrogen Papermodels o1 iron (Fe+2) and Ch(orir~e {C(-1) 9) Makesure that neither of the points of the compassneedle 3-D modelsof the atomsof Iron (Fe+2) and Chlorine (C1-1) scrape on the cardboard compassface. Goggles 10) Youmay turn the whole compassunit so that the blue end _RF,£URE TO WEAR GOGGLES .W..H__E_N__D_O!.N~G of the compassneedle and the "N" printed on the compass E .X.PE_RIMENTSIN THIS CHE__M._.,.,STRY ,,SET! face line up. This particular orientation of the compassunit CHLORINE 1) Select two paper iron atoms. will tell you whichway is North (N), or South (S), or Figure #15 (E), or West (W). You can even read off the "degrees" ° ° ° 2) Select three oxygenions. the compass,like 90 for EAST,or 180 for SOUTHor 270 7) Select a sodiummetal atom and a chlorine non-metal mol- ° Figure #39 for WEST,or, finally, Zero, or 360 for NORTH. ecule from your supply. 3) Rearrangethe atomsto form a molecules of iron oxide, or 3.rust. Rust has ’the formula Fe20 11) The white piece of cardboard with the notches on each end 8) Slide the sodiummetal atom’s triangles into the notch in the is the base of your compass. You should tape the card- 5) Lay the compassand wire on a flat surface. Be sure that chlorine atom. 4) Try to makea 3-D model of iron oxide. Howdo the atoms board onto the underside of the compassplastic frame. the needle can movefreely. arrange themselves? Does the paper model show this? Tapeif to the long sides of the plastic base. This will give 9) Oncethe sodiummetal has been placed into contact with See Figure #17. your compassassembly more rigidity. See Figure #38. 6) Touchthe ends of the wire to the ends of a "D" cell. (The the chlorine, the side tie to the other chlorine is broken. OXYGENATOMS best methodfor using your electron flow detector is to just Pull awaythe combinedchlorine with the attached sodium / ,,, touch the wire ends to whatever you are testing. An "on- from the uncombinedchlorine. off-on-off" techniqueis best. Whenyou touch wire for "on," _SECTION1A_-. D._E._T.ECTING THE FLOWOF ELECTRONS quickly look for movementof compassneedle. Then take What do you think happens to the uncombinedchlorine wire "off" and observe compassneedle return to normal atom? Whenelectrons flow through a wire, a magneticfield is formed. direction.) The combination of sodium, a metal, with chlorine, a Wecan detect the flow of electrons through a wire by detecting non-metal, has formed a new substance, a compound. This ~.ON ATOMS the magneticfield which is formed. 7) What happens to the compassneedle? Which way did the compoundis sodium chloride. The FORMULA(model) for sodi- needle move? umchloride is NaCI. Figure #17 This is another synthesis reaction.

Page 43 Page 12 SECTION3 - SYNTHESIS 4) Place1 cmlength of iron wire in eachof the wells contain- SECTION1 - BUI_L_D.ING..__YOUR DETECTO.R ing a solution. CHAPTER9 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Synthesisis oneof the mostimportant and interesting areasof Thefollowing experimentshows you howto build a detector or chemistry.You, as a chemist,are putting together, perhapsfor the 5) Place another 1 cmlength of iron wire in an adjoining instrumentfor detectingthe "flow of electrons"through a wire. FIRSTTIME EVER, chemicals which have never beenput together emptywell. This is a control. This flow of electronshappens when an electrical currentis pro- before! E/ectrochemistry ducedin a chemicalreaction andby using the instrumentthat Eventhough the reactionsyou are doingare "known"...you 6) Fill a smalltest tubewith water. you will make,you can actually see evidenceof the electrons will be making"brand new" chemicalsand compoundswhich were Whenyou turn on a portable radio, TV remotecontrol or any producedin your chemicalreaction. Theelectron detector is a not presentin the materialsyou are workingwith beforeyou started 7) Ptacea 1 cmlength of iron wire in the test tubeso that the other device which uses electrical energyaway from a wall compassdevice which changesthe "deflection," or movement your experiment! wire is totally UNDERthe water’s surface. socket, you are using chemicalenergy provided by batteries. of the compassneedle, when electrons flow in a series of loops As a goodchemist, you mustobserve closely and you must BATTERIESare simple machines, A battery is a simple of wire near the compass. recordor write downyour results. Thechart andtables are provid- 8) Standthe smalltest tubein a large well in the microplate. machinebecause a machinechanges one form of energy into ed for your NEWdata! SeeFigure #19. another.Batteries change chemical energy into electrical ener- Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- gy. Electrical energyis carriedby electronsin motion. ment: Youwill needthe following materialsto completethis experiment: IRON WIRES A battery is composedof CELLS.A cell contains two metals LIST OF MATERIALS LIST OF MATERIALS and an electrolyte. Onemetal in the battery GIVESUP elec- Compassunit (from your chemistryset) whichcontains Sodiumchloride solution (makeyour ownsodium chloride trons, the other metalTAKES ON electrons. If the flow of elec- the plastic base, compassface, thumbtack,compass solutionby addingone ml. of table salt to 10 ml. of water) trons goesthrough a wire, the electrons can do work! This is needle, andcardboard back plate with the notchescut Calciumnitrate solution the way a cell provides electrical power. TWODIFFERENT into its ends METALS,in an ELECTROLYTE,form a cell. A battery is a ~ Ferroussulfate solution seriesof cells linkedtogether. Transparentcellophane tape Cobaltchloride solution Goggles Ammoniumchloride solution Figure #19 BE SURE_..__TOWEAR GOGGLES WHEN DOING Microplate TERMS TO KNOW EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! 9) Let all the iron wiresremain, undisturbed, for twodays. Plasticpipettes (6) ACTIVITYSERIES - A list of elementsin orderof their ability to Layall of the materialsout in front of you andlook them Short(1 cm)lengths of iron wire (fromyour chemistryset) 10) Observethe iron wire over the next two days. give up or take onelectrons. over carefully. Thethumbtack is stuck into the top of the Water plastic caseso it won’t get lost during shipping.Take the 11) Howdid the iron wire change?Where have you seenthis Smalltest tube BATTERY- A series of cells connectedtogether. thumbtackout of whereit hasbeen stuck, and lay it with color before?What chemical do you think has formedfrom yourother parts in front of you. Goggles the iron wire? BOND- A force whichholds moleculestogether. 2) Youshould have the following parts ready: 12) Whichwire showedthe most change?Which wire showed CELL- A chemicaldevice composedof two different metalsin Thumbtack BE SURETQ..WEAI~..GOGGLES WHEN DOING no sign of change?What other chemicalis necessaryfor an electrolyte. Cells convert chemicalenergy into electrical Blackplastic casewith a rounddepression in its center EXPERIM_ENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! iron wire to changethe wayit did? energy. Compassneedle, one end of which is dyedblue Compassface, or roundcardboard disc with N, E, S and W CHEMICALENERGY - Energy stored in the bonds of chemi- printedon it SECTION3A- SYNTHESIS cals. 1) Using your MICROTIPpipette, place ten drops of sodium Cardboardbackplate whichgoes on the undersideof your compass. chloridesolution to oneof the smallwells in the microplate. In this experimentyou will go evenfurther in making"new COMPASS- A device for the detection of magneticfields. Rinsethe plastic pipette. Placeten dropsof calciumnitrate materials". Themain tasks of the chemistare (1) experiment- solutionin anothersmall well. Repeatthis processwith fer- 3) Place the cardboarddisc (compassface) into the round ing, (2) observing,and (3) recordingthe results so that the CORROSION- The chemical combination of a metal with depressionof the plastic base.You want the Northor N let- rous sulfate, cobalt chloride andammonium chloride solu- thesis of newmaterials andnew substances can be provenand another chemicalusually resulting in the destruction of the tion. Be sure to rinse the pipette betweeneach chemical ter of the compassface to point towardthe endof the rec- doneagain by anotherchemist in anotherlab! If a friend also metal. tangular case. SeeFigure #37. solution. hasa chemistryset, comparedata andresults with your friend as you eachdo the sameexperiment separately! ELECTRICALENERGY - The energy carried by electrons in 2) Addfour dropsof waterto eachsolution. motion. Youwill needthe following materialsto completethis experi- 3) Placefourteen microdropsof water in an adjacent well. ment: ELECTRODE- A piece of metal surroundedby an electrolyte. SeeFigure #18. LIST OF MATERIALS ELECTROLYTE- A solution which conductselectricity. SMALL WELLS ~,] Sodiumchloride solution (makeyour ownsodium chloride LARGE WELL solution by addingone ml. of table salt to 10 ml. of water) GALVANOMETER- A device which detects the flow of elec- ~ Calciumnitrate solution tronsor electricity. F_.]Ferroussulfate solution TERMINAL- The part of a battery which provides or draws I~ Cobaltchloride solution electrons. ~ Ammoniumchloride solution BUILDING_Y...O_UR.CO_M__PASS/ ~ Microplate E_L..ECTRO_N_F__/_O_W.. _D..ET__EC~TO~R L.] Plasticpipettes (6) In your next section (SECTION1) you will use a compasswhich ~ Copperwire lengths (1 cm)from your chemistryset is wiredin a certain wayto detectthe flow of electronsthrough a [~] Aluminumwire lengths (1 cm) from your chemistryset wire. You must first assemble your COMPASS- ELECTRON Figure #18 FLOWDETECTOR from the materials provided in your chem- Figure #37 istry set. First, find the plastic bagin yourchemistry set contain- Page 13 ing the parts for your compass. Pace42 1) Obtain as manysample tablets of different brands of ANTACID SOLUBILITY COMPARISONCHART antacid as you can. Askfriends or relatives for one or two Water 12) Comparingreactions of the iron wire from Section 3 and tablets for youto test. Small test tube the aluminumand copper wire from Section 3A, which wire Color of Universal Indicator compared showed change? Which wire showed no change? What with chart from Chapter7, Section 1 Goggles 2) Place onetablet of each brandto be tested in each of your can you predict about the use of copper and aluminumwire instead of iron wire? Recordyour results on Data Table #2. plastic measuringcups. You maywant to crush the tablet BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLESWHEN DOING into smaller pieces just as you did in the previous experi- Antacid Tablet #1 EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMI$._T_RYSETI. ment. DATA TABLE #2 brand NOTE:Copper wire is copper colored (like a new penny) and 3) Add enough water with your pipette to EACHmeasuring will NOTbe attracted by a magnet. Aluminumwire will seem CHEMICALS IRON COPPER ALUMINUM cup to bring the level of the waterAND the antacid tablet in Antacid Tablet #2 very light in weight and will be shiny silver in color. Aluminum USED NAILS NAILS NAILS the, wate,r up to the 10 ml or 10 cc markon the side of the wire will NOTbe attracted by a magnet. SODIUM cup. brand CHLORIDE 1) Usingyour microtip pipette, place ten drops of sodiumchloride solution in small wells A-1 andA-12. Rinsethe pipette. CALCIUM 4) Stir each samplewith a toothpick and then allow the cups Antacid Tablet #3 NITRA1~ to sit undisturbedfor 30 minutes. Place ten drops of sodiumchloride solution in small wells brand...... A-1 and A-12. Rinse the pipette. Place ten drops of calci- FERROUS 5) Carefully draw up someof the liquid from the top of the umnitrate solution in small well B-1 and B-12. Repeatthis SULFATE measuringcup into your pipette. Antacid Tablet #4 process placing ferrous sulfate solution in C-1 and C-12, cobalt chloride in small wells D-1 and D-12, ammonium COLBALT CHLORIDE 6) Place 20 drops of each sampleinto separate large wells of brand ...... chloride in D-3 and D-10. Be sure to rinse the pipette the microplate. Uselarge wells B-l, B-2, B-3, etc. betweeneach chemical solution. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE Antacid Tablet #5 Note on a piece of paperwhich brand of antacid is in large 2) Addfour drops of water to eachsolution. 7) WATER well B-l, which is in large well B-2, etc. Washout your brand pipette with water betweensamples. 3) Place fourteen drops of water in small wells D-4 and D-9. See Figure #20. Antacid Tablet #6 8) Usingyour pipette, place 3 drops of Universal Indicator solution into eachwell containing the samples. brand SECTION4 - PAPERCHEMISTRY LAB Ill 9) Stir each well with the toothpick and observe the color Youwill need the following materials to complete this experi- change. Antacid Tablet #7 ment: 10) Comparethe color changeof the Universal Indicator solu- brand LIST OF MATERIALS tion with the comparisoncolor chart you preparedin CHAP- ~ Paper models of atoms TER 7, SECTION1. Antacid Tablet #8 A 3-D models of atoms 11) Which sample showed the stronger base? The sample brand...... BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLES WHEN DOING which showedthe stronger base will be the brand which EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! has the most soluble base. In other words, the moresolu- B LOW MEDIUM HIGH ble basewill go into the water solution moreeasily andpro- Now that you have seen the way chemicals can combine to duce more base for use as an antacid. concentrationconcentrationconcentration of basethus of basethus of basethus Figure #20 form a newsubstance, let’s take the samechemical apart. The less soluble mediumsolu- high soluble compound,sodium chloride can be separated into the original h~e in t=hlet elements by adding the correct amountof energy. The process parison Chart. tablet of makinga compoundreturn to the elements Trom wmcn~t was I, D-I,D-3 and D-4. formed is called DECOMPOSITION(dee’ kom po zi shun) What other household products do you think have base? Look ANALYSIS(an al’ lee sis). at the results of your experimentsin the part of this lab bookon 5) Place 1 cm length of aluminumwire in small wells A-12, B- pH. 12, C-12, D-12, D-9 and D-10. Join one sodiumatom to one chlorine atom to form a sodi- Place 1 cm length of copper wire in empty small well A-4. 1) 6) um chloride molecule. Maketwo paper molecules of sodi- Place 1 cm length of aluminumwire in small empty well A- um chloride. This is the process of SYNTHESIS. 9. Theseare control wells. DECOMPOSEthe two molecules of sodium chloride by 7) Fill two small test tubeswith water. 2) breaking the two chlorine atoms away from the sodium atoms. 8) Place 1 cm length of copper wire in one test tube so that the wire is completely under water’s surface. Stand this 3) The two atoms of chlorine combinewith each other to form test tube in large well A-I. a MOLECULEof chlorine. This molecule of chlorine has 9) Let the wire remain undisturbed for two days. 2.the symbolCI

10) Observethe wire for the next two days. 4) Each of the two atoms of sodium remain individual atoms of sodium. 11) Did the wire change? 5) The compound sodium chloride has been DECOMPOSED into the elements sodiumand chlorine.

Page 4 ! Page 14 SECTION4A -. U._S.ING MOLECULARMODELS SECTION 5 - HOWMUCH BASE IS IN 5) Transfer the remaining solution in the large test tube for OXYGEN ANTACID TABLETS storage. Repeatthe building of the moleculeslisted in Section 4 by 8ULFUR~ using the 3-D molecular modelsprovided in your chemistry set. Antacid tablets are sources of mild base. These tablets are 6) Fill another microtip pipette with STANDARDACID SOLU- Usethe color code found in SECTION1:6 to identify the differ- used to settle upset (sour or acid) stomachs. Whyshould the CARBONOlOXlO[ MOLECULE TION(Heinz ® White Distilled Vinegar). ent atoms. Figure21-b Figure21-c base used to settle upset stomachs be a mild base? A mild base does not dissolve completely in a water solution. A solu- 7) Add2 drops of Universal Indicator to the acid solution in the S__E.._C-[JO_N_4B__-__U_SING_MOLECULAR MODELS II tion of householdvinegar is about 5%acetic acid. This acid can ¯ HYDROGEN large well. Whatis the pH of the solution? (~" CHLORINE (~ HYDROGEN be used as a standard (control) for the determination of the Lookat the labels on the vials of chemicalsprovided in your .~. amountof basein a solution of antacid tablets. chemistry set. There is listed on each label the nameof the Be sure to COUNT THE NUMBEROF DROPSOF ACID USEDin the next steps below. chemical as well as the FORMULAof the chemical compound HYDROGENCHLORID~ MOLECULE Youwill need the following materials to complete this experi- which that namerepresents. Figure21-d ment: NYDROG[CNPEROXIDE MOLECULE Using a toothpick to constantly stir, add the standard acid Write down on the chad below the nameof the chem- 8) Figure 21-e solution to the well with the antacid solution. SeeFigure ical compound,and next to it, the chemical FORMULAof that LIST OF MATERIALS #35. compound.The chad has started a few entries for you. Now HYDROGEN CARBON Vinegar you completethe rest. [] Antacid tablets (as manydifferent brands as you 9) Whenthe antacid solution has beenneutralized, (how will DATA TABLE #3 CHLOR NE MOLECLLE HYDROGEN you know?) enter the numberof drops of acid used in the Figure21-f want to sample) OXYGEN--~f~=~ Data Table below. Chemical Name Chemical Formula of [] Microplate METHANOLMOL ECUI onlabel o! vial the compund Figure 21-g [] Plastic pipette ANTACID NEUTRALIZATION TABLE [] Toothpick HYDROGFN Antacid Tablet #1 CALCIUM NITRATE Ca(NO3)2 [] Universal Indicator solution A) Mass(weight) of hydroxide one antacid tablet SODIUM SILICATE Na2SiO3.5 H20 IJ Metal tablespoon __ mg ~ ~4YDROGEN B) Numberof drops of vinegar used dr [] Metal teaspoon SODIUM CARBONATE Na2CO3 Small test tube [] Goggles Antacid Tablet #2 ACETONEMOLECJLE A) Mass (weight) of hydroxide Figure 21-h BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLES WHEN DOING one antacid tablet __ mg EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! B) Numberof drops of vinegar used dr HYDROGEN After you have listed all of the namesand formulas, and 1) Using the large tablespoon as a base, place the antacid {,~=~SHLO NINE using your paper models, construct as manyof the compounds CARBON ~. CARBON tablet into the large tablespoon. Takethe smaller teaspoon Antacid Tablet #3 as you can with the papermodels. This will let you think of the and use the teaspoonto crush the antacid tablet into pow- A) Mass(weight) of hydroxide "making" (COMPOSITION)of chemical compoundsin the same der in the large tablespoonby putting your thumbinto the one antacid tablet mg curved inside of the teaspoon. See Figure #36. Be sure waychemists think of them. B) Numberof drops of vinegar used dr CARBCNTETRACHLORIDE MOLECULE METHANEMOLECULE not to lose any of the particles of the antacid tablet. Nowtry to put together your plastic 3-D modelsof these Figure21-i Figure21-j samechemical compoundswhich you were able to put together your paper models. Usethe proper color code for different SECTION 6 - DIFFERENT BRANDSOF ANTACID elements of your compoundsas shown in SECTION1:6. SOMEFORMULAS may be too long or complex to do with TEASPOON ~’,~.l ~ ~ CRUSH ®, ®, your models, so don’t worry if you don’t get all of them. You Test different brands of antacid (Rolaids Tums etc.) to determine which antacid has the most soluble base. should, however,be careful with most of the chemicals. TABLET At right are included someexamples of simple and com- EI"HANE~4OLECULE plex molecular models. Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experiment: Figure21-k As you do the various experimentsin this set, try building TABLESPOON LIST OF MATERIALS modelsof the reactions. This will help you to understandwhat Figure #36 ® is happeningin each reaction. For example, reacting hydrogen IJ Samplesof different brands of antacid (example: Rolaids with oxygenwill result in the formation of water. The reaction 2) The weight or mass amountin milligrams of the active ®) HYDROGE~~c~RBO~YDROGEN or Tums lookslike this: ingredient in antacid tablets is printed on the label of the antacid containers. Readon your various antacid bottles [] Twoplastic measuring cups HYDROGFN OXYC,[N WATER ETHYLENEMOLECULE under the heading of ACTIVEINGREDIENTS: Listed there [] Water OXYGEN Figure21-I will be the amountin rag. (milligrams) chemicals which [] Toothpick have hydroxide as pad of their chemical name, such as AluminumHydroxide or MagnesiumHydroxide. Add these [] Plastic pipette amountstogether to obtain the total numberof milligrams [] White paper (mg.) of the hydroxides listed, PERTABLET. Record this [] Tablespoonand teaspoon for crushing tablets weight on your data table provided. Figure21-a [] Color chart from CHAPTER7, SECTION1 3) Dissolve the crushed antacid tablet in 10 ml of distilled Youmight look around your housefor things like styrofoam [] Universal Indicator solution water in a large plastic cup. balls, modeling clay, toothpicks, pipe cleaners, and straws. [] Goggles PROPYLENEMOLECULE Thesemake excellent materials for building larger molecular Figure 21-m Transfer 20 drops of antacid tablet solution to a large well models. Gumdrop candies and toothpicks makegreat molec- 4) BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLES WHEN DOING in the microplate. ular models! EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! Page 15 Page 40 SECT_~ON5- DECOM_P_._.O._SlTIQN__Q~-WAT~ A CHEMICAL CHANGE 1) Usingyour pipette, place 10 drops of each brand or type of vinegar in a large well of the microplate. Start with large SECTION 4 - COMPARIN-G I-~-E~-E-R T~~L~ ontinue putting 10 drops of EACHDIFFER- Youwill need the following materials to completethis experi- well A 1,_ a_n,?.c...... o E_W._NE_5~_&~- ~n ~.a ch different large we~l. Keeptrack ENTkind ~f v,-~u ..... ment: o! whichtype of vinegar is in whichlarge well. Try to collect samples of as manyDIFFERENT brands of vine- LIST OF MATERIALS gar, both white vinegar and ambercolored vinegar, Apple Cider 2) Add10 drops of water to each large well whichcontains dif- Plastic pipette Vinegar, Tarragon Vinegar, and yes, even vinegar madefrom ferent types of vinegar. 9-volt battery pineapple juice! You should try to get as manyDIFFERENT Figure #22 brand makesof vinegar as you can. Ask neighbors and rela- Fill another pipette with CONTROLBASE prepared in 9-volt battery clip 3) +) tives for samplesof their vinegar and be sure to record the SECTION1. Microplate 15) Since hydrogen IONSare positive (H these will be attracted to the NEGATIVEwire (negative electrode). Since nameand type of the vinegar collected. Add2 drops of Universal Indicator solution to each of the A strip of filter paperand scissors 4) large wells whereyou are testing the different vinegars. Vinegar(acetic acid) - obtain from your kitchen the oxygen(0") ions are negative, they will be attracted Youwill need the following materials to completethis experi- the POSITIVEwire (positive electrode). ment: Using your pipette with the CONTROLBASE, add the Goggles 5) Control Base, drop by drop, to the vinegar test wells. BE 16) The acetic acid (vinegar) was used only to makethe water conductelectricity better. The vinegar helpedthe water be UST OF MATERIALS SURE TO COUNTTHE DROPSOF BASE USED IN EACH BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLES _W~ ~ Samples of vinegar (as manyas possible) LARGE WELL. EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEM!T,~_T_~Y..~S-~. an ELECTROLYTE. Control base (prepared in SECTION1) ~,.I Use the toothpick to constantly stir as you add the STAN- Look closely at the positive electrode and at the negative 6) 1"7) ~ Microplate DARD(CONTROL BASE) solution. See Figure #35. 1) Place1/4 pipette full of vinegar in a small plastic cup. electrode. Which electrode seems to be producing more ~ Plastic pipette bubbles than the other? Whenthe acid (vinegar) solution has been neutralized, Add3 pipettes of tap water to the vinegar andstir with the Your color chart for Universal Indicator andvinegar 7) enter the numberof drops of base used in the data table 2) ’~ pipette by drawingthe solution up into the pipette and then Since water is madeup of t_wo_hydrogens for every o__n__e (Chapter 7 - Sections 1, 1A) provided below. Determinethe %acid of each of the dif- 18) squirting it backin the cup. Dothis several times to insure oxygen (H20), there will be twice as muchhydrogen gas lerent types of vinegar tested. ~ Universal Indicator solution a goodmixing of the vinegar (acetic acid) andwater. produced as oxygen gas. Toothpick Test different brands of vinegar to determinewhich vinegar has Place one pipette of the water-vinegar solution in each o! 3) More bubbles wil~ be produced at the negative electrode Goggles the most acid. three large wells of your microplate. Usewells A-l, A-2 and 19) (wherehydrogen gas is produced)than at the positive elec- Whatother household products do you think have acid? A-3. Twoadjoining wells are lor the experiment. The third trode (where oxygen is produced). well is a control. If the substanceis a base, howwould you find out _H_. WMO_~ Cut a piece of filter paper 6 mmx60 ram. Wet the entire 20) The wet filter paper betweenthe we~ls not only conducts BE SURETO WEARGOGGLES W.H._E._N_ P.QI~LG ~ is present? electricity betweenthe wells but it also lets any ions go -T..-R-~’.-~ -~-T~ 4) EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHE--MI-~ strip of filter paperwith vinegarsolution. back and forth to get to the electrode to which they are Place oneend of the filter paper in ~argewell A-1 and the attracted. 5) other endof the filter paperstrip in large well A-2. Percentageof Acetic Acid in Different Vinegars - DATATABLE #11 % ACID IN THIS BRAND/ Connecta battery clip to a 9-V battery. COLUMNA / COLUMN TYPE OF VINEGAR 6) SECTION6 - pAP_E__RCH__~_EM_IST.F~¥_.I--V No.of Dropsof Base ~ No of Drops of Base | (ColumnB divided by A) TYPE/BRAND for 5%Acetic Ac{d ~ for this brand/tyPeof vinegar Place the red coated wire (+ charge) in one o! the wells OF VINEGAR TESTED (He~nZ~ D~$tfiled Wh~eVinegar) % containing the paper and the black wire (- charge) in the ~ja.~, yuu ,-j~, ,~’ ~’"~" ..... "~ .- ~._~ ~n~l moecu~arlevel drops / drops~ wull ~u, ~,~i~& ~u ~i,~ ut’, ,e, endo; tt;c p~pcr.Ccc ,rLGurc ,,#22. somethingthat is happeningon the atuH, ...... which you cannot actually see with your eye. Rememberthe White Vinegar "way" in which the hydrogen and oxygengo together and come drops 8) Observethe bubbling from each of the wells. apart. This is an important reaction to knowabout. -- Amber Vinegar drop.~_ Whatcharge is on the oxygenion? (See your paper ion col- drops 9) lection for the answer,if necessary). Hydrogenand oxygenonly go together in a very certain wayto makewater molecules. Water only decomposesin a very car- Apple Cider Vinegar drops Whatcharge is on the hydrogen ion? (See your paper ion rain way to produce hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Can you drops 10) collection for the answer,if necessary). see the simple mathematica~way that this happens? Pineapple Vinegar % drops Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- drops 11) If unlike chargesattract eachother, what possible gaseous elementsare being given off at the positive chargedwire? Tarragon Vinegar % ment: drops Vinegar What gaseous products are given off at the negative LIST OF MATERIALS Brand % 12) drops charged wire? ~3 Paper models of hydrogen drops Vinegar Paper models of oxygen % You are decomposingwater (H20) into its two basic ele- Brand drops 13) 3-D models of hydrogen drops ments. These two basic e~ementsare oxygen and hydro- Vinegar 3-D models of oxygen Brand % gen. drops Onered pencil drops Since hydrogen and oxygen are both gaseous at normal Vinegar 14) Oneb~ack pencil % conditions, you should see bubbles forming at the wires, Brand ~rop; drops and bubbles movingup the wires to the surface of the liq- Page 16 Vinegar --Brand uid.

Page 39 BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING A circle of filter paper BE SURETO WEARGOGGLES W .H.E.~N_ DOING EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! Yourcolor chart for UniversalIndicator andvinegar Smallamount of corn starch (obtain from kitchen) EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMIST_RYSET! (Chapter7 - Sections1, 1A) UniversalIndicator solution 1) Build two papermodels of water (H20). Goggles Acidsreact with bases.The reaction of an acid with a basepro- Microplate 2) Place two pencils downon the table top. Thesetwo pen- ducesa SALTand water. Commonsalt, sodiumchloride (NaCI), [] Goggles cils representthe red andblack wires in the waterelec- is the salt resulting from a reaction betweensodium hydroxide trolyte. (NaOH)and hydrogenchloride (HCI). Thereaction which ducessodium chloride is: BE SURE TO WEAR.GOGGLESWHE_N DOING 3) Breakthe moleculesof water up to form hydrogengas at BE SURE-EO W~E.A.RGO_GGLES WHEN DOING the negative wire (negative electrode). Rememberhydro- EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! NaOH+ HCI EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! ~> NaCI + H20 genis diatomicgas (H2). (base) (acid) (a salt) (water) A standard5% solution of acetic acid is a solution of household 4) Breakthe moleculesof water up to form oxygengas at the Household(salad) vinegar is acidic. Theacid in vinegar whitedistilled vinegar! positive wire (positive electrode). Rememberoxygen acetic acid (CH3COOH).Acetic acid dissolvesin waterand ion- diatomicgas (02). 1) Usinga microtip pipette, place 10 dropsof oneindividual 1) Place1/2 pipette of potassiumiodide (KI) solution in each izeslike this: brandof aceticacid in a large well of the microplate. of 3 large wells of the microplate.Use wells A-l, A-2 and 5) Nowcan you see why twice as manybubbles are formed Acetic acid ionizes to producea hydrogenion and an acetate at the electrode wherehydrogen gas is produced? A-3. Rememberlarge well A-3 is a control. 2) Add10 dropsof waterto the acetic acid solution. SECTION6A- USING 3-D MODELS ion. 2) Cut a piece of filter paper6 mmx 60 mmwith scissors. 3) Fill another microtip pipette with CONTROLBASE pre- Repeatthe building of the moleculeslisted aboveby using the Wetthe strip of filter paperwith potassiumiodide solution. CH3COOH(aq) / H+(aq) CH3COO-(aq) pared in SECTION1. 3-D molecularmodels provided in your chemistryset. Usethe color codefound in SECTION1:6 to identify the different atoms. 3) Placeone end of the filter paperin onewell A-1 andthe 1) Place7 dropsof vinegarin a smallwell of the microplate. 4) Add2 dropsof UniversalIndicator to the acid solutionin the other endin the other well A-2. Bothwells containsolution Doesvinegar conductelectricity? Whatwould you use to large well. Whatis the pHof the acid? (Consultthe chart CHEMICALCOMPOUNDS AND CHEMICALSEPARATIONS of potassiumiodide. checkfor conductivity? youcolored in.)

Isolation of Elementsfrom Compounds 4) Connecta 9-volt batteryto a batteryclip. 2) Testa solutionof householdvinegar to seeif it is anacid. Be sure to COUNTTHE NUMBEROF DROPSOF BASE Whatwould you use to test it? USEDin the next step (5). Compoundsare NOTmixtures. A mixture can be separatedby 5) Placethe red wire from the battery clip into onewell with physical means.Examples of physical meansinclude: boiling, the paperconnector and the blackfrom the battery clip into Whenacetic acid (vinegar) reacts with sodiumbicarbonate, 5) Usinga toothpickto constantlystir, addthe standardbase condensing,melting, thawing,etc. Thesubstances in a mixture the well whichis connectedto the other endof the paper. a salt, waterand a gas is formed. Thereaction is given to the acid solution. SeeFigure #35. keep their ownphysical properties. Compoundscan only be SeeFigure #22. below: separated into elements by CHEMICALMEANS. A compound 6) Whenthe acid solution hasbeen neutralized, (howwill you is a chemically DIFFERENTSUBSTANCE from the reactants 6) Wait about5 minutesfor the reaction to take place. What Vinegarreacts with sodiumbicarbonate to producesodium know?)enter the numberof dropsof baseused in the Data whichformed it. do you observein eachwell? acetate, water and ???????. Tablebelow. Determinethe %acetic acid in vinegar.

THE SEPARATIONOF ELEMENTSFROM THEIR 7) Whatdo you think is producedat eachelectrode connect- 3CH3COOH+ NaHCO CH3COONa+ H20 + ???? ed to the battery?What element is producedat the red (+) Pipettewith Base Solution COMPOUNDSALWAYS REQUIRES THE USE OF (vinegar) (sodiumbicarbonate) ( ) + ( ) + ENERGYFROM SOME OUTSIDE SOURCE. electrode?What element is producedat the black (-) electrode? Whatis the nameof the salt producedin this reaction?Look at Elementscan be isolated or separated from compoundsby the SECTIONON NAMINGCOMPOUNDS to check the name using electrical, chemicalor heat energy.The compound con- 8) Cut a roundpiece of filter paperabout 2 inchesin diame- of the salt. Whatgas is producedin this reaction?Look at the taining the elementto be isolated mustreceive enoughenergy ter. Wetthe filter paperwith tap waterand rub the corn SECTIONON GASESto check your guess. to allow the splitting of the compoundinto elements.For the starchonto the wetpiece of roundfilter paper. experimentsbelow, attention will be focusedon the isolation of If you use your CONTROLBASE to titrate householdvinegar, a single elementby the useof electrical energy. 9) Cutthe roundstarch rubbed filter papercircle in four parts. you can determine howmuch acid is in commercialvinegar (Likefour slices of pie). preparations. \ acidsolution Placeone slice of the roundfilter paperin smallwell A-l, SECTION7- ELEC’ERICA.LSE_P_A...R_.ATION OF ELEMENTS placeanother slice of the roundstarch filter paperin small SECTION3 - HOWMUCH__ACETIC ACID IS IN VINEGAR? FROM....A...CQMPOU N.D Figure #35 well B-1. Somehousehold vinegars measureout to have a 3%solution Youwill needthe following materialsto completethis experi- of acetic acid in them.Other vinegars, like Heinz® Distilled 11) Removesome of the liquid from the well with the (-) elec- DATATABLE #10 ment: trode. Placea few dropsof the liquid in two small wells. WhiteVinegar, measure out to have5% acetic acid in them. Placea piece of filter paperinto onewell. Theappearance A) Numberof drops of base LIST OF MATERIALS of a blackstain is a positivetest for iodine. Youwill needthe following materialsto completethis experi- Solutionof potassiumiodide ment: (for 5%acetic acid) drops Plasticpipette 12) Using another pipette, removesome liquid from the well LIST OF MATERIALS B) Numberof drops of base Microplate with the (+) electrode.Place a fewdrops of the liquid in two (for anothervinegar sample) drops small wells. Adda piece of paperto onewell. Theappear- [] Twoplastic pipettes 9-volt battery anceof a black complexon the paperis a positive test for [] Toothpick C) %acetic acid in vinegarsample. 9-volt batteryclip iodine. [] Water (B divided by A) Filter paperstrip (SeeSection 5) Whichelectrode producedthe iodine? Howdo you know? Control base (prepared in SECTION1)

Page 17 Page 38 SECTION9 - ELECTR_O_L_Y_$1SOF FERROUSSULFATE SECTION 8 - ANOTHERE_ E~_ICAL SEPARATION Plastic scoop The secret in understanding this experiment and the TITRATION: A Again you are able to separate a compoundby using a small CHAPTER Plastic wrap (,Saran® wrap or other plastic wrap) unseenreactions taking place at the molecular level is in the QUANTITATIVE METHOD amountof electrical energy. Andagain you can see if the sep- positive andnegative chargeat the endsof the wire (electrodes) Transparent cellophane tape aration has taken place by using an "individual," or in other which are in different wells. Also rememberthat when com- ® words, somethingthat will let your eye "see" a reaction which Titration: A Quantitative Method iJ Fine point marker (Sharpie brand by Sanford or poundsdissolve in water the molecules break up into positive otherwise you could not see! onelike it) charged and negative charged ions (in this case Fe++and S04- I,J Goggles -). The negative electrodes attract the positive chemical ions. Using your chemistry set, you have beenable to test manydif- Youwill need the following materials to completethis experi- ferent materials to see if they were ACIDICor BASIC. Chem- The positive electrodes attract the negative chemicalions. ment: ists sometimes want to know HOWMUCH acid or base is in a BE SURETO WEARGOGGLES ~_H_.._E...N_...D_OLN_~ Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- substance. While pH tells the general amountof H+ in a solu- EXPERIMENTSIN TH.!$..CHE_M._L~T__.R...Y.__.SE~TJ LIST OF MATERIALS ment: tion, a more exacting methodused to determine the amountof Sodiumsulfate solution acid or base is the process called TITRATION. Sodiumbicarbonate is a base. In water, sodium bicarbonate Universal Indicator LIST OF MATERIALS breaks up into sodium ions and hydrogen carbonate ions. I I Titration is the Odest method of QUANTIFYINGin chemistry. Plastic pipette Ferroussulfate solution By comparing a standard solution (a control) to an unknown Microplate id Universal Indicator solution NaHCO3(s) ~ Na+ (aq) HCO-3(aq solution, we can determinethe exact amountof acid or base in ) 9-volt battery J Plastic pipette solution. This is the processof titration. 1) Place 1/2 scoopof sodiumbicarbonate solid in a small test 9-volt battery clip (,J Microplate tube. Titration is a very commonscientific procedure. Perhaps you Filter paperstrip (SeeSection 5) ;_~ 9-volt battery have seen advertisements which say something like... "our Addthree pipettes of water to the solid in the tube. Goggles ’J 9-volt battery clip product contains 47 times as muchas BrandX." This statement 2) IJ Paperstrip (See Section 5) is basedon comparisonsmade by using titration. Stir the solid in the liquid until the solid totally dissolves. 3) J Goggles TERMS TO KNOW 4) Cover the tube with a piece of plastic wrap and label the tube "Control Base" with cellophane tape and your fine ACID- A chemical which ionizes in water to form H+ ions. BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGL_E.~ WHENDOING point marker. EXPERIMENTSIN THIS.C.H_E_MISTRYSET! ACIDIC- A solution which has a pH less than 7. BE SURE TO WEAR GOG._G__L__ES ~ 5) P~ace7 drops of sodium bicarbonate solution which you madein a small well of the microplate. What would you EXPERIMENTSIN THIS.CHEMISTRY SET! ALKALINE- A solution which has a pH greater than 7. use to seeif it conductselectricity?

BASE- A chemical that ionizes in water to form OH"ions. Doesa solution of sodiumbicarbonate conduct electricity?

NEUTRALIZATION- The reaction of H+ ions with another ion Whattest will showif sodiumbicarbonate is a base? 1) Place 1/2 pipette of sodiumsulfate (Na2S04)solution 1) Using your pipette, place 10 drops of ferrous sulfate solu- to form water. A BASENEUTRALIZES A__N_..ACID TO FORM each of 3 wells of the microplate. Be sure that the wells tion in each of 3 large wells of the microplate. Uselarge WATER. What other bases do you know? selected are next to each other for comparison. wells A-l, A-2 and A-3. Next, pipette 30 drops of water into (Rememberthe third well is the control!). eachof the ferrous sulfate wel~s, A-l, A-2 and A-3. QUANTIFYING- Telling b_o_YYmuch there is. What other compoundsin your chemistry set are bases? (Refer to Chapter7 - Section 7.) 2) Place one drop of Universal Indicator in eachof the wells. 2) Place one drop of Universal Indicator in each of the wells. SALT- The chemical produced whenan acid and a base react. SECTION2 - TESTIN.G.V.!_N._E,G.,~R,~O_.L_._~ONS Cut a piece of filter paper 6 mmx 60 mmwith scissors. TITRATION- A process of determining the amountof acid or Wetthe strip of filter paperwith sodiumsulfate solution. Wetthe strip of filter paperwith ferrous sulfate solution. base In a sample. It maybe a surprise that not ALLvinegars which are sold have the sameacid concentration. Manytimes the makers of the SECTION1 .-...I~__R._.E_PARATION O~-.._A._ 4) Place one end of the filter paper in one well and place the 4) P~aceone end of the filter paper in one large well A-1 and STANDARD.I~A~E SOLUTION vinegar will put on their label howmuch acid (the concentration other end of the paper in an adjoining well which contains place the other end of the paper in an adjoining large well of acetic acid) is in their product. the sodiumsulfate solution. A-2 which also contains the ferrous sulfate solution. It is important to always have a "standard" solution which can Youwill need the following materials to complete this experi- be used to compareother solutions which you are testing. This 5) Connecta 9-volt battery to a battery clip. 5) Connecta 9-volt battery to a battery clip. comparisonof a "known" (‘standard) to an "unknown"(thing ment: be tested) is what TITRATIONis all about. With a standard 6) Place the red wire from the battery clip into onewell with 6) Place the red wire from the battery clip into one well with base solution you can test acids. With a standard acid solution LIST OF MATERIALS the paper connectorand the black wire from the battery clip the paper connectorand the black wire from the battery clip you can test bases. Householdvinegar (white vinegar) into the well which is connected to the other end of the into the well which is connectedto the other end of the Plastic pipette paper connector. paper connector. Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- Control base (prepared previously in SECTION1) ment: 7) Wait for about 3 minutes for the reaction to take place. 7) Wait for about 3 minutes for the reaction to take place. Microplate Whatdo you observe in each well? What do you observe in each well? LIST OF MATERIALS Universal Indicator Solution Whatdo you think is produced at each electrode connect- Whatdo you think is producedat each electrode connect- [] Sodiumbicarbonate solid (baking soda) obtain from Toothpick 8) 8) ed to the battery? Whatelement is producedat the red (+) ed to the battery? Whatis produced at the red (+) elec- kitchen or grocery Electrolyte detector (‘from Chapter6) e~ectrode?What element is producedat the black (-) electrode? Whatis producedat the black (-) electrode? [] Test tube, small 9-volt battery trode? Water Goggles Electrolyte detector (from Chapter6) [] 9-volt battery Page 18 Page 37 _BESURE_TO WEAR GOGGLES ..W_HE~..N_.DOING [] Calciumhydroxide solution (from your chemistryset) SECTION10 : A CH._E___M./CALSEPARATION THE GASEOUS CHAPTER5 EXPERIMENTSIN TH_IS.CHEMISTRYSET! Aluminumammonium sulfate solution PHASE OF MATTER Sometimesto makea separation of a compoundhappen, 1) Obtaina sampleof rain waterin a plastic cup. (from yourchemistry set) chemistsdo not needto rely on an outsideelectrical force, such Magnesiumsulfate solution (from your chemistryset) as a battery, but candepend on the "activity" of different metals The GaseousPhase of Matter 2) Transferten dropsof the rain waterto eachof 4 smallwells UniversalIndicator solution (as an indicator) to do the job for us. In this experimentwe depend on the dif- in the microplate. ferent "activity" of zinc andcopper metals to help us in separat- Gasmolecules are free to moveabout. Theyare not limited by Phenolphthaleinsolution (as an indicator) ing the coppersulfate molecule. other molecules.Since gas moleculesare farther apart from 3) Adda dropof UniversalIndicator to ONEof the wells with Goggles eachother thanmolecules in the solid state or the liquid state, rain water. Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- gasmolecules fill the shapeof their container. Gaseschange ment: their volumewith temperaturechanges and pressurechanges. 4) Addphenolphthalein indicator to the next well. Since most gasesare colorless, odorless and tasteless, we BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING LIST OF MATERIALS tendto forgetthat: 5) Finally, test someof yournatural indicators with your rain EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! [] Coppersulfate solution sample. Plastic pipette A GASIS MATTER. Comparethe color of the indicator in the rain samplewell Using the small well rows C-1 through C-12 and D-1 Microplate 6) 1) Sometimesit is easyto forget that a gasis a formof matter.For with the control UniversalIndicator wells youprepared in throughD-12, place 9 dropsof waterinto eachsmall well in Zinc wire us the mostcommon gas is air. Air is not a single gas. It is a SECTION1. rowC and rowD of your microplate. [] Copper wire MIXTUREof gases. Is there any wayto separate the gasesin air? 7) Comparethe color of the indicator in the phenolphthalein 2) Place9 dropsof waterin large well A-1and large well B-I. [] Goggles control with the rain sampleand phenolphthalein. Mostof air is nitrogen. Animportant part of air is oxygen. 3) Pipette one drop of eachsolution listed abovein small 8) Finally, comparethe "natural indicators" andrain sample wells C-1 through C-12 and large well A-I. Againdo the BE SUBE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING Without oxygen,life on earth wouldbe impossible. Canyou think of any other gasesin the air whichare important?Can with the colors notedin SECTION2. samefor small wells D-1through D-12 and large well B-I. EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! DONOT use the phenolphthaleinor Universal Indicator youthink of other gaseswhich are important? Whichindicator wasthe best for telling the pH of rain yet. water? 1) Place1/2 pipette of coppersulfate solution into eachof 3 Gasesare not easily packedin your chemistryset. Someof the Whichindicator wouldbe the worst? 4) Pipette one dropof UniversalIndicator solution to small large wells in the microplate. gaseswhich we will use in experimentswill be madefrom the wells C-1through C-12 and large well A-I. chemicalsin the set. Gaseswhich we will usefor our experi- Whatwould you expect the pH of rain to be? Are your 2) Cut a piece of zinc wire (providedin your chemistryset) mentswill be madeby chemicalreactions. results different than whatyou expected? 5) Pipetteone drop of phenolphthaleinindicator to eachof the with scissors or wire cutter. Cut the piece about1 inch small wells D-1through D-12 and to large well B-I. long. Placethis wire into oneof the large wells whereyou Extend the spaceson your RECORDCHART #8 to include haveadded the coppersulfate solution. the rainwater sampleyou tested. Color in any changes 6) Observeany color changein all of the wells tested. (A TERMS TO KNOW noticed. piece of white paperunder your microplatemay help show 3) Cut a pieceof copperwire (providedin your chemistryset) SECTION7 - TESTINGTHE pH OF OTHERCHEMICALS the colors.) with scissors or wire cutter. Cut the piece about1 inch CATALYST- A chemical which either speedsup or slows down a reactionwithout being used up in the reaction. long. Placethis wire into the other ~argewe~ where you Nowthat you know that an INDICATORsuch as Universal 7) Usingyour colored pencil set, record anycolor changeon haveadded the coppersulfate solution. RECORDCHART #9. DECOMPOSE- Break up into parts. Indicator Solution or PhenolphthaleinSolution maybe usedto 4) Donot addany metal wire to the last well. This is the con- tell the chemistif a solutionis anacid or base,it is timeto deter- 8) Someof your chemical solutions will showno change. INVERSELYRELATED - If one variable goes up in value, minethe acidity and basicity of the other chemicalsin your trol well. Whatis the purposeof the control well? See chemistryset. Somewill be acids. Somewill be bases.With a black pen, Figure#23. another goesdown. Inverses are opposites. put an "A" by the oneswhich show an acid color present. Put a "B" by the oneswhich show a basepresent. Put an PRECIPITATE- A solid whichdoes not dissolve in a solution. Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- "N" (neutral) by the oneswhich appear to haveno change. 5) Allowthe wire to remainin the wells for at least ten min- ment: utes. Observe any change in the wells. Which well changes?Why does the other well NOTchange? Leave SOLUTIONS TESTED UNIVERSAL PHENOLPHTHALEIN PhysicalProperties of Gases LIST OF MATERIALS INDICATOR INDICATOR the wire in solution for 3-4 hours. Whatchanges do you [~ Microplate of indicators from SECTION1 (with indicator SOLUTION SOLUTION notice? TEST TEST colors in small well rowsA andB) Anexample of this chemistryfact canbe quite startling! MAGNESIUMSULFATE SOLUTION [] Plastic pipette Whathappened to the zinc wire? Whathappened to the cop- ALUMINUMAMMONIUM SULFATE SOLUTION 3er solution?Compare the experimentalsolution to the control Gasesrespond to changesin the temperatureand the pressure [] Water ~nlI~tinn which surroundthem. A gas changesits volumewhen the tem- CALCIUMHYDROXIDE SOLUTION perature and/or the pressure on the gas changes.When sci- Coloredpencil set SODIUMSILICATE SOLUTION entists talk aboutgases, they are alwayscareful to note the Calciumnitrate solution (from yourchemistry set) CITRICACID SOLUTION temperatureand the pressuresurrounding the gas. Ferroussulfate solution (fromyour chemistryset) SODIUMCARBONATE SOLUTION COPPERSULFATE SOLUTION SECTION1 - THE..EFFECTOF PRESSUREON [] Cobaltchloride solution (fromyour chemistryset) THE VOLUME__OFA GAS : SODIUMSULFATE ~OLUTION [] Ammoniumchloride solution (from your chemistryset) POTASSIUMIODIDE SOLUTION Did youever try to squeezea balloon without bursting it? Did Potassiumiodide solution (from your chemistryset) ~ ~-HI~ORIDE SOLI.)TION youwonder what was happening to the air inside the balloonas Sodiumsulfate solution (from yourchemistry set) COBALTCHLORIDE sOLUTION you squeezed?Scientists have very carefully measuredthis [] Coppersulfate solution (from your chemistryset) -~RROUSSULFATE SOLUTION experimentwith all types of gasesand havefound interesting CALCIUMNITRATE SOLUTI[~- things which happen to gases (like air) when they are Sodiumcarbonate solution (from your chemistryset) Figure #23 "squeezed"or put under pressure. Squeezedand expanded [] Citric acid solution(from your chemistry set) RECORDCHART #9 gasesin the cylinder [] Sodiumsilicate solution (fromyour chemistryset) Page 19 Page 36 Put the correct nameat the endof the rowyou are record- 1) Placea small sampleof eachof the liquids mentionedin of an automobile engine is what makesthe engine run. 3) Graspthe pipette stem in one handand the end of the ing as to whatindicator youused and the colors indicated. the materials list separately in large wells of your Scientists whofill up large heliumweather balloons do NOTfill pipettestem in the other. Pull until the pipettetube stretch- microplate. themup all the waybecause the heliumexpands as the balloon es very thin. Tie a knot in the stretchedpart of the pipette Note: Youmay have to repeatedly clean out the wells in goeshigher and higher. If the balloonswere filled full at ground tube. SeeFigure #25. rowsC andD and re-usethem after eachrecording and ex- 2) Addsome water to each large well containing your sam- level, it wouldburst at higher altitudes wherethe atmospheric perimentwith different indicators. Try to find as manycol- ples. pressure is less and the helium gas volumebecomes so much ored"natural indicators" possible.Always record the color greater. bookor heavy changes on RECORDCHART #7. 3) Adda fewdrops of UniversalIndicator to eachof the large weight wells containingsamples. Thefollowing experimentlets youtest for the effect of pressure knot In pipelts~ onthe volumeof a gas. Theblue solution is usedin this exper- metric SECTION4 - OTHERNATURAL INDICATORS 4) Comparethe colors of the wells with samplesto the control imentso that youcan "see" the changein the volumeof the gas ruler wells with UniversalIndicator youprepared in SECTION1. you are testing. Whenyou add weight (books) on top of the "stretch~pipette Repeatthe procedurein SECTION3 until youhave tested all of Record the sululions yuu test un RECORDCHA_RT #8. bulb, youare exertingforce (pressure)on the gasto "reduce"its yournatural indicators. Useyour colored pencils to showchanges. volume..,just like squeezinga balloon.

Whatcan you tell aboutall the indicators? Whichproducts are acids? Which are bases? Were any Gasesexpand and contract with changesin the pressure of of the materials,ou testedneutral? their surroundings.Gases expand when the pressuredecreas- Whatis similar or different abouteach of the indicators? es. Theycontract whenthe pressuresurrounding them increas- SOLUTIONS COLORBEFORE COLORAFTER es. Gasvolume and pressure are INVERSELYrelated. Figure #25 BE SURETO RECORD,on RECORDCHART#7 with your col- TESTED UNIVERSAL UNIVERSAL oredpencils, all of the color changesobserved from the testing INDICATOR INDICATOR 4) Accuratelymeasure the length of the trappedair columnin of yournatural indicators. ADDED AODED the stemof the pipette using your metric ruler. SeeFigure Shampoo Youwill needthe following materialsto completethis experiment: #25. Dishwashing detergent Placea bookon top of the bulb of the pipette. SECTION5 - TESTINGFOR A(,31D$ ANDBASES LIST OF MATERIALS 5) Laundry Metricruler Nowby using the tests and the color changeswhich you record- detergent [-I A newplastic pipette 6) Measurethe length of trappedair in the columnwith the Pet Shampoo bookin place. Whathappened to the length of the column? ed in previousexperiments which told you the color changesoc- Methyleneblue solution (from your chemistryset) curring at specific acid or baseconcentrations, you can now test Vinegar for the acid and basechanges and concentrationswith someun- Clear Soda Plastic measuringcup 7) Continueto stack bookson top of the bulb of the pipette. knownsolutions. Againcompare any color changeswith whatyou .1 Water Measurethe length of the columnafter eachbook has been Toothpaste added. already recordedfrom previous experimentsand color changes. Milk Several heavybooks Lemonjuic~ [J Goggles 8) Whatstatement can you makeabout the way pressure Youwill needthe followingmaterials to completethis experiment: Grapefruitjui¢~ effects the volumeof a gas? Rain water LIST OF MATERIALS BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING Microplateof indicators from SECTION1 (small rowsA & B) EXPERIMENTS.IN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! ® SECTION2 - THE EFFECTOF TEMPERATURE Householdsoap solution (example:Dial liquid soapor ON A VOLUMEOF GAS dishwashingliquid soap) Shampoosolutions Temperaturealso will "changethe volumeof a gas." This is Liquid laundrydetergent why,for instance,the tires ona car needto beinflated with a little moreair than normalin very cold weather, and whyyou Pet shampoo RECORDCHART t) Place2 dropsof methyleneblue dyein a smallplastic cup. shouldlet a little air out of the tires in veryhot weatheror ona Vinegar Fill the cupabout 1/2 full with water. long trip on hot highwaysurfaces. SECTION6 - TESTINGRAIN WATERFOR pH VALUE Clear soda(sparkling water) 2) Fill ONLYthe bulb of a plastic pipette with methyleneblue In this experimentwe will cool a gas(air) andwatch as the vol- Toothpaste Rainwater is not purewater. As rain falls fromthe sky, it picks solution. See Figure #24. After it is filled, DONOT umeof a gas changes(is reduced). Againwe use the methyl- Milk up particles and chemicals. Theparticles maybe pieces of SQUEEZEthe bulb, but hold the pipette tube and bulb as eneblue dyesolution just to be able to "see"the gasvolume as dust, dirt or smoke.The chemicals may be gaseswhich have shownin Figure #24. it changes. Lemonjuice beenreleased from a factory or home.In any case, rain water Grapefruitjuice mayabsorb this material andchange the pHof rain water. Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- UniversalIndicator solution ment: Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- Plastic pipettes ment: LIST OF MATERIALS Coloredpencil set Methyleneblue dyesolution (from your chemistryset) Goggles LIST OF MATERIALS I_,1 Microplateof indicators from SECTION1 A newplastic pipette F~ Rain water Crushedice Microplate BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING I~1 Plastic cup EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! ~ Plastic pipette Goggles BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING i~ UniversalIndicator solution As stated above,many of the productswhich are in your home EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! are acidsand bases. You can test homeproducts for acid, base [~ Goggles Figure #24 or neutral pHin the following way.

Page 35 I’age 20 Gasesexpand and contract with changesin temperature. The Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- 11) Addone drop of phenolphthaleinsolution (anotherindica- Almostall plant colors (pigments)are indicators. Usethe skin, expansionor contraction of a gas varies DIRECTLYwith the ment: tor) to eachof the wellsin this row. rind, or petal of a plant. Theindicator will be in the coloredor temperatureof a gas. tinted part of the plant. Greenleaves contain CHLOROPHYLL. LIST OF MATERIALS Comparethe results of your experiments.How is phenol- Chlorophyllis not an indicator. Thepetals of flowers,even white 1) Start with a newpipette. Microplate phthaleindifferent fromUniversal Indicator? flowers, contain indicators. Thefollowing is a list of plant [] Vinegar(from kitchen or grocerystore) sourcesof indicators. Redcabbage, cherry skins, tea, blueber- 2) Fill a large well of the microplatewith water. Adda few 12) OnRECORD CHART #7, using your colored pencils, fill in ry skins, blackberryskins or flower petals are goodsources of dropsof methyleneblue dye solution. Thedye will allow [] HouseholdAmmonia (from kitchen or grocerystore) the colors which the phenolphthaleinIndicator Solution naturalindicators. youto observethe level of waterin the stemof the pipette. Id UniversalIndicator Solution(from yourchemistry set) changedto in eachof the small wells B-2 through B-11. [] Plastic pipette Markthis row on your RECORDCHART #7 (B-2 through B- TO EXTRACTTHE INDICATOR, FOLLOWTHESE DIREC- 3) Placethe bulbof the plastic pipettein a plastic cup. 10) PhenolphthaleinIndicator Row. TIONS:Be sure to usea microtip pipette for this experiment. Plastic sandwichbag 4) Direct the stemof the pipette into the waterin the well of Water DO NOTDISCARD YOUR INDICATORS!! DO NOTMIX SKINS OR FLOWERS! the microplate. Hold the stem of the pipette belowthe --I Goggles BE SURE TO EXTRACTEACH PLANT OR water line by using sometape to securethe stemto the Youcan savethe UniversalIndicator and phenolphthaleinfor FLOWERINDIVIDUALLY plate. SeeFigure #26. use as CONTROLSfor experiments you will do later. Seal the BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING indicators in their wells by coveringthe wells with a piece of 1 Placea 5-6 gramsample of the plant or flower into a test EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! transparenttape. Covereach row of wells with a long, single tube. piece of tape. Runyour finger over eachwell to seal the contents in the well. 2) Add1/2 pipette of ethyl or isopropyl alcohol. Mix well. 1) Select onerow of small wells in your microplate. Crushthe petals with a plastic sodastraw to squeezealco- cru.shsd ~ hol throughoutthe sample. 2) Place10 drops of water in eachwell in the row, EXCEPT tapestem SECTION2 - NATURALINDICATORS into deepwell for the first andlast well in the row. 3) Allowthe plant materialto stay in the alcoholfor at least 5 _ minutes. 3) Addone drop of UniversalIndicator to eachwell containing Oneof the mostfascinating discoveries is that manyplants also waterin the row. havenatural "indicators" included in the flowers, leaves or stemsof the plant. Wecan use these as indicators for our acid 4) Pouroff the liquid into a largewell of the microplate. and base changeexperiments. 4) Place10 dropsof vinegarin oneof the emptywells. 5) Savethis liquid as your"natural indicator solution" in further Figure #26 experiments.If youwish, youmay also savethe indicator 5) Place10 dropsof ammoniain the other emptywell. Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experiment: in sameplastic pipette whichyou used for extracting or 5) Placean ice cubeor somecrushed ice into a plastic cup drawingup the indicator solution out of the test tube. Be 6) QUICKLYplace the microplatein a plastic sandwichbag. with the pipette. LIST OF MATERIALS sureto label yourplastic pipette, whichindicator it holds. ~ Flower petals (obtain from plant flowers with colored SECTION3 - NATURALINDICATORS 6) Whathappens to the water/methyleneblue solution level in 7) Whathappens to the Universal Indicator? A changein the stem?As the temperatureof the air in the bulb de- color is dueto the diffusion of vinegarand ammonia. A blue petals) creased,what happenedto the volumeof the air? Howdo color indicates ammonia;a red color indicate vinegar. --I Plant fruit skin (example:cherries, blueberries, etc.) Youwill needthe following materialsto completethis experiment: you know? Redcabbage leaves (obtain from your grocery) 8) Whichdiffused faster? Whichis lighter? Largetest tube with cap 7) Removethe pipette fromcontact with the ice. Allow the air LIST OF MATERIALS in the pipette to cometo roomtemperature. What happens [] Householdtea (from tea bag) II Flowerpetals, plant skin, or red cabbageextraction to volumeof air as the bulb warms? SE~C.TtO_N_3_.A...... :...G.A.,~...I~.!_EE~__S_.!ON II [] Isopropylalcohol (rubbingalcohol) (obtain from drugstore (from previousexperiment) or grocery) Largetest tube 8) Whenthe trapped air has returned to roomtemperature. Repeatthe previous SECTION3 in exactly the sameway, but [] Microplate Isopropylalcohol (rubbing alcohol) pour somewarm water into the plastic cup. this time insteadof using vinegar(acetic acid) try using lemon [] Microplate juice(citric acid). [] Householdvinegar (acetic acid) 9) Placethe bulb of the plastic pipette in contact with the Householdammonia (ammonium hydroxide) [,J Householdvinegar (acetic acid) warmwater, by pouring warmwater into the plastic mea- Plastic pipette [] Householdammonia (ammonium hydroxide) suring cup. SECTION4 - PREPARATIONOF OXYGEN [] Plastic sodastraw / Plasticpipette 10) Whathappened to the level of water in the stem of the Hydrogenperoxide (H202) is a commonhousehold antiseptic [] Scissors Coloredpencils pipette as the bulb of air is warmed?What happens to a which can be found as a 3%solution in manydrug or grocery Goggles [] Water gasif the temperatureof the gasincreases? stores. Hydrogenperoxide can be DECOMPOSEDinto water the oxygen. The compoundhas a formula similar to water [] Goggles (H20). BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING Theextra oxygenin peroxidecan be freed by the reaction of EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! SECTION3 - GASDIFFUSION hydrogenperoxide with a CATALYST.The reaction looks like WARNING:Ethyl or isopropylalcohol andtheir vaporsare high- this: ly flammable.Do not use alcohol in the presenceof an open 1) RepeatSECTION 1 Steps 1-9 in another row of small wells Of all states of matter,gases have the greatestability to move flame. Usealcohol in an areawith goodventilation. from place to place and the greatest freedomof movement. (RowsC and D). (steel wool) Theability of gasesto movethrough other gasesis called DIF- Somenaturally occurring chemicalsare indicators. Theymust FUSION.The lighter the gas (the smaller the molecule), the 2) Add6-8 dropsof your indicator to eachof the wells in the hydrogenperoxide ~ water and oxygen be separatedfrom natural sourcesin order to see themwork. row. faster its moleculescan move. Wewill EXTRACTthe natural indicators with ethyl alcohol or Thesteel woolis the catalystfor the reaction.It is writtenabove with isopropylalcohol (rubbing alcohol). 3) Record the color change on RECORDCHART #7 by col- the arrowfor the equation. oring in the correct well circles with yourcolored pencils. Page21 Page 34 1) Place 9 drops of water in each of the small wells A-3 and Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- SECTION 5 - DOES AIR CONTAIN OXYGEN? ~ we~Uw~i weUw~ weUwell we~wr.U A-10in the microplate. 2 3 4 $ 6 ? 8 9 10 ment: UNIVERSAL You probably have already heard that air contains oxygen. 2) Place 10 drops of vinegar (acetic acid) in well A-2. INDICATORROW 000000000 PHENOPHTHALEIN LIST OF MATERIALS Oxygenis a gas which we breathe and which sustains life. How INDICATORROW 000000000 IJ Fine steel wool (obtain from hardwarestore or grocery) can we measurewhether air actually does contain oxygen?By Takeone drop out from small well A-2 and drop it into the NATURAl 3) INDICATORROW 0000000©0 DONOT use the steel wool with soap embeddedin it! using methylene blue dye solution, we can measurefor the water in small well A-3. NATURAL, presence of oxygen. Methylene blue dye solution will change INDICATORROW ~ Hydrogen peroxide (3%) (obtain from drugstore or NATURAL 000000000 color if it is in contact with oxygen. Wecan use this changeof You have just madethe acid in small well A-3 ten times INDIGATORROW 000000000 cery) color to test for the presenceof oxygen. NATURAL Ij LESSTHAN the acid solution in small well A-2. Why?See INDICATORROW 0 Methyleneblue solution Figure #34. NATURAL You will needthe following materials to completethis experi- INDICATORROW 08888°000 ~J Microplate 0000 ment: NATURAL I1 Plastic pipette lake onedrop out ot small well A-3 andm~x ~t w~ththe water INDICATORROW 4) NATURAL QO0000000 in small well A-4. INDICATORROW 000000000 [,_] Water LIST OF MATERIALS ~1 Goggles [] A newplastic pipette 5) Repeat the above process with well 5 and 6. DONOT ADD RECORD CHART #7 [_.1 Methyleneblue solution ANYTHING TO WELL 7. Why? B_.E..SU__R_E TO.W___E_A__R_...G.QGG.LE__S____W_HEN___POJ.NPa ._E__X_..P.E_RI M E_N~F .S...!..N_ ...T_I~ I $,C_H__E_._M__! _S._T.. _R_ _y._~_.E T! :J Microplate (Hint: small well A-7 will be used as neutral or just plain $.EC_T.!_ON1A - DILUT.I,O_N_,O_E_A.CJD II Water water which is neutral pH.) Cut the round end of a pipette off with scissors. (If you 1) "~ Goggles In this experimentyou will see howto dilute an acid, moreand have already madea filer funnel out of a pipette, you may 6) Place 10 drops of household ammonia(ammonium hydrox- more, and to showhow the dilution can be seen by the use of use that.) BE SUR_E_TO WEARG,OGGLES WHEN_D_.QIN~ ide) in small well A-11. an "indicator." The indicator usedin this experimentis Phenol- .I~X..I~E!~IMENT~IN. THIS_.. CHEMI _S.T__R_Y. SET.!. phthalein which will changecolor in a basic solution and NOTin 2) Packsteel wool into the bulb of the pipette so that it will not an acid solution. Youwill needthe color changeinformation to 7) Takeone drop out of small well A-11 andadd it to the water fall out the openend you just cut. Makesure the steel wool 1) Place 1/2 pipette of water in a large well in the microplate. in small well A-10. comparewith acid and base experiments later. is close to the cut end but not sticking OUTof the openend you have cut. 2) Addone drop of methyleneblue to the water in the well. You have just madethe base in small well A-10 ten times Usea microtip pipette for these experiments. With anotherpipette, addone pipette full of water to a large LESSTHAN (weaker than) the basic solution in small well 3) 3) Direct the stem of a plastic pipette into the methyleneblue A-11. Why? well of your microplate. Add1 drop of methyleneblue solu- solution. BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLESWHEN DOING tion to the waterin this large well. Takeone drop out of small well A-IO and mix it with the 8) EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSETI 4) Squeezethe air out of the plastic pipette into the watercon- water in small well A-9. Rinse out the pipette you have used with the water and the 4) taining the methyleneblue solution. methyleneblue solution. Takeone drop out of small well A-9 andmix it with the water 9) 1) Place 9 drops of water in small wells B-3 and B-10 in the 5) Withdrawthe tube from the methyleneblue solution. in small well A-8. microplate. 5) Nowplace 1/2 pipette full of hydrogenperoxide solution into anotherlarge well. 6) Allow the bulb to expandand fill with air. 10) DO NOT ADD ANYTHING TO SMALL WELL A-7. Why? 2) Place 10 drops of vinegar (acetic acid) in small well B-2. Takethe cut pipette with the steel wool and place the cut 6) 7) Repeatthe bubbling of air into the well as often as neces- 11) Addone drop of Universal Indicator to all the wells. What 3) Take one drop out of small well B-2 and mix it with the end into the well containing the hydrogen peroxide. Hold sary until a color changeis noted. Be sure to removethe the pipette with the steel wool downwardall the wayto the happensin each of the wells? water in small well B-3. You have just madethe acid in tube from the well before allowing the bulb to return to the bottom of the well of hydrogenperoxide. Hold the cut end small well B-3 ten times LESSTHAN small well B-2 by a full position. factor of 10. Why?See Figure #34. of the pipette tightly against the bottomof the well contain- highestAcetic HEU.-rI:L&L highest Ammonia ing hydrogenperoxide. ~^lh~t h~t_n,_ngn £ tm thn rnr~th~,~l#n~ hh ~p ~ml, lfi~n9 /v:~dconcentration (Base concentration Take one drop out of small well B-3 and mix it with the I 4) S~E_.C_.~E!.ON.. 6 - NATURALOXYGEN PRODUCTI,ON: -’=~ water in small well B-4. 7) Oxygengas will now be producedby the action of the cat- , , , , , , ,o-,.,, ,, r alyst (steel wool) and the hydrogen peroxide. The oxygen .T__H_.E ACTI,ONOF ENZYMES gas will go up the tube of the pipette. ~0~~000~ ¯ ¯ 0 5) Repeat the above process with small wells B-5 and Be6. Oxygenis produced all the time by natural processes. The DO NOT DO ANYTHING TO WELL 7. Why? 8) Direct the stemof the pipette into the methyleneblue solu- enzymesin the cells in liver will causeoxygen to be produced. c~O00000000 0 0 0 tion. See Figure #27. Natural enzymesin raw potato will cause oxygen to be pro- 6) Place 10 drops of household ammonia(ammonium hydrox- duced. In this experiment see if you can use the enzymesto o~O00000000 0 0 0 ide) in small well B-11. pipette with steel wool and peroxide release the oxygenfrom the hydrogen peroxide. / in large well "’000000 7) Take one drop out of small well B-11 and mix it with the Youwill needthe following materials to complete this experi- water in small well B-10. You have just madethe base in ment: -~OOOOOO, small well B-10, ten times LESSTHAN small well B-11. Why? LIST OF MATERIALS Figure #34 I-I Hydrogen peroxide (3%) (obtain from drugstore or 8) Take one drop out of small well B-10 and mix it with the water in small well B-9. cery) 12) On RECORDCHART #7, using your colored pencils, fill in Rawliver or raw potato (obtain from your kitchen) methylene blue solution the colors whichthe Universal Indicator solution changedto 9) Take one drop out of small well B-9 and mix it with the ’1 Microplate Figure #27 in each of the small wells A-2 through A-11. Mark this row water in small well B-8. (A-2 through A-10) the UniversalIndicator 9) Observethe color of the methylene blue solution as the Plastic pipette 10) DO NOT ADD ANYTHING TO SMALL WELL B-7. Why? hydrogen peroxide decomposes. What happens? What [] Water gas is formed? [] Goggles Page 33 Page 22 BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING 3) Cut a small sample(about 1 g) of plant leaf into small Whencalcium oxide, unslakedlime, (CaO)is addedto water ACID AND BASE EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! pieces with scissors. Usea plastic cup to collect the form slaked lime, the amountof OH" increases while the pieces. SOLUTIONS amountof H+decreases. This solution is said to be BASICor 1) Placea smallpiece of rawliver or crushedpotato in a large ALKALINE. well in the microplate. 4) Usinga chemicalscoop, transfer the cut leaf to oneof the wells in the microplatecontaining the methyleneblue solu- Acid and Base Solutions Almost ALLsolutions are either ACIDICor ALKALINE.Very 2) Adda pipette full of hydrogenperoxide to the liver or pota- tion. few solutionsare NEUTRAL. to. Acidsand basesare two types of chemicalswhich you have 5) Placethe plate in the sunlightor undera light for a fewmin- contactwith every day. Commonacids can be foundin many Scientistsmeasure the amountof acidity or alkalinity by usinga 3) Whatgas is produced?How could you identify this gas? utes. man-madeand natural products. Acidswhich you mayhave special scale called the pH SCALE.The pH scale rates solu- seeninclude ascorbic acid (vitamin C), aceticacid (vinegar), tions from 1 to 14 basedon the amountof H+ or OHion in the SECTION7 - METHYLENEBLUE AS AN.!NDICATOR 6) What happens? autobattery acid (sulfuric acid), tea (tannicacid), andsour andyogurt (lactic acid). solution.A solution which has a rating of between1 to 6 is con- sideredACIDIC (1 is the highestamount of acid, 6 is the least). SECTION9 - TESTINGA GASFOR CARBON DIOXID~E Using the materials listed above,and methylene blue, repeat A solution whichis rated 8 to 14 is ALKALINEor BASIC(a solu- the experiment. Basesare also quite common.Milk of magnesia(magnesium A test for the presenceof carbondioxide in a gasis to bubble hydroxide), lye (sodium hydroxide) and householdammonia tion whichhas a 14 pHhas the highest amountof base,while 8 is the least basic). A solution whichis exactly 7 is NEUTRAL. BE SURETO WEARGOGGLES WHEN. _D..E)J_N..G the gas into a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. (ammoniumhydroxide) are somecommon bases. EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! (Saturated calcium hydroxidesolution is also knownas lime water.) The chart below mayhelp you to understandthis important ACIDS AND BASESARE WATERSOLUTIONS. scale. 1) Adda pipette of hydrogenperoxide to two other large wells Youwill needthe following materialsto completethis experi- TERMS TO KNOW pH(1 - 2 . 3- 4 . 5 - 6) 7 (8.9.10 -11 -12 .13 .14) in the microplate. ment: < -, + 2) Adda few dropsof methyleneblue to the hydrogenperox- LIST OF MATERIALS ACID- A chemicalwhich ionizes in water to form H ions. STRONGER STRONGER ide in bothwells. [] Calciumhydroxide solution (from your chemistryset) ACID BASE ACIDIC- A solution whichhas a pHless than 7. n 3) Placea smallpiece of liver or crushedpotato in ONEof the ~1 Scissors wells. .7-1 Microplate ALKALINE- A solution whichhas a pH greater than 7. STRONGEST WEAKESTU WEAKESTSTRONGEST ACID AC/D t BASE BASE I~ Plasticpipette r SECTION8 - PLANTSAND OXYGEN [] Goggles BASE- A chemicalthat ionizes in waterto form OH-ions.

Plants naturally produceoxygen when they are exposedto light. BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING EXTRACT- To use a solvent to isolate an individual chemical I Plants take carbondioxide from the atmosphereand produce EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTI~YSET! from a source. oxygen. The next time you have FRESHspinach or a FRESH SECTION1 - THE pH SCALEAND INDICATORS leafy greenvegetable for dinner, savea few leavesof the veg- NOTE: INDICATOR- A chemicalwhich turns color at a particular pH. To obtainlime water(saturated calcium hydroxide solution) etable for this experiment.You can use a plant leaf or a blade Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- of grassinstead of fresh spinach. you mayhave to see your pharmacistat your local drug- ION- A chargedatom or groupof atoms. store, or use the calcium hydroxide solution from your ment: Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- chemistryset. IONIZATION- The breaking apart of a moleculeinto parts which ment: havea positive (+) or negative(-) charge. LIST OF MATERIALS 1) Cut a plastic pipette as shownin Figure#28. Usethe cut- [] Householdvinegar (acetic acid) obtain from kitchen LIST OF MATERIALS off stemas the blowstraw. Savethe bulb portion for anoth- NEUTRAL- Neither acid nor base. grocery er experiment. Householdammonia (ammonium hydroxide solution) [] Sourceof sunlightor bright light pH SCALE- A scale whichtells the relative amountof acid or obtain from kitchen or grocery Scissors basein a solution. SAVE THIS STEMFOR USE IN OTHEREXPERIMENTS Microplate [] Microplate SALT- Thechemical which results whenan acid reacts with a [] Plastic pipette [] Plasticpipette savethis end cut here base. [] Water [] Plastic measuringcup Grassor plant leaf [] UniversalIndicator solution (fromyour chemistryset) Phenolphthaleinsolution (from your chemistryset) [] Methyleneblue solution Water(H20) contains two different chemicalparts. Theseparts [] +) [] Goggles are called IONS.The hydrogen ion (H whichhas a positive [] Transparenttape usethis end charge and the hydroxide ion (OH) which has a negative [] Set of coloredpencils BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING Figure #28 charge.Acids add extra H+ ions to water, basesadd extra OH- Goggles ionsto water. EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! 2) Fill anotherpipette with calciumhydroxide solution (lime water). + BE SURETO WEARGOGGLES WH__EN DOING In pure water the amountof H ion exactly equalsthe amount EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! CUTTING LEAVESSHOULD BE DONEWITH of OH"ion. YOURPARENTS’ ASSISTANCE 3) Place1/2 the calciumhydroxide solution in onelarge well of the microplate.Place the other 1/2 of the solution in an adjoiningwell. Whenany chemical is addedto water the balanceof H+ and This experimentwill showyou the characteristics of both the pH 1) Place 1/2 pipette of water into two large wells in the scale and the way INDICATORSwork. microplate. OHin the solution changes.For example,when sulfuric acid is 4) Placethe large endof the plastic straw into your mouth. addedto waterto makea solution for a car battery, the amount Direct a streamof breathgently into the solution. Usea microtip pipette for theseexperiments. 2) Addone dropof methyleneblue to eachof the wells con- of H+ increaseswhile the amountof OH"decreases. taining the water. Page 23 This solution is said to be ACIDIC. Page 32 7) Is there any difference betweenthe products and the reac- Youwill need the following materials to complete this experi- 5) Watchthe solution carefully. A PRECIPITATEshould form. 6) QUICKLYdraw up somevinegar into the pipette with the tants which formed them? Whatdo you think happenedto ment: A precipitate is a solid which is formed whena reaction sodiumbicarbonate. give the results you have noticed? occurs in solution. A precipitate formedin this experiment LIST OF MATERIALS is an indication that carbon dioxide is in your exhaled 7) Direct the stem of the pipette into the calcium hydroxide 8) Which combination of chemicals produced a reaction? Microplate with the solutions from SECTION4 breath. Howcould you tell if air has carbon dioxide? solution. Which chemical product is a PRECIPITATE?Which chem- (wells A, B, C, D- 8-12) ical productis a gas? I-I Electrolyte Detector 6) Thereaction for this precipitation is: Water calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide .... ~ calcium carbonate Plastic pipettes + water Goggles Ca(OH) + CO CaCO + H20 SECTION 6 - TESTING THE REMAINING SOLUTION 2 2 3 OFA CHEMICAL REACTION BE SURE TO WE__ARGOGGLES WHEN DOING EXPERIMENTSIN. THIS CHEMISTRYSET! Just as you tested the precipitates (the wet and dry products of SECTION 10 - PREPARATIONOF CARBONDIOXIDE Test the solutions saved from SECTION5 in the small wells A, a chemical reaction), you nowneed to test the solutions which B, C, D - 8 - 12, for conductivity using the ELECTROLYTEDE- were formedin the chemical reactions. Manyof these solutions Carbon dioxide gas is produced when compoundscontaining NATE TECTOR. I ~~ Lu..M_ E! ’..C..A_~_~P_ carry dissolved in themthe salts from a chemicalreaction. Your carbonate react with acids. Carbondioxide is also producedby ~ ..... ~I~!D. VINEGAR electrolyte detector will showthe ones whichconduct electrical living things. I~ HYDROXIDE Prepare another table like Table #6 and record which solutions current, in other words, the solutions whichhave dissolved salts conduct electricity (these are ELECTROLYTES). and which are ELECTROLYTES! Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experiment: Figure #30

LIST OF MATERIALS 8) Standthe plastic pipette combinationin the microplate next Calciumhydroxide solution (lime water) to the well containing the calciumhydroxide solution, allow- Scissors ing the pipette end to bubble CO2 gas into the calcium SampleElectrolyte Table [] Microplate hydroxidesolution. Plastic pipette Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 9) Whatcompound is generated by this reaction? [] Cellophane tape [] Sodiumbicarbonate (baking soda from your kitchen) calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide - ) ???? + H20 --I Vinegar (from your kitchen) ROW 1 [] Goggles 10) Whathappens to the calcium hydroxide solution when the gas generated bubbles through the solution?

BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLESWHEN DOING 11) Wherehave you seen this reaction of calcium hydroxide EXPERIMENTS.IN _T_HIS CHEMISTRYSET! before?

1) Cut a plastic pipette with scissors as indicated in Figure #29. SECTION11 - A REACTIONWH!.C_H PR_O__D.IJC..E_S ROW 2 2) Place a 1/4 scoop of sodium bicarbonate in the pipette CARBON__DIOXIDE through the slit you havejust formed. Youwill needthe following materials to complete this experi- 3) Coverthe slit with a piece of transparent tape or electrical ment: tape. LIST OF MATERIALS SAVE THIS PIPETTE FOR USE IN OTHER EXPERIMENTS [J Baking soda solution (Sodiumbicarbonate solution) pipette [1 Plastic pipette ROW 3 Microplate [] Plastic pipette Citric acid solution scissorcut Water clear tape Goggles Figure #29 ROW 4

4) With anotherpipette, fill a large well of the microplate with BE SURE 3"_0 WEAR GOGGLESWHEN DOING calcium hydroxide solution. EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET!

5) With another clean pipette, fill an adjoining well with vinegar.

Page 31 Page 24 Makeyour ownsodium bicarbonate (baking soda) solution Youwill needthe following materialsto completethis experi- Table #6 - REACTIONRECORDING TABLE placing 1/4 scoopof bakingsoda (obtain from your kitchen or ment: grocery) in your plastic measuringcup and adding a pipette of Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5 Column6 water.Stir this mixtureuntil all bakingsoda has dissolved. LISTOF MATERIALS Ammoniumchloride solution (from your chemistryset) 1) Place20 dropsof sodiumbicarbonate solution in a large Calciumhydroxide solution (from your chemistryset) Copper Copper Copper Copper Copper Copper well of the microplate. Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Microplate ROW1 + + + + + + 2) Add1/2 pipette of waterto the well. Plasticpipette Potassium Sodium Sodium Sodium Sodium Ammonium Iodide Chloride Sulfate Bicarbonate Carbonate Chloride 3) Add1/2 pipetteof citric acidto the well. Filter paper UniversalIndicator solution 4) Watchwhat happens as acid is addedto the sodiumbicar- Q Goggles bonate. Ferrous Ferrous Ferrous Ferrous Ferrous Ferrous 5) Howcould you tell that the gasproduced is carbondioxide? BE SURETO WE&._RGOGGLES WHEN DOING Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate ROW2 + + + + + + EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! Potassium Sodium Sodium Sodium Sodium Ammonium Iodide Chloride Sulfate Bicarbonate Carbonate Chloride SECTION12.- PBO_DU.C_.!NGCARBON DIOXIDE 1) Place1/2 of a pipette of ammoniumchloride solution into a IN ANOTHERWAY well of yourmicroplate. Youwill needthe following materialsto completethis experiment: 2) Moistena small(1 inch x 1 inch) pieceof filter paperwith Calcium Calcium Calcium Calcium Calcium Calcium UniversalIndicator solution. Nitrate Nitrate Nitrate Nitrate Nitrate Nitrate + + + + + + LIST OF MATERIALS ROW3 Potassium Sodium Sodium Sodium Sodium @ 3) Add1/2 plastic pipette of calciumhydroxide solution to the Ammonium -3 Alka Seltzer well containing ammoniumchloride. Iodide Chloride Sulfate Bicarbonate Carbonate Chloride -1 Scissors Microplate 4) Holdthe moistenedfilter paperover the well containingthe mixture of ammoniumchloride and calcium hydroxide. Plasticpipette Cellophanetape 5) Whatis the result? Whatgas causedthe color change,if Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium any? Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Sulfate Vinegar ROW4 + + + + + + Goggles A color changewith UniversalIndicator indicatesthe pres- Potassium Sodium Sodium Sodium Sodium Ammonium ence of ammoniavapor. Rememberthat ammoniais a Iodide Chloride Sulfate Bicarbonate Carbonate Chloride BE SURE TO WEARGOGGLES WHEN DOING base! EXPERIMI~NTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! SECTION14 - NEUTRALIZATIONOF GASES

1) Clean, rinse and dry the pipette you preparedin SECTION Sometimesgases may be "acidic"... like the pollution gasesin SECTION5 - TESTINGTHE PRODUCTSOF A RE,~.CTION 1) Allowall the reactionsto finish. (Waitabout 15 minutes for 10, Figure#30. the atmospherewhich dissolve in rainwaterto cause"acid rain." the reactionsto settle out.) Eventhough you have already tested solutionsand solids in the @ Sometimesgases are "basic" or alkaline. And, as you might 2) Breakoff a piece of AIka Seltzer whichwill fit into the expect, the acid gases and the base gases can be mixed to previous experiments, nowyou can test the PRODUCTSof a 2) Placethe tip of a MICROTIPpipette just belowthe liquid pipette. neutralize oneanother. In the following experimentyou will see reaction with your electrolyte detector. Remember:in this ex- level in a well. Removethe LIQUIDONLY from eachof the howsome gases are acidic by the waygases will changethe periment you are testing to see whetherthe PRODUCTSof a wells where a reaction has occurred. DONOT DISCARD 3) Repeatthe procedureof SECTION10, Parts 3-11. color of a special "UniversalIndicator" test paper. Thetest chemicalreaction will behavedifferently than the chemicals THESESOLUTIONS! Place each solution removed in paperwill changecolor to shownot only if an acid is presentbut which wereused to form them.Observe carefully, and you may anotherunused well on the right side of your microplate. What gas was produced by this reaction? Howdo you the color changecan also give youan idea of "howstrong" the wantto test someof the productsafter youhave dried themout Example:solution from A-1 shouldbe put in well A-7, and know? acidis. to seeif the dry powderproducts react differently thanthe "wet" so on. Rinsethe pipette with water betweeneach chemi- products. cal solution. Theliquids whichyou are savingin microwells Whatchemicals do youthink causedthe productionof this Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- A, B, C, D-7-12will be usedin SECTION6 experiments. gas? ment: Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experiment: 3) Add10 drops of rinse water(tap water)to eachof the wells whichshowed a chemicalreaction and allow the precipitate LIST OF MATERIALS LIST OF MATERIALS to settle to the bottomof the well. SECTION13 - TH_E PRODUCTIONOF AMMONIA Microplate ~ Microplate with the completedreactions from SECTION4 Plastic pipette 4) Removeand discard the rinse water which is abovethe Ammonia(NH3) is a gaseouscompound which, in water solu- I~ Electrolyte Detector madein SECTION1 [] UniversalIndicator solution on a smallpiece of filter paper precipitatein the well. tion is foundin the householdpreparation called "household [] Water [] Vinegar ammonia."Ammonia and its solutions have a piercing odor. [...] Plastic pipettes 5) Add8 dropsof fresh water to each of the wells wherea Ammoniais also commonlyfound in a medicinal preparation Goggles -I reaction has occurred. called smellingsalts. Ammoniais importantfor useas a fertil- Goggles izer. Ammoniais often a productof protein decay. 6) Testthe solution of the productsin eachof the wells where BE SURETO WEAR_GO.GGLES WHEN DOING BE SURETO WEAR_GO_GGL_ES_WHENQOING EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! a reaction has occurred with the ELECTROLYTEDETEC- EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! TOR.

Page 25 Page 30 1) Place 1/2 pipette of householdvinegar in a well. SECTION4.-__REACTIONS O.F SOLUT_IONS EXPERIMENTS [1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 1.1 121 ~ WITH SOLUTIONS Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experiment: 0 0 0 2) Place the filter paper which wasmade in SECTION13, Part ~000000000 4 over the well with the vinegar. LIST OF MATERIALS ~000000000 0 0 0 II Solutions of the chemicals listed below in Table #5 c OOOOOOOOO 0 0 0 3) Allow the paper to stay abovethe well for a few minutes. Experiments with Solutions (Two Groups: Group 1 Chemicals and Group 2 Chemicals) ~000000000 0 0 0 4) Whathappens to the color of the paper?Which side of the Electrolyte Detector TERMS TO KNOW paperturns color first? Microplate ~000000 AQUEOUS- A water solution. IJ Plastic pipettes 5) Addhousehold ammonia to the well drop by drop. Mix after each addition. Cover with the paper again after each addi- Goggles ANION- A negatively chargedion. FxamplP.: CI- -~O0000O tion. ,.__L!.__ Z ;] 4 -~ 8 I ~ CATION- A positively charged ion. Example: Na+ What do you think happenedto the ammonia? BE SURETO WEARGOGGLES .W_H_E..N O.OING Figure #32 EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYS.E._T_! CONDUCTIVITY- The ability to allow electricity to flow through What gas do you think caused the change in the filter a substance. paper? Chemical compoundswhen dissolved in a water solution often Place 4 drops of ferrous sulfate solution in the secondrow CONDUCTOR- A solid or solution which allows electric current break up into charged particles called IONS. The presence of 5) What would happen if you mixed the household vinegar of small wells across the microplate. to flow throughit. these chargedparticles or IONS,allow the solution to conduct with a mixture of ammoniumchloride and calcium hydrox- electricity. The experiment above showedwhich compounds ide? Continueto put 4 drops of each chemical solution in Group DISSOLVE- To becomepart of a solution. contain ions. Ions react with each other in solution. 6) SECTION 15 - REACTION OF AMMONIUM_CHLORIDE 1 chemicals in an individual ROWof wells across the AND CALC_J.U_MHYDROXIDE ELECTROLYTE- A solution which conducts an electric current. Cations react with anions to form new compounds.As in any microplate. See Figure #32. chemical reaction, when two chemicals react, the reaction Youwill need the following materials to completethis experi- 7) Add 4 drops of potassium iodide solution (Group 2 chemi- ELECTRODE- A wire in an electrolyte which carries an electri- sometimesproduces products which have totally different prop- ment: cal charge. erties from the beginning compounds. cals) to each of the wells in the first COLUMNof the microplate. See Figure #33. LIST OF MATERIALS HOMOGENEOUS- The same throughout. t) Divide the chemical compoundswhich have been made Ammoniumchloride solution (from your chemistry set) into solutions into two groups of chemicals as shownin Calcium hydroxide solution (from your chemistry set) ION- A positively chargedor negatively chargedatom or group Table #5. of atoms. Microplate Plastic pipette NONELECTROLYTE- A solution which does not conduct an 000000000 0 Filter paper electric current. Universal Indicator solution TABLE #5 B 000000000 0 0 0 . PRECIPITATE- A solid which does not dissolve in water. Goggles Group 1 Group 2 C 000000000 0 0 0 O 000000000 0 0 0 Copper Sulfate PotassiumIodide Ferrous Sulfate SodiumChloride A BE SURETO WEARGOGGLES_W_H._I~.N..DOING Calcium Nitrate SodiumSulfate O000OO EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! Solutions are mixtures. Solutions are most often a mixture of a RndiumBicarbonate solid dissolvedin a liquid or a liquid dissolvedin anotherliquid. Sodium Carbonate AmmoniumChloride ~t_u .... Place 1/2 of a pipette of ammoniumchloride solution into a The material which DOESthe dissolving is called the SOL- 1) VENT. The material which is DISSOLVEDis called the well of your microplate. Figure #33 SOLUTE.In solutions, the mostplentiful material in the mixture is called the solvent, while the material dissolved is the solute. 2) Moistena piece of filter paperwith Universal Indicator solution. 8) Continueto put 4 drops of each chemical solution in Group A solution is a special kind of mixture becausea solution contains the sameamount of solute throughout the solvent. Since 2) Remembering how you used the ELECTROLYTEDETEC- 2 chemicals in an individual COLUMNof wells. 3) Add1/2 of a pipette of calcium hydroxide solution to the a solute is evenly distributed throughoutthe solvent, a solution TORfrom Section 2, write a small "e" for electrolyte after well containing ammoniumchloride. each chemical you tested. Also write a small "n" for non- 9) Whichcombination of chemicals gave a chemical reaction? is often referred to as a HOMOGENEOUSmixture. A mixture (solution) of sugar dissolved in water is an exampleof a homo- electrolyte after the chemicalswhich you tested which were How do you know that a chemical reaction has taken 4) Place 1/2 pipette of household vinegar in the samewell. geneousmixture or a solution. non-electrolyte. place? DO NOT DISCARD THIS MICROPLATE OF Whatis the nameof the acid in householdvinegar? REACTIONS! 3) Rememberwhich of the chemicals in Table #5 are Electro- 5) Mix the two solutions together. Wait a few momentsfor the lytes. 10) Preparea chart whichrecords all of these reactions similar two liquids to react together. to Table #6 - REACTIONRECORDING TABLE. A) Canyou think of a solution of a solid dissolved in solid? (These solutions are called ALLOYS.) 4) Place 4 drops of coppersulfate solution in eachwell in the 6) Allow the paper to stay abovethe well for a few minutes. first ROWof small wells across the microplate. SeeFigure 11) Recordeach reaction (or non-reaction) in the blank spaces Canyou think of a solution of a gas dissolved in a gas? #32. in your table. 7) What happens to the paper? What is the compound B) formed when the acid reacts with the ammonia?How do Whichgas is the solvent, which is the solute? (Air is such you knowthat a reaction occurred? a solution.)

Page 29 Page 26 SECTION 1 -&N ELECTROLYTE DETECTOR 1) Using a pipette, place 7 drops of _EACHCHEMICAL SOLU- 7) Whatis commonabout the non-electrolytes? Whatis true LED / TION IN YOURCHEMISTRY SET SEPARATELYin the about electrolytes? An electrolyte detector is easily made.The detector will allow small wells in the microplate. Rinse the pipette with clean you to determineif a solution conductsan electric current. You water betweeneach chemical which your pipette touches. will be able to find out if a solution is an electrolyte._ or a non- 8) Test somecommon household solutions to see if they are Usesmall wells A-1 through A-12, and B-1 through B-4. electrolytes or non-electrolytes. For example,test house- electrolyte. hold bleach, ammonia, detergent, milk, etc. Use small 2) Place a pipette of water in one of the large wells in your wells D-1 through D-12for these tests. Youwill need the following materials to complete this experi- microplate. This well is used to rinse off the electrodes ment: betweeneach test. Try testing somesamples of food for conductivity. DONOT I II I - ~ ~,\ ]1 // insulation 9) I II I ./"/" I} ]/ kk fromends EAT THE FOODAFTER YOU HAVE TESTED IT! LIST OF MATERIALS 3) Place 7 drops of water in one of the small wells in the LED(light emitting diode) /~,,.~. ,, ,~ /~)of wire microplate. Usewell B-12. --I 9-volt battery [] 9-volt battery clip SpringClips 4) Place the two electrodes in the well containing 7 drops of water. Doespure water conduct? Remember,tap water is 1-K ohmresistor NOTpure water. If your parents have DISTILLEDWATER, Figure #31 [] Spring clips (2) try the experiment again using distilled water. Distilled Insulated wire (red length andblack length) The chemicalsmost used in your chemistry set are solutions in water is used in electric steamirons. Why? which a solid or liquid chemicalis dissolved in water. Solutions Goggles of chemicals dissolved in water are called AQUEOUSSOLU- 5) Place the two electrodes in each of the solutions and rate SECTION 3 - ANOTHERUSE FOR THE TIONS. themaccording to the ability to conductelectricity. Be sure BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLES WHEN DOING ELECTROLYTE DETECTOR EXPERIMENTSIN THIS CHEMISTRYSET! not to let the two electrodes touch eachother while they are Someaqueous or water solutions conduct electricity. Theseare in the solution. (The glow of the LEDis a goodindication Youwill needthe following materials to completethis experi- called ELECTROLYTES.Other solutions DO NOT conduct of the solution being an ELECTROLYTE.The more the 1) From your chemistry set, obtain the LED(light emitting ment: diode), 1-K ohmresistor, battery clip, andspring clips, and electricity. These solutions are called NON-ELECTROLYTES. LEDglows, the better the electrolyte.) the pair of red and black wires. Fromthe store, obtain a 9- LIST OF MATERIALS The ability of a water solution of dissolved chemicalto conduct 6) As you do your experiment, group the ELECTROLYTES volt battery. Electrolyte Detector or not conduct electricity tells something about the way the together. Group the NON-ELECTROLYTEStogether. 2) Attach the battery clip to the battery. chemicalitself is held together in a molecule. Makea Data Table on a separate sheet of paper similar to Householdsolids (see list below) the Data Table shown, with Electrolytes separated from SECTION 2 - ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES Goggles 3) The LEDhas two wires, one of which is longer than the Non-electrolytes. other. Attach the LONGwire of the LEDto the positive It is importantto knowwhether a solution is an electrolyte or not. (red) wire of the battery clip. To connect them, carefully Usually, electrolyte solutions are madeof a chemicalsalt which twist the bare metal endof the wires together. is dissolved in water. These WILL conduct small or large DATATABLE #4 amountsof electrical current. The "Electrolyte Detector" which BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLES WHEN DOING Attach oneof the resistor wire endsto the negative (black) 4) you madewill allow you to determineif a solution is conducting DataTable for Conductivity EXPERIMENTSIN E_H../_S. CHEMISTRYSET! wire of the battery clip. Connectthese two wires by care- evena small amountof electrical current...the detector will even fully twisting the bare endsof the metal wires together. tell you if a solid will conductan electrical current. Substance Conductor/NonConductor 5) Next, find the two lengths of wire supplied in your set. One You will needthe following materials to completethis experi- CobaltChloride Solution has black insulation, one has red insulation. Carefully strip ment: the insulation from the endsof these wires so that you have CopperSulfate Solution both ends of the black wire stripped back about 1/2" (one LIST OF MATERIALS SodiumSilicate Solution Your electrolyte detector will tell you if a solid is a CONDUC- half inch) and both ends of the red wire stripped backabout --I Solutions of all the chemicalsin the chemistry set 1/2" (onehalf inch). CalciumHydroxide Solution TOR. Place the two electrodes from the tester on a piece of Water copper wire from your chemistry set. Whathappens? Try this CalciumNitrate Solution 6) Using a spring clip as a connector, carefully insert between [] Microplate test on a copper penny. the coils of the spring clip, the free endwire of the LEDand Citric AcidSolution Electrolyte Detector (madein SECTION1) the stripped wire endof the red length of wire. The free end Test several solids in your hometo see if they are conductors. FerrousSulfate Solution of this red wire is one ELECTRODE. Pipette [] Goggles PotassiumIodide Solution Somesolids to test: A tissue, a pencil (try the "lead" in the pencil; it isn’t really lead), 7) Usingyour other spring clip as a connector,carefully insert SodiumSulfate Solution betweenthe coils of this spring clip, the free endwire of the a teaspoon, toothbrush, window, pen, woodenor plastic ruler, 1-K ohmresistor and the stripped wire end of the black AluminumAmmonium Sulfate Solution etc. length of wire. The free end of this black wire is the other AmmoniumChloride Solution ELECTRODE. List all the conductors. Whatwas commonabout all the con- MagnesiumSulfate Solution ductors? BE SURE TO WEAR GOGGLESWHEN DOING See Figure #31 for a picture of the completedElectrolyte 8) EXPERIM._E_._N_.T_SIN THIS CHE_.M.ISTR.Y S__ET! SodiumCarbonate Solution Detector. List all the non-conductors. What was commonabout all the PhenolphthaleinSolution non-conductors?

UniversalIndicator Solution Enter all tests you makeinto the Data Table you prepared in Section 2.

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