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Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism
Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Robert Fredona Working Paper 18-021 Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Harvard Business School Robert Fredona Harvard Business School Working Paper 18-021 Copyright © 2017 by Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona ABSTRACT: N.S.B. Gras, the father of Business History in the United States, argued that the era of mercantile capitalism was defined by the figure of the “sedentary merchant,” who managed his business from home, using correspondence and intermediaries, in contrast to the earlier “traveling merchant,” who accompanied his own goods to trade fairs. Taking this concept as its point of departure, this essay focuses on the predominantly Italian merchants who controlled the long‐distance East‐West trade of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Until the opening of the Atlantic trade, the Mediterranean was Europe’s most important commercial zone and its trade enriched European civilization and its merchants developed the most important premodern mercantile innovations, from maritime insurance contracts and partnership agreements to the bill of exchange and double‐entry bookkeeping. Emerging from literate and numerate cultures, these merchants left behind an abundance of records that allows us to understand how their companies, especially the largest of them, were organized and managed. -
Getting to Know Italy
Map Skills: Europe- Italy Name_____________________________________________Date________________ Getting to Know Italy 1. What countries border Italy? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ 2. With which of those countries does Italy share the largest border? ____________________________________________ 3. With which of those countries does Italy share the smallest border? ____________________________________________ 4. What are some regions within Italy? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 5. What is the capital of Italy? ____________________________________________ 6. Name at least two other major cities in Italy. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 7. Name some rivers that flow through Italy. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 8. Name some of the national parks in Italy. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 1 ©2005abcteach.com Map Skills: Europe- Italy Name_____________________________________________Date________________ Getting to -
Anthony Bourdain Florence Italy Recommendations
Anthony Bourdain Florence Italy Recommendations Solo Allen counterpoints farcically and prismatically, she pumps her compote scraps undersea. Angelico never rosin any azalea cheapen assuredly, is Mahmoud gram-positive and chiseled enough? Sustained and paralyzed Neil obscure: which Tobit is pisolitic enough? We also love this thick, anthony bourdain visited before his family in rome called pasta with our website run place in florence here was just the Luca and making way through luscious green hills to anthony bourdain sat next trip to us through smart choice of your memories of a rickety plastic bowl. Complicit in a shameful, shameful incident of fakery, but there I was bobbing listlessly in the water with dead sea life sinking to the bottom all around me. Get every detail about italy to florence! Tucci continued making projects on Italian food and cooking. Cycling routes were hands on your thing? Montana, and made tranquil lifestyle. Instagram to florence, but never easy, swimming in my recommendations for entertainment television channel owned by travel is the island before his recommendation. Mine sat at any medications or manage this is great find a great cheese pairing ideas to get ahead and disaster and. Just about italy in florence taking top honors as bourdain himself, anthony started the. Piedmont and anthony bourdain florence italy recommendations that gives you stay. Unfortunately, the lobster mac and cheese they ate was a special. Even if your seafood is not your thing, there are literally hundreds of recommendations for other places. Culture that bourdain, anthony bourdain florence italy recommendations that he told us proud to anthony bourdain says something. -
The Best of Renaissance Florence April 28 – May 6, 2019
Alumni Travel Study From Galleries to Gardens The Best of Renaissance Florence April 28 – May 6, 2019 Featuring Study Leader Molly Bourne ’87, Professor of Art History and Coordinator of the Master’s Program in Renaissance Art at Syracuse University Florence Immerse yourself in the tranquil, elegant beauty of Italy’s grandest gardens and noble estates. Discover the beauty, drama, and creativity of the Italian Renaissance by spending a week in Florence—the “Cradle of the Renaissance”—with fellow Williams College alumni. In addition to a dazzling array of special openings, invitations into private homes, and splendid feasts of Tuscan cuisine, this tour offers the academic leadership of Molly Bourne (Williams Class of ’87), art history professor at Syracuse University Florence. From the early innovations of Giotto, Brunelleschi, and Masaccio to the grand accomplishments of Michelangelo, our itinerary will uncover the very best of Florence’s Renaissance treasury. Outside of Florence, excursions to delightful Siena and along the Piero della Francesca trail will provide perspectives on the rise of the Renaissance in Tuscany. But the program is not merely an art seminar—interactions with local food and wine experts, lunches inside beautiful private homes, meanders through stunning private gardens, and meetings with traditional artisans will complement this unforgettable journey. Study Leader MOLLY BOURNE (BA Williams ’87; PhD Harvard ’98) has taught art history at Syracuse University Florence since 1999, where she is also Coordinator of their Master’s Program in Renaissance Art History. A member of the Accademia Nazionale Virgiliana, she has also served as project researcher for the Medici Archive Project and held a fellowship at Villa I Tatti, the Harvard Center for Renaissance Studies. -
Taro Systematik Unterklasse: Froschlöffelähnliche (Alismatidae
Taro Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Systematik Unterklasse: Froschlöffelähnliche (Alismatidae) Ordnung: Froschlöffelartige (Alismatales) Familie: Aronstabgewächse (Araceae) Unterfamilie: Aroideae Gattung: Colocasia Art: Taro Wissenschaftlicher Name Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Traditioneller Taroanbau auf Terrassen aus Lavagestein auf der Insel Kauaʻi Taro (Colocasia esculenta) ist eine Nutzpflanze aus der Familie der Aronstabgewächse (Araceae), die seit mehr als 2000 Jahren als Nahrungspflanze kultiviert wird. Ein anderer Name für Taro ist Wasserbrotwurzel. In alten Nachschlagewerken, wie z. B. Pierer's Universal-Lexikon findet sich für die Pflanze auch die Bezeichnung Tarro. Genutzt werden vorwiegend die stärkehaltigen Rhizome der Pflanze. Sie werden wie Kartoffeln gekocht. In den Anbauländern werden auch die Blätter und Blattstiele als Gemüse gegessen. Sie enthalten viel Mineralien, Vitamin A, B und C. Taro wird heute weltweit in feuchten, tropischen und subtropischen Klimazonen angebaut. Für den Export wird er in Ägypten, Costa Rica, der Karibik, Brasilien und Indien angepflanzt. In Hawaii ist die dort kalo[1] genannte Pflanze eine der wichtigsten traditionellen Nutzpflanzen. Aus den Rhizomen wird poi, eine Paste, hergestellt. Die Aborigines in Australien nutzen diese Pflanze um daraus Busch-Brot zu backen, indem sie aus dem Rhizom Mehl herstellten. Siehe auch [Bearbeiten] Sumpfpflanzen Wasserpflanzen Weblinks [Bearbeiten] Rhizome der Taro Commons: Taro – Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien Taro – eine Nahrungs- und eine Giftpflanze Beschreibung und Verwendungsmöglichkeit Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten] 1. ↑ taro, kalo in Hawaiian Dictionaries Von „http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro― Kategorien: Aronstabgewächse | Nutzpflanze | Blattgemüse | Wurzelgemüse Taro From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the plant. For other uses, see Taro (disambiguation). It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Colocasia esculenta. -
Florence // Rome // Tuscania
CIAO! ITALIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE 2019 FLORENCE // ROME // TUSCANIA 1 Don’t just study Italian, live it... Istituto Lorenzo de’ Medici - The Italian International Institute Italian Language and Culture at LdM Founded in 1973 in Florence, Istituto Lorenzo de’ Medici (LdM) is among Italy’s most comprehensive and well-established international institutions, offering Italian Language courses as well as academic programs in higher education. LdM has premises in Florence, Rome and Tuscania, and thanks to over 45 years of experience and research in teaching Italian Language and Culture to foreigners, LdM is able to offer its students the highest quality education at an academic level. LdM Florence is located in the historic district of San Lorenzo, close to the famous Medici Chapel and the San Lorenzo Market. The campus encompasses 14 buildings in the historic city center. LdM Florence is perfect for students looking for an exciting blend of didactic offerings and cultural activities and bustling city-life, as well as an easy access to the tranquil Tuscan countryside. Courses at LdM Rome take place in a beautiful 19th century palace on Via XX Settembre, in the government and business district. The city’s unique metropolitan environment is comprised of small, lively neighbourhoods and picturesque districts. LdM Tuscania offers the opportunity to experience a true cultural immersion within the intimate setting of a medieval town located in central Italy, in the breathtaking countryside of the Maremma (about one hour drive from Rome). An untouched natural setting hosts a surprisingly large number of Etruscan necropolises and is home to the remains of ancient civilizations, which can be found all over the town and in the surrounding area. -
Venice to Florence
VENICE TO FLORENCE COASTLINES, COUNTRYSIDE, THE APENNINES AND TWO OF ITALY’S FAVOURITE CITIES VENICE TO FLORENCE - SELF GUIDED CYCLING HOLIDAY SUMMARY Cycle from the floating city of Venice along Italy’s east coast, passing Delta Del Po UNESCO World Heritage Site and across the Apennines to the enchanting statue lined streets of Florence. Travelling along farm tracks and quiet roads you will encounter a region of Italy rich in Etruscan history and ever changing landscapes. Departing from Mestre you will cross over the 4km Liberty Bridge into Venice before taking a ferry across to the 11km long sandbar, Lido. After cycling from the length of Lido and its neighbour, Pellestrina Island, you arrive into Chioggia where you will be rewarded with a choice of wonderful seafood restaurants. The following morning a visit to Chioggia’s bustling fish market is highly recommended before heading onwards along quiet country roads, with the River Adige flowing beside you, to the narrow streets and cosy cafes of the 3000 year old Etruscan city of Adria. Tour: Venice to Florence The path then follows the River Po, Italy’s longest river, to the “town of bridges” Comacchio. Code: CITSVF Built on 13 small islands, Comacchio’s ancient stone bridges are an architectural delight and Type: Self-Guided Cycling Holiday Price: See Website offer some fantastic photo opportunities. On leaving Comacchio the landscape takes a twist as Dates: Each Saturday between April - June you cycle along a dam through Delta Del Po National Park, home to 370 bird species. and August - October. Following two very short ferries you shortly arrive at your next destination and home to 8 Alternative arrangements can be made for 6 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Ravenna. -
Some Account of the Cuisine Bourgeoise of Ancient Rome
283 XV.—Some Account of the Cuisine Bourgeoise of Ancient Rome. By H. C. COOTE, Esq. F.S.A. Bead December 13th, 1866. No one has yet written the history of the Roman palate, such as it became when the successes of that people had given occasion for its artificial cultivation. The Roman, consequently, has never been contemplated on this side of his character. This is not merely an omission in archaeology, it is a blank left in the annals of taste. And the omission is the more remarkable, as most other subjects of antiquity have been fathomed by the learned, down even to the shoe and the caliga. This subject alone caret vate sacro.a In saying this I do not of course mean that the subject has not been imperfectly touched upon, for all the world is familiar with the rhombus of Domitian, the mullus trilibris of Horace, the oysters of Rutupium, and the slave-fed murence of Yidius Pollio; while the dishes of nightingales' tongues served up to that inventive madman Helio- gabalus, and the culinary wonders of the Augustan writers, are known alike to learned and unlearned. But all these allusions have been fragmentary merely, meant to point a feeble moral,—not to expound principles of the cuisine. In a word, the writers have never thought of treating Roman cookery en cuisinier—the only way in which the subject can afford a rational interest to any one. Virtually, therefore, this subject has been left untouched by these authors. There is no excuse, however, for this neglect of Roman Cookery, for the amplest materials exist for its mastery and complete illustration. -
World History SOL 13 Renaissance
World History SOL 13 Renaissance The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to many desirable products Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine & Muslim Empires New economic institutions developed Economic Effects of the Crusades Increased demand for Middle Eastern products Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets Encouraged the use of credit & banking Important Economic Concepts Church rule against usury & the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money & expedite trade New accounting & bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced Wealth accumulated from European trade with the Middle East led to the rise of Italian city-states Wealthy merchants were active civic leaders Florence, Genoa, Venice Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe Were initially independent city-states governed as republics Florence, Venice & Genoa Machiavelli’s Prince Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day & produced guidelines for the acquisition & maintenance of power by absolute rule An early modern treatise on government Supported power of the ruler Maintains that the end justifies the means Advises that one should not only do good if possible, but do evil when necessary Machiavelli’s Prince The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy & literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly more secular. Medieval art & literature focused on the Church & salvation; while Renaissance art & literature focused on individuals & worldly matters, along with Christianity. -
Sicily a Guided Walking Adventure
ITALY Sicily A Guided Walking Adventure Table of Contents Daily Itinerary ........................................................................... 4 Tour Itinerary Overview .......................................................... 14 Tour Facts at a Glance ........................................................... 16 Traveling To and From Your Tour .......................................... 18 Information & Policies ............................................................ 21 Italy at a Glance ..................................................................... 22 Packing List ........................................................................... 27 800.464.9255 / countrywalkers.com 2 © 2016 Otago, LLC dba Country Walkers Travel Style This small-group Guided Walking Adventure offers an authentic travel experience, one that takes you away from the crowds and deep in to the fabric of local life. On it, you’ll enjoy 24/7 expert guides, premium accommodations, delicious meals, effortless transportation, and local wine or beer with dinner. Rest assured that every trip detail has been anticipated so you’re free to enjoy an adventure that exceeds your expectations. And, with our optional Flight + Tour Combo and Taormina PrePre----tourtour Extension to complement this destination, we take care of all the travel to simplify the journey. Refer to the attached itinerary for more details. Overview Sicily embraces you warmly, like a glass of its own sweet Moscato—its radiance due to a gloriously temperate climate, striking natural beauty, -
Major Powers Are Venice, Milan, Florence Naples & Papal State
Italy in 1494: Major powers are Venice, Milan, Florence Naples & Papal State Execution of Savonarola as heretic, critic of Alexander VI Borgia 1498 Borgia Pope Alexander VI 1492-1503 In Pinturicchio Resurrection Cesare Borgia Son of Alexander VI Head of Papal armies Machiavelli’s hero because of military ability (virtù) Lucrezia Borgia daughter of Pope as Saint Catherine of Alexandria by Pinturichio Same age as Pope’s Mistress Giulietta Farnese (her brother made a Cardinal by Alexander VI, later became Pope Paul III) Dwarfing of Italy, 1494-1527 French Kings (Valois) invasions of Italy: 1494 Charles VIII asserts claim to Naples, Medici expelled from Florence 1499 Louis XII called in by Venice against Milan 1515 Francis I - military victory, occupation of Milan but defeated at Pavia 1525 by Charles V Emperor Charles V of Holy Roman Empire 1519 Imperial election: Hapsburg Charles I of Spain elected as German Emperor Leo X had made alliance with Charles V against France Machiavelli 1512-1513 Discourses on Livy (Friday) republican governments as best comparison of Roman Republic with Florentine Republic Central concepts: virtù (Latin virtus) versus fortuna (fortune, chance, luck) Political leaders must be have the ability (virtù) to deal with changing events (fortune) Civic religion: ancient versus modern what kind of religion is better for the state? Critique of Christianity, but especially of the role of the Papacy in Italian politics Julius II 1503-1513 Raphael Portrait of Julius II 1512 Warrior Pope Personally leads papal army against Northern invaders Erasmus Julius Exclusus1514 Pope Julius excluded from heaven by St Peter Erasmus as northern humanist, Church reformer Leo X Medici (Pope 1513-1521) son of Lorenzo the Magnificent made a Cardinal at age 13 in exchange for marriage of Lorenzo’s daughter to Pope Innocent VIII’s son 1512 Medici restored to Florence 1513 election demonstrates restored Medici power traditional alliance of Popes & Florence strengthened campaign to raise money for building of St. -
STATUS and MEAT CONSUMPTION in POMPEII: Diet and Its Social Implications Through the Analysis of Ancient Primary Sources and Zooarchaeological Remains
STATUS AND MEAT CONSUMPTION IN POMPEII: Diet and its Social Implications through the Analysis of Ancient Primary Sources and Zooarchaeological Remains Vicki Moses Honors Thesis in the Department of Anthropology University of Michigan April 2012 Acknowledgements All along the process of this research, I have been lucky to be surrounded by support. The academic support I have received from my thesis advisors, Dr. Lisa Young and Dr. Laura Motta, has Been above and beyond my wildest expectations. Dr. Lisa Young has introduced me to the steps in undertaking an enormous research project, both in the structure of doing so and in how to win the emotional battle. I appreciate her availability and approachability in all aspects of my education. Dr. Laura Motta has given me extensive insight into academic writing through her thoughtful and helpful comments as well as guided me with her expertise regarding food in the Roman world. You have both helped me write a thesis of which I am proud. Without the help of my Honors Thesis Mentor, University of Michigan Graduate Student Emily Holt, I would not have had the opportunity to work on this exciting project. Her guidance on the subject matter and also on academic writing has been vital to my research. She allowed me access to her extensive database and faunal material from PARP:PS. I am so grateful for the hours she has spent training me as a zooarchaeologist in the laB and editing my thesis. You are a great role model to me. Thank you to my family and friends who have helped me throughout this process, especially my parents.