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Books.Scielo.Org> El desafío latino-americano cohesión social y democracia Bernardo Sorj Danilo Martuccelli SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros SORJ, B., and MARTUCCELLI, D. El desafio latino-americano: cohesión social y democracia [online]. Rio de Janeiro: Centro Edelstein de Pesquisas Sociais, 2008, 283p. ISBN: 978-85-7982-079- 3. Available from SciELO Books <http://books.scielo.org>. All the contents of this chapter, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. Todo o conteúdo deste capítulo, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribuição - Uso Não Comercial - Partilha nos Mesmos Termos 3.0 Não adaptada. Todo el contenido de este capítulo, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Unported. Sociología y Política EL DESAFÍO LATINOAMERICANO Cohesión social y democracia por BERNARDO SORJ DANILO MARTUCCELLI ESPAÑA MÉXICO ARGENTINA Sorj, Bernardo El desafío latinoamericano : cohesión social y democracia / Bernardo Sorj y Danilo Martuccelli - 1a ed. - Buenos Aires : Siglo XXI Editora Iberoamericana, 2008. 320 p. ; 22x15 cm. ISBN 978-987-1013-67-8 1. Política Latinomericana. I. Martuccelli, Danilo II. Título CDD 320.80 Todos los derechos reservados. Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier procedimiento (ya sea gráfico, electrónico, óptico, químico, mecánico, fotocopia, etc.) y el almacenamiento o transmisión de sus contenidos en soportes magnéticos, sonoros, visuales o de cualquier otro tipo sin permiso expreso del editor. Primera edición argentina, 2008 © Bernardo Sorj - Danilo Martuccelli © Instituto Fernando Henrique Cardoso © SIGLO XXI EDITORA IBEROAMERICANA S.A. Av. Independencia 1860 1225 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Telefax: 4381-5708 / 5878 Diseño de tapa :Domingos Sávio (adaptada por Alejandra Cortez) Diagramación: Verónica Suárez Queda hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Impreso en Argentina / Printed in Argentina Este trabajo fue escrito como contribución al proyecto Nueva Agen- da de Cohesión Social para América Latina, realizado por el iFHC- Instituto Fernando Henrique Cardoso y el CIEPLAN-Corpora- ción de Estudios para Latinoamérica. El proyecto fue realizado gra- cias al apoyo de la Unión Europea y el PNUD. Las informaciones y opiniones presentadas por los autores son de responsabilidad personal y no expresan necesariamente, ni comprometen, a las ins- tituciones asociadas al proyecto. Coordinadores del proyecto: Bernardo Sorj y Eugenio Tironi. Equipo Ejecutivo: Eduardo Valenzuela, Patricio Meller, Sergio Fausto y Simon Schwartzman. Revisión técnica del texto: Jorge Aldrovandi y Alejandra Pinto ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................. XI Cohesión social y democracia: entre voice y exit .............. XI Cohesión social, estrategias individuales e instituciones XIV El espacio analítico de la cohesión social ....................... XIX La recomposición de la cohesión social ....................... XXIV Conclusiones .......................................................... XXVIII I. LAS TRANSFORMACIONES DEL LAZO SOCIAL .....1 1. Introducción ................................................................1 2. Religión y religiosidad ..................................................6 El universo de afiliaciones religiosas .............................8 Religión y Estado ....................................................... 12 Religión y política ...................................................... 15 Religión, democracia y cohesión social ....................... 16 3. Relaciones interétnicas y democratización................... 18 De las dinámicas societales a las aspiraciones individuales ............................................................... 19 Desigualdad social, lazo social y cuestión étnica en el mundo andino .................................................. 21 4. Espacios y dinámicas urbanas ..................................... 25 La ciudad como espacio de modernización y de fragmentación cultural ........................................ 27 La ciudad y la exclusión social .................................... 29 Espacio urbano y espacios virtuales de comunicación .. 33 La ciudad, la reticencia y la cohesión social ................ 37 5. Medios de comunicación, industria cultural y cohesión social ....................................................... 41 VIII Bernardo Sorj - Danilo Martuccelli ¿Un nuevo ligamento para la cohesión social? ............. 42 Las identidades y la cohesión de los jóvenes en la era de los medios ............................................... 49 6. Emigraciones ............................................................ 55 La emigración: algunos datos ...................................... 56 Migraciones y flujos de individuos, redes y culturas .... 59 Los desafíos políticos de las migraciones ..................... 63 Emigración y cohesión social ...................................... 66 7. Conclusiones ............................................................. 68 II. ACTORES COLECTIVOS Y FORMAS DE REPRESENTACIÓN .............................................. 71 1. Introducción: ruidos en la formación de voice ..................................................................... 71 2. Sindicatos .................................................................. 73 Las reformas estructurales y el debilitamiento de los sindicatos ......................................................... 75 Situación actual .......................................................... 82 Perspectivas ................................................................ 88 3. Partidos políticos ........................................................ 90 De la crisis de representación al reformismo institucional .............................................................. 91 Un enfoque sobre el malestar con los partidos ............ 93 ¿Más allá de los partidos políticos?.............................. 96 4. Sociedad civil ............................................................. 99 Sociedad civil y sistema político .................................. 99 Las ONGs en América Latina ................................... 102 5. El cambio de los perfiles militantes ........................... 105 El fin del militante histórico ..................................... 106 El activista pragmático .............................................. 108 6. La emergencia del público ........................................ 111 La opinión pública ................................................... 111 El espacio público .................................................... 114 La esfera pública ....................................................... 117 7. Conclusiones ........................................................... 121 ÍndiceIntroducción IX III. PROBLEMAS Y PROMESAS: ECONOMÍA INFORMAL, CRIMEN Y CORRUPCIÓN, NORMAS Y DERECHOS ........................................... 125 1. Introducción: Una cultura de transgresión ............... 125 2. Violencia urbana armada en América Latina ............. 131 El crecimiento de la violencia ................................... 131 Victimización y grupos de riesgo .............................. 136 3. Drogas, crimen organizado y Estado ........................ 140 Tráfico de drogas y deslegitimación .......................... 140 El crimen organizado y la perversión de la cohesión social ................................................. 143 Crimen organizado y patrimonialización del Estado ..... 146 4. Las amenazas de la corrupción ................................. 148 Corrupción económica y desarrollo .......................... 149 Corrupción política y democracia ............................. 151 Corrupción, normas y cohesión social ...................... 154 5. La cuestión judicial .................................................. 156 Las reformas del judiciario ....................................... 156 El judiciario como espacio de la política .................... 161 Justicia y cohesión social .......................................... 164 6. Conclusiones ........................................................... 166 IV. ESTADO, NACIÓN Y POLÍTICA(S) EN LOS ALBORES DEL SIGLO XXI.......................... 169 1. Introducción: Estado y sociedad, una relación prismática ............................................ 169 2. El Estado: continuidades y desafíos ........................... 172 La larga marcha del Estado en América Latina ........... 172 El Estado en la encrucijada de la globalización ......... 177 Desafíos del Estado de bienestar en América Latina . 179 3. Consumo: bienes individuales y colectivos ............... 183 Mercado y anti-mercado en América Latina .............. 183 Consumo individual y dinámica política ................... 187 Bienes públicos y democracia ................................... 191 4. Nuevos discursos políticos y democracia: ¿retorno del populismo? .......................................... 195 X Bernardo Sorj - Danilo Martuccelli La trayectoria del gobierno de Hugo Chávez ............ 196 ¿Un nuevo modelo para América Latina? .................. 199 Crisis de representación, populismo y democracia ... 204 5. La nación y el desafío de las identidades .................... 211 La nación y los retos del siglo XXI: una introducción 211 Políticas étnicas y ciudadanía ................................... 216 Multiculturalismo y democracia: más allá
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