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Writing Left: the Emergence of Modernism in English Canadian Literature

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Writing Left: the Emergence of Modernism in English Canadian Literature Writing Left: The Emergence of Modernism in English Canadian Literature by Bart Vautour Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2011 © Copyright by Bart Vautour, 2011 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled “Writing Left: The Emergence of Modernism in English Canadian Literature” by Bart Vautour in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dated: August 15, 2011 External Examiner: _________________________________ Research Supervisor: _________________________________ Examining Committee: _________________________________ _________________________________ Departmental Representative: _________________________________ ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DATE: August 15, 2011 AUTHOR: Bart Vautour TITLE: Writing Left: The Emergence of Modernism in English Canadian Literature DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: Department of English DEGREE: PhD CONVOCATION: October YEAR: 2011 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. I understand that my thesis will be electronically available to the public. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than the brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged. _______________________________ Signature of Author iii The work of this dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Marshall Landry (1951–2010). He never stopped believing that a more just world is possible. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ....................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................................ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 CHAPTER TWO: MODERNISM, ANTIMODERNISM, AND COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION........... 22 INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................. 22 MODERNISM, ANTIMODERNISM, AND THE SONG FISHERMEN............................................... 25 ANTIMODERNISM AND THE NEW MODERNIST STUDIES .................................................... 25 THE SONG FISHERMEN............................................................................................................. 30 THE SONG FISHERMEN AND MODERNISM............................................................................ 36 THE BOAT EXPLOIT .................................................................................................................. 53 THE ART OF THE STRIKE: ARTISTIC PRACTICE AND COLLECTIVE ACTION ......................... 62 DOUGLAS DURKIN’S THE MAGPIE AND MODERNIST SCULPTURE.................................... 66 A.M. STEPHEN’S THE GLEAMING ARCHWAY AND POETIC CATHARSIS........................... 79 IRENE BAIRD’S WASTE HERITAGE AND THE MODERNIST PARABLE................................ 83 CHAPTER THREE: ORGANIZING THE PARTY ................................................................................. 94 INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER THREE......................................................................................... 94 F.R. SCOTT AND THE EMERGENCE OF A POETICS OF INSTITUTIONAL CRITIQUE .............. 97 F.R. SCOTT AND THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION............................................................. 99 F.R. SCOTT AND THE LITERARY INSTITUTION.................................................................... 106 F.R. SCOTT AND THE POLITICAL INSTITUTION .................................................................. 109 SECTION 98 AND THE THEATRICALITY OF THE CANADIAN LEFT........................................ 121 SECTION 98 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE .................................................................................. 127 THE CANADIAN LABOR DEFENSE LEAGUE AND NOT GUILTY! ...................................... 131 EIGHT MEN SPEAK.................................................................................................................. 135 THE “SEDITION” OF A.E. SMITH ........................................................................................... 151 MAPLE LEAF GARDENS .......................................................................................................... 154 v CHAPTER FOUR: ORGANIZING THE TRANSNATIONAL FIGHT .................................................. 157 INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER FOUR: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR........................................... 157 REPORTING SPAIN: MODERNIST JOURNALISM AND THE POLITICS OF PROXIMITY........... 167 REPORTING PROXIMITY ......................................................................................................... 173 FICTIONALIZING JOURNALISM IN SPAIN.............................................................................. 194 COUNTERING AND CO-OPTING MODERNISM IN THE WORK OF CHARLES YALE HARRISON ......................................................................................................... 208 GENERALS DIE IN BED........................................................................................................... 209 A CHILD IS BORN ..................................................................................................................... 212 THERE ARE VICTORIES........................................................................................................... 217 HARRISON’S LITERARY POLITICAL WORK........................................................................... 221 MEET ME ON THE BARRICADES............................................................................................ 226 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION......................................................................................................... 239 ENDNOTES......................................................................................................................................... 247 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................. 269 vi ABSTRACT This dissertation complicates conventional understandings of the emergence of modernism in Canadian cultural production, proposing instead a multiplicity of modernist practices that emerge through direct engagement with leftist politics. By examining various genres—poetry, fiction, theatre, and reportage—“Writing Left” uncovers a set of organizational principles that frame several modes of modernist production within the interwar period. Steeped in the work of recovery, this project examines critical narratives of modernism and analyzes theoretical approaches that inform a revitalized understanding of modernism in Canada. Furthermore, this dissertation offers a series of strategies for reading the ways in which Canadian modernism and political modernity are deeply intertwined. Following an introduction that situates the uneven development of Canadian modernism’s emergence in the larger field of transnational modernism, six theoretically linked case studies show the multiplicity of Canadian modernism’s emergence in relation to leftist political organization. While the first case study discusses the modernist experimentations that came out of the largely antimodernist coterie who produced The Song Fishermen’s Song Sheets (1928–1930), the second case study explores the particularly modernist tensions between representations of art and collective action in the strike novels of Douglas Durkin and Irene Baird. A re-reading of F.R. Scott’s early poetry in the third case study shows the coextensive emergence of a modernist poetics of institutional critique and the development of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, while the fourth case study examines the modernist theatricality of leftist responses to Section 98 of the Criminal Code of Canada. The fifth case study looks to the ways in which the Spanish Civil War prompted modernist developments in the journalism and reportage of Norman Bethune, Hazen Sise, Jean Watts, and Ted Allan. Finally, the sixth case study reads across Charles Yale Harrison’s alternative strategies of anti-war modernism, ending with his characterization of the North American leftist imaginary in his fourth novel, Meet Me on the Barricades (1938). Together, the six case studies question teleological accounts of the development of modernism in English Canadian Literature. vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED CAA Canadian Authors’ Association CASD Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CCF Canadian Commonwealth Federation CLDL Canadian Labor Defense League CPC Communist Party of Canada CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain CPUSA Communist Party of United States of America
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