Toxic Plant List

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Toll-free 1-800-222-1222 www.wisconsinpoison.org Toxic Plants – All parts, unless otherwise specified. Acorns all Quercus species Hyacinth (bulb) all Hyacinth species Aloe Vera (leaf) aloe vera Iris all Iris species Angels Trumpet Brugmansia suaveolens Jerusalem Cherry (leaf, unripe fruit) Asparagus Fern (shoots, berries) Asparagus setaceus Solanum pseudocapsicum Chrysanthemum Azalea all Rhododendron species Lily of the Valley Convallaria majalis Bittersweet (leaf, fruit) Solanum dulcamara Mistletoe Phoradendron flavescens Buckthorn Rhamnus Cathartica Narcissus (bulb) all Narcissus species Cactus (spine) Euphorbia species Nightshade all Solanum species Caladium all Caladium species Oleander Nerium oleander Delphinium Castor Bean Ricinus communis Peace Lily Spathiphyllum derelandii Chinese Lantern (leaf, unripe fruit) Physalis alkekengi Peony (roots, flowers, seeds) Paeonia officinalis Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum species Philodendron all Philodendron species Creeping Charlie Glechoma hederacea Potato (sprouts, vine, unripe tubers, green skin) Daffodil (bulb) Narcissus pseudo-narcissus Solanum tuberosum Delphinium all Delphinium species Pothos Epipremanum aureum Dieffenbachia all Dieffenbachia species Rhododendron all Rhododendron species Convallaria majalis English Ivy Hedera helix Rhubarb (leaf) Genus rheum Foxglove all Digitalis species Syngonium Syngonium podophyllum Gladiola (bulb) all Gladiola species Trumpet Lily Zantedeschia aethiopica Holly all Ilex species Vinca Vine Vinca rosea Horse Chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum Wild Mushrooms Wild mushrooms Nontoxic Plants – Those with asterisk* may cause skin rash and itching. African Violet Saintpaulia ionantha Geranium* all Pelargonium species Piggyback Tolmiea menzieii Air Plant Kalanchoe pinnata Gloxinia all Gloxinia species Rose* Rosa species Aluminum Plant Pilea codierei Hibiscus all Hibiscus species Rubbertree* Hevea brasiliensis Baby’s Breath Gypsophila elegans Hollyhock Althaea rosea Sedum* all Sedum species Boston Fern Nephrolepis exalta Honey Plant Hoya carnosa Snapdragon all Antirrhinum species Coleus Coleus amboinicus Impatiens all Impatiens species Spider Plant Chlorophytum comosum Corn Plant Dracaena fragrans Jade Plant Crassula argentea Swedish Ivy Plectranthus australis Dracaena Dracaena species Kalanchoe all Kalanchoe species Wandering Jew (leaf) all Tradescantia Echeveria all Echeveria species Mountain Ash Sorbus species False Aralia Dizygotheca elegantissima Norfolk Pine Araucaria heterophylla Yucca all Yucca species Ficus* all Ficus species Palms Chamaedorea elegans Zebra Plant Zebrina pendula Sanvitalia Forsythia Forsythia Peperomia all Peperomia species Zinnia Sanvitalia Gardenia Gardenia jasminoides Petunia Petunia hybrida.

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Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species
Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species The first half of the color plates (Plates 1–8) shows a selection of phytochemically prominent solanaceous species, the second half (Plates 9–16) a selection of convol- vulaceous counterparts. The scientific name of the species in bold (for authorities see text and tables) may be followed (in brackets) by a frequently used though invalid synonym and/or a common name if existent. The next information refers to the habitus, origin/natural distribution, and – if applicable – cultivation. If more than one photograph is shown for a certain species there will be explanations for each of them. Finally, section numbers of the phytochemical Chapters 3–8 are given, where the respective species are discussed. The individually combined occurrence of sec- ondary metabolites from different structural classes characterizes every species. However, it has to be remembered that a small number of citations does not neces- sarily indicate a poorer secondary metabolism in a respective species compared with others; this may just be due to less studies being carried out. Solanaceae Plate 1a Anthocercis littorea (yellow tailflower): erect or rarely sprawling shrub (to 3 m); W- and SW-Australia; Sects. 3.1 / 3.4 Plate 1b, c Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade): erect herbaceous perennial plant (to 1.5 m); Europe to central Asia (naturalized: N-USA; cultivated as a medicinal plant); b fruiting twig; c flowers, unripe (green) and ripe (black) berries; Sects. 3.1 / 3.3.2 / 3.4 / 3.5 / 6.5.2 / 7.5.1 / 7.7.2 / 7.7.4.3 Plate 1d Brugmansia versicolor (angel’s trumpet): shrub or small tree (to 5 m); tropical parts of Ecuador west of the Andes (cultivated as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical regions); Sect.
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Solanum Pseudocapsicum
Solanum pseudocapsicum COMMON NAME Jerusalem cherry FAMILY Solanaceae AUTHORITY Solanum pseudocapsicum L. FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Exotic STRUCTURAL CLASS Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons NVS CODE SOLPSE HABITAT Bartons Bush, Trentham. Apr 2006. Terrestrial. Photographer: Jeremy Rolfe FEATURES Erect, unarmed shrub, glabrous or sometimes with few branched hairs on very young shoots; stems wiry, 40~120cm tall. Petiole to 2cm long, slender. Lamina 3~12 x 1~3cm, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, glossy above; margins usu. undulate; base narrowly attenuate; apex obtuse or acute. Flowers 1~several; peduncle 0~8mm long; pedicels 5~10mm long, erect at fruiting. Calyx 4~5mm long; lobes lanceolate to ovate, slightly accrescent. Corolla approx. 15mm diam., white, glabrous; lobes oblong- ovate to triangular. Anthers 2.5~3mm long. Berry 1.5~2cm diam., globose, glossy, orange to scarlet, long-persistent; stone cells 0. Seeds approx. Bartons Bush, Trentham. Apr 2006. 3mm diam., suborbicular to reniform or obovoid, rather asymmetric; Photographer: Jeremy Rolfe margin thickened. (-Webb et. al., 1988) SIMILAR TAXA A plant with attractive glossy orange or red berries around 1-2 cm diameter (Department of Conservation 1996). FLOWERING October, November, December, January, February, March, April, May FLOWER COLOURS White, Yellow YEAR NATURALISED 1935 ORIGIN Eastern Sth America ETYMOLOGY solanum: Derivation uncertain - possibly from the Latin word sol, meaning “sun,” referring to its status as a plant of the sun. Another possibility is that the root was solare, meaning “to soothe,” or solamen, meaning “a comfort,” which would refer to the soothing effects of the plant upon ingestion. Reason For Introduction Ornamental Life Cycle Comments Perennial. Dispersal Seed is bird dispersed (Webb et al., 1988; Department of Conservation 1996).
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Colonial Garden Plants
COLONIAL GARD~J~ PLANTS I Flowers Before 1700 The following plants are listed according to the names most commonly used during the colonial period. The botanical name follows for accurate identification. The common name was listed first because many of the people using these lists will have access to or be familiar with that name rather than the botanical name. The botanical names are according to Bailey’s Hortus Second and The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture (3, 4). They are not the botanical names used during the colonial period for many of them have changed drastically. We have been very cautious concerning the interpretation of names to see that accuracy is maintained. By using several references spanning almost two hundred years (1, 3, 32, 35) we were able to interpret accurately the names of certain plants. For example, in the earliest works (32, 35), Lark’s Heel is used for Larkspur, also Delphinium. Then in later works the name Larkspur appears with the former in parenthesis. Similarly, the name "Emanies" appears frequently in the earliest books. Finally, one of them (35) lists the name Anemones as a synonym. Some of the names are amusing: "Issop" for Hyssop, "Pum- pions" for Pumpkins, "Mushmillions" for Muskmellons, "Isquou- terquashes" for Squashes, "Cowslips" for Primroses, "Daffadown dillies" for Daffodils. Other names are confusing. Bachelors Button was the name used for Gomphrena globosa, not for Centaurea cyanis as we use it today. Similarly, in the earliest literature, "Marygold" was used for Calendula. Later we begin to see "Pot Marygold" and "Calen- dula" for Calendula, and "Marygold" is reserved for Marigolds.
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Jerusalem Cherry Solanum Pseudocapsicum and Solanum Diflorum
Jerusalem cherry Solanum pseudocapsicum and Solanum diflorum Family Solanaceae (nightshade) Also known as Madeira winter cherry Where is it originally from? South America What does it look like? Erect, bushy, evergreen shrub (<120+ cm) which is usually hairless or with a few branched hairs on young shoots. Stems are wiry and much branched. Dark green, lance-shaped leaves (3-12 x 1-3 cm) are alternately arranged on the stems and glossy on the top surface. White 5-pointed star shaped flowers (15 mm diameter) with yellow centres (Oct-May) are followed by round, glossy, long-lasting orange Photo: Carolyn Lewis to scarlet berries (15-20 mm diameter) containing seeds (3 mm diameter). Are there any similar species? Jaffa'-like berries distinguish these two species from other plants. Solanum diflorum is uncommon, shorter, has dense hairs on young shoots and new leaves, but is otherwise identical. Why is it weedy? Produces many, well dispersed seeds and forms dense stands in shady spots. Tolerates shade, damage and treading around roots (poisonous, not grazed), wet to moderate dry conditions and hot temperatures but is intolerant of frost, competition for space, high winds, and poor soils. Photo: Carolyn Lewis How does it spread? Seeds are spread by birds and water and soil movement, and in dumped vegetation. Common seed sources include grazed bush remnants, hedgerows, and many other shady places. What damage does it do? Can form dense stands in disturbed (especially grazed) forest and shrubland. Usually succeeded with competition for ground space. Which habitats is it likely to invade? Disturbed forest and shrubland, and shady open habitats.
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A Molecular Phylogeny of the Solanaceae
TAXON 57 (4) • November 2008: 1159–1181 Olmstead & al. • Molecular phylogeny of Solanaceae MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae Richard G. Olmstead1*, Lynn Bohs2, Hala Abdel Migid1,3, Eugenio Santiago-Valentin1,4, Vicente F. Garcia1,5 & Sarah M. Collier1,6 1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A. *olmstead@ u.washington.edu (author for correspondence) 2 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A. 3 Present address: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 4 Present address: Jardin Botanico de Puerto Rico, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Apartado Postal 364984, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico 5 Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. 6 Present address: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. A phylogeny of Solanaceae is presented based on the chloroplast DNA regions ndhF and trnLF. With 89 genera and 190 species included, this represents a nearly comprehensive genus-level sampling and provides a framework phylogeny for the entire family that helps integrate many previously-published phylogenetic studies within So- lanaceae. The four genera comprising the family Goetzeaceae and the monotypic families Duckeodendraceae, Nolanaceae, and Sclerophylaceae, often recognized in traditional classifications, are shown to be included in Solanaceae. The current results corroborate previous studies that identify a monophyletic subfamily Solanoideae and the more inclusive “x = 12” clade, which includes Nicotiana and the Australian tribe Anthocercideae. These results also provide greater resolution among lineages within Solanoideae, confirming Jaltomata as sister to Solanum and identifying a clade comprised primarily of tribes Capsiceae (Capsicum and Lycianthes) and Physaleae.
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Evolutionary Routes to Biochemical Innovation Revealed by Integrative
RESEARCH ARTICLE Evolutionary routes to biochemical innovation revealed by integrative analysis of a plant-defense related specialized metabolic pathway Gaurav D Moghe1†, Bryan J Leong1,2, Steven M Hurney1,3, A Daniel Jones1,3, Robert L Last1,2* 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; 2Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; 3Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States Abstract The diversity of life on Earth is a result of continual innovations in molecular networks influencing morphology and physiology. Plant specialized metabolism produces hundreds of thousands of compounds, offering striking examples of these innovations. To understand how this novelty is generated, we investigated the evolution of the Solanaceae family-specific, trichome- localized acylsugar biosynthetic pathway using a combination of mass spectrometry, RNA-seq, enzyme assays, RNAi and phylogenomics in different non-model species. Our results reveal hundreds of acylsugars produced across the Solanaceae family and even within a single plant, built on simple sugar cores. The relatively short biosynthetic pathway experienced repeated cycles of *For correspondence: [email protected] innovation over the last 100 million years that include gene duplication and divergence, gene loss, evolution of substrate preference and promiscuity. This study provides mechanistic insights into the † Present address: Section of emergence of plant chemical novelty, and offers a template for investigating the ~300,000 non- Plant Biology, School of model plant species that remain underexplored. Integrative Plant Sciences, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28468.001 Cornell University, Ithaca, United States Competing interests: The authors declare that no Introduction competing interests exist.
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Iconography of the Solanaceae from Antiquity to the Xviith Century: a Rich Source of Information on Genetic Diversity and Uses
Iconography of the Solanaceae from Antiquity to the XVIIth Century: a Rich Source of Information on Genetic Diversity and Uses Marie-Christine Daunay and Henri Laterrot Jules Janick INRA, Unité de Génétique & Amélioration Department of Horticulture des Fruits et Légumes Landscape Architecture Domaine St. Maurice, BP 94 Purdue University 84143 Montfavet cedex 625 Agriculture Mall Drive France West Lafayette, IN 47907–2010 USA Keywords: alkekenge, belladonna, capsicum pepper, datura, eggplant, henbane, husk tomato, mandrake, nightshades, potato, tobacco, tomato, Renaissance herbals Abstract The systematic study of solanaceous plant iconography has been a neglected source of information although historical records (ceramics, painted and printed images in manuscripts, and printed documents) are numerous. Many wild and domesticated solanaceous species have been associated with human culture from antiquity, as medicinal, ritual or magical herbs and/or food crops in the Old World (alkekenge, belladonna, eggplant, henbane, mandrake) and New World (capsicum pepper, datura, husk tomato, potato, tobacco, tomato). Mandrake (Mandragora spp.) images can be found in Egyptian sources in the second millennium BCE, and along with alkekenge (Physalis alkekengi) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum aff.) are found in the oldest extant copy of the Materia Medica of Dioscorides (Codex Vindobonensis, Aniciae Julianae, 512 CE), as well as in many later Medieval and Renaissance sources. Images of henbane (Hyocyamus spp.) appears in the VIIIth century while belladonna (Atropa belladonna) first appears in the Renaissance. Images of eggplant (Solanum melongena), an Asian crop, are found in Asian and European manuscripts from the XIVth century onwards. Images of New World species are present in pre-Columbian sources, attesting to their wide use by native populations.
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The Therapeutic Efficacy of Physalis Alkekengi Hydro Alcoholic Extract on Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Mice Model in an Autophagy Manner
Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(8):118-122 A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacy The Therapeutic Efficacy of Physalis Alkekengi Hydro alcoholic Extract on Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Mice Model in an Autophagy Manner 1 2 Ghaith Ali Jasim , Abdolmajid Ghasemian 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, Emails: [email protected] 2Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Email: [email protected] Corresponding author: Ghaith Ali Jasim, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Objective: Physalis Alkekengi has several biological activities. Our aim was to Keywords: Physalis Alkekengi, ER+ breast cancer, BALB/c mice, Autophagy assess the anti-cancer effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Physalis Alkekengi on the estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in mice model. Correspondence: Methods: Twenty-eight ER+ breast cancer BALB/c mice (four groups each Ghaith Ali Jasim including seven members) were enrolled. The P. Alkekengi hydro alcoholic 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, extract (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was administered for two weeks against EGFR2 Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, Emails: [email protected] cancerous cells. The tumor size, histopathological features, and mRNA expression amount of ATG5 Autophagy-specific gene were investigated. Results: At the two higher doses (50 and 100 mg/kg), the P. Alkekengi hydro alcoholic extract inhibited the breast cancer growth. Consequently, there was a significant histopathological change in the breast cancer among the groups treated with P. Alkekengi compared to the control group (p=0.0189). Additionally, the P. Alkekengi hydro alcoholic extract significantly enhanced the mRNA expression level of theATG5at 50 mg/kg.
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(Trnf) Pseudogenes Defines a Distinctive Clade in Solanaceae Péter Poczai* and Jaakko Hyvönen
Poczai and Hyvönen SpringerPlus 2013, 2:459 http://www.springerplus.com/content/2/1/459 a SpringerOpen Journal SHORT REPORT Open Access Discovery of novel plastid phenylalanine (trnF) pseudogenes defines a distinctive clade in Solanaceae Péter Poczai* and Jaakko Hyvönen Abstract Background: The plastome of embryophytes is known for its high degree of conservation in size, structure, gene content and linear order of genes. The duplication of entire tRNA genes or their arrangement in a tandem array composed by multiple pseudogene copies is extremely rare in the plastome. Pseudogene repeats of the trnF gene have rarely been described from the chloroplast genome of angiosperms. Findings: We report the discovery of duplicated copies of the original phenylalanine (trnFGAA) gene in Solanaceae that are specific to a larger clade within the Solanoideae subfamily. The pseudogene copies are composed of several highly structured motifs that are partial residues or entire parts of the anticodon, T- and D-domains of the original trnF gene. Conclusions: The Pseudosolanoid clade consists of 29 genera and includes many economically important plants such as potato, tomato, eggplant and pepper. Keywords: Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA); Gene duplications; Phylogeny; Plastome evolution; Tandem repeats; trnL-trnF; Solanaceae Findings of this region. If this is ignored, it will easily lead to situa- The plastid trnT-trnF region has been widely applied to tions where basic requirement of homology of the charac- resolve phylogeny of embryophytes (Quandt and Stech ters used for phylogenetic analyses is compromised. This 2004; Zhao et al. 2011) and to address various questions of might lead to false hypotheses of phylogeny, especially population genetics since the development of universal when they are based on the analyses of only this region.
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Harmful Garden Plants in Western Australia
Research Library Bulletins 4000 - Research Publications 4-2005 Harmful garden plants in Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/bulletins Part of the Botany Commons, and the Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health Commons Recommended Citation Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. (2005), Harmful garden plants in Western Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia, Perth. Bulletin 4641. This bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the Research Publications at Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins 4000 - by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bulletin No. 4641 ISSN 1448-0352 April 2005 Harmful garden plants inWestern Australia JJ1631-DeptOfAg-20pp-FA.indd1631-DeptOfAg-20pp-FA.indd I 222/04/20052/04/2005 112:04:552:04:55 PPMM Disclaimer 1. The information, representations and statements contained in this publication (“Information”) are provided for general information purposes only. 2. The State of Western Australia, the Minister for Agriculture, the Chief Executive Officer of Agriculture and their respective officers, employees and agents: (a) do not make any representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the Information; and (b) shall not be liable, in negligence or otherwise, to any person for any loss, liability, damage, personal injury or death arising out of any act or failure to act by any person in using or relying on the Information. 3. Any person who uses the Information does so at his or her own risk.
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SOLANACEAE 茄科 Qie Ke Zhang Zhi-Yun, Lu An-Ming; William G
Flora of China 17: 300–332. 1994. SOLANACEAE 茄科 qie ke Zhang Zhi-yun, Lu An-ming; William G. D'Arcy Herbs, shrubs, small trees, or climbers. Stems sometimes prickly, rarely thorny; hairs simple, branched, or stellate, sometimes glandular. Leaves alternate, solitary or paired, simple or pinnately compound, without stipules; leaf blade entire, dentate, lobed, or divided. Inflorescences terminal, overtopped by continuing axes, appearing axillary, extra-axillary, or leaf opposed, often apparently umbellate, racemose, paniculate, clustered, or solitary flowers, rarely true cymes, sometimes bracteate. Flowers mostly bisexual, usually regular, 5-merous, rarely 4- or 6–9-merous. Calyx mostly lobed. Petals united. Stamens as many as corolla lobes and alternate with them, inserted within corolla, all alike or 1 or more reduced; anthers dehiscing longitudinally or by apical pores. Ovary 2–5-locular; placentation mostly axile; ovules usually numerous. Style 1. Fruiting calyx often becoming enlarged, mostly persistent. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds with copious endosperm; embryo mostly curved. About 95 genera with 2300 species: best represented in western tropical America, widespread in temperate and tropical regions; 20 genera (ten introduced) and 101 species in China. Some species of Solanaceae are known in China only by plants cultivated in ornamental or specialty gardens: Atropa belladonna Linnaeus, Cyphomandra betacea (Cavanilles) Sendtner, Brugmansia suaveolens (Willdenow) Berchtold & Presl, Nicotiana alata Link & Otto, and Solanum jasminoides Paxton. Kuang Ko-zen & Lu An-ming, eds. 1978. Solanaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(1): 1–175. 1a. Flowers in several- to many-flowered inflorescences; peduncle mostly present and evident. 2a. Fruit enclosed in fruiting calyx.
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Revision of Solanum Section Cyphomandropsis (Solanaceae) Author(S): Lynn Bohs Source: Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol
Revision of Solanum Section Cyphomandropsis (Solanaceae) Author(s): Lynn Bohs Source: Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 61, Revision of Solanum Section Cyphomandropsis ( Solanaceae) (Aug. 30, 2001), pp. 1-85 Published by: American Society of Plant Taxonomists Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25027891 Accessed: 02-03-2016 19:03 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Society of Plant Taxonomists is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Systematic Botany Monographs. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 169.237.45.23 on Wed, 02 Mar 2016 19:03:20 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REVISION OF SOLANUM SECTION CYPHOMANDROPSIS (SOLANACEAE) Lynn Bohs Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 ABSTRACT. Solanum section Cyphomandropsis (Solanaceae) includes 13 species native to South Amer ica. Plants of this section are woody shrubs to small trees that lack spines, are glabrous to pubescent with un branched or dendritically branched trichomes, and have tapered anthers with small terminal pores. Section Cyphomandropsis is closely related to Solanum sect. Pachyphylla (formerly genus Cyphomandra), from which it differs by lacking discrete, enlarged connectives on the abaxial anther surfaces.
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