OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 57 NO. 4 FALL 2007 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio BACK ISSUES OF OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST Term 1956 thru 1967 out of print Expires A.S.O. OFFICERS 1968 - 1999 $ 2.50 2008 President Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 1951 thru 1955 REPRINTS - sets only $100.00 44512(330)788-1598. 2000 thru 2002 $ 5.00 2003 $ 6.00 2008 Vice President Michael Van Steen, 5303 Wildman Road, Add $0.75 For Each Copy of Any Issue Cedarville, OH 45314 (937) 766-5411. The Archaeology of Ohio, by Robert N. Converse regular $60.00 2008 Immediate Past President John Mocic, Box 170 RD #1, Dilles Author's Edition $75.00 Bottom, OH 43947 (740) 676-1077. Postage, Add $ 2.50 2008 Executive Secretary George Colvin, 220 Darbymoor Drive, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally Plain City, OH 43064 (614) 879-9825. out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office for prices and availability. 2008 Treasurer Chris Rummel, 6197 Shelba Drive, Galloway, OH ASO CHAPTERS 43119(614)558-3512 Aboriginal Explorers Club 2008 Recording Secretary Cindy Wells, 15001 Sycamore Road, Mt. President: Mark Kline, 1127 Esther Rd., Wellsville, OH 43968 (330) 532-1157 Vernon, OH 43050 (614) 397-4717. Beau Fleuve Chapter 2008 Webmaster Steven Carpenter, 529 Gray St., Plain City, OH. President: Richard Sojka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY 14004 (716) 681-2229 43064(614)873-5159. Blue Jacket Chapter 2010 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, OH President: Ken Sowards, 9201 Hildgefort Rd„ Fort Laramie, OH 45845 (937) 295-3764 43064(614)873-5471. Chippewa Valley Chapter TRUSTEES President: Eric Deel, 585 Diagonal Rd., Apt. #1119, Akron, OH 44320 (330) 762-4108 2010 Carl Harruff, Box 81, Sparta, OH 43350 (419) 253-4804. Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 2010 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 45331 President: Norman Park, 4495 W. High St., Mantua, OH 44255 (330) 274-2171 (937) 548-0325. Dividing Ridges Chapter President: John Mocic, PO Box 170, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 (740) 676-1077 2010 Brian Foltz, 595 Copeland Mill Rd., Ste. 1A, Westerville, OH Flint Ridge Chapter 43081 (614)890-6706 President: John Lutz, 21 South 24th St., Newark, OH 43055 (740) 344-8647 2010 Doug Hooks, 1414 Woodville Rd., Mansfield, OH 44903. Fort Salem Chapter 2008 Walt Sperry, 15515 Nixon Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 President: Joe Beavers, 843 Ohio Pike, Cincinnati, OH 45245 (513) 753-4461 (740) 507-2685. Fulton Creek Archaeology 2008 Randall Hackworth, 1063 Moulton-Ft Amanda Rd., President: Randy Cheney, 173 Beatty Ave., Richwood, OH 43344 (740) 943-5321 Wapakoneta, OH 45895 (419) 657-6657. Johnny Appleseed Chapter 2008 Tony DeRegnaucourt, 106 North Street, Arcanum, OH 45304 President: Doug Hooks, 1414 Woodville Rd., Mansfield, OH 44903 (419) 564-2811 (937) 692-8669.2008 King Beaver Chapter 2008 Frank Otto, 7700 New Delaware Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 President: Chuck King, 44 Shenango Rd., New Castle, PA 16105 (724) 654-2868 (740) 393-3326. Kokosing Chapter President: Paul Hothem, 934 East High St., Mt. Vernon, OH 43950 (740) 397-5778 Lake County Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Doug Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd., Willoughby, OH 44094 (440) 942-0563 Mike Rusnak, 1642 Friar Road, Stow, OH 44242 Mad River Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 President: Chuck Oliver, 2717 Stoney Creek St., Springfield, OH 45504 (937) 390-0889 Steven Kelley, P.O. Box 1, Seaman, OH 45679 Mahoning Valley Chapter James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH President: Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598 43210 Maumee Valley Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 8375 Heilman Dr., New Carlisle, OH 45344 President: Charles Carroll, 7771 St. Rt. 15, Defiance, OH 43512 (419) 658-4415 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 45331 Miamiville Arch. Chapter Brian DaRe, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Gary Hicks, 4113 Pee Wee Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45244 (513) 271 -2069 Dr. Robert Morris, Dept. of Geology, Wittenberg University, Mound City Chapter Springfield, OH 45501 President: John Bamhart, 200 Northridge Rd„ Circleville, OH 43113 (740) 474-4608 Gary Fogelman, 245 Fairview Rd., Turboville, PA 17772 Mowkon Chapter ASO Webmaster - Steven Carpenter - www.ohioarch.org President: Ron Siebeneck, 17420 County Road 18Q, Fort Jennings, OH 45844 (419) 642-0030 All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Muskingum Valley Chapter should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: Steven House, 1279 Glenwood Ave., Zanesville, OH 43701 (740) 454-1580 changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Paint Creek Chapter ness Manager. President: Mick VanSteen, 5303 Wildman Rd., Cedarville, OH 45314 (937) 766-5411 PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Sandusky Bay Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH 44889 (440) 839-2512 SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Seccauim Archaeological Chapter MEMBERSHIP AND DUES President: Brenda Galinas, 601 West Warren St., Bucyrus, OH 44820 (n.a.) Six Rivers Chapter Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the President: Frank Otto, 7700 New Delaware Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 (740) 393-3326 first of January as follows: Regular membership $25.00; Individual Life Standing Stone Chapter Membership $750. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published President: Joel Embry, 7503 Col-Lancaster Rd., NW, Carroll, OH 43112 (614) 833-1175 quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Sugar Creek Chapter Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. President: David Reed, 24695 Scott Drive, Wooster, OH 44691 (330) 264-2639 PUBLICATIONS Their Fires Are Cold Chapter Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad Rd., Sandusky, OH 44870 (419) 627-6254 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H Walhonding Valley Chapter Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H President: Vince Fry, 28449 County Rd. 25, Warsaw, OH 43844 (740) 824-5171 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H Wolf Creek Chapter The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse...$25.00 add $2.50 P-H President: Richard Henry, 685 Miller Rd., Waterford, OH 45786 (740) 984-2199 BUSINESS MANAGER Peggy Potter, 6478 Winchester Blvd., Suite 120, Canal Winchester, OH 43110 Business Phone 1 -800-736-7815 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 One of Ohio's Finest Boatstones by Shaun Place 3 Archaic Bevels by Robert N. Converse 4 The Dr. Charles Metz Excavations at Madisonville and the Prehistoric Effigy Pottery by D.R. Gehlbach 8 A Classic Adena Point and A Fluted Point from Northern Rocky Falleti Ohio by Robert Mohr 10 A Large Archaic Axe from Union County by Don Asman 11 We are starting the New Year with many exciting things in Geographic Distribution of the Hafted Side-Scraper prospect for our Society. Plans for the symposium in May are well in by Leland W. Patterson 12 hand. Enclosed in this issue is an attendance application. You will Large Archaic Knife from Portage County, Ohio miss a good time and a chance to hear some great speakers if you by Michael Rusnak 13 don't attend. This function is provided for you, our members, and to A Knife River Fluted Point from Ohio be a smashing success we need your participation. If you would like by Robert N. Converse 14 to contribute to the symposium fund - a tax write-off - let any of our My Ancestry by DNA by Lew Crowell 16 officers know. LiDAR or Light Detection and Ranging Systems: A New Election of new officers is set for our Annual Meeting in May. Now is the time to declare your candidacy if you feel you would like to Mapping and Survey Tool Useful in Archaeological Field serve your Society. We always need new people and new ideas. Research by Stanley Baker 18 Our membership drive was not as successful as we had hoped - A Rare Adena Gorget Type — Rounded Corner but we are still trying and with cooperation of our Chapters we can Quadriconcave by Robert N. Converse 20 gain many new members. Remember, giving a membership to our What The Hell Are They Doing: Some Thoughts on Society as a gift is a great idea. Paleoindian Behavior by Dr. J.M. Adovasio 22 We are continuing our efforts of weeding out the fakes and fakers Erratum 25 - we will not let up on this quest. Remember, before you buy at a Archaeology of the Ohio River Valley Symposium 26 meeting ask one of our experienced members for his opinion. It will The Cave of Dead Men's Bones by James L Murphy. . 28 save a lot of problems. Historic Stoneware Potteries in Manchester, Adams Our meetings with the Ohio Historical Society have not been fruitful to say the least. Our only goal was to make the world aware County, Ohio by James L Murphy 30 of the importance of Ohio's archaeological heritage by publishing Artifacts from the Noakes Collection only a few of the myriad of artifacts in the OHS collections - which by Tom Noakes 34 belong to the people of Ohio. However, so many obstacles are arbi­ Obituary - Gordon E. Noakes, Ph.D 34 trarily put in our path that it is virtually impossible. However, we have A Delaware County Dovetail by Betsy Medici 35 not given up on this quest and will exert every bit of influence Letters to the Editor Policy 35 possible to gain access to these collections for our members and Mad River Chapter 36 Ohio taxpayers. New Book - Footpaths to Ancient Campsites in Copley At this time I would like to wish everyone Merry Christmas and a Township, Ohio by Robert D. Haag 37 prosperous New Year and may it bring world peace to all. A Fluted Point from Licking County by Don Johnson . . 37 President In Memory - David Smith 38 Winners of the 2007 Field Find Contests 38 C/CJ& Winners of the Best Ever Field Find Contest 2007 39 7 Robert Converse Honored for 40 Years of Service to the ASO 39 Back Cover

Front Cover: One of Ohio's Finest Boatstones (Shaun Place). This boatstone was found during the Great Depression by Sheriff Kelly in a garden along Glenwood Creek near Wapakoneta, Auglaize County, Ohio. The stone it is made from is a close-grained green granite conglomerate with yellow quartzite inclusions. It was sold at a household goods sale in Wapakoneta. The piece is virtually pristine and smoothly polished from end to end. The perforations are drilled from the bottom with conical holes which barely pierce the top. The scooped out interior portion is also smoothly polished and it is easy to tell that great care was taken by a master Archaic craftsman in creating this fine piece.

3

ARCHAIC BEVELS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

The Archaic Bevel is one of the most and there are some Archaic Bevels made chipping a new one. In many instances of common points in the Ohio area. There is of Flint Ridge jewel flint. such repair the remnants of the original scarcely an Archaic site anywhere which In the old days some collectors called notches can be seen as tiny indentations hasn't yielded at least one example of the them "spinners" with the idea that when on the top of the base - or in some exam­ type and some sites have produced them attached to a spear shaft and thrown they ples they can be felt rather than seen. in abundance. Thousands of them were would rotate in the air because of their There are a few types which share manufactured and its use seems to have beveled design. The theory, of course, Archaic Bevel attributes. The so-called crossed many Archaic cultural boundaries was totally flawed - they were never Ohio Thebes, the Expanded Notch, the in the Midwest. The Archaic Bevel comes mounted on spear shafts nor would they, Notched Base type, and occasional Frac­ as close as any tool - flint or stone - because of their heavy design, spin if tured Base points. The Thebes type is not which might epitomize the Archaic period. thrown. Archaic Bevels were tools - and as heavy in cross-section but is frequently There are certain general characteris­ heavily used ones. They were attached to beveled. The Expanded Notch point is tics that are present in nearly all bevels. a short and sturdy handle and employed often included in the type because it is They have a heavy, flat, tabular blade - as cutting, scraping, sawing and beveled - but it has a number of differ­ usually with the same thickness from end butchering tools or for any other of the ences including a thinner cross-section to end. It is rarely lenticular in cross-sec­ myriad needs for an all-purpose imple­ and a more delicate base. It too is often tion. The base is heavy and usually fan- ment in the day to day existence of the damaged. The Notched Base point is shaped - (more about basal design later). Archaic Period. more often than not beveled and is almost Exceedingly heavy basal grinding can be Numerous Archaic Bevels display heavy always serrated and made of Coshocton seen in all examples. Serration of blade wear and breakage. In fact, it is the heavy flint. Fractured Base points are occasion­ edges is not uncommon. damage - breakage of the barbs, bases, ally beveled - some exceedingly so - and Beveling of the blade edges is, of course, tips and edges - which makes whole and some share a slightly similar heavy blade. the distinguishing attribute but not all points undamaged examples a real rarity. The All these types have a few common char­ with beveled edges - and there are many Archaic Bevel - in undamaged condition - acteristics but are not true bevels. of them - are true bevels. Many collectors was in the early days of collecting one of To demonstrate the importance of don't understand that beveling is not part of the most sought after flint varieties among Archaic Bevels to the prehistoric Indians of the design but is a result of continual re- collectors and still is today. 5,000 to 10,000 years ago, the meeting sharpening of the blade sides. Many bevels One characteristic, often overlooked by theme at the November State ASO meeting were sharpened to exhaustion and then even experienced collectors, is the fact was Archaic Bevels. Several hundred spec­ made into hafted scrapers. A curious char­ that a great many bevels have had their imens were seen in the numerous displays acteristic is that when re-sharpening bases broken off but were salvaged by re- brought by our members. occurred, every effort was made to save the barbs in their entirety. Pristine examples - those which have seen minimal use - have little more than a row of tiny rejuvenation flakes along the sides of the blade since it is only with con­ tinual sharpening that beveling is achieved. These pristine specimens are rare and the few I have seen have little or no basal grinding. When viewed with the base upward, Archaic Bevels are all right-handed - that is the beveling can be seen on the right side of the blade. Apparently left-handed Indian flint knappers were scarce. Over the years I have heard numerous stories of left-handed bevels but nearly every one of such examples is not a left-handed bevel but a different type point with left hand beveling. The true Archaic Bevel is rarely "left-handed." Flints used in the manufacture of Archaic Bevels came from nearly every known Ohio source. Many extra-Ohio flints can also be seen in the type but Carter Cave, Indiana Green and Indiana Hornstone are in a minority especially at a distance from quarry locations. Flint Ridge flint is not at all uncommon in Ohio Figure 2. (Converse) Pristine Archaic Bevels.

5 )

Figure 4. (Converse) Fractured Base points with bevels.

Figure 3. (Converse) Beveled Notched Base points.

Figure 5. (Converse) Beveled Ohio Thebes type points.

Figure 6. (Converse) An Archaic Bevel made of Indiana Green. It is one of the few examples I have seen in which the re-chip­ ping of the blade edges was not completed. The unfinished portion - upper left - would eventually have been chipped away leaving a barb as on the upper right. Figure 7. (Converse) Bevels collected from the surface of the Florence Farm, Madison County, Ohio. Example third row, right, has been made from a broken bevel. Remnant of previous notch can be seen upper left part of base. Bottom two examples have been used to near exhaustion.

7 THE DR. CHARLES METZ EXCAVATIONS AT MADISONVILLE AND THE PREHISTORIC EFFIGY POTTERY by D.R. Gehlbach Columbus, Ohio Dr. Charles L. Metz, a physician and res­ mantle. Many were adorned with multiple Effigy pottery found in Ohio is not diag- ident of Madisonville, Ohio was an impor­ burial furniture items such as shell dippers, nostically Fort Ancient in terms of its tant early researcher of prehistoric sites in bone tools and handled pottery bowls. origin. In fact to find effigy pottery of any southwestern Ohio (Figure 1). As a result The flurry of excavations conducted by kind at any prehistoric site in Ohio is most of the extensive number of late nineteenth a variety of researchers including Metz unusual. It can be theorized that the few century fieldwork projects he executed in lasted at Madisonville from 1878 to 1911. pots at Madisonville that received adorno and around Cincinnati, the first significant The final tally was over 1300 burials and treatment were originally inspired by more collection of Fort Ancient artifacts was many thousands of diagnostic Fort southerly situated Mississippian people, gathered and documented. The Fort Ancient artifacts. probably migrating through the region or Ancient Indians of the Late Prehistoric During 1881 noted archaeologist F. W. visiting Madisonville. It is also possible Period (circa 1000AD to 1450AD) were Putnam of Harvard University visited the that the Madisonville population contained sedentary agrarians who lived on a series site. And in 1882 he became the major an interloping element of Mississippians of floodplain sites associated with the Ohio sponsor of field work on behalf of the uni­ who briefly moved into the area from the River and its tributaries. The crowning versity with Metz serving as project super­ southern part of Kentucky or the western jewel of Metz's relentless field work was visor. Most of the recovered artifacts extremities of the Ohio River drainage the exploration of the famous Madisonville subsequently became the property of The system. Another possibility is that multiple site, located southeast of the village of Cincinnati Historical Society (Metz dona­ generation legacies such as effigy pottery Madisonville in Hamilton County. Most of tion) or Harvard University. Young Harvard- manufacturing were passed on to groups the site was situated on a ridge ranging trained investigators included J. R. eventually living in Ohio River region from 10 to 25 feet above a plateau fronting Swanton, Harlan I. Smith, and brothers, R. communities. the Little Miami River. Metz identified var­ F. Merwin and B. W. Merwin, gained valu­ Shown are two of the extremely rare ious elevated Madisonville features able field experience through their expo­ effigy pottery bowls from Madisonville. including an earthwork circle, a central sure to the substantial inventory of features Both were excavated by Dr. Metz and for tumulus, and an oval shaped tumulus inter­ and artifacts at Madisonville. some time were part of his personal col­ secting the outer southeast edge of the Whereas the majority of the finds at lection. They probably were burial inclu­ circle. Immediately to the west and south Madisonville were similar to the late Fort sions, likely placed next to the head of the were five mound-like features with an Ancient artifacts found later at other well- deceased (a common Fort Ancient prac­ average height of three to four feet. They known sites such as Fox Field in Mason tice). It can be surmised the pottery bowls were separated from each other by two to County, Kentucky and the Feurt Site in were designated as food containers - part three hundred feet. One fourth mile away Scioto County, Ohio a few of the pottery of a belief system to aid deceased individ­ to the northwest was a mound with a cir­ specimens featured unique effigy depic­ uals' living spirits in travels among other cumference of 200 feet and a height of tions and were more elaborate. Fort worlds or universes. The effigies por­ seven feet. A circular earthwork with a cir­ Ancient pottery with effigy decorations are trayed on the bowls may have played a cumference of 600 feet was situated four rarely found at Late Prehistoric Period symbolic role to help facilitate the journey hundred yards to the northeast of the latter sites in Ohio. Metz commented on the in the afterlife. feature associated with a four acre hillside effigy pots as follows; "bowls with bird-like Figure 2 shows the subject vessels. terrace known locally as "Pottery Field". or similar adornments were (very) The bowl at the top features an outwardly Considerable surface debris was found at uncommon. One is illustrated with my site facing image of a human head. The this location including pottery shards, report and fragments of two or three sim­ effigy's features are depicted in some points, flint chips, freshwater mussel shells ilar ones were found in the refuse, also detail. Its nose appears to be exagger­ and burnt limestone. The location later several heads broken from bowls of the ated. The effigy's chin seems to have proved to be a major cemetery lot con­ same general kind, including one which been painted with some type of black slip. taining literally hundreds of indiscriminately may have been intended to be a dog." Below it is a smaller vessel with frog effi- placed burials interspersed among trash/storage pits. Metz's notes described landscapes with more material remains including a number of low earth mounds in the immediate vicinity. He had first discov­ ered the Madisonville site in the mid 1870's and as early as 1878 began publishing reports of his cemetery investigations (Charles L. Metz M.D., The Prehistoric Monuments of the Little Miami Valley, Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Vol. 1 #3, October 1878). In just three plus years of fieldwork (1878-1881) Metz and his supporters uncovered over 800 burials and 228 pottery vessels at Madisonville. More than 75 percent of the interments were extended. Others were placed in the previously-mentioned pits. A majority of the burials were between 12 to 24 inches below the covering surface gies facing one another with their stages of Ohio's prehistory. Rare artifact Reference appendages extended. The portrayals are finds such as these effigy pottery vessels well executed (see Figure 3). Figure 4 provide an insight into the imported tradi­ 1920 Hooton Earnest A. and Willoughby shows another view of both effigy bowls tions and possible exchange practices of Charles C, Indian Village Site And with the photo of Dr. Metz. these early people. Thanks to Dr. Metz Cemetery Near Madisonville Ohio. The Madisonville Site provided many these trappings have been preserved for Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, diagnostic features representing the final future examination and study. Harvard University, Vol. VIII, No. 1

Figure 2. (Gehlbach) Human and frog shell-tempered pots, Madisonville Figure 3. (Gehlbach) Detail of frog effigy pot, Madisonville ceme­ cemetery site. tery site.

Figure 4. (Gehlbach) Dr. Metz and his excavated effigy pots. A CLASSIC ADENA POINT AND A FLUTED POINT FROM NORTHERN OHIO by Robert Mohr Holgate, Ohio This large Adena point (Figure 1) was part of a family collection which sold at a farm auction in Henry County, Ohio. The point is 4'A inches long and is made of Flint Ridge flint. The type is rare but it is a smaller version of some Adena points which have been found in mounds in Ohio (Figure 2).

Reference 1951 Kramer Dr. Leon G. Ohio Ceremonial Spears The Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 1 - No. 3 Columbus

Figure 2. (Mohr) Large 7% inch Adena spear found in the Lee Mound, in Preble Co. Figure 1. (Mohr) Adena point from Henry Co. - length 4'A inches. McPherson.

10 A LARGE ARCHAIC AXE FROM UNION COUNTY by Don Asman 193 Residence Drive Marysville, Ohio The Archaic three-quarter grooved axe - approximately 5,000 to 8,000 years old - was found lying on a shelf in an old farm wood shed. It was dust covered and had probably been there for decades. The farm on which it had been found is located near Big Darby Creek on Burns Road just off Robinson Road in the old German set­ tlement south of Marysville, Ohio. Since there are no implement marks, it does not appear to have been a field find but may have been discovered when the farmhouse or other farm buildings were constructed. The farm has been in the same family for several generations. The axe measures 7% inches long and 2% inches wide. It weighs 2lbs. and 13oz. It is so well fashioned that when placed on its flattened trailing edge it teeters nicely. The entire surface of the axe is smooth and polished and has a fine even patina.

Figure 1. (Asman) Axe found along Big Darby Creek in Marysville by Lora Rausch Polk.

11 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE HAFTED SIDE-SCRAPER by Leland W. Patterson Converse (1994:60) has described a as the Albany scraper, and is usually asso­ REFERENCES CITED flint artifact type that he calls the "hafted ciated with the San Patrice dart point type Converse, R.N. shaft scraper", from the Early Archaic (Patterson 1997a:Table 1; Turner and 1994 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological period of 10,000-7,000 BP (Converse Hester 1993:277), with a nominal time Society of Ohio range of about 10,000-9.000 RCYBP. In 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. The Archaeo­ 2003:51). Converse (1994:60) and logical Society of Ohio Rusnak (2007:31) have illustrated many the eastern part of the Southeast Wood­ Patterson, L.W. specimens of this artifact type. I prefer the lands, this artifact type is known as the 1991 The Albany-Edgefield Hafted Scraper. term "hafted side-scraper" because the Edgefield scraper. Examples of the Albany The Chesopiean 29(2):7-13 exact function of this stone tool type is not scraper from Southeast Texas are shown 1997a Paleo-lndian Notched Projectile Points known. This unifacial artifact type is made in Figure 1. The Albany-Edgefield scraper in Southeast Texas. Houston Archeo- from a flat flake with flake scars from is side-notched. The Albany scraper is logical Society Journal 119:2-14 manufacture on the dorsal face. One lat­ usually unifacial with a concave working 1997b The Albany Scraper in Southeast Texas. eral edge is concave to form the working edge (Figure 1B). There is an occasional Houston Archeological Society Journal edge. Hafting is done with side notches or bifacial specimen, and a few specimens 117:11-14 a stem at the base. Specimens discussed with straight (Figure 1A) or convex (Figure Rusnak, M. 1C) working edges. Patterson (1997b) has 2007 Remarkable Collection of Archaic by Converse and Rusnak are from Ohio, Hafted Shaft Scrapers. with one specimen noted from West Vir­ published a summary of the Albany Ohio Archaeologist 57(2):30-31 ginia. When the artifact base is in a down scraper in Southeast Texas. Turner, E.S. and T.R. Hester position, the working edge is always on In summary, the hafted side-scraper 1993 A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of the left. has a wide geographic distribution, Texas Indians, Second Edition. Gulf This artifact type actually has a wide throughout the Southeast Woodlands Publishing Co. geographic distribution in the eastern from East Texas to the Atlantic coast and United States. In the Southeast Wood­ extending to the north into West Virginia lands, the hafted side-scraper occurs from and Ohio. The time range of this artifact East Texas to the Atlantic coast (Patterson type seems to be confined to the Early 1991). In the western part of the South­ Archaic period in the eastern United east Woodlands, this artifact type is known States, perhaps from 10,000 to 8,000 BP.

Figure 1. (Patterson) Albany Scrapers from Southeast Texas.

12 LARGE ARCHAIC KNIFE FROM PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO by Michael Rusnak 4542 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224 Figures 1 & 2 show two sides of a siz­ able Archaic Side Notch point. It meas­ ures 5!4 inches in length and VA inches in width. The piece has a heavily ground base and does not appear to have a lot of retouch. However, the upper third near the tip is reworked and finely flaked. A slight narrowing of its outline near the tip can be seen in the photographs. ASO member Pat Layshock found the knife in Paris Township of Portage County on the Suzellis Farm along the edge of a field that abuts the West Branch of the Mahoning River. It is difficult to identify what kind of material was used to make the knife. Its color differs on each side, perhaps due to lying in the same position for many cen­ turies. One side is chocolate brown in color and appears to have a lot of iron bits included in the material as well on the surface patina. The reverse side is a much lighter tan color. While it is not as colorful as many Ohio flint pieces, close inspection of this knife reveals some fascinating qualities of its own. It is evident that the iron inclusions may have made the material difficult to work. Pat pointed out that "in spots, the inclusions caused several raised areas on the surface of the blade" where they pre­ vented flakes from neatly - or predictably - snapping off. Still, despite these imper­ fections in the material, the ancient flint smith who made it was able to create a very functional knife - one with some finely touched edges on the business end. In short, what you had was a lesser quality material being worked by a good craftsman. In Ohio Flint Types, Robert Converse dates Archaic side notched pieces to 7,500 B.C. in the Early Archaic. He notes that for a side notch, "Five inches is con­ sidered exceptionally large." Pat found the artifact in June of 1999 on a day where he had "cabin fever" while Figures 1 & 2. (Rusnak) Obverse and reverse of Archaic Knife found in Portage County in the vicin­ recovering from a surgery. He recalled ity of the West Branch of the Mahoning River. that it was so hot that day, the farmer feared he might have to come looking for him. Pat is a member of the Mahoning Valley Chapter of the ASO and lives in Newton Falls, Ohio.

13 A KNIFE RIVER FLUTED POINT FROM OHIO by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio The Knife River flint quarries are Chris Lamb - with the balance of a faces. We have no idea whether the point located in Dunn and Mercer Counties, broken Knife River point discovered when was manufactured in North Dakota and North Dakota. One of the best and most Gramly excavated the site (Figure 4). carried to Ohio, or whether it was brought comprehensive reports on these quarries Over the years I have seen a couple of or even traded here as a pre-form and was done by Arnold Fredrickson and Knife River fluted points which purported finished in Ohio. printed in the Ohio Archaeologist Volume to be from Ohio. Unfortunately, the flint Thus, we have another piece of the 50, Number 3 (Fredrickson 2000). One knappers now have access to Knife River Paleoindian puzzle. Whatever its history, might ask what these quarries - a thou­ flint and a number of spurious creations - it is proof of the far ranging bands of sand miles from Ohio - have to do with both fluted and Hopewell - have early people - perhaps some of the first the Ohio River Valley. In fact, that there appeared on the scene. Thus, for a few humans to set foot in the area who are a number of spectacular Hopewell dollars, unscrupulous knappers will moved across the Ohio Valley from as far spears found in Ohio mounds made of potentially ruin the interpretation of the away as North Dakota. Knife River flint - imported as one of the prehistoric occupation of the Ohio Valley. famous Hopewell exotica 2,000 years Shown in the accompanying pictures References ago. and illustration is a genuine Knife River 1988 Gramly, Richard Michael fluted point from Ohio. Unfortunately, the Discoveries at the Lamb Site, But, strange to say, Knife River flint has Genesee County, New York prehistoric connection with our state only information on its provenience is that The Ohio Archaeologist which dates back to 12,500 years ago, it was found around Plain City, Ohio, and Vol. 38 - No. 1 - Columbus long before the Hopewell period. Paleoin- probably near Big Darby Creek. dian fluted points of Knife River flint have This fluted point is 3'A inches long - 2000 Frederickson, Arnold been reported from several sites east of part of the basal portion is missing - and The Source of H. C. Shetrone's the Mississippi, one of the easternmost may have been at least 4'A inches long "Translucent, Amber-Colored Chal­ being from the Lamb Site in upper New when it was made (Figures 1, 2). The cedony" The Ohio Archaeologist York State. There, archaeologist Mike broken end - part of the fluted portion - Vol. 50 - No. 3 - Columbus Gramly, a nationally known Paleo expert, was fashioned into a scraper by the Pale- matched the basal fragment of a Knife oindian who broke it (Figure 3). The point River fluted point - found by farm owner is well patinated even on the broken sur­

feh

Figure 1. (Converse) Obverse and reverse of Knife River fluted point, (slightly larger than natural size)

14 Figure 3. (Converse) End of broken base showing flaking which made the Figure 2. (Converse) Drawing of point showing probable point into a scraper. missing portions. Marks at side show length of basal grinding.

Figure 4. (Converse) Dr. Michael Gramly at the Lamb Site in New York. Gramly is holding the two halves of the broken Knife River fluted point.

15 MY ANCESTRY BY DNA by Lew Crowell 208 Woodedge Circle West Powell, Ohio 43065

Most of my family dismissed my attribute the results to your paternal or learned that Native Americans have dis­ father's claim that we were part Native maternal ancestry or both. tinctly shaped incisors referred to as American. No one ever questioned our I selected a lab and ordered the kit for shovel-shaped teeth. I have shovel- primarily German heritage dating back around $240. My kit arrived in a few days. shaped incisors. While this is known to ten generations in America. I doubted The kit contained four swabs much like physical anthropologists I was not aware that my father was correct and suspected Q-tips on a stick. I rubbed the inside of if it. I shared my test results with a he aggrandized his heritage. Recently my my cheek and then sent the swabs to the nephew who told me a dentist in Missis­ mother told me my paternal grandfather lab. That part was quick and simple. My sippi said he has Native American her­ told her there was Cherokee ancestry on test results arrived in eight weeks. itage. Our family knows a lot about the his side but she recalls no details. last few generations. We are fortunate to There is no way to verify the oral tradi­ Surprising Results have many photographs that have tion passed on by my father. The records Seven years after his death my father become more intriguing and we antici­ simply do not exist. The paper trail ends has been vindicated by a simple DNA pate receiving the DNA test results for my all too soon just two generations back. test. I was astonished to learn that I am mother and one son. I hope this will shed So was my father right and were the sto­ 91 % European and 9% Native American light on my maternal ancestors and give ries my paternal grandfather told my (Figure 2). Now that I know at least 9% of my sons some indication of the ancestral mother valid or were these just amusing my ancestors have been here for much origins attributable to their mother's side tales with no basis in reality? longer than ten generations I have a of the family. For many years a cousin, Mary Ann desire to know more. As a result I have Warner, has been researching our read several books such as The Educa­ Conclusion ancestry through the traditional search of tion of Little Tree by Forrest Carter, It is interesting how this piece of infor­ birth certificates, death certificates, farm Cherokee Nation by Robert J. Conley, mation has influenced my thought deeds, census records, family photo­ The Frontiersmen by Allan W. Eckert and processes, piqued my interests, and kin­ graphs and so on. Mary Ann has col­ Indian Oratory compiled by W. C. Vander- dled my imagination. Did some of my rela­ lected most of the old family photographs werth. tives perish along the Trail of Tears when and has recorded what was written on The discoveries continue to mount. over 4,000 Cherokees died while being them as well as any information passed Since receiving the DNA results I have forced to relocate to Oklahoma from North down from one generation to the next. Carolina on foot under brutal conditions? A growing curiosity about my ancestry Or were they among those who sought led me to look more closely at the photo­ refuge in the mountains? How many of my graphs. I'm not sure a picture is worth a forebears, both European and Native thousand words when it comes to ances­ American, engaged in mortal combat due tral heritage but it is interesting to look at to the westward expansion of the United photographs and speculate whether a States? I may never know the answers to particular great grandparent may have these questions, but due to DNA testing I been part Native American. I have have developed empathy and sympathy included a picture of my paternal grand­ for that part of my ancestry that struggled father's mother (Figure 1). Many other to maintain dignity and their way of life, but photographs lead to similar ancestral were forced to adapt in more ways than I speculation. can imagine. Recalling oral tradition and looking at photographs resulted in a desire to learn more about my ancestry if at all possible. Unfortunately my interest in ancestral her­ itage comes long after my father's death and the deaths of all of my father's rela­ tives from prior generations. It is too late to have the discussions readily available Genelree years ago. I decided to order a DNA test. Certificate of Ancestry Getting Started Figure 2. (Crowell) My paternal great grand­ This certifies that mother, Mary Ann Crowell, 1851-1923, Getting started was easy. I performed Lew E. Crowell daughter of Levi and Hulda Bamhart Young. an Internet search with good results by Do her dark hair and dark eyes reflect has been tested by DNAPrint Genomics. Inc. for genetic ancestry searching on terms like DNA test or American Indian ancestry? Buried in Mound Ancestral DNA test and had several pro­ Cemetery, Eaton, Ohio. ANCESTRYBYDNA 2.5 ductive hits. Ancestral DNA tests vary by RESULTS forS140660RG type and price. The simple formula is, the ANCESTRY more information desired the more it will likely cost. It is possible to learn about European ancestors or which Native fllfc East Asian Test completed on October 01, 2007 Americans contributed to your heritage. Qanoltea DNA TaMmg Cenlw 2«95 Sotiltt Wi'M Tempi* DNA labs have the ability to determine Figure 2. (Crowell) Certificate of my ancestry by ancestral mix and they have the ability to DNA.

16 ARCHAIC BEVELS from the Collection of Dennis Link, Felicity, Ohio

17 LiDAR OR LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEMS: A NEW MAPPING AND SURVEY TOOL USEFUL IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD RESEARCH by Stanley Baker, Office of Environmental Services Ohio Department of Transportation, 1980 West Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio 43223

The early history of Ohio archaeology nologies has improved our ability to collected every six feet. Within a year, was written in parallel with the survey of accurately locate archeological sites. At topographic maps with one foot contours sections and ranges, towns and town­ one time only major sites, like earth­ can be expected. Specialized aerial sur­ ships; turnpikes and canals; and topog­ works, were surveyed. Now, the new veys with even higher resolution are cur­ raphy and landscape. Today, many of the technology is commonly employed to rently being conducted experimentally to mound sites that once dotted Ohio are determine the precise location of indi­ document existing state infrastructure or only known through the efforts of trained vidual artifacts when the need arises. where future roadways might be located land surveyors. Many of the most well Currently, the laser transits with data on the landscape. known field archaeologists came from a collectors are thought of as simple instru­ ODOT is also considering other appli­ background that included land survey. ments having now been used for a cations of LiDAR in non-constructional, Since survey work is the handmaiden of number of years. However, survey tech­ environmental realms. One of ODOT's archaeological research, the accurate nology continues to change. At the recently completed LiDAR surveys col­ mapping of archaeological sites has beginning of the 21st century, the Ohio lected data across an area which always been dependent on the individual Department of Transportation and institu­ included Serpent Mound in northern surveyor's ability and the quality of the tions like The Ohio State University have Adams County, Ohio. The Serpent instrumentation carried. Archaeological been experimenting with more complex Mound images represent the first experi­ interpretation is directly related to the laser data collection systems or LiDAR ment to map an archaeological site with quality of the field data collected. New (i.e. Light Detection and Ranging sys­ LiDAR technology. The attached figures tools and methods may not always tems). This first generation LiDAR is actu­ of Serpent Mound are not artificially cre­ improve accuracy but they do reduce ally a kind of transit but one raised on ated site illustrations but represent a effort and can improve our ability to inter­ computer steroids. These new LiDAR detailed survey where an imaging pro­ pret archaeological data. units are aerial born, with high speed gram used digital data to draw oblique views of the site and the terrain sur­ In the late 18th and early 19th cen­ data collection. Historically, the surveyor rounding it. The second visual image is a turies, mapping technology was limited thought in measurements per minute. marriage of the raw terrain data with digi­ to the 66 foot segmented chain and the Today, LiDAR triangulation and distance tized aerial photographic data. Essen­ surveyor's compass resting on a Jacob's data is being measured in kilohertz, or tially, the aerial photographic data was staff. Later, instrumentation was data collect in the tens of thousands of draped across the interpreted terrain improved with the telescopic theodolite. pulses per second. The resultant data model from LiDAR. Unlike 2D photo­ In the late 20th century, methods gathered by these new instruments is graphs, the elevation data or vertical improved with the advent of laser tran­ being managed by high speed computers scale can be enhanced to improve visual sits, computerized data collection, and and terrain modeling programs. analysis. Current terrain modeling pro­ the expanded use of aerial photography The number of data collection points grams allow for instantaneous rotation of in conjunction with traditional on-the- per square meter is only limited to the the view or horizontal perspective and ground land survey efforts. As survey imagination of the surveyor and how quick adjustments to the vertical per­ methods changed, how sites were physi­ much data can be affordably collected. spective. Another advantage with LiDAR cally recorded also changed. The devel­ Point density is based on scanning width over visual light photograph is it has less opment of aircraft and the lessons which is a function of the height of the sensitivity to vegetation. Furthermore, a learned through military application, aircraft above the ground surface. Like­ LiDAR data can be gathered relatively made accurate aerial survey possible. In wise, linear distance between scans is quickly compared to traditional survey Ohio, mound sites were first recorded controlled by airspeed and the pulse rate methods. Errors can be calculated and from the air soon after WWI. ODOT's per second. Rectification of collected corrects made to mere centimeters. aerial engineering department dates its data is achieved through fully overlapping origins to just after WWII, or March 1946. collection bands and the simultaneous In the future, the LiDAR technology Today, the Office of Environmental Ser­ collection of real-time satellite global might be used to redetect now lost sites. vices routinely studies the thousands of positioning data. The collection of data at LiDAR might also be used to map the aerial photos which have accumulated 70kHz (Kilohertz) from about 2000 feet, physical relationship of various site ele­ over the last 70 years to help locate sig­ with a scanning width of about 15 ments now segmented by modern devel­ nificant archaeological resources. degrees, and with a moderate airspeed opment. Ground based LIDAR systems Unlike earlier eras, survey methods can easily produce a data density set of also exist. These can be used to create have changed exponentially in the last five points per square meter. Greater rectifiable images of historic buildings and fifty years. Laser instruments have accuracy is only limited by survey time structures. Potentially, they could also be replaced natural light, cross-hairs and and the size of data storage found in the used to instantaneously map small sites, measuring tapes. Field notebooks have technician's computer. distribution of individual features within a been replaced by on board computers This technology makes both conven­ complex site, or create a 3D image of a which collect the data. PCs are also used tional topographic maps with 20 foot con­ rockshelter. LiDAR can also add texture to in analysis, to digitize photographs, and tours and engineering cross-section at 100 conventional infrared photography and rectify the resultant images. Satellite foot intervals nearly obsolete. A state-wide other forms of remote sensing data. Once based "Global Positioning Systems" or topographic map is easily within the grasp LiDAR instrumentation becomes more GPS units are now small enough to be of current technology. Currently, the entire widely available, one is likely to see its carried in the pocket. Each of these tech­ state is being flown with data points being widespread use in archaeology.

18 Acknowledgements: •• The author would like to thank the Ohio Department of Transportation, particularly the Office of Environ­ mental Science and Office of Aerial Engineering, Ohio Department of Transportation for assistance in preparing this article. The author was assisted by Gary Penn, GIS specialist and Jason Watkins, both with the Office of Environmental Services, who offered comments si. and help to prepare the LiDAR images. Information included in this s article was also derived from research being conducted at the Department of Civil and Environ­ mental Engineering and Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University. Data for the Serpent Mound survey was collected and the resultant images were originally prepared by Dr. Joe Tack, GIMS Administrator, Ohio Army National Guard, Facilities Management Office, Columbus, Ohio. The Office of Environmental Service would like to thank Dr. Tack and the Office of Aerial Engineering for use of these images.

Figure 1. (Baker) Oblique LiDAR topographic image of the Serpent Mound Area.

Figure 2. (Baker) LiDAR image of Serpent Mound enhanced with aerial photographic data.

19 A RARE ADENA GORGET TYPE - ROUNDED CORNER QUADRICONCAVE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

One of the primary problems in studying types of slate gorgets and pen­ dants is that not many collections contain enough examples to make any conclu­ sions about their style, materials used, size, scarcity, distribution. Only when one can examine large groups is it possible to make any more than vague conclusions about the type attributes. In the facing color plate are eight Adena gorgets which are at best uncommon. These examples are in the collection of David Root, Harbor Springs, Michigan. David Root is an astute collector and his collection is probably one of the most complete in America and contains numerous exam­ ples of nearly every type of slate known - the eight specimens shown being only part of this exceptional collection. On the upper part of this page are two examples from my own collection. The top example being one of the finest of the type known was first collected by the late Charles Smith of Indiana and was found in Randolph County, Indiana. The smaller gorget is made of brownish-red slate and was found in Champaign County, Ohio. This type is obviously related to the well-known Adena quadriconcave gorget but differs in a number of respects. It also has a few similarities to the extremely rare Hopewell reel-shaped gorget. Typically, this gorget is heavy in cross- section and may be from % to % inch in thickness. The perforations may be like typical so-called "Adena drilling" - having conical holes the upper ends of which barely pierce the surface - but this is unusual. More often this type is drilled with holes which have been reamed out from both top and bottom. One of the distinguishing characteristics is that they seem to be less precisely made than most Adena quadriconcave gorgets - having corners which are always rounded and less angular and acute. Over all, most examples of the type appear to have all their edges rounded and Figure 1 (Converse) Rounded Corner Adena Quadriconcave gorgets. Top, collected by Charles Smith in smoothed. In a group they are consis­ Randoph County, Indiana. Bottom, Champaign County, Ohio. tently uniform in appearance and are a distinct but rare type. however, that none except the Ross The material in this type is almost always As with many prehistoric artifacts, dis­ County and Clinton County gorgets occur banded state - sometimes red or brown tribution patterns are difficult to deter­ varieties - and often with shades of yellow mine. Of those shown, find locations are in what is considered the heart of the or tan. In several examples the banding in from Vermillion Co., east central Illinois to Adena culture area. the slate is parallel to the length leaving Ross County in south central Ohio. Until broad contrasting bands. I have never seen more such gorgets are reported such pat­ an example of anything but slate. terns prove little. It is interesting to note,

20 Brown Co., Indiana - 2% in. Clinton Co., Ohio - 2% in. Licking Co., Ohio - 2% in.

Vermillion Co., IL - 3 in. Williams Co., Ohio - 31/ in. Huron Co., Ohio - 2% in.

m, * M

Ross Co., Ohio - 33/ in. Ohio - 33/4 in.

Figure 2 (Converse) Eight Rounded Corner Adena Quadriconcave gorgets from the collection of David Root, Harbor Springs, Michigan.

, 21 WHAT THE HELL ARE THEY DOING: SOME THOUGHTS ON PALEOINDIAN BEHAVIOR by Dr. J.M. Adovasio Director, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute Mercyhurst College, Erie, Pennsylvania

Reprinted from the first ASO Symposium On the 12th of October 1492 as all of certainly colored our view of Paleo especially from our perspective today, you know, Columbus slogged ashore on Americans or Paleoindians, and their these tools were found in apparent the Caribbean Island of San Salvador or behavior up to the present moment. association with the bones of extinct Samana Cay, and almost instantly A series of events beginning in the and often clearly large animals, like the encountered its aboriginal inhabitants, early nineteenth century have both reconstruction of Rhinoceros Merki. In the Arawaks speaking Taino who were strongly influenced our notions of Pale- 1838, Boucher de Perthes' finds were soon to be extirpated. Either Columbus oindian life ways, and determined our displayed in Abbeville and then Paris, himself, or more likely one of his crew perception of later Ice Age or Upper and within three years he published the soon posed a series of questions that in Paleolithic behavior in the northern treatise invidiously called, "De La Crea­ one form or another have been asked reaches of the Old World as well. While tion" - "On the Creation". The reception ever since. Who are these people? the publication of Charles Lyell's "Prin­ of all this was muted to say the least, Where did they come from? How did ciples of Geology" opened up the minds but Boucher de Perthes kept on col­ they get here and perhaps most vexa- of educated Europeans to the basic lecting, and by the mid-1850s additional tiously, when did they arrive? Columbus notion of truly deep time, it was also evidence was gathered by other naturally thought he knew where these suggested at least indirectly, the scholars near Amiens and St. Acheul. people came from because he believed heretical possibility that the human Gradually, French geologists warmed to he had landed in the East Indies. Fol­ pedigree was far more ancient than a lit­ Boucher de Perthes' views as anti-balu- lowing the mindset of the times, it was eral reading of the book of Genesis vian humans or some archaic thereof, clear to him that these Indians were Asi­ might allow. By championing and ranged Ice Age Europe with some atics who had always been there. In due refining Hutton's notion of uniformitari- remote time in the past. In 1859, a dele­ course however, when Balboa traversed anism, Lyell also informs scholars and gation of British geologists, all of whom the Isthmus of Panama on the 29th of laymen alike, of the tremendous and had been engaged in similar research in September in 1513, conclusively usually slow forces that had shaped, England, certified Boucher de Perthes' demonstrating that the West Indies were and were still shaping the planet. Two conclusions, and soon thereafter still not part of Asia or any other place other scholars working independently other discoveries began to mold an known to Europeans, Columbus' postu- reached the same basic conclusions image of the past, which would filter lation collapsed. It is perhaps ironic that about one of these fundamental forces: across the Atlantic in short order. Cen­ it has taken over 500 years to answer ice. The ichthyologist turned geologist, tral to this image were primitive men these late fifteenth century questions, Louis Agassiz in "Etudes sur les clad in furs, operating in bitter cold, and and with the degree of resolution that Glacier", published in 1840, and the using stone weaponry to dispatch for­ suggests we may have years to go lesser known, but perhaps more midable Pleistocene beasts. Man the before they sleep. Instead of dealing insightful mining engineer, Johann Von hunter was born. with the usual who, where, what and Charpentier in his essay, "Sous La Obviously, critical to this scenario when queries, I prefer to address the Glace", published in 1841, both were the emergent discoveries of glacial question that Columbus never would addressed the tremendous power of geology and the repeated co-occur­ have thought to ask. Specifically, when ice, not only to scope the landscape as rence of stone tools with large Pleis­ the First Americans arrived in the New you heard this morning, but also to tocene fauna. However, several much World at their own Columbian moment, affect the distribution and viability of less evident, but even more potent what were they doing and how did they entire species of both plants and ani­ shaping forces were at work. The first live? This simple line of inquiry has mals. Indeed, some years earlier was the tyranny of preservation which many nuances of course, including what another German Professor A. Bernardi usually permitted only stone tools to be was the level and nature of their tech­ inferred that ice had once covered recovered from archaeological sites, nology? How were they distributed much of Europe as far south as Ger­ thus elevating this class of technology across the landscape? What was their many. to what any ethnographer knows is population size? How were they organ­ Thanks to these scholars, ice would under deserved prominence. The ized and on what did they subsist? We second was gender bias, a less subtle have no reason to condescendingly soon be elevated to one of the main environmental props on the prehistoric and far more pernicious force. All of the think ourselves to be above the kind of early scholars who shaped the man the errors Columbus made in answering his human stage, and many emergent ideas about ancient human behavior would be hunter mosaic were men, and given the own set of questions. It is obvious that even then known fact that stone tool modern scholarly answers to the ques­ set in a harsh, unforgiving, and perpetu­ ally frigid landscape. Many scholars making and use are normally associated tions I just posed have been strongly with males, a double bias or bias shaped by the history of the debate on would add human actors to this stage, but perhaps the most influential was the squared resulted. In a marvel of circu­ the issue, and our own unique intellec­ larity, male scholars reconstructed Ice tual biases. Although time does not French Customs Inspector and amateur paleoanthropologist, Jacques Boucher Age life ways based almost exclusively permit a detailed discussion of this field on the one class of tools normally made of inquiry's long projectory, I think some Crevecour de Perthes. Beginning in 1837, Boucher de Perthes collected by males. It was a small wonder then measure of a synopsis would be valu­ that scholarly articles, popular publica­ able because our intellectual history has flake stone tools from ancient gravels along the Somme River. Significantly, tions, murals, dioramas, and other

22 museum displays were soon filled with ciple, I will discuss the sites and the that clearly suggest adaptations, and dramatic confrontations between specialized hunter scenario in terms of mobility patterns very different from intrepid, usually muscle bound, fur clad, environment and climate, settlement those positive in the Clovis model. This stone wielding males, and huge beasts. patterns, site types, mobility tech­ conclusion is even more strongly rein­ Conspicuously absent from these nology, subsistence and seasonality. forced by examination of Clovis sites admittedly exciting tableau; this is one The non-Clovis sites include what one like Shoop, Thunderbird, Williamson, of my all time favorites, this assumes might call the usual suspects: Meadow- Carson-Conn Short, and especially that not only could they dig a pit big croft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania, Gault in Texas. enough to hold a Columbian mammoth, Cactus IFER in Virginia, Topper in South Gault is a very large, deeply stratified, but that the mammoth would stagger Carolina, and Monte Verde in Chile. open site covering more than 30 acres into the pit and stand there long enough The Clovis sites I will discuss include on the Edwards Plateau of Central to be stoned to death. Conspicuously, Gault in Texas, Shoop in Pennsylvania, Texas. Not only have archaeologists on absent again from these tableau were Thunderbird and Williamson in Virginia, the Gault Excavation Team identified virtually any other kinds of tools or Carson-Conn Short in Tennessee, and and examined later Paleoindian mani­ activities with the possible exception of Hiscock in New York. Though preserva­ festations like Folsom and Midland, but wooden spears, and much more signifi­ tion is imperfect at all but one of these perhaps more significantly they have cantly, there are no women, there are no localities - Monte Verde, and collec­ also recovered almost 500,000 pieces children, and there are none of the aged tively they indicate lifestyles dramati­ of flake stone, as well as bone ivory and of either sex. cally different from what, until the past animal teeth attributable to Clovis times. Now let us fast forward more than a decade, was the received wisdom. Gault contains the largest collection of century and shift the focus to North None of the non-Clovis or Clovis sites Clovis materials from any one site in America. By the mid 1960s, the Ice Age noted above occurs in a region that was North America, and according to Mike men in furs killing big animals adventure permanently cold, or characterized by Collins its Principle Investigator, it may story, had ballooned into a voluminous exclusively cold-adapted or Tundra veg­ have yielded fully half of all the Clovis Tolstoyrian grand epoch, thanks largely etation, even during the climatically rig­ material found in stratified contexts in to the efforts of male scholars. Man the orous Late Pleistocene. Indeed, all of all of North America. exterminator of entire genera of crea­ them occur within continental climate This density of material, which is tures had replaced man the oppor­ regimes that would have necessitated echoed at Shoop, Williamson, Thunder­ tunistic hunter. He had evolved from a multi-season adaptations, from the initi­ bird, and Carson-Conn Short by no plotting predator to a highly mobile spe­ ation of human presence throughout the means, reflects the pattern of a few arti­ cialized killing machine, and his stone duration of human occupation. Unfortu­ facts, left by a handful of highly mobile tool of choice was the Clovis fluted pro­ nately, the compelling legacy of the men mammoth hunters. Instead, such sites jectile point. Not only was this widely in furs scenario, causes many of us to are obviously base camps or in Euro­ distributed and highly diagnostic item forget what my colleague, the Paleo pean terms, aggregation sites, which apparently a highly effective piece of anthropologist Olga Softer so often clearly indicates the presence of large weaponry, it was the signature artifact stresses, "the Late Pleistocene may and perhaps seasonally, sedentary pop­ of the First Americans, even if it was have had 30,000 winters, but it also had ulations, a situation that is again at actually invented after they got here. 30,000 summers." As will be discussed sharp variance with the traditional Following its initial discovery in the below, multi-seasonality implies Clovis, small population/high mobility 1930s, the Clovis point soon became lifestyles radically different from those model. the most visible part of a supposedly of the traditional Clovis model. None of According to conventional wisdom, distinctive, biface dominated toolkit, the sites under discussion, including a the durable Clovis toolkit is essentially allegedly employed by small groups of couple that have yielded remains of uniform across its vast range. Its salient rapidly mobile hunters who specialized large extinct fauna, Hiscock and Monte features, in addition to its hallmark in the taking of a variety of large Late Verde, represent the kind the large fluted projectile points, are however Pleistocene fauna, notably mammoths, multi-animal kill sites that the special­ remarkably few in number, and all of and their leaf-chewing woodland ized hunters scenario predicts would be them never occur together on the same cousins, mastodons. Central to this ver­ so common in the Clovis archaeological site. Putatively, this homogeneous suite sion of the man as specialized hunter record. Indeed, recent comparative of artifacts is dominated by bifaces, scenario were low populations, small, research by Grayson and Meltzer indi­ may include unifaces including "rare temporary, all but invisible camps, a cates that, "bonafide Clovis era faunal large blades", and can include so-called generally uninformed stone based tech­ kill sites are so extraordinarily rare, that shaft straighteners or shaft wrenches, nology, and a post-12,000 B.P pedes­ their very scarcity undermines the tradi­ as well as beveled boned points. In trian entry across the Bering Straits, tional focused hunting scenario." point of fact, apart from an apparent with a concomitant dispersal through Additionally, none of the non-Clovis predilection for high quality lithic raw the interior Ice Free Corridor between sites resembled the ephemeral bivouacs material, there is great diversity in the Cordilleran and Laurentian Ice thought to be associated with the puta­ Clovis lithic assemblages from site to Sheets. tively, rapidly moving First Americans. site, and region to region. This extends For the remainder of this presenta­ The stone lined fireplace is one of those among other things from the presence, tion, I propose to evaluate this scenario on the occupation surfaces deep in absence, and volume of blades, which in terms of the series of New World sites Stratum IIA at Meadowcroft. Cactus Hill were actually quite common at some of putatively pre-Clovis age, as well as a and probably Topper are also seasonal Clovis sites; to the reduction sequence number of sites attributable to the campsites, while Monte Verde is a and even the final forms of the Clovis Clovis horizon. In the case of the pre- bonafide long-term base camp, or semi­ points themselves. Upon close scrutiny, Clovis sites, I will treat them as contem­ permanent hamlet, witnessed by one of there is actually nothing that unifies the poraries with Clovis, a position I might the architectural forms at that site, and so-called Clovis toolkit except its signa­ note that is taken by a dwindling the residential architecture in another ture projectile point, and it is noted number of scholars who are not quite part of the site. All of these sites exhibit these can be highly variable. ready yet to plunge into the pre-Clovis cultural features, activity areas, and suf­ The durable technology of the non- pit. Furthermore, as an organizing prin­ ficient artifacts or ecofactual remains Clovis sites discussed here is even

23 more variable, than that evident at there is nothing in the Monte Verde portation. Netting in particular, and this Clovis localities. The Miller Complex assemblage remotely reminiscent of incidentally illustrates the fineness of toolkit from Meadowcroft Rockshelter Clovis. some of this early Upper Paleolithic and contemporaneous loci, and the From these few but telling examples, material from Europe. Here is the outline Cross Creek Drainage includes, unfluted it is abundantly clear that there is not a of a net running down the center with lanceolate points, a range of bifaces homogeneous durable Clovis toolkit per the netting knot in the middle, on a cast and other unifaces, and most distinc­ se, nor is there a single Paleo American from Dolni Vestonice. Netting in partic­ tively, small prismatic blades that were lithic pattern or complex that is even ular, with its potential applications in the detached from small, cylindrical, poly­ vaguely analogous to the genuinely manufacture of bags as well as hunting, hedral blade cores. Despite earlier sug­ homogeneous toolkits of later times, in fishing and fowling, affords the vehicle gestions, nothing in the Meadowcroft the New World or the Upper Paleolithic for the non-confrontational, large scale Miller Complex toolkit can be conclu­ of the Old World. While the absence of or mass harvesting of diverse terrestrial, sively linked to Clovis. Despite the lack standardization in durable technology is marine and avian fauna. Moreover, net of a Clovis connection, there is interest­ highly significant sui generis, it hunting provides a medium that based ingly a more than passing correspon­ obscures the much more fundamental on ethnographic analogues, frequently dence or congruence to, or with the technological issue. involves individuals of both sexes and all ages. Cactus Hill non-Clovis toolkit. As at Unfortunately, because of the tyranny Meadowcroft, the Cactus Hill lithic suite of preservation and the persistence of Additionally, since the manufacture of reflects a small core blade technology, the testosterone-soaked male focus most plant-based, fiber technologies, is that which at least two kinds of small view of the past, vastly disproportionate usually associated with female labor, quartzite cores are locally flaked with attention has been paid to these lithic the hitherto, long ignored role of soft stone hammers, or hardened billets artifacts, and their presumed impor­ females in Paleoindian life ways, is to produce small prismatic blades or tance in roles in Paleoindian life ways. brought into very sharp relief. Support blade-like flakes. Also represented are At its root, this litho-centric world view for this perspective and glimpses of this thin subtriangular or lanceolate unfluted is based on a radical undervaluing of technology are visible at a small number bifaces, which may be projectile points the roles of nondurable technologies, of early Paleoindian sites. These notably or hafted knives. especially plant fiber-derived products include the recovery of simple plaited Even further removed from the Clovis in the adaptive success of hunter-gath­ 1/1-interval basket wall fragments from durable technology pattern are non- erers in all environmental settings, Meadowcroft, single ply S-twist cordage Clovis materials from Topper. This site specifically including the far north. That from Monte Verde in Chile, and most has produced an enigmatic assemblage this bias should continue to charac­ recently, a remarkable positive cast of a consisting of small, utilized flakes, terize mainstream American, European, close, diagonal twined, Z-twist weft bag burins and burin spalls, true microb- or World archaeological thought, is fragment from a Clovis context at His­ lades and microblade cores, and a enigmatic and troublesome in my cock in New York. By stressing the variety of unifaces, at least one of which opinion, especially given the demon­ potential walls of fiber artifacts in Pale­ may be a core tablet from a microblade strated antiquity of prehistoric plant oindian life ways, we are not minimizing core. There are no bifaces. manipulation in both the Old and New the importance of tailored furred As many have noted, furthest, both Worlds. The same observation could be clothing, the development of weather­ literally and technologically from the made about watercraft, but Dennis will proof housing, the elaboration of food Clovis pattern, is the lithic assemblage be addressing this shortly. storage and preservation capabilities, or even the invention of atlatls and projec­ from the multicomponent site at Monte Basketry and textiles, specifically Verde, which consists of 692 speci­ tile weaponry in facilitating the suc­ including clothing and containers, are cessful penetration of the New World. mens, divided into two groups. The first now well documented for various Upper group includes 90 specimens whose Paleolithic populations of Europe, and All these innovations doubtless facili­ form is predominantly the result of their manufacture and use presently tated movement into the New World, human agency. Of these, 24 are unifa- extends back from 29,000 to 27,000 and thereafter the success of the first cially or bifacially flaked, and include years ago. Tools made for their produc­ arrivals. Moreover, they also helped to four bifaces, three notched pieces, two tion are even older. In many parts of the explain how this momentous event choppers, a core, and 14 flakes. Upper Paleolithic sites yielding bas­ occurred. Indeed, successful coloniza­ Pecking, grinding and polishing shape ketry, textiles, the presence of cordage, tion could not have occurred without an additional 54 pieces, and the and cordage by-products, and espe­ these cold weather technological inno­ remaining lithic artifacts are 12 thermal cially netting, are documented. The co­ vations. Significantly, many of these spalls. The second group of artifacts existence of these interrelated technological activities, notably the tai­ consists of 454 generally nondescript, industries early in the Upper Paleolithic, loring of clothing, whether of fur or fiber, and technically unstandardized items may well prove to be a critical compo­ are the normal province of females. If that were shaped primarily by natural nent in the behavioral repertoire of fur clad, spear wielding males, remain agencies, but which exhibit minimal, but anatomical modems, and a signature an enduring part of the Ice Age saga, distinctive cultural modifications, and/or artifact of behavioral modernity. More­ the fact that they would be naked clear evidence of human use. It is well over, the only slightly later co-occur­ without female agencies, should also be worth noting that very few of the Monte rence of these technologies in the recalled. As noted above, it has been Verde lithic artifacts are temporally Russian Far East, suggests that not only long considered holy writ that Paleoin- diagnostic in and of themselves. are these non-durable crafts part and dians, especially Clovis folks and their Indeed, with the exception of the three parcel of later Paleolithic Old World life Pena-contemporaries, were specialized projectile point fragments that seem to ways, they are also part and parcel of big game hunters. However, as I noted have affinities to the El Jobo type, the the armamentarium of the First Ameri­ when Grayson and Meltzer reviewed bulk of the lithic assemblage is remark­ cans. The early elaboration of basketry, some 76 Clovis Age sites that yielded able only for its ad hoc or expedient textiles, cordage, and netting, has faunal remains, only 14 provided strong character, but very low number of potentially profound implications evidence that early Paleoindians hunted curated tools, and the near complete because of their multifaceted roles in such mammals. Of these cases, 12 con­ lack of formalization. Suffice to say, food procurement, storage and trans­ tained the remains of mammoth and

24 two of mastodon. Moreover, none of the mastodon, and more often focused on a connected images of the myriad facets sites produced positive evidence for the mixed diet of caribou, white-tailed deer, of their lifestyles. While there are human predation of any of the other 32 elk, smaller game, fish, and a broad obvious implications of this behavioral genera of Late Pleistocene fauna that assortment of plants. As in western complexity to Columbus' other ques­ became extinct at the end of this era, North America, the Paleoindian period tions: who, where, what and when, I will and whose termination has traditionally in eastern North America grades almost leave those implications to others who been credited to Clovis or contempora­ as imperceptively into the Archaic. have already spoken in this symposium, neous groups. While there have been All of the foregoing suggests that the or who are yet to speak and conclude reposts to this research, it seems clear traditional view of Clovis-age life ways with this little vignette. that the hunting of large Pleistocene in particular, and Paleoindian behavior At a recent conference in Weimar, beasts was nor the focal point of Pale­ in general, are drastically oversimplified Germany, I reported the documentation oindian subsistence in procurement for a variety of historical, preservational, of the earliest cordage, textiles, netting, behavior. In this regard, it is interesting and gender biased reasons. The and basketry impressions in Europe. that one each of the Clovis and non- received wisdom has focused almost These materials happen to occur in the Clovis sites discussed here contained exclusively on the big game hunting Pavlovian version of the Gravettian Pleistocene mega fauna, but in both activities of prime aged males in cold techno complex, which surpasses even cases - Hiscock and Monte Verde, the weather, and has excluded virtually all Clovis in being steeped in the atmos­ results of the remains are attributed to other activities by all other players in phere of big game hunting machismo. scavenging activities and not hunting. In every season. Clearly, this frost-tinged Czech scholars never failed to point out sharp contrast to the specialized hunter snapshot of the First Americans is erro­ to their American counterparts that at scenario, many of the sites discussed neous. While one cannot deny that the one of these sites - Dolni Vestonice, here, as well as other Clovis Age and opportunistic hunting of big game ani­ there are a thousand dead mammoths, later Paleoindian localities, document mals by males did occur, this activity more than all the dead mammoths in all instead a generalized, raw spectrum was a small part of a much larger and the archaeological sites in the entire subsistence regime, which occasionally infinitely more complicated behavioral New World in one place. When apprised included, but was never restricted, to repertoire. This is the image that the that Pavlovian populations were the exploitation of Pleistocene mega National Geographic did, with the prime weaving fine clothing, producing bas­ fauna. In western North America, Pale­ aged male hunter image out in front of kets, manufacturing cordage, and oindian subsistence strategies did the Continental Ice Sheets south of cordage by-products like net bags and include the systematic predation of both Lake Erie, and of course they are doing humming nets, one of the obviously dis­ extinct and modern bison, but they also what manly hunters do. I love the off- traught local scholars plaintively asked, exploited a wide array of small to the-shoulder look of the guy on the left. "Are you saying that they weren't medium size game, as well as plants, The guy on the foreground of course, is hunting elephants?" Olga Soffer's waterfowl, and many other non-mega removing meat with a stone tool and answer to the query can also serve as faunal resources. Significantly, in at eating it raw, and the next image I sug­ our final word here. "No", she said, least one case, the net hunting of gest you should also burn into your "they did kill elephants, but they also mountain sheep is well documented. heads, but for different reasons. did a whole lot more." In eastern North America, Paleoin- 'Obviously, for preservational reasons Thank you for your patience. dians only occasionally, if ever, hunted we are only getting scattered and dis­

Erratum In "The Flip Side of Turkey Foot Rock" by James Murphy (Summer 2007), an incorrect caption for Figure 13 was given. The caption should read: Turkey Foot Rock, right side up, in front of the Sewah Studios historic marker erected in the spring of 1931. The signifi­ cance of this photograph lies in the fact that it confirms the rock was still oriented right side up as late as the spring of 1931. Anthony Wayne Parkway Board Archives (photo purchased from The Ohio Historical Society.)

25 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY SYMPOSIUM MAY 16-17, 2008

i, '''•''«". a , This color plate will be part of the Archaeology of the Ohio River Valley Symposium Program, May 16-17, 2008.

26 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY SYMPOSIUM MAYf 16-17, 2008 ! ^HBHHV y^

4

^fWelcome to the third ASO symposiumf. Wu have# again assemble d a diverse and knowledgeable group of presenters who will provide detailed information on the archaeology of the Ohio Valley. We encourage you to visit the book and display rooms and see the marvelous artifacts that will be a highlight of this event. | Please do not forget that our State Meeting is on Sunday, and we JI always have a large turnout and some of the best artifacts on display ; (y ^-» 1 at this meeting.

Sincerely, ! Dr. Richard Sissou K . Ron and Jan ilelman ^ M The Symposium Committee ^J l^V •6 W ^r ^r ^^B »^~ •

J

This color plate will be part of the Archaeology of the Ohio River Valley Symposium Program, May 16-17, 2008.

27 THE CAVE OF DEAD MEN'S BONES by James L. Murphy Professor Emeritus The Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, OH 43210 An 1847 letter to the editor of the Logan Unfortunately, although the shelter is on into the river and made a speedy retreat Hocking Sentinel describes a "surprising state property, it had been almost com­ that night. Ascending the river some miles, discovery" near present-day Conkle's pletely gutted by comparatively recent (in re-crossed upon their rafts, from thence it Hollow in Hocking State Forest. According 1980) potholing. Looking over the back dirt is thought they crossed to Pine creek to the writer, Joel Gibison, later postmaster produced only a few small flint chips, sev­ where they encamped to bury those who of nearby Gibisonville, "after hearing that eral fragments of deer-bone, small naiad had died, of wounds, on their retreat." one of my neighbor's boys had found the shell fragments, part of a turkey humerus, A glance at a map, however, makes it skull bone of a human being under a small and a robin ulna. A large, elongate sand­ evident that Edwards' theory that the cleft of rocks in this neighborhood, several stone slab with more than a dozen pits human bones found in the rock shelter of us resorted to the place where the bone also was seen at the back of the shelter belonged to defeated Shawnee warriors was found, which place is some six or (Fig. 2). No ceramics or other artifact mate­ is an unlikely explanation, as the most seven miles from the mouth of Big Pine, on rial was noted, but no attempt was made direct route from Point Pleasant to Corn­ the north-west side of said creek, on the to re-excavate the backdirt of the previous, stalk's town would have been the land of Lewis Conkle, under a small shelf unknown investigators. Kanawha Trail, northwest from Gallipolis or cleft of rocks. There we commenced Except for rock shelters such as "The directly along the waters of Raccoon digging and clearing away the earth, and to Cave of Dead Men's Bones," the upper Creek and Salt Creek instead of the our great astonishment, in addition to the reaches of Pine Creek offer few likely sites round-about path needed to strike the skull bone which was found by the boy, we for major prehistoric occupation. Checking waters of Big Pine, which flows across found three other skull bones, and under the drip lines along the ledges and cliffs of Laurel Township of Hocking Co. (Wilcox jaws with their teeth. Some appeared as Conkle's Hollow itself revealed only a few 1933: 191-193). Although Conkle's perfect as when they were put there. We scattered,flint chips. From Conkle's Hollow Hollow is only some twenty miles from found many other bones, such as leg downstream, alluvial and glacio-lacustrine Circleville and about the same distance bones, arm bones, back bones, breast­ terraces occur along the valley and these from Chillicothe, it is quite out of the way bones, ribs, shoulder blades, and a large have yielded scattered chippage and a few of the Kanawha Trail. It seems more likely number of lesser bones of the bodies. points, notably two broken MacCorckle that these remains were prehistoric Those bones were found in the edge of Stemmed bifurcate base blades, indicating burials and that the original excavators Benton Tp., Hocking County, Ohio. What at least transient occupation of Pine Creek failed to note whatever nonskeletal makes it more astonishing is that the place valley as early as the Early Archaic. remains were present. has been frequently visited and some of In 1850 another account of "The Sin­ Edwards concluded his account of the the bones were within two or three inches gular Cave' was presented in the Logan "Cave of Dead Men's Bones" with a of the surface of the earth, while some Hocking County Republican, written by an lengthy poem, "A Thought Upon Those were twenty inches underground. Many otherwise unidentified F. Edwards. He had Dead." Though perhaps best left buried in conjectures have been made already, but visited "the cave of Dead Men's Bones the microfilmed pages of the Hocking there is no telling how or when those near Mr. John Barton's" in 1848, when the Valley Republican, the closing lines are human beings got there; but from the skeletons were originally discovered. quoted here: decayed state of the bones, I should sup­ Inquiring of Mr. John Kelley, "an old pio­ pose that many years have elapsed since neer of the west," Edwards was told that they were deposited there-say fifty years or O warrior, brave warrior, no never gain, the remains were those of Shawnee more." (Gibison 1847). Shall home, love or kindred thy wishes Indians. "The 10th of November, 1774, the sustain; Because Gibison's description of the 2d division of the Earl of Dunmore's army, Unbles't and unhonor'd, in pine creek location of this "small cleft of rocks" is commanded by Gen. Lewis, at Point must lay, fairly specific, the author was able in Pleasant, had a destructive battle with the In a cave of salpeter this frame shall 1980 to locate the spot. Lewis Conkle Indians, whose loss was upwards of two decay. owned land in the northwest quarter, hundred killed and wounded. The Indians Earl Dunmore, this tomb's in remem- northwest quarter of Section 3, Benton were commanded by Cornstalk, king of berance of thee, Township, as late as 1876 (Lake 1876: Shawanees, who then resided at Chilli- While the sand in the cave shall their 35). His land lay on both sides of Big Pine cothe. This son of the Forest was by no winding sheet be, Creek, just upstream from the mouth of means deficient in foresight and skill. And winds, in the midnight of winter, Crane Hollow, which is the first tributary Obtaining early intelligence of the plan of their dirge, upstream from present-day Conkle's the campaign against them concerted by While many brave comrade[e]s felt Hollow. Here, Hocking County Road 11, the Earl and Gen. Lewis, he made a most Ohio's surge. as well as a State Forest bridle path, par­ prudent military arrangement to attack the This mansion's near Barton's, in a cave allel Big Pine Creek. A small ledge of forces of his opponents separately. By just below. Black Hand Sandstone outcrops along forced marches he reached the Point Around the white bones doth saltpeter the road (DeLong 1967) just above the before Dunmore's division, and the wary grow; mouth of Crane Hollow, and this is almost savage left Lewis'no chance of retreat. Had In the county of Hocking this tomb is certainly the site that yielded the human Lewis been fallen the Earl must have enrol'd, skeletal remains more than 160 years ago shared the same fate, but the Indians We say, Indian warrior, peace to thy (Fig. 1). failing in the enterprise, threw their dead soul.ijj

28 References Edwards, F. Lake, D. J. DeLong, Richard M. 1850 "The Singular Cave." Hocking County 1876 Atlas of Hocking Co., Ohio. Titus, Sim­ 1967 Bedrock Geology of the South Republican. February 7,1850. mons & Titus, Philadelphia. Bloomingville Quadrangle, Hocking and Vinton Counties, Ohio. Ohio Division of Gibison, J. Wilcox, Frank N. Geological Survey, Report of Investiga­ 1847 "Surprising Discovery." Hocking Sen­ 1933 Ohio Indian Trails. The Gates Press, tions 63. Columbus. tinel, October 14, 1847. Cleveland.

Figure 1. (Murphy) "The « Cave of Dead Men's Bones" -'•" as it appeared '-•• in 1980.

m Nfe

•<*

Figure 2. (Murphy) Pitted stone at the back of the rockshelter.

29 HISTORIC STONEWARE POTTERIES IN MANCHESTER, ADAMS COUNTY, OHIO by James L. Murphy Grove City, Ohio Introduction kinds of stoneware, fruit jars, and stone another son of George Weaver, and has pipe," the stone pipe probably being pipe Known historic potteries in Adams Co., provided considerable information on the for water or sewer lines or drainage tile. Ohio, are confined to the Ohio River village Weaver family. George C. Weaver (b. 1809) There is a small Albany slip glazed presen­ of Manchester, where the earliest was an and father Henry J., moved to Catlettsburg, tation jug signed on the bottom in script: unknown potter who was working as early Kentucky, about 1839, although in 1850 Charles C. Parkes/ Manchester/ Ohio/ Sept as 1820, producing $400 worth of lead- the family was in Perry Twp., Lawrence Co. 13 1878 and given to Miss Lucy J. White, glazed crockery ware annually. Because 1860 found them in Catlettsburg and 1870 Portsmouth, Ohio, which is suggestive of rock outcrops in the county are confined to in Manchester. Andrews' brothers David the importance of river traffic to the pottery the Ordovician and Silurian systems, which H., George W., and William H. all potted in (Fig. 4, 5). It also indicates that John do not provide good clays for pottery pro­ Knoxville, Tennessee (Faulkner 1981). Parkes' son was working in the pottery at duction, the 1820 pottery may have used Unfortunately, there are no known pieces the age of 16. He was still working there in surface clays to produce its crockery, of Manchester stoneware with the marks 1880. Pieces marked Parkes & Co. (Figs. 6, which undoubtedly was low-fired redware, Weaver, Weaver & Parkes, or Weaver & 7) are even more rare than Means pottery. but no examples of these wares are Bradford. Andrew J. Weaver appears to known. By 1850, the transportation facili­ By 1883 the firm had become Bates, have been potting in Manchester as late as ties provided by the adjacent Ohio River Sibley & Co., consisting of A.B. Bates, 1890, but by 1900 the widowed Andrew, permitted good stoneware clays to be Charles S. and John Tolle. The June, 1885, his daughter and two grand-daughters had obtained economically from mines in the Sanborn Fire Insurance map shows this joined his brother William at Paris, Henry Pennsylvanian strata of Ohio and Ken­ pottery owned by A.B. Bates & Co., and the Co., Tennessee, where William had built a tucky, and also allowed profitable shipping 1886 Sanborn Fire Insurance map shows pottery around 1894 (Smith 1979: 114). of the finished products downstream to the pottery at the same location as the This pottery was out of business by 1908 Cincinnati and other markets. former Parkes pottery. The Bates, Sibley, {Ibid: 115), and Andrew turned to general and Tolle firm included Vermont-born farming. Walking along the Ohio River bank below Charles Sibley, whose sons Frank N., Her­ Front St. in Manchester, one finds the boat bert, and Edward probably also worked ramp into the Ohio literally paved with Archaeological Considerations there, and John F. Tolle, born in Kentucky stoneware sherds, and careful search While part of the history of these various but potting in Manchester from at least reveals sherds impressed with the mark of Manchester potteries might be elucidated 1870 to 1880. Bates himself does not "A. Means" (Fig. 1). by deed and probate records, archaeolog­ appear to have been a potter, however. By ical testing could also provide considerable 1904 the Sanborn insurance maps indicate History information. What amounts to archaeolog­ that the pottery at this site was known as Archibald Means' pottery is listed on ical pedestrian survey along the Man­ the Manchester Pottery Co. And by 1912 Front St. in the 1870 Products of Industry chester "waterfront" has located the site of the pottery was gone. There are no known schedule, producing 5,000 gallons of the landing from which Archibald Means examples of Manchester stoneware with stoneware a year. Means was 37 years old loaded his stoneware onto river boats. Fur­ any of these names. at the time with wife Sarah and two young ther study might determine whether this sons, William and Archibald, Jr., $10,000 of By 1883 Charles C. Parkes had become was also the site of the various potteries real estate, and $21,500 of property. By the junior member of Weaver & Parkes, associated with Andrew Jackson Weaver, 1880 he had moved to Peru, Illinois, and indicating a different pottery in Manchester. as seems likely. was no longer engaged in potting, working Although its exact location has not been Both the Parkes and the Means potteries instead as a manager in a zinc manufac­ determined, it is logical to assume that it are indicated on a crude panoramic view of turing company. Only a few rare pieces of was on the site of the old Means pottery. Manchester appearing in Caldwell's 1880 marked A. Means Manchester pottery are Archaeological testing might determine atlas but provide little information about the known (Figs. 2. 3). this. Three years later, Weaver and Parkes structures. Survey of the small amount of The earliest well-documented stoneware had become Weaver and Bradford, ground visible in the vicinity of the Parkes pottery in Manchester was begun by John employing four men, and it was still listed pottery site did not reveal any stoneware Parkes and Barney Chamberlain in May, in the 1888/89 Ohio State Directory. In waster material, but survey conditions were 1846. Chamberlain retired after potting for 1890, A.J. Weaver was listed by himself. very poor. 22 years and the company then apparently No information is available on Bradford. It became Parkes & Co. Chamberlain, born in is not certain when Charles Parkes left the References Virginia, is listed in the 1850 census as 65 firm but by 1900 he was a hardware Caldwell, J. A years old and a retired stoneware manufac­ salesman in Hillsboro. 1880 Caldwell's Illustrated Historical Atlas...of turer. The 1870 census of manufacturers As for Andrew Jackson Weaver, he was Adams, County, Ohio, 1797-1880. J.A. Caldwell, Newark, Ohio. indicates that the pottery was located at the a member of a large family of potters with Faulkner, Charles H. corner of Fifth and Washington, produced Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Tennessee 1981 The Weaver Pottery Site: Industrial roots. First appearing in Manchester in the 36,000 gallons of stoneware a year, and Archaeology in Knoxville, Tennessee. employed thirteen workers. The 1850 1870 census, Andrew was the 17 year old Tennessee Dept. of Transportation Pro­ census suggests that two early workers son of George Weaver, also a potter. ject #29001-1219-04. University of were 22 year old William Vaughn, who George, Sr., was born in Pennsylvania in Tennessee, Dept. of Archaeology, hailed from Virginia but had lived in Ohio for 1809, probably at Johnstown, where his Knoxville. at least nine years, and John Hill, a 26 year father, Henry J. Weaver, was a potter; but Smith, Samuel D., and Stephen T. Rogers old Irishman. George, Jr. (Andrew's brother) was born in 1979 A Survey of Historic Pottery Making in Kentucky. Charles H. Faulkner (1981) has Tennessee. Research Series No. The latest reference to the Parkes pottery excavated a pottery in Knoxville, Ten­ 3, Tennessee Dept. of Conservation, is the 1880 census of manufacturers, which nessee, that was operated by David H., Division of Archaeology, Nashville. indicates that the firm was producing "all

30 Figure 1. (Murphy) Stoneware sherd from along the Ohio River landing at Manchester, Adams Co., Ohio. Impressed cartouche reads "A. MEANS MANCHESTER OHIO".

Figure 2. (Murphy) Small Albany slip deco­ rated crock made by Archibald Means.

31 Figure 4. (Murphy) Small novelty jug ca. 4 inches high with sgraffito script "Miss L.J. White, Portsmouth, Ohio".

Figure 3. (Murphy) Three gallon jug with A. Means Manchester car­ touche.

Figure 5. (Murphy) Base of Lucy J. White miniature jug incised "Charles Parkes, Manchester, Ohio, Sept. 13, 1878.

32 Figure 7. (Murphy) Impressed mark on Parkes & Co. Manchester crock.

33 ARTIFACTS FROM THE NOAKES COLLECTION by Tom Noakes Canfield, Ohio

Figure 2. (Noakes) Birdstone - Popeyed porphyry from Michigan and collected by Kirk Whaley.

Figure 1. (Noakes) Two Large Blades - On the left is a Marksville v Hopewell spear seven inches long. It is from Louisiana. On the right is a 9% inch Paleo blade made of Hixton quartzite. It was found in !?i Walworth County, Wisconsin.

Figure 3. (Noakes) Two Bannerstones - Top - Knobbed Crescent of quartzite collected by Dr. Meuser in Licking Co. Bottom - Bowtie bannerstone of gran­ ite from Wisconsin.

©Mtuarg

Gordon E. Noakes, Ph. D.

Bom February 20, 1925 passed away September 1, 2007. Dr. Noakes served in the Canadian Navy in WWII and received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Toronto. He played a leading role in the development of the scanning electron micro­ scope and the electrovacuum microscope plating process. Gordon and his son Tom began collecting artifacts in 1971. They attended the Meuser auctions and assem­ bled a large collection of historic and prehistoric material.

Figure 4. (Noakes) Copper Socketed Spud - Hillsdale County, Michigan, Boudeman collection.

34 A DELAWARE COUNTY DOVETAIL by Betsy Medici Ostrander, Ohio I found this Dovetail in a no-till field near Ostrander, Ohio, in the Spring of 2006. It is 2% inches long and is made of Flint Ridge flint.

Figure 1 (Medici) Delaware County Dovetail

Letters to the Editor Policy

Those of our members who wish to comment on articles or any other part of what is print­ ed in Ohio Archaeologist are invited to do so. We encourage points of view, criticism - per­ haps even praise - by members of our Society. The content of letters to the Editor and the opinions, comments and ideas expressed therein are those of the writer and will only be edited for spelling, etc. Such letters may reflect thoughts which are not necessarily those of our Society or its officers. Letters to the Editor must be signed.

Robert N. Converse, Editor

3!> MAD RIVER CHAPTER October 21, 2007 Meeting on Dec. 16, Speaker: Bob Converse

Discussing artifact displays. Jim Beckman gave the presentation. He dis­ cussed his findings on the similarity in spacing of holes on Glacial Kame gorgets. k**'f-f ft>MM n

J? • - Terry Elleman display. Listening to presenter.

Ft. Ancient maskette made of Petoskey stone. ilili|ilMin

Jf *"!»••*'ill* Brass tankard displayed by Dave Collins. Hand II engraving shows rampant bear. Converse miniatures.

36 NEW BOOK

Footpaths to Ancient Campsites in Copley Township, Ohio by Robert D. Haag

Mr. Haag describes the topography; environmental change caused by settlement, the location of ancient trails, ancient campsites and includes pictures of hundreds of artifacts from campsites across Copley Township. He also includes five never before published color revision drawings by the late Frank Wilcox, author of Ohio Indian Trails, of the Muskingum, Mahoning and Cuyahoga War Trails that encircle the heart of Copley Township. An 8'A by 11 sized soft cover book containing 184 pages, 16 color pages, 200 black and white photos from Copley collections of arti­ facts and many maps. $24.95 plus $4.00 for shipping and handling.

To Order Contact Robert Haag 165 Merlot Court Doylestown, Ohio 44230 [email protected] or 330-658-2821

A FLUTED POINT FROM LICKING COUNTY by Don Johnson Heath, Ohio I found this 2% inch fluted point during my tree farm operations. It is made of Flint Ridge flint. Other points I have found are in figure 2.

Figure 2. (Johnson) Other artifacts found during tree farm operations.

Figure 1. (Johnson) Fluted point from Licking County.

37 David Smith (1957-2007)

David Smith passed away peacefully November 4, 2007. He began surface collecting when a young boy and taught his children to hunt. David was a member of the Johnny Appleseed Chapter, the Kokosing Chapter, and the Archaeological Society of Ohio. He dis­ played his artifacts at several shows and entered many Field Find Contests where he won a number of ribbons, plaques and awards. He will be remembered by his many friends and for his love of nature and collecting prehistoric artifacts.

WINNERS OF THE 2007 FIELD FIND CONTESTS

Category Date Name Artifact County Flint Projectile January Gerry Phillips Heavy Duty Fairfield Point March Ron Siebenech Cumberland Putnam May Robert Behm Dovetail Adams November James Walls Dovetail Licking

Flint Tool January Andy Wilson Bifurcate Richland March Ray Lovins Drill Clinton May Robert Behm Uniface Adams November Charles Wyandt Hopewell Blade Huron

Ground Stone January Krista Resnicky Celt Champaign Tool March Dale Reffitt Ax Hardin May Lewis Brenneman Ax Auglaize November Jim Lykan Mini Ax Pickaway

Banner Stone January Bob Birchfield Banner Tyler, W.Va March None May None November Dale Reffitt Tube Banner Hardin

Pendant, Gorget January Richard Henry Pendant Washington March Ruth Wyandt Pentagonal Pend ant Huron May Joe Harper Engraved Shovel Pendant Morgan November Bart Elliott Key Hole Pendan t Logan

Miscellaneous January Brian Donaldson Cone Muskingum March Gary Rausch Hematite Cone Union May Rick Papas Pipe Wood, W.Va November Ruth Lewis Hopewell Pipe Huron

Young Adults January None March Kara Linard Hopewell Blade Franklin May Tristan Rausch Celt Union November Andrew Behm Lancelot Adams

38 WINNERS OF THE BEST EVER FIELD FIND CONTEST 2007 Awarded March 2007

Flint Projectile Michael Tebbe Fluted Point Auglaize

Flint Tool Robert Behm Drill Brown

Ground Stone Tool Danny Crissinger Axe Union

Pendant / Gorget Joe Beavars Quartzite Gorget Clermont

Bannerstone Rick Marquant Red Slate Ball Hancock Banner

Miscellaneous John Mocic Pottery Pipe Meigs

Young Adults Dakota Kelly Point Union

ROBERT CONVERSE HONORED FOR 40 YEARS OF SERVICE TO THE ASO During the Board Meeting at the November 11, 2007 Archaeological Society of Ohio meeting in Columbus, Ohio, Robert N. Converse was recognized by Past President John Mocic and the Board Mem­ bers for his 40 years as serving as Editor of the Ohio Archaeologist and was presented with a plaque for this milestone. His dedication to the Society is unpar­ alleled, and he is a well-respected author of some of the most quoted books in archaeology today. Because of his leadership, the Ohio Archaeologist is considered one of the finest archaeological journals in print, and he is a testament to what the Society sup­ ports and believes in regards to the value of pub­ lished archaeology.

Past President John Mocic (left) presents the 40 year service plaque to Robert Converse.

39 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

A crane effigy pipe originally collected by Dr. Gordon Meuser. Such pipes have been associated with the Whittlesey Culture of northern Ohio. Pipes in this class depict the bowl behind the bird's head, a pair of projecting feet and designs representing feathers and wings. Collection of Chris Shoe, Fletcher, Ohio.