Plural Nouns Meaning and Examples
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A Contrastive Analysis of Arabic and English Noun Plural Markers
Aliyatul Himmah & Ribut Wahyudi - A Contrastive Analysis of Arabic and English Noun Plural Markers A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ARABIC AND ENGLISH NOUN PLURAL MARKERS Aliyatul Himmah Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang [email protected] Ribut Wahyudi Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand & Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang [email protected] Abstract This paper is attempting to explore the plural markers in both Arabic and English. The data collected qualitatively are sorted to meet the scope of this paper. Through contrastive analysis, it is discovered that there are numerous significant differences rather than similarities in terms of syllable count start, patterns of plural nouns in relation to gender, regularity, regular vs irregular plural and internal vowel change. Moreover, Arabic has some uniqueness in its plural marking system. Being well informed on all of these might pave the way for second or foreign language learners to comprehensively understand the plural marking system in Arabic and English. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengeksplorasi penanda jamak dalam bahasa Arab dan bahasa Inggris. Data yang dikumpulkan secara kualitatif diurutkan untuk memenuhi cakupan makalah ini. Melalui analisis kontrastif, ditemukan banyak perbedaan yang signifikan daripada kesamaan dalam segi jumlah awal suku kata, pola kata benda jamak dalam kaitannya dengan gender, keteraturan dan ketidakteraturan jamak, serta perubahan vokal. Selain itu, bahasa Arab memiliki beberapa keunikan dalam sistem menandai jamaknya. Memahami informasi hal tersebut dengan baik mungkin memudahkan pembelajar bahasa kedua atau asing untuk memahami secara komprehensif sistem penanda jamak dalam bahasa Arab dan Inggris. Key words: Arabic, English, plural marker, suffix INTRODUCTION Understanding what contrastive linguistics and contrastive analysis is a paramount important prior to the discussion and analysis of plural markers in Arabic and English. -
Contrastive Analysis for Translation Students
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268274970 Contrastive Analysis for Translation Students Article CITATIONS READS 0 284 1 author: Reima Al-Jarf None 223 PUBLICATIONS 191 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Translation Students' Difficulties with Color Metaphors View project The Interchange of Personal Names in Muslim Communities View project All content following this page was uploaded by Reima Al-Jarf on 06 May 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Contrastive Analysis for Translation Students Reima Al-Jarf, Ph.D. King Saud University 1 All rights reserved AL-Obeikkan Printing Press Riyadh, Saudi Arabia i 2 Table of Contents PREFACE ................................................................................................................ vi Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Aims of the Present Chapter ................................................................................ 4 Definition of Morphemes ..................................................................................... 2 Definition of Grammar ......................................................................................... 2 Definition of Morphology ..................................................................................... 2 Inflection ................................................................................................................... -
On the Relation Between Grammatical Number and Cardinal Numbers in Development
MINI REVIEW ARTICLE published: 09 October 2014 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01132 On the relation between grammatical number and cardinal numbers in development Barbara W. Sarnecka * Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Edited by: This mini-review focuses on the question of how the grammatical number system of Ann Dowker, University of a child’s language may help the child learn the meanings of cardinal number words Oxford, UK (e.g., “one” and “two”). Evidence from young children learning English, Russian, Reviewed by: Emily Mather, University of Hull, UK Japanese, Mandarin, Slovenian, or Saudi Arabic suggests that trajectories of number-word Ruth Ford, Anglia Ruskin learning differ for children learning different languages. Children learning English, University, UK which distinguishes between singular and plural, seem to learn the meaning of the *Correspondence: cardinal number “one” earlier than children learning Japanese or Mandarin, which Barbara W. Sarnecka, Department have very little singular/plural marking. Similarly, children whose languages have a of Cognitive Sciences, University of California at Irvine, 3151 Social singular/dual/plural system (Slovenian and Saudi Arabic) learn the meaning of “two” earlier Sciences Plaza A, Irvine, CA than English-speaking children. This relation between grammatical and cardinal number 92697-5100, USA may shed light on how humans acquire cardinal-number concepts. There is an ongoing e-mail: [email protected] debate about whether mental symbols for small cardinalities (concepts for “oneness,” “twoness,” etc.) are innate or learned. Although an effect of grammatical number on number-word learning does not rule out nativist accounts, it seems more consistent with constructivist accounts, which portray the number-learning process as one that requires significant conceptual change. -
An Analysis of I-Umlaut in Old English
An Analysis of I-Umlaut in Old English Meizi Piao (Seoul National University) Meizi Piao. 2012. An Analysis of I-Umlaut in Old English. SNU Working Papers in English Linguistics and Language X, XX-XX Lass (1994) calls the period from Proto-Germanic to historical Old English ‘The Age of Harmony’. Among the harmony processes in this period, i-umlaut has been considered as ‘one of the most far-reaching and important sound changes’ (Hogg 1992, Lass 1994) or as ‘one of the least controversial sound changes’ (Colman 2005). This paper tries to analyze i-umlaut in Old English within the framework of the Autosegmental theory and the Optimality theory, and explain how suffix i or j in the unstressed syllable cause the stem vowels in the stressed syllable to be fronted or raised. (Seoul National University) Keywords: I-umlaut, Old English, Autosegmental theory, vowel harmony Optimality theory 1. Introduction Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in the area now known as England between at least the mid-5th century to the mid-12th century. It is a West Germanic language closely related to Old Frisian. During the period of Old English, one of the most important phonological processes is umlaut, which especially affects vowels, and become the reason for the superficially irregular and unrelated Modern English phenomenon. I-Umlaut is the conditioned sound change that the vowel either moves directly forward in the mouth [u>y, o>e, A>&] or forward and up [A>&>e]. -
Number Systems in Grammar Position Paper
1 Language and Culture Research Centre: 2018 Workshop Number systems in grammar - position paper Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald I Introduction I 2 The meanings of nominal number 2 3 Special number distinctions in personal pronouns 8 4 Number on verbs 9 5 The realisation of number 12 5.1 The forms 12 5.2 The loci: where number is shown 12 5.3 Optional and obligatory number marking 14 5.4 The limits of number 15 5.4.1 Number and the meanings of nouns 15 5.4.2 'Minor' numbers 16 5.4.3 The limits of number: nouns with defective number values 16 6 Number and noun categorisation 17 7 Markedness 18 8 Split, or mixed, number systems 19 9 Number and social deixis 19 10 Expressing number through other means 20 11 Number systems in language history 20 12 Summary 21 Further readings 22 Abbreviations 23 References 23 1 Introduction Every language has some means of distinguishing reference to one individual from reference to more than one. Number reference can be coded through lexical modifiers (including quantifiers of various sorts or number words etc.), or through a grammatical system. Number is a referential property of an argument of the predicate. A grammatical system of number can be shown either • Overtly, on a noun, a pronoun, a verb, etc., directly referring to how many people or things are involved; or • Covertly, through agreement or other means. Number may be marked: • within an NP • on the head of an NP • by agreement process on a modifier (adjective, article, demonstrative, etc.) • through agreement on verbs, or special suppletive or semi-suppletive verb forms which may code the number of one or more verbal arguments, or additional marker on the verb. -
Plurality Cues and Non-Agreement in English Existentials
San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2013 Plurality Cues and Non-Agreement in English Existentials Robin Melnick San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Melnick, Robin, "Plurality Cues and Non-Agreement in English Existentials" (2013). Master's Theses. 4292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.fftf-c5k5 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4292 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PLURALITY CUES AND NON-AGREEMENT IN ENGLISH EXISTENTIALS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Linguistics and Language Development San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Robin Melnick May 2013 © 2013 Robin Melnick ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled PLURALITY CUES AND NON-AGREEMENT IN ENGLISH EXISTENTIALS by Robin Melnick APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY May 2013 Dr. Soteria Svorou Department of Linguistics and Language Development Dr. Stefan Frazier Department of Linguistics and Language Development Dr. Kevin Moore Department of Linguistics and Language Development ABSTRACT PLURALITY -
From Grammatical Number to Exact Numbers: Early Meanings of 'One', 'Two', and 'Three' in English, Russian, and Japanese
UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title From grammatical number to exact numbers: Early meanings of 'one', 'two', and 'three' in English, Russian, and Japanese Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9hg912bn Journal Cognitive Psychology, 55 ISSN 0010-0285 Authors Sarnecka, Barbara W. Kamenskaya, Valentina G. Yamana, Yuko et al. Publication Date 2007-09-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Manuscript of Sarnecka et al From Grammatical Number 1 Running head: FROM GRAMMATICAL NUMBER TO EXACT NUMBERS From Grammatical Number to Exact Numbers: Early Meanings of ‘One,’ ‘Two,’ and ‘Three’ in English, Russian, and Japanese Barbara W. Sarnecka University of California, Irvine Valentina G. Kamenskaya Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia Yuko Yamana Kobe Gakuin University, Japan Tamiko Ogura Kobe University, Japan Yulia. B. Yudovina University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands From Grammatical Number 2 Abstract This study examines whether singular/plural marking in a language helps children learn the cardinal meanings of the words ‘one,’ ‘two,’ and ‘three.’ First, CHILDES data in English, Russian (which marks singular/plural), and Japanese (which does not) were compared for frequency, variability, and contexts of number-word use. Then, groups of monolingual children (ages 2-10 to 3-6) in the USA, Russia, and Japan were tested on Counting and Give-N tasks. More English and Russian learners knew the meaning of each word than Japanese learners, regardless of whether singular/plural cues appeared in the task itself (e.g., “Give two apples” vs. “Give two”). Authors conclude that the earliest number-word meanings come from the conceptual framework of grammatical number, rather than of positive integers. -
Grammatical Gender and Linguistic Complexity
Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity Volume I: General issues and specific studies Edited by Francesca Di Garbo Bruno Olsson Bernhard Wälchli language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 26 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Editor: Martin Haspelmath In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. 14. Enfield, N. J. (ed.). Dependencies in language: On the causal ontology of linguistic systems. 15. Gutman, Ariel. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic. 16. Bisang, Walter & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios. 17. Stenzel, Kristine & Bruna Franchetto (eds.). On this and other worlds: Voices from Amazonia. 18. Paggio, Patrizia and Albert Gatt (eds.). The languages of Malta. 19. Seržant, Ilja A. & Alena Witzlack-Makarevich (eds.). Diachrony of differential argument marking. 20. Hölzl, Andreas. A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological perspective. 21. Riesberg, Sonja, Asako Shiohara & Atsuko Utsumi (eds.). Perspectives on information structure in Austronesian languages. -
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PAUCITY, ABUNDANCE, and the THEORY of NUMBER Daniel Harbour
PAUCITY, ABUNDANCE, AND THE THEORY OF NUMBER Daniel Harbour Queen Mary University of London Approximative numbers, like paucal and greater plural, can be characterized in terms of a fea - ture, [±additive], concerned with additive closure. The two parameters affecting this feature (whether it is active and whether + and − values may cooccur) also affect the two features that gen - erate nonapproximative numbers. All three features are shown to be derivative of concepts in the literature on aspect and telicity, to have a straightforwardly compositional semantics, and to eschew ad hoc stipulations on cooccurrence (such as geometries and filters). Thus, what is proposed is a general theory of number, free of extrinsic stipulations. Empirically, the theory yields a characteri - zation of all numbers attested crosslinguistically, a combinatorial explanation of Greenberg-style implications affecting their cooccurrence, a natural account of morphological compositionality, and insight into their diachronic sources and trajectories. * Keywords : features, geometry, (greater) paucal, greater plural, number 1. Introduction . In the domain of count nouns and personal pronouns, the morpho - logical numbers of natural language fall into three descriptive classes: exact, approxi - mative, and catch-all. The exact are singular, dual, and trial, minimal , and unit augmented. 1 The approximative numbers, characterized by their inexact upper and/or lower bounds, are paucal and greater paucal, greater plural, greatest plural, and global plural. Quantities -
A Morphological Comparative Study Between Albanian and English Language
European Scientific Journal A morphological comparative study between Albanian and English language Aida Kurani Anita Muho University “Aleksander Moisiu”, Durres, Albania Abstract: The aim of this study is to point out similarities and differences of English and Albanian language in the morphological level, trying to compare different parts of speech of both languages. Many languages do not distinguish between adjectives and adverbs or adjectives and names etc, i.e. the Albanian language differs in terms of gender and plural adjectives, while English has not such a feature. Therefore formal distinctions between parts of speech should be done within the framework of a given language and should not be applied in other languages .In this study we have analyzed nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjective structures, the use of articles, pronouns etc. in Albanian and English. In the light of modern linguistics, comparative method plays an important role in the acquisition of languages comparing the first language with the target language. Comparative method is also considered as a key factor in the scientific research of modern linguistics, so it can be used successfully in teaching. Keywords; Albanian, English, differences, morphology, similarities, teaching. 28 European Scientific Journal Introduction In Albanian language, the comparative studies in linguistics are very rare. Considering the fact that language is closely related to culture, a linguistic comparative study is also a cultural comparison. Although all languages mainly play a similar role, there are similarities and differences between them. Knowing the differences between the two languages also helps in identifying students' linguistic errors in the process of teaching the grammar. -
Inflectional Morphology and Compounding in English: a Single Route, Associative Memory Based Account
Inflectional morphology and compounding in English: A single route, associative memory based account Jennifer Anne Hayes A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirementsof the University of Hertfordshire for the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy The programme of research was carried out in the Faculties of Health and Human Sciences - and Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Hertfordshire. May 2003 Section Title Page Table of i contents ................................................................... List of Tables and List of Figures ............................................................... v Acknowledgements ................................................... vii Abstract ix ................................................................... Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 1 ......................................................... 1.2 Compounds 6 ............................................................ 1.3 Evidence for the putative dissociation between regular and irregular in 7 plurals compounds ..................... .............:..... 1.4 Innate constraint based explanations of the putative dissociation between irregular in 7 regular and plural compounds ................ 1.4.1 Level 7 ordering model................................................... 1.4.1.1 Tests of the level ordering model's accountof compounding English 9 with native speakingchildren ................................ 1.4.1.2 Tests of the level ordering model's accountof compounding with native German 10 speaking children .............................