Lichen 101: What an Arborist Needs to Know About Lichen

Lichen 101: What An Arborist Needs To Know About Lichen Joe Murray Consulting Arborist/Educator Williamsville, Virginia You are here "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." Lynchburg, Virginia South Shields, England Burnsville, Virginia Burnsville, Virginia Burnsville, Virginia Crustose Foliose Fruticose Knockan Crag, Scotland Burnsville, Virginia Tree Lungwort (Lobaria pulmonaria) Burnsville, Virginia Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) Burnsville, Virginia Burnsville, Virginia Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) Burnsville, Virginia White Oak (Quercus alba) Burnsville, Virginia Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) Burnsville, Virginia Burnsville, Virginia Internal Age & Composition & Growth of Trunk State of Tree Quality of Soil Air Pollution Moisture Regime (Acid Precipitation) Human Climate (Arson, Vandalism) Exposure Fire, Snow, Frost (Sunlight) Disease Exposure (Wind) Local Environment Elevation (forest or field) Influence from Animals & Microflora Moss Lichens Fungi Algae Tree Architecture (Crown Shape) Burnsville, Virginia Tree Architecture (Branch Orientation) Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) Burnsville, Virginia Tree Architecture (Branch Orientation) Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) Stemflow Burnsville, Virginia Burnsville, Virginia http://385867928462337283.weebly.com/precambrian.html http://dapa.ciat.cgiar.org/carbon-sequestration-one-true-green-revolution/ http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbi101/ecology2communities.html Knockan Crag, Scotland Shenandoah Mountain, Virginia http://chateaumoorhen.blogspot.com/2012/01/sheep-winter-jobs-and-birds-nests.html http://ecosystems2.weebly.com/food-web.html p q Burnsville, Virginia Glen Affric, Scotland Shenandoah, Virginia River Glass, Cannich, Scotland Glen Affric, Scotland Pruning Amherst, Virginia Burnsville, Virginia Fertilization & Irrigation www.embarkservices.com Selection & Mulching Waynesboro, Virginia Staunton, Virginia Lightning Protection & Pest Management www.turnbull-lichens.us/?page_id=39 Managing Invasive Species & Tree Risk Assessment Burnsville, Virginia Lichen Transplants? … ______ are the essence of wildness. Irwin Brodo are the essence of wildness. Irwin Brodo Glen Affric, Scotland Joe Murray [email protected] [email protected] 8703 Muddy Run Road Williamsville, Virginia 24487.

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The Puzzle of Lichen Symbiosis
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1503 The puzzle of lichen symbiosis Pieces from Thamnolia IOANA ONUT, -BRÄNNSTRÖM ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-554-9887-0 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-319639 2017 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Lindhalsalen, EBC, Norbyvägen 14, Uppsala, Thursday, 1 June 2017 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Associate Professor Anne Pringle (University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Botany). Abstract Onuț-Brännström, I. 2017. The puzzle of lichen symbiosis. Pieces from Thamnolia. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1503. 62 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9887-0. Symbiosis brought important evolutionary novelties to life on Earth. Lichens, the symbiotic entities formed by fungi, photosynthetic organisms and bacteria, represent an example of a successful adaptation in surviving hostile environments. Yet many aspects of the lichen symbiosis remain unexplored. This thesis aims at bringing insights into lichen biology and the importance of symbiosis in adaptation. I am using as model system a successful colonizer of tundra and alpine environments, the worm lichens Thamnolia, which seem to only reproduce vegetatively through symbiotic propagules. When the genetic architecture of the mating locus of the symbiotic fungal partner was analyzed with genomic and transcriptomic data, a sexual self-incompatible life style was revealed. However, a screen of the mating types ratios across natural populations detected only one of the mating types, suggesting that Thamnolia has no potential for sexual reproduction because of lack of mating partners.
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An Evolving Phylogenetically Based Taxonomy of Lichens and Allied Fungi
Opuscula Philolichenum, 11: 4-10. 2012. *pdf available online 3January2012 via (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/philolichenum/) An evolving phylogenetically based taxonomy of lichens and allied fungi 1 BRENDAN P. HODKINSON ABSTRACT. – A taxonomic scheme for lichens and allied fungi that synthesizes scientific knowledge from a variety of sources is presented. The system put forth here is intended both (1) to provide a skeletal outline of the lichens and allied fungi that can be used as a provisional filing and databasing scheme by lichen herbarium/data managers and (2) to announce the online presence of an official taxonomy that will define the scope of the newly formed International Committee for the Nomenclature of Lichens and Allied Fungi (ICNLAF). The online version of the taxonomy presented here will continue to evolve along with our understanding of the organisms. Additionally, the subfamily Fissurinoideae Rivas Plata, Lücking and Lumbsch is elevated to the rank of family as Fissurinaceae. KEYWORDS. – higher-level taxonomy, lichen-forming fungi, lichenized fungi, phylogeny INTRODUCTION Traditionally, lichen herbaria have been arranged alphabetically, a scheme that stands in stark contrast to the phylogenetic scheme used by nearly all vascular plant herbaria. The justification typically given for this practice is that lichen taxonomy is too unstable to establish a reasonable system of classification. However, recent leaps forward in our understanding of the higher-level classification of fungi, driven primarily by the NSF-funded Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life (AFToL) project (Lutzoni et al. 2004), have caused the taxonomy of lichen-forming and allied fungi to increase significantly in stability. This is especially true within the class Lecanoromycetes, the main group of lichen-forming fungi (Miadlikowska et al.
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The Macroevolutionary Dynamics of Symbiotic and Phenotypic Diversification in Lichens
The macroevolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and phenotypic diversification in lichens Matthew P. Nelsena,1, Robert Lückingb, C. Kevin Boycec, H. Thorsten Lumbscha, and Richard H. Reea aDepartment of Science and Education, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605; bBotanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and cDepartment of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Edited by Joan E. Strassmann, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, and approved July 14, 2020 (received for review February 6, 2020) Symbioses are evolutionarily pervasive and play fundamental roles macroevolutionary consequences of ant–plant interactions (15–19). in structuring ecosystems, yet our understanding of their macroevo- However, insufficient attention has been paid to one of the most lutionary origins, persistence, and consequences is incomplete. We iconic examples of symbiosis (20, 21): Lichens. traced the macroevolutionary history of symbiotic and phenotypic Lichens are stable associations between a mycobiont (fungus) diversification in an iconic symbiosis, lichens. By inferring the most and photobiont (eukaryotic alga or cyanobacterium). The pho- comprehensive time-scaled phylogeny of lichen-forming fungi (LFF) tobiont supplies the heterotrophic fungus with photosynthetically to date (over 3,300 species), we identified shifts among symbiont derived carbohydrates, while the mycobiont provides the pho- classes that broadly coincided with the convergent
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Lichens of Alaska's South Coast
United States Department of Agriculture Lichens of Alaska’s South Coast Forest Service R10-RG-190 Alaska Region Reprint April 2014 WHAT IS A LICHEN? Lichens are specialized fungi that “farm” algae as a food source. Unlike molds, mildews, and mushrooms that parasitize or scavenge food from other organisms, the fungus of a lichen cultivates tiny algae and / or blue-green bacteria (called cyanobacteria) within the fabric of interwoven fungal threads that form the body of the lichen (or thallus). The algae and cyanobacteria produce food for themselves and for the fungus by converting carbon dioxide and water into sugars using the sun’s energy (photosynthesis). Thus, a lichen is a combination of two or sometimes three organisms living together. Perhaps the most important contribution of the fungus is to provide a protective habitat for the algae or cyanobacteria. The green or blue-green photosynthetic layer is often visible between two white fungal layers if a piece of lichen thallus is torn off. Most lichen-forming fungi cannot exist without the photosynthetic partner because they have become dependent on them for survival. But in all cases, a fungus looks quite different in the lichenized form compared to its free-living form. HOW DO LICHENS REPRODUCE? Lichens sexually reproduce with fruiting bodies of various shapes and colors that can often look like miniature mushrooms. These are called apothecia (Fig. 1) and contain spores that germinate and Figure 1. Apothecia, fruiting grow into the fungus. Each bodies fungus must find the right photosynthetic partner in order to become a lichen. Lichens reproduce asexually in several ways.
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A Field Guide to Biological Soil Crusts of Western U.S. Drylands Common Lichens and Bryophytes
A Field Guide to Biological Soil Crusts of Western U.S. Drylands Common Lichens and Bryophytes Roger Rosentreter Matthew Bowker Jayne Belnap Photographs by Stephen Sharnoff Roger Rosentreter, Ph.D. Bureau of Land Management Idaho State Office 1387 S. Vinnell Way Boise, ID 83709 Matthew Bowker, Ph.D. Center for Environmental Science and Education Northern Arizona University Box 5694 Flagstaff, AZ 86011 Jayne Belnap, Ph.D. U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Canyonlands Research Station 2290 S. West Resource Blvd. Moab, UT 84532 Design and layout by Tina M. Kister, U.S. Geological Survey, Canyonlands Research Station, 2290 S. West Resource Blvd., Moab, UT 84532 All photos, unless otherwise indicated, copyright © 2007 Stephen Sharnoff, Ste- phen Sharnoff Photography, 2709 10th St., Unit E, Berkeley, CA 94710-2608, www.sharnoffphotos.com/. Rosentreter, R., M. Bowker, and J. Belnap. 2007. A Field Guide to Biological Soil Crusts of Western U.S. Drylands. U.S. Government Printing Office, Denver, Colorado. Cover photos: Biological soil crust in Canyonlands National Park, Utah, cour- tesy of the U.S. Geological Survey. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 4 How to use this guide .................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................... 4 Crust composition ..................................................................................
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Learn About Lichen Students Will Learn How to Identify 3 Forms of Lichen
Learn about Lichen Students will learn how to identify 3 forms of lichen. Magnifying glass, clipboard with lichen sheet (page 3) and pencil. Grades: 5-7 30-60 minutes Activity sheet included Introduction Lichen is composed of 2 or more organisms: an algae, cyanobacteria and a fungus living together in a symbiotic mutual partnership (see page 2 for a glossary of all bolded words). Lichen covers 6% of our planet with over 17,000 different species of lichen worldwide. Approximately 1,100 species of lichen are found in British Columbia. Lichen can provide food and habitat for many animals and can help break down rocks to become soil. The fungus provides physical structure and water: the algae and cyanobacteria, using photosynthesis, produce food. Lichen is an excellent indicator of air quality, making it a bioindicator. These hearty pioneer species can be found on every continent on earth. Have you noticed any lichen in your favourite spot in nature? Directions • With your clipboard, pencil, lichen sheet and magnifying glass, head outside to your favourite place in nature. • Look for the three basic forms of lichen: Fruticose (shrubby and branch-like) Crustose (flat and crusty/dusty) and Foliose (leaf-like and has 2 sides). Fruticose Crustose Foliose • Note all the different colours, textures and forms you find on your sheet and try to draw the different forms of lichen you find. So what about moss? Lichen and moss are often mistaken for one another. While certain types of lichen might resemble moss, they are very different. Mosses are defined as simple plants with the most basic of root structures, leaves, and stems.
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Mosses and Lichens
Chapter 9 Plants That Aren’t “Plants”: Mosses and Lichens Clayton Newberry Department of Biological Sciences 4505 Maryland Parkway Box 454004 Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004 [email protected] Clayton Newberry is a graduate student at University of Nevada at Las Vegas. He received his B.S. in general botany from Brigham Young University and his M.S. in lichenology from Brigham Young University. He is currently working on his Ph.D. at University of Nevada at Las Vegas. His interests include bryophyte systematics and bryophyte floristics in western North America. Reprinted From: Newberry, C. 2004. Plants that aren’t “plants”: Mosses and lichens. Pages 179-197, in th Tested studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 25 (M. A. O’Donnell, Editor). Proceedings of the 25 Workshop/Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE), 414 pages. - Copyright policy: http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/able/volumes/copyright.htm Although the laboratory exercises in ABLE proceedings volumes have been tested and due consideration has been given to safety, individuals performing these exercises must assume all responsibility for risk. The Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE) disclaims any liability with regards to safety in connection with the use of the exercises in its proceedings volumes. © 2004 Clayton Newberry Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE) ~ http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/able 179 180 Mosses and lichens Contents Introduction....................................................................................................................180
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Lichen-Like Association of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii and Aspergillus Nidulans Protects Algal Cells from Bacteria
The ISME Journal (2020) 14:2794–2805 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0731-2 ARTICLE Lichen-like association of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Aspergillus nidulans protects algal cells from bacteria 1,2 3,5 1,2 1,2,6 3 Mario K. C. Krespach ● María García-Altares ● Michal Flak ● Hanno Schoeler ● Kirstin Scherlach ● 1,7 1,2 1 1 2,3 4 Tina Netzker ● Anica Schmalzl ● Derek J. Mattern ● Volker Schroeckh ● Anna Komor ● Maria Mittag ● 2,3 1,2 Christian Hertweck ● Axel A. Brakhage Received: 8 August 2019 / Revised: 15 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 / Published online: 4 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access Abstract Organismal interactions within microbial consortia and their responses to harmful intruders remain largely understudied. An important step toward the goal of understanding functional ecological interactions and their evolutionary selection is the study of increasingly complex microbial interaction systems. Here, we discovered a tripartite biosystem consisting of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans, the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and the algicidal bacterium Streptomyces iranensis. Genetic analyses and MALDI-IMS demonstrate that the bacterium secretes the algicidal compound azalomycin F 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: upon contact with C. reinhardtii. In co-culture, A. nidulans attracts the motile alga C. reinhardtii, which becomes embedded and surrounded by fungal mycelium and is shielded from the algicide. The ﬁlamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora was susceptible to azalomycin F and failed to protect C. reinhardtii despite chemotactically attracting the alga. Because S. macrospora was susceptible to azalomycin F, this data imply that for protection the fungus needs to be resistant.
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Lichens of the National Forests in Alaska
Lichens of the National Forests in Alaska United States Forest Service R10-RG-170 Department of Alaska Region August 2006 Agriculture What is a Lichen? You can think of lichens as fungi that have discovered farm- ing. Instead of parasitizing or scavenging other organisms for a living (such as molds, mildews, mushrooms), lichen fungi cultivate tiny algae and/or blue-green bacteria (called cyanobacteria) within the fabric of interwoven fungal threads that form the lichen body (or thallus). The algae and cyano- bacteria produce food for the fungus by converting the sun’s energy into sugars through photosynthesis. Perhaps the most important contribution of the fungus is to provide a protective habitat for the algae or cyanobacteria. Thus, lichens are a combination of two or three organisms that live together inti- mately. The green or blue-green photosynthetic layer is often visible between two white fungal layers if a piece of lichen thallus is torn off. In some cases, the fungus and the photosynthetic partner that together make the lichen may be found living separately in nature. However, many lichen-forming fungi cannot exist by themselves because they have become dependent on their photosynthetic partners for survival. But in all cases, a fungus looks quite different in the lichenized form compared to its free-living form. How do Lichens Reproduce? Lichens sexually reproduce with fruiting bodies of various colors that can look like miniature mushrooms. These are called apothecia (Fig. 1) and contain spores that germinate and grow into the fungus. This fungus must find the right photosynthetic partner in order to become a lichen.
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Lesson of a Lichen
Lesson of a Lichen Objective: Grade: 3 Students will demonstrate understanding of the term symbiosis by Subject Areas: learning about mutualism through the Life Science, Language study of lichens. Arts Skills: classifying, Materials describing, drawing, • assorted samples of fungus, • lichen worksheet (see identifying, observing lichens and mosses (optional attached) to bring in algae) • magnifying glasses or Duration: 1 hour • reference materials/ loupes identification sheet? • paper and pencils Connections: social studies, evolution, Standards plant science, ecology Strands: Excellence in Environmental Education Guidelines Strand 1 — Questioning and Analysis: C) Collecting Information: Learners are able to locate and collect information about the environment Vocabulary and environmental topics. E) Organizing information: Learners are able symbiosis to describe data and organize information to search for relationships and patterns concerning the environment and environmental topics. commensalism Strand 2.2 — The Living Environment: C) Systems and Connections: epiphyte Learners understand basic ways in which organisms are related to their environments and to other organisms. parasitism mutualism California State Educational Standards: lichen Life Sciences (LS) 3a: Students know ecosystems can be characterized by their living and nonliving components. fungus LS 3b: Students know that in any particular environment, some kinds of algae plants and animals survive well, some survive less well, and some cannot survive at all. pioneer species Investigation and Experimentation 6a: Students will differentiate observation from inference (interpretation) and know scientists’ explanations come partly from what they observe and partly from how they interpret their observations. Background worms, and fleas. Theseanimals live benefit from their arrangement. Living Relationships off bodily fluids like blood and in doing This mutually beneficial relationship so can often spread disease or weaken iswidespread and certain species the host animal.
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Unravelling the Symbiotic Microalgal Diversity in Buellia Zoharyi (Lichenized Ascomycota) from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands Using DNA Metabarcoding
diversity Article Unravelling the Symbiotic Microalgal Diversity in Buellia zoharyi (Lichenized Ascomycota) from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands Using DNA Metabarcoding Patricia Moya * , Salvador Chiva , Arantzazu Molins , Isaac Garrido-Benavent and Eva Barreno Botánica, ICBIBE, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (I.G.-B.); [email protected] (E.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-963-544-376 Abstract: Buellia zoharyi is a crustose placodioid lichen, usually occurring on biocrusts of semiarid ecosystems in circum-Mediterranean/Macaronesian areas. In previous work, we found that this lichenized fungus was flexible in its phycobiont choice in the Canary Islands. Here we test whether geography and habitat influence phycobiont diversity in populations of this lichen from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands using Sanger and high throughput sequencing (HTS). Additionally, three thallus section categories (central, middle and periphery) were analyzed to explore diversity of microalgal communities in each part. We found that B. zoharyi populations hosted at least three different Trebouxia spp., and this lichen can associate with distinct phycobiont strains in different Citation: Moya, P.; Chiva, S.; Molins, habitats and geographic regions. This study also revealed that the Trebouxia composition of this A.; Garrido-Benavent, I.; Barreno, E. lichen showed significant differences when comparing the Iberian Peninsula with the Balearics thalli. Unravelling the Symbiotic Microalgal No support for differences in microalgal communities was found among thallus sections; however, Diversity in Buellia zoharyi several thalli showed different predominant Trebouxia spp.
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Functional Traits in Lichen Ecology: a Review of Challenge and Opportunity
microorganisms Review Functional Traits in Lichen Ecology: A Review of Challenge and Opportunity Christopher J. Ellis 1,*, Johan Asplund 2 , Renato Benesperi 3 , Cristina Branquinho 4 , Luca Di Nuzzo 3 , Pilar Hurtado 5,6 , Isabel Martínez 5, Paula Matos 7, Juri Nascimbene 8, Pedro Pinho 4 , María Prieto 5, Bernardo Rocha 4 , Clara Rodríguez-Arribas 5, Holger Thüs 9 and Paolo Giordani 10 1 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK 2 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003 NO-1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] 3 Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via la Pira, 450121 Florence, Italy; renato.benesperi@uniﬁ.it (R.B.); luca.dinuzzo@uniﬁ.it (L.D.N.) 4 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (P.P.); [email protected] (B.R.) 5 Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain; [email protected] (P.H.); [email protected] (I.M.); marí[email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (C.R.-A.) 6 Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain 7 MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected]
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