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A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae)

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A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae) ShIITHSOSI.4N CONTRIBLTIONS TO ROTAXI’ 0 XUAIBER 31 A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae) Mason E. Hale, Jr. S5f ITHSOSIAS IKSTITUTIOK PRESS City of IVashington 1976 ABSTRACT Hale, Mason E., Jr. A Alonograpli of the Lichen Genus Pse~idopai~meliaLynge (Parmeliaceae). Smifhsonian Contl-ibzitions to Botany, number 31, 62 pages, 18 figures, 197(i.--A ~vorldmonograph ot“ the genus Pseiidopai-melia is presented. There are 76 species, most occurring in dry subtemperate to tropical areas and especially concentrated in the arid scrub lands of South Africa, Australia, and Brazil. The genus is characterized 13) an unusually high number of species with di1,aricatic acid and related orcinol depsitles. The following new species are described: P. callicliroa KnrokaMa, P. concornitnns Hale, P. conlabiosa Hale, P. dahlii Hale, P. ncoquintal-ia Hale, P. siibarnbigzia Hale, P. .subamplexa Hale, and P. ixnczolnnu Hale. The following new combinations are made: P. L‘OV rugati-im (Kurokawa and Filson) Hale, P. cxomnta (Zahlbruckner) Hale, P. geilachci (Zahlbruckner) Hale, P. papillo.sa (Lynge ex Gyelnik) Hale, P. Totlrigiiesiana (Hue) H:ile, P. scliistncca (Kurokawa arid Filson) Hale, P. scoto- pliylla (Kurokawa) Hale, and P. spodochroa (Kui-okaxva and Filson) Hale. OFFICIAL l’IBL.ICATIO\ 1)Ai I: is hantlstampetl in a lilnitetl tiutiihcr of initi;tl copies and is recorded in rhc Institution’s annual report. Snzitiisoizicin l’cnr. SLKIFSco\ ER DESIG~:Leaf clearing from thc Katsnra trce Cei.cidiphylluin jnfmnicuin Siebold and Zuccarini. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hale, hlason E. .4 monograph of the lichen genus Pseudopar??~clk~Llnge (Parmeliaceae) (Smithsonian Contributions to botany ; no. 31) 15ibliography: p. Includes index Supt. of Docs. no.: SI 1.29:31 I. Pseudoparmclia. I. Title. 11. Series: Sn1itl1sonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to botzGi) , no. 31. QKlS2747 no. 31 [Qh585.P2] 381’.08s [389’.1] 73-619375 Contents Page Introduction ........................... .................... 1 Morphology ................................................. 2 Chemistry ....................................................... 5 Ecology and Habitats ........................................... 6 Formation of Morphs and Chemical Populations ................ 7 Phytogeography .............................................. 8 Taxonomic Treatment ...................................... 10 Doubtful and Rejected Names .......................... 56 Literature Cited ................................................ 58 Index ........................................................... 61 iii A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae) Mason E. Hale 3r. Introduction the cortex (Hale, 1975b), and Xnnlhoparmckz (Vainio) Hale with narrow eciliate lobes and usnic This world monograph of the lichen genus acid in the cortex (Hale, 1974). P,srutlopnrnielia is part of my continuing effort to As with Hypotmchyna (Hale, 1975a) and Relicina rvvise the parmelioid genera. Although these genera (Hale, 1955b), much of the initial work on the are usually lumped under the collective name Par- chemistry of Pseiidoparmelin was completed before iii cliri, recent studies with the ’scanning-electron thin-layer chromatography came into use in 1965. microscope have demonstrated that species previ- Thus it has been necessary to reinvestigate the ously classified under Parmelia fall into two distinct chemistry of many specimens. Even with the applica- gi~oups, one with a paraplectenchymatous upper tion of the most recent techniques, however, this cortex antl very frequently with pseudocyphellae, monograph can be considered definitive only in the t! pifietl by Pnrmelia saxatilis (L.) Acharius and in- broadest sense. Fresh lichen collections are now be- cluding the P. boi-reri group, and another with a ing made every year in exotic regions, especially in palisade plectenchymatous upper cortex and an Africa, Australia, and South America, by botanists ot.erlying pored epicortex hut never with pseudo- and more significantly by professional lichenologists, cyphellae (Hale, 1973a). who had not previously collected outside temperate The epicorticate group includes several hetero- areas and who choose to identify the specimens geneous elements differing, for example, in marginal themselves rather than send them to a monographer. Ornamentation (cilia, bulbate cilia), rhizine branch- Under these circumstances, any monograph will be ing patterns (simple or dichotomously branched), incomplete in two respects. For one, information on arid lobe configuration and width (broad apically new records not available for study will be omitted, rotund to narrow obtuse lobes). These elements are, records that could profoundly affect interpretations in my opinion, biologically isolated and represent of phytogeography. The older specimens now pre- good genera, as follows: Bzilbothrix Hale with bulb- served in herbaria are a pitifully inadequate repre- ate cilia antl no cortical pigments (Hale, 1974), sentation of lichen floras. Secondly, unpublished Hypotmcliynn (Vainio) Hale with narrow eciliate new species which are sure to be found in a genus as lobes antl dichotomously branched rhizines (Hale, large as Pseiidoparmelia obviously cannot be in- 1 Wja), Pnrmelinn Hale with narrow ciliate lobes cluded in the keys, and this lack makes species (Hale, 1954), Paimotrerna Massalongo with broad identification more difficult for lichen students. This rotund lobes (Hale, 1965a), Pseudopal-melia Lynge monograph is offered, then, with full realization of Ivith nai-row eciliate lobes, Relicina (Hale and Ku- its limitations but with the hope that it will pro- rokatua) Hale with bulbate cilia and usnic acid in vide a base for later workers. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.-~am much indebted to ,ifason E, Hale, Jr,, Depart11ient of Botany, lYationnl dlu- st’uin of ‘Vl’ntuml History, Sftiit/isoniaii Institution, W’ashing- curators who sent specimens on loan and often ton, D.C. 20560 allowed ’considerable extensions of loan periods. 1 2 SMITHSONIAK CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY These include Mr. Peter James (BM), Dr. A. J. even at the margin. The degree of adnation varies Kostermans (BO), Dr. A. Robyns (BR), Mr. M. S. from nearly subcrustose in P. xanthomelaena (Fig- Christiansen (C), Dr. M'. A. Weber (COLO), Dr. W. ure 18e) to loosely adnate in P. caperata. Compa- L. Culberson (DUKE), Dr. L. Williams (F), Dr. I. rable eciliate species of Parmotrema have wider, M. Lamb (FH), Dr. C. E. Bonner (G), Mr. C. E. more or less marginally erect lobes. Lobe configura- Palmar (GLAM), Dr. T. Ahti (H), Dr. H. Schindler tion is variable. While some species have sublinear, (KR), Dr. J. Poelt (M), Dr. H. A. Imshaug (MSC), apically obtuse lobes 0.5-2.0 mm wide (Figures 6b,d, Dr. H. Osorio (MVM), Dr. C. T. Rogerson (NY), Dr. 10e, 12d), an even larger number have subirregular, Hildur Krog (0),Dr. E. F. Warburg (OXF), Mme. apically rotund lobes 2-6 mm wide (Figures 6a,c, Jovet-Ast (PC), Dr. C. E. Smith (PH), Dr. S. Ahlner 9a, IOc, 12c). Lobes in both types are often contigu- (S), Dr. S. Kurokawa (TNS), Dr. R. Alava (TUR), ous and crowded. There is no marginal ornamenta- Dr. I. Tavares (UC), Dr. R. Santesson (UPS), Dr. H. tion in Pseudoparmelia; the margins are smooth and Riedl (W), Dr. J. W. Thomson (WIS), and Dr. G. sometimes black rimmed. Cufodontis (TNU). Dr. Ove Almborn (LD) lent his The lower surface of the thallus is either black own extensive collections in addition to materials or pale brown, and this color difference, although from BOL, L, PRE, and TRH which he had on variable in some of the saxicolous species, can be hand for study. Dr. Z. Cernohorskj kindly arranged an important taxonomic character. Broader lobed for loans from BP at a time when travel in Hungary species with a black lower surface, such as the well- was not permitted. The late Dr. H. des Abbayes known P. caperata, usually have a narrow brown (REN) was extremely generous in sending loans as zone at the lobe tips. While most species have a well as duplicates of type-collections of the new shiny paraplectenchymatous lower surface (Figure species he was describing. For allowing me to ex- Ic), species in the P. amplexa group (P. amplexa, P. amine collections in their private herbaria, I am pachydactyla, and P. subamplexa) have a minutely especially indebted to Dr. D. D. Awasthi, Dr. Gun- grained, velvety appearing black lower surface to nar Degelius, Dr. M. Mahu, Dr. T. D. V. SB''inscow, the margin (Figure la,b). This is caused by an ir- and Dr. Rolf Santesson. regularly thickened, minutely papillose cell layer The specimens were photographed by the Smith- sloughing from the lower cortex, a phenomenon sonian Office of Printing and Photographic Ser- which I have not seen in any other parmelioid vices. Scanning-electron microscope photographs genera. were prepared by the Smithsonian Scanning-Elec- Rhizines are uniformly simple and produced in tron Microscope Laboratory. moderate abundance (Figure Id). The only excep- Dr. S. Kurokawa assisted with species identifica- tion to this rule is P. intertexta, which usually has tions, chemical tests, and descriptions prior to 1961, pale branched rhizines, not unlike those of some and his help is gratefully acknowledged. Field species of Relicina but not as agglutinated (Hale, studies have been supported at various times by the 19758). Broad-lobed species usually lack rhizines National Science Foundation, National Geographic along the margins at lobe tips or at most have a Society,
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