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SRW) and Superior High Quality Water (SHQW) Classifications for Ohio’S Water Qual- Ity Standards

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SRW) and Superior High Quality Water (SHQW) Classifications for Ohio’S Water Qual- Ity Standards Methods and Documen- te of the tation used to Propose Ecosystem: State Resource Water (SRW) and Superior High Quality Water (SHQW) Classifications for Ohio’s Water Qual- ity Standards Kokosing River: SRW Candidate Introduction High quality water bodies are valued Selection Criteria public resources because of their eco- Ohio EPA has drafted revisions to the logical and human benefits. Intact The selection of candidate water bod- 1 aquatic ecosystems provide substan- State's antidegradation policy which ies and delineation of SRW and tial environmental benefits to long- incorporate a level of protection SHQW segments were based on the term, sustainable environmental qual- between the minimum antidegradation following types of information: policy required under the Clean Water ity. The biological components of these systems act as a warning system that Act and the maximum protection 1.) The presence of endangered and can indicate potential threats to human afforded by federal regulations. The threatened fish, mussel, crayfish, and health, degradation of aesthetic values, most stringent application of antideg- amphibian species as designated for reductions in the quality and quantity radation is to allow absolutely no low- Ohio by the Ohio DNR (Department of of recreational opportunities, and other ering of water quality in waters Natural Resources), Division of Wild- ecosystem benefits or “services.” designated as Outstanding National life (2001). The inclusion of this infor- Some of these other services include Resource Waters. The minimum mation helps to focus on those species reliable and safe supplies of water for requirement allows for a lowering of that: (1) are most at risk from increased human consumption and industrial water quality to the established water point and nonpoint source pollution, production, assimilation of human and quality standards applicable to the (2) may not be adequately protected by other waste products, sediment trans- water body if a determination is made water quality criteria, and (3) are asso- port, water retention for reduced flood- that the lowering of quality is neces- ciated with those aesthetic properties ing, and the purification of both sary to accommodate important social of water bodies (e.g., high quality hab- ground and surface waters. The ability and economic development. The itat) valued by the public. These high of streams and rivers to provide those agency is proposing two intermediate quality water indicators have deterio- beneficial services and to act as envi- levels of protection for certain ecologi- rated throughout the United States; 55 ronmental indicators is reduced when- cally and recreationally important percent of the freshwater mussels ever their integrity is degraded (Ohio water bodies in the State that will per- fauna is considered extinct or imper- EPA 1996). The antidegradation policy manently reserve a portion of the iled (Williams et al. 1993) and 20 per- for the State Resource and Superior unused pollutant assimilative capacity, cent of the native fish fauna is High Quality Waters reserves a portion thereby assuring that future genera- considered imperiled (Master 1990). of the remaining assimilative capacity tions will enjoy a higher water quality The SRW and SHQW designations are to protect the integrity of Ohio’s high- than the minimally acceptable stan- intended to minimize further impover- est quality streams. dard. This document outlines the crite- ishment of Ohio’s aquatic biodiversity ria which will be used to select heritage. The data used in this process candidate streams for these two tiers: is from the late 1970s to the present 1.) State Resource Water2 (SRW) and and is either in Ohio EPA, Ohio DNR, 2.) Superior High Quality Water or Ohio DOT (Department of Trans- (SHQW). portation) databases, from universities 2. The existing SRW definition is (e.g., Ohio State University Museum being phased out and part of the process will be to move these of Biodiversity), or published in waters to the appropriate new reports. Frequency distributions of 1. Authority under 6111.12 tier. 3/25/02 FS1-2002-EAS 1 these species in our current electronic Ohio. Certain water bodies may have databases are illustrated in Figures A-1 especially intact, “near-pristine” levels State Resource Waters: (all sampling stations) and A-2 (cumu- of biotic integrity (e.g., W. Fk. L. Bea- Old Definition lative species by stream reach). ver Creek, Captina Creek, certain small The previous category of SRW was tributaries in the Hocking State Forest applied to streams that were either; 1.) 2.) The presence of viable populations and Wayne National Forest) and may designated as EWH streams or 2.) of fish species with a declining distri- qualify for Superior High Quality Water stream that flowed through a federal, bution across Ohio since 1978 (Ohio designations without the presence of the state, or local park or natural area. EPA 1996). listed species. The concept of “biologi- Although some of these assignments cal integrity” is a goal of the Clean were verified through biosurveys, many Declining species are species that Water Act and Ohio EPA has incorpo- were based on “table-top” decisions for the 1978 water quality standards. The have suffered reductions and rated this concept into water quality new SRW/SHQW definitions empha- increased fragmentation of their management. Frequency distributions of IBI and ICI scores are illustrated in sizes their ecological quality and vulnera- distributional range and abundance bility or their recreational characteristics. across Ohio (based on data col- Figures B-1 and B-3 (all sampling sta- tions) and B-2 and B-4 (cumulative spe- All streams currently designated as SRW lected by various state agencies and in the water quality standards need to be cies by stream reach). universities over the past 15 years) changed to one of the new tiers. Current compared to historical distributions SRW streams without ambient data will 4.) Adjustments for Lake Erie drain- remain in a “holding” category where their as documented in the Fishes of age tributaries. Lake Erie drainage location (e.g., adjacent to other high qual- Ohio (Trautman 1981). These spe- streams pose a special case in assigning ity waters) or other information (e.g., cies have similar properties to the antidegradation tiers because of the judgement of field scientists) indicates endangered and threatened species, zoogeography of Ohio fishes and union- the possibility of qualifying for a SRW or and will likely follow suit if condi- ids. Because of Ohio’s glacial history, SHQW tier. At a minimum these waters the Lake Erie drainage has fewer tions continue to decline in Ohio’s will receive a higher priority for future endemic fish and mussel species than high quality waters. Added to the baseline monitoring and this listing will the Ohio River basin, and consequently endangered and threatened status prompt agency actions related to any has fewer endangered species. Because list (25 percent of Ohio fish fauna), antidegradation reviews. the declining designation brings the the IBI metrics calibrated for Ohio are based on expectations derived heavily proportion of the state fish fauna as streams in the Lake Erie drainage is an from the Ohio River basin, fewer fish potentially imperiled to 33 per- unusually high proportion of pollution species being present in the Lake Erie intolerant fish species within a given cent. It is important to protect basin also has implications for IBI watersheds from large scale alter- waterbody compared to statewide col- scores. For any given Lake Erie basin lections stratified by stream size (Figure ations to make recovery of these stream, IBI scores are likely to be lower 3). Here, unusually high is defined as species possible. Frequency distri- because metrics depending on the num- greater than or equal to 2 standard devi- butions of declining species are ber of species in a sample, especially ations. The abundance of pollution illustrated in Figures A-5 (all sam- the number of darter species and total intolerant fish species is dependent on pling stations) and A-6 (cumulative number of species, are likely to under- both water and habitat quality; there- species by stream reach). perform expectations derived from the fore, waterbodies supporting unusually Ohio River basin. Taken together in high relative abundances of these spe- light of points 1-3 above, Lake Erie 3.) The achievement of high biological cies are likely to have exceptional water tributaries are likely to have fewer integrity as defined by the Exceptional and habitat quality and should be pro- endangered fish species, fewer endan- Warmwater Habitat biocriteria for fish tected accordingly. gered mussel species, and lower IBI and macro-invertebrates delineated in scores on average than Ohio River trib- the Ohio WQS. Because biological In addition to consideration of these pri- utaries. These chance occurrences have integrity is defined in relation to least mary factors, other information is incor- no reflection on the intrinsic biological impacted reference sites, attainment of porated into this process, especially integrity of a given stream segment the Exceptional Warmwater Habitat when determining the boundaries of the within the Lake Erie drainage, and no (EWH) criteria indicates a site has Superior High Quality water segments. reflection on the ecological integrity of scored within the range of the top 25 These types of information may a given drainage basin as a whole percent of the least impacted reference include, but are not limited to: within the Lake Erie watershed, and sites in Ohio, or the nearest to “unim- therefore, should be accounted for when pacted” as it exists today. These are the A.) The quality of the habitat available assigning water quality antidegradation sites that generally harbor the strongest for aquatic life. The Qualitative Habitat tiers. and most viable populations of rare, Evaluation Index (QHEI) is the primary endangered, threatened, special status, habitat assessment tool used by Ohio An additional biological attribute that and declining species and are ecologi- EPA.
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