DOCSLIB.ORG

Deictoids /Rā-/, /Dər-/ Or /Dar-/, and /Wər-/ Or /War-/ of Some Karlanri Varieties

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Deictoids /Rā-/, /Dər-/ Or /Dar-/, and /Wər-/ Or /War-/ of Some Karlanri Varieties July - December 2013 45 Pashto Volume 42 No 645-46s Deictoids /rā-/, /dər-/ or /dar-/, and /wər-/ or /war-/ of some Karlanri Varieties Yousaf Khan Jazab, Lutz Rzehak Abstract Deictoids, called with various names by different authors and grammarians, isa kind of Pronouns that have the ability to combine chiefly with Verbs and Postpo- sitions. Here, in this paper, their morphological status has been shown when they join with Postpositions in some Karlanri Varieties i.e. Baniswola (Ba.), Wazirwola (Wa.), Khattakwola (Kh.) of districts Bannu, Karak and FR Bannu. Moreover, a non-Karlanri Variety, Marwatwala (Ma.), has been kept under consideration for the purpose of comparison. It is important that morphological units of Deictoids, here with special reference to Adpositional Particles, are not identical to General Pashto as this research work reveals. Abbreviations F = feminine; M = masculine; SG = singular; PL= plural; 1, 2, 3 stand for first, second and third person respectively; OBL = oblique; DIR= direct; PRS.AOR = Present Aorist; PRS.CONT = Present Continuous; PST.AOR = Past Aorist; PST.CONT = Past Continu- ous; COMP = Compitizer; STR.POSS = Strong Possessive; WK = Weak Personal Pronoun; PTCP = Participle; Ø: zero-morpheme. 1 Introduction Deixis (PL: deixes) is a Greek word for ’pointing’ or ’indicating’ that throws light on the ways in an extralinguistic context while encoding or grammaticalizing information in languages and on the ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context.[1] It refers to the personal, spatial and temporal aspect of utterances depending upon the given utterance situation resulting in personal deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis. Such kind of deictic expressions link semantics and pragmatics to the extent that their meanings can’t be determined without the context. In such a situation, the interpretation of deixis will always depend upon by whom, when and where it was uttered.[2] Explaining who, when and where i.e. personal, place and time aspect of dixies, Stranzy writes: July - December 2013 46 Pashto Volume 42 No 645-46s Three main categories of deixis have been traditionally distinguished: person, time, and place. It is generally accepted that deixis is an egocentric system in that the speaker chooses his own perspective when integrating personal, temporal, and spatial information into the message: the central person is the speaker, the central time is the time at which the speaker encodes the message, and the central place is the speaker’s location at coding time.[3] And Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics define the term as: A term used in linguistic theory to subsume those features of language which refer directly to the personal, temporal or locational characteristics of the situation within which an utterance takes place, whose meaning is thus relative to that situation; e.g. now/then, here/there, I/you, this/that are deictics (‘deictic’ or exophoric words).[4] 2 Pashto Deixes Deixes, employed here for /rā-/ [to me/us, here], /dar-/ or /dr-/ [to you/there] and /war-/ or /wr-/ [to him/her/them, there] of General Pashto (GP), have an important role to play in Pashto and this vital role could be known best by the names attributed to them by different authors and grammarians. Boyle has given an account in this regard: Pashto has three sets of deictic morphemes that closely resemble each other for- mally and semantically, to the extent that most authors classify these forms under one rubric. They are variously called pronominal prefixes (Penzl, 1955: 87–88), directive pronouns (Shafeev 1964: 33 and Babrakzai 1999: 33), direc- tional particles (Lorenz 1982: 66 — Richtungspartikels — and Skjærvø 1989: 393), independent pronominal particles (Heston, 1992: 1574) and verbal clitics (Roberts, 2000: 105ff).[5] And about the justification of the name, deictoids, Boyle writes: In recognition of the fact that these morphemes are so frequently and so easily conflated (and also of their probable diachronic relationship), we refer tothem with the umbrella term deictoids, which we use to signify that these forms can be either person-deictic or spatial-deictic.[6] But according to my Supervisor, Professor Dr. Lutz Rzehak1, the name Deictoids is less familiar therefore, a very common name, “deixes” was employed here that is in vogue in the world of linguistics. 1The author is highly obliged to Prof. Dr Lutz Rzehak for his comments and suggestions that he made in this regard. July - December 2013 47 Pashto Volume 42 No 645-46s 3 Forms of Deixes In General Pashto (GP), leaving aside the morpheme /rā-/ [to me/us, here], the other two morphemes have two forms each i.e. /dar-/ and /dər-/, and /war-/ and /wər-/ respectively as written by Penzl. However, the latter forms were written as /der-/, and /wer-/ but actually the vowel is /-ə-/ since Penzl does not distinguish between /-e-/ and /-ə-/.[7] According to Boyle, Tegey distinguishes between these two forms: ::: the forms in ə are what he calls deictic preverbs (corresponding to, we believe, both our oblique pronominal clitics and our directional verbal clitics). Those in a are what he (and we) call the deictic prefixes. Because the ə/a distinction only holds for stressed vowels (and two of the three types of deictoids never bear stress), and because most descriptions do not mention these different forms for the deictoids, we cannot be sure how real or how general this vowel variation is.[8] Though Boyle is suspicious of the two forms of Deictoids in GP but in Karlanri varieties the distribution of vowel variation is quite understandable. Only morpheme /ra-/ has three forms here i.e. /ar-/, /ər-/ and /r-/ and the other two have also two forms each /də(r)-/and /der-/ and /wə(r)-/ and /wer-/. The former form is used in combination with particles and the latter is used when they join with verbs, nouns, adjectives etc. 4 Role of Deixes The role of the deixes, as their meanings given in large brackets mentioned above indicate, is double in nature: • Referring to Persons • Referring to the Direction /rā-/, /dar-/ or /dər-/ and /war-/ or /wər-/ of GP can stand for the first person, second person and third person respectively encoding persons. While explaining direction, /rā- /represents “here” and /dar-/ or /dər-/ and /war-/ or /wər-/ both represent “there” but /dar-/ or /dər-/ points to “there with you or there where you are” and /war-/ or /wər-/ to “there with him/her/them or there where he/she/they is/are”. In Baniswola (Ba.), Wazirwola (Wa.), Khattakwola (Kh.) and Marwatwala (Ma.), the role of deixes remains the same. 5 Morphological status of Deixes Morphologically, deixes can be described as prefixes when they are combined with preposi- tions, adjectives and verbs. In the words of Penzl: July - December 2013 48 Pashto Volume 42 No 645-46s The pronominal morphemes raa (first person), dar, der (second person), and war, wer (third person) do not occur by themselves, but combine as prefixes with prepositional particles like te, tsekha, sera, poori, baandi; with adjectives liri ’far’, nizhdee ’near’; and with verbal stems.[9] Skjaervo agrees with Penzl but he rightly called the particles as postpositions [10] and according to Boyle, they have the following double role to play: • Firstly, by combining with verbs • And secondly, by combining with other particles Boyle again divides verbal prefixes into two categories i.e. directional verbal clitics (never receive stress) and deictic prefixes (taking stress).[11] Apart from the above morphological status of deixes, here in this study some other examples were found where deixes combine with nouns [originally derived from verbs] as in rtag (arrival to me/us)2, wertág (arrival to him/her/them), dertág (arrival to you); rṓša dērša (coming and going, relations). Moreover, they also have the affinity to join with adverbs as in the reference of Penzl nizhdee ’near’. Some other adverbs, found here, are dā́le/déle (here), dī́re/dū́re (there), for instance, in Baniswola, the following sentence was found: اې نېومه وې ېوه ته اووېل چې ا ليټه ردلې که3 e nyṓma we ywə ta ū́wēl če ā of suddenly would one to say PRS.AOR.3SG/PL COMP that-OBL lī́ṭa r-dā́le ka clod-F.DIR 1-give/here do-PRS.AOR.2SG/PL Suddenly, one would say to the other: “give me/us the clod.” But actually here the adverb, like nouns and adjectives, act as complement and combines with the light verb “kēdəl” or “kawəl” to form a denominal verb and similarly, the case of “nizhdee”, referred by Penzl, is. Hence, the discussion relates to deictic preverbs. I have also found an example of preposition pə ’on’ taking deixis /wər-/ in Baniswola that was endorsed by informants from Ma. and from Wa.: سپليې ور په پشې که4 2It is rōtág/rətág/rtág/artág in Wa. of Zonikhel for instance: dəġe sara de- mīž de wazī́re tag o rōtág šta day’ (We Wazir have relations with them) In Ma., it is rātág. Written version 3: نېامده به ېوه ورته اووېل چې هغه لوټه ردېخوا کړه Written version 4: څپلۍ ور په پښو کړه July - December 2013 49 Pashto Volume 42 No 645-46s Persons Ba. Wa. Kh. Ma. 2 də(r)- dē(r)- dē(r)- də(r)- 3 wə(r)- wē(r)- wē(r)- wə(r)- Table 1: Forms of Remaining Deixes saplī́ye wər-pə pšē ka5 shoes-F.DIR 3SG/PL-on feet-F.PL do-PRS.AOR.2SG/PL Wear the sandals on his/her/their feet. This sentence in Marwatwala is: “sapləy wər-pə pšo ka”, and in Wa. is: “sapləy wər- pə pšē ka”. This clearly shows that the morphological status of deixes is quite complex and needs further exploration.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Clark, H.H. Clark, E.V. When Nouns Surface As Verbs 1979.Pdf
    WHEN NOUNS SURFACE AS VERBS EVEV. CLARKand HERBERTH. CLARK Stanford University People readily create and understand denominal verbs they have never heard before, as in to porch a newspaper and to Houdini one's way out of a closet. The meanings are best accounted for by a theory of interpretation that specifies what the verbs mean on particular occasions of their use. Our proposal is that their use is regulated by a con- vention: in using such a verb, the speaker means to denote the kind of state, event, or process that, he has good reason to believe, the listener can readily and uniquely com- pute on this occasion, on the basis of their mutual knowledge, in such a way that the parent noun (e.g. porch or Houdini) denotes one role in the state, event, or process, and the remaining surface arguments of the denominal verb denote others of its roles. This convention accounts for the meaning and acceptability of innovative verbs in various contexts; similar conventions may be needed to account for other innovative uses of language.* One remarkable aspect of our capacity to use language is our ability to create and understand expressions we have never heard before; we will call these INNOVA- TIONS. In the right contexts, we readily understand He enfant terrible'd gracefully (said of a workshop participant), or Ruling in death of Ferrari woman (newspaper headline referring to a woman whose will stipulated that she be buried in her Ferrari), or Never ask two China trips to the same dinner party (cartoon caption referring to people who had taken trips to China)-even though we have never before heard enfant terrible used as a verb, Ferrari woman used as a compound noun, or China trips used as a shorthand expression.
    [Show full text]
  • A Construction Approach to Innovative Verbs in Japanese*
    A construction approach to innovative verbs in Japanese* NATSUKO TSUJIMURA and STUART DAVIS Abstract Innovative verbs in Japanese are formed from nouns of various sources includ- ing loanwords, Sino-Japanese nouns, mimetics, and proper names. Regardless of their different origin, these innovative denominal verbs exhibit a collection of intriguing properties, ranging from phonological, morphological, to seman- tic and pragmatic. These properties are not strictly predictable from the com- ponent parts including the nature of the parent noun and verbal morphology. Such an unpredictable nature is suggestive of a constructional analysis. The form-meaning-function complex takes a templatic representation, which ex- presses the phonological and morphological characteristics, and associated with it are semantic and pragmatic properties. These phonological, morpho- logical, semantic, and pragmatic properties combine to capture the nature of innovative denominal verbs as a construction. The analysis supports the idea of applying construction grammar to morphology along the lines of the devel- oping field of construction morphology (e.g., Booij 2005, 2007, 2009a, 2009b). We further show how insights from templatic (or prosodic) morphology (e.g., McCarthy and Prince 1986, 1990) can be conceptualized in terms of construc- tion grammar. * Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Adam Albright, Adele Goldberg, and Satoshi Ue- hara for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. Aspects of the current work were presented at Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, in May 2008, at the 5th International Con- ference on Construction Grammar at the University of Texas at Austin in September 2008, at a workshop on the lexicon held at the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Tokyo, Japan, in March 2010, and at the 14th International Morphology Meeting held in Buda- pest, Hungary, in May 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections on Noun-To-Verb Conversion in English*
    Reflections on Noun-to-Verb Conversion In English* HEIKE BAESKOW Abstract English denominal verbs formed by conversion adopt complex morpho- syntactic and semantic information in a rather mysterious way. For exam- ple, the lexical item bottle is unambiguously interpreted as a referential expression in a sentence like John bought a bottle of wine, but how do we account for the event-reading of the same lexical item in a sentence like John bottled the wine? In this study it will be argued that the lexical information of converted denominal verbs is not provided by an unspecified zero-affix, but by conceptual qualia structures, i. e. by modes of explana- tion, and that these make explicit the implicit knowledge speakers of Eng- lish have about the referents of nominal bases and determine the interpreta- tion and formation of the corresponding verbs. Moreover, qualia structures yield not only the basic meanings of denominal verbs, but also allow for context-dependent interpretations, which are a result of coercion (e. g. John bottled the spectators). A mapping relation between qualia struc- tures and argument structures, the latter of which are part of the lexical representation of the denominal verbs, will be established by meaning pos- tulates. Keywords: word-formation, conversion, lexicon, qualia structures, coercion, proto-roles * I would like to thank Gisa Rauh, Thilo Tappe, Stefan Engelberg, Colin Foskett, Patrick Deegan, the participants of the linguistic colloquium held at the University of Wupper- tal and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on this study. Remaining mis- takes are however my responsibility. I am particularly indebted to the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung (Cologne), whose financial support enabled me to complete the work on this study, which is part of the project on “Word-Formation and the Lexicon” supervised by Gisa Rauh.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Problems in the Translation of Converted Denominal Verbs from Nouns Denoting Animate Beings'
    M. I. BAL1EIRO FERNPNDEZ-PROBLEMS IN TilE TRANSLATION OF CONVERTED DENOMINAL VERBS SOME PROBLEMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF CONVERTED DENOMINAL VERBS FROM NOUNS DENOTING ANIMATE BEINGS'. M' ISABEL BALTEIRO FERNANDEZ U niversidad de Santiago 1. INTRODUCTION As the title indicates, this paper is primarily concerned with translation problems, those of converted denominal verbs from nouns denoting animate beings. But what do I mean by converted denominal verbs? Converted denominal verbs are those verbs which are the resut of conversion processes in which a noun has undergone a change in grammatical category (from noun to verb), no change in form being acknowledged. As Quirk et al. (1985: 1558) have defmed it, conversion is then "the derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new class without the addition of an affix". This seems to be a quite productive (and therefore important) word-formation process as far as English language is concerned. And this is so for several reasons: a) it allows the creation of new items by using words already existing in the language; b) it allows language users to effectively communicate what they have in mind; c) it allows economy of expression, coherence, and precision. In Spanish, however, this tendency to form new words from already existing ones without the addition of an affix does not seem to be so marked. Having explained the object of study, it seems necessary to explain at this point why the study of these verbs in translation is interesting: Firsdy. as we have just said, since the tendency to form converted verbs in Spanish is apparently less pronounced than in English, and, as Baker (1992: 11) argues, there is no one-to-one correspondence between orthographic words and elements of meaning within or across languages, it seems interesting to look at the ways in which these items should be translated.
    [Show full text]
  • Halkomelem Denominal Verbs' 1 Denominal Verbs
    Halkomelem denominal verbs' Donna B. Gerdts and Thomas E. Hukari Simon Fraser University and University of Victoria Halkomelem has four denominal verb prefixes: c- 'have, get, make, do', I-'ingest, partake', txW- 'buy', i- 'go to'. These prefixes attach to nominal bases to form intransitive verbs. The noun to which the prefix attaches is usually unspecified, generic, or non-individuated and can be doubled with a free­ standing nominal of more specific meaning. Syntactically, this nominal is an oblique object, parallel to patients of antipassive or applicative constructions. Denominal verb constructions are widely used, especially for denoting possession. As in the case of denominal verbs in other languages, they can be formed­ quite freely, as long as the situation allows for an interpretation. 1 Denominal verbs Some intransitive verbs in Halkomelem are composed of a noun base, such as stiqiw 'horse', 8X wimel 'store', or sqew8 'potato', together with a verbalizing prefix.2 These forms appear in a denominal verb construction, where the derived form serves as an intransitive verb.3 I We would like to express our appreciation to the speakers of Island Halkomelem who have provide data for this paper, especially Arnold Guerin, Ruby Peter, and Theresa Thome. We appreciate editorial assistance from Kaoru Kiyosawa, Todd Peterson, and Charles Ulrich. Thanks to audiences at BLS, CLA, and WSCLA for comments on earlier versions of this paper. Funding for our research comes from a Jacobs Fund Grant and SSHRC Standard Research Grants #410-2001-1335 and #410-96-1247. 2 The nominal prefix s- disappears after c- and /- but not after tx w_ and i-.
    [Show full text]
  • English for Practical Purposes 9
    ENGLISH FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES 9 CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction of English Grammar Chapter 2: Sentence Chapter 3: Noun Chapter 4: Verb Chapter 5: Pronoun Chapter 6: Adjective Chapter 7: Adverb Chapter 8: Preposition Chapter 9: Conjunction Chapter 10: Punctuation Chapter 11: Tenses Chapter 12: Voice Chapter 1 Introduction to English grammar English grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. There are historical, social, and regional variations of English. Divergences from the grammardescribed here occur in some dialects of English. This article describes a generalized present-dayStandard English, the form of speech found in types of public discourse including broadcasting,education, entertainment, government, and news reporting, including both formal and informal speech. There are certain differences in grammar between the standard forms of British English, American English and Australian English, although these are inconspicuous compared with the lexical andpronunciation differences. Word classes and phrases There are eight word classes, or parts of speech, that are distinguished in English: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. (Determiners, traditionally classified along with adjectives, have not always been regarded as a separate part of speech.) Interjections are another word class, but these are not described here as they do not form part of theclause and sentence structure of the language. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs form open classes – word classes that readily accept new members, such as the nouncelebutante (a celebrity who frequents the fashion circles), similar relatively new words. The others are regarded as closed classes.
    [Show full text]
  • On Verbalizing Nouns in Uralic
    JOHANNA LAAKSO On verbalizing nouns in Uralic Because verbalizing a noun means “relativization” – it deletes information about the quality of the semantic relationship between the entities involved – denominal verbs can be interpreted in various ways, and denominal verb derivatives fall in several semantic subgroups. This means that vague semantics is an inherent feature of noun-based verbs, not a result of secondary developments; it is often im- possible to determine any “original semantic function” for denominal verb suffixes. This paper presents a short survey of primary denominal verb suffixes in the Uralic language family. The same primary suffixes – notably TA, L and J – appear in most of these languages with very similar characteristics. Thus it is possible that their denominal use, beside the deverbal use, is an ancient feature. 1. On the relationship of nouns and verbs in Uralic The Uralic languages have a rich morphology, including many means of intercategory transformation (cf. Kangasmaa-Minn 1987), i.e. deriving nouns from verbs or verbs from nouns etc. According to a widely estab- lished view (see e.g. Janhunen 1982), these characteristics were already present in Proto-Uralic. In fact, practically all derivational suffixes in e.g. Finnish have Uralic origins: Kangasmaa-Minn (1992) calls them “our unobtrusive linguistic inheritance”. It is also worth noticing that at least in Finnish some of the oldest verb stems are not found in underived form; they only appear in derivatives of different ages. In Finnish, the Uralic verbs
    [Show full text]
  • INFORMATION to USERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI film s the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms international A Bell & Howell Information C om pany 300 Nortfi Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9201707 Nouns, nominalization and denominalization in Classical Chinese: A study based onMencius and Zuozhuan Liu, Cheng-Hui, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavic Morphology
    http://seelrc.org/glossos/ The Slavic and East European Language Research Center [email protected] Frank Y. Gladney University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Slavic Morphology Introduction. Slavic speakers are able to communicate because they share an inventory of sound-meaning pairings, or morphemes—a lexicon. The strings of meaningful sound which they exchange (sentences) are too long and various to be contained in the lexicon, so they need rules for combining morphemes into sentences— syntax. Occurring in sentences, morphemes assume various shapes, and rather than have all these shapes listed in the lexicon, some of them are described as the results of sound change—phonology. A few decades ago lexicon, syntax, and phonology were thought to suffice for describing a language. Syntax arranges the lexical items in sentences and phonology gives their pronunciation. Morphology? Word forms in Slavic are largely made up of morphemes, so in that sense Slavic, unlike Chinese, has morphology. It does not necessarily follow that Slavic has a separate grammar component called morphology. It is possible the facts of morphology can be accounted for with (sublexical) syntax and phonology. The facts in question include derivation, the formation of words,1 and inflection, their formal alteration as governed by the syntactic features of their sentence environment. Although it may seem reasonable to claim that words must be formed before they can be inflected—in most descriptions of Slavic languages, Stammbildungslehre (formation des mots, slovoobrazovanie) is treated before Formenlehre (flexion des mots, slovoizmenenie)—this selective survey of Slavic morphology will begin with inflection, for the reason that, first, it lies closer to the surface and, second, much that is regarded as word- (or stem-) formation is dependent on inflection.
    [Show full text]
  • Adjectives Exist, Adjectivisers Do
    a journal of Mitrović, Moreno and Phoevos Panagiotidis. 2020. Adjectives exist, general linguistics Glossa adjectivisers do not: a bicategorial typology. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 5(1): 58. 1–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.940 RESEARCH Adjectives exist, adjectivisers do not: a bicategorial typology Moreno Mitrović1,2 and Phoevos Panagiotidis3 1 Leibniz-Centre General Linguistics (ZAS), Berlin, DE 2 Bled Institute, SI 3 University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CY Corresponding author: Phoevos Panagiotidis ([email protected]) This paper examines how adjectives are derived within a featural system comprising only two categories. It argues that adjectivisers, a heads, do not exist, leaving the repertory of catego- risers with two members only: verbalisers, v heads, and nominalisers, n heads. We proceed to argue that the adjective category is possibly universal insofar as it involves prima facie dual categorisation: adjectives obtain when a root or an already categorised element combines with a complex categorial structure, one that involves both a verbaliser and nominaliser. This pro- posal is supported by grammar-internal evidence (viz. the external modification of adjectives by adverbs and the nominal character of their internal structure) and by broader typological facts (the distribution of which follows from our analysis). Several consequences and predictions are beneficially derived. Keywords: adjectives; lexical categories; morphology; syntax; typology; Universal Grammar; categoriser 1 Introduction: ontology, categories, and the primitives of grammar The research reported in this paper is framed within the general understanding that lexical categories are to be analysed in the spirit of Déchaine (1993), Baker (2003) and others: as being about interpretation, and not as shallow taxonomic categories.
    [Show full text]
  • On Denominal Parasynthetic Verbs in Spanish
    On Denominal Parasynthetic Verbs in Spanish Jan Schroten 0. Introduction and Outline Important semantic properties of English denominal verbs have been discussed by Hale and Keyser (1993); French denominal verbs have been treated by Di Sciullo (1993) in a similar fashion.1 For Hale and Keyser's theory, parasynthetic de• nominal verbs, which are characterized by a verbalizing suffix and a prefix are unexpected. Their proposal does not suggest a satisfactory treatment of the unex• pected prefix. Labelle's (1992) study on French denominal verbs, both parasynthe• tic and nonparasynthetic denominal verbs, and Di Sciullo's (1990) treatment of Italian parasynthetic verbs cannot be related to Hale and Keyser's proposals. In this study, I want to show that Pustejovsky's (1995) proposals on the semantic "telic qualia" structure of nouns permits us to solve one important problem for Hale and Keyser's analysis and to characterize the relation between parasynthetic and nonparasynthetic denominal verbs. The data have been drawn from Spanish; they can be found in other Romance languages as well. An intriguing property of a parasynthetic denominal verb is the lack of "inter• mediate" forms. For example, the Spanish noun botella 'bottle' is related to the parasynthetic verb embotellar 'to bottle'. It is composed of the prefix em- (an orthographic and phonetic variant of en-, used before /b/or /p/), the nominal stem botell- and the infinitival ending -ar, which is one of the 50 verb endings that Spanish verbs can take. There are no "intermediate" forms: the noun *embotella and the verb *botellar are inexistent. A second intriguing property of Spanish parasynthetic verbs is that there are two parasynthetic prefixes: en- and a-.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/06/2021 05:09:23PM Via Free Access Verbal Valency and Japhug / Tibetan Language Contact 117
    journal of language contact 12 (2019) 116-140 brill.com/jlc Verbal Valency and Japhug / Tibetan Language Contact Guillaume Jacques cnrs-crlao-inalco [email protected] Abstract This paper presents the case of a language with rich indexation and limited case mark- ing (Japhug) extensively borrowing verbs from a language without indexation but with case marking (an unattested Tibetic language close to the ancestor of Amdo Tibetan). It provides a comprehensive survey of the argument structure and transitivity catego- ries of Japhug verbs of Tibetic origin in comparison with those of the corresponding verbs in Amdo Tibetan, the attested Tibetic language closest to the donor of loanwords into Japhug. This survey shows that verbs of Tibetic origin are fully integrated morpho- syntactically into Japhug, and that with a few exceptions, the argument structure of the original verb is predictable from that of the Japhug verb. Keywords transitivity – loanwords – indexation – Japhug – Tibetan 1 Introduction The present paper deals with verb borrowings in Japhug, one of the Gyalrong languages spoken in Western Sichuan.1 1 The Gyalrong languages belong to the Gyalrongic subgroup of Sino-Tibetan/Trans-Himala- yan (see Sun, 2000). The Core Gyalrong group comprises Japhug, Tshobdun, Zbu and Situ. In addition to Core Gyalrong, Gyalrongic includes the Stau-Khroskyabs branch (Lai, 2015). Japhug is spoken by about 10,000 people in the north of ’Barkhams county, Rngaba prefec- ture, Sichuan, China. © Guillaume jacques, 2019 | doi 10.1163/19552629-01201005 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC License at the time of publication.
    [Show full text]