Contemporary Oral Medicine Camile S

Contemporary Oral Medicine Camile S. Farah Ramesh Balasubramaniam Michael J. McCullough Editors

Contemporary Oral Medicine

A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice

With 1623 Figures and 299 Tables Editors Camile S. Farah Ramesh Balasubramaniam UWA Dental School and Oral Health UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia Centre of Western Australia Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia Perth, WA, Australia

Michael J. McCullough Oral Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery Section Melbourne Dental School Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences The University of Melbourne Carlton, VIC, Australia

ISBN 978-3-319-72301-3 ISBN 978-3-319-72303-7 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-72302-0 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72303-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960941

# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland This book is dedicated to our families Tess, Maya, Hannah, and Kayla Davinia, Dhruva, and Mandira Lindy, Meredith, Amelia, and Edward in appreciation of our mentors, students, and patients.

Camile S. Farah Ramesh Balasubramaniam Michael J. McCullough Foreword

The dominant pattern of education of oral health professionals and provision of health care of oral and maxillofacial diseases throughout the world is provided by a separate dental profession frequently leading to the unfortunate separation of oral care from whole patient care. In order to correct this deficiency, the specialty of oral medicine was pioneered by dentists including Lester Burket, Sol Silverman, Thomas Lehner, and David Mason, among others, who understood the growing importance of teaching medicine to dental students and developing a dental specialty devoted to the diagnosis and medical management of oral and maxillofacial disease as well as dental treatment for patients with complex medical disorders. Their vision and foresight resulted in the development of an international specialty devoted to the expanding medical needs of patients with oral and maxillofacial diseases. Recent major medical progress has resulted in the development of new drugs and procedures to more successfully treat cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular and neuromuscular diseases. These dramatic advances have resulted in an aging population taking multiple drugs and who often have undergone multiple surgical procedures to maintain their health. This has resulted in increasing the complexity of diagnosis and management of oral and maxillofacial diseases. In addition, the undergraduate medical education often includes minimal training of management of oral diseases and complications, broadening the scope of the disorders managed by oral medicine specialists. There remains no doubt that all general and specialty dentists trained to care for patients in the twenty-first century will require a solid foundation in medicine and that proper care of complex medical problems of the maxillofacial region will require an increasing number of highly trained specialists in oral medicine to work closely with other medical, surgical, and dental colleagues. Drs. Farah, Balasubramaniam, and McCullough have made an important contribution to oral medicine by organizing and writing a new, modern, comprehensive textbook developed for the oral medicine specialist but which also serves as an important reference for other dental and medical practitioners. The editors should be congratulated for their efforts and their choice of coauthors who are internationally recognized academics, researchers, and clinicians in their fields who have authored comprehensive, up-to-date, clearly written chapters.

vii viii Foreword

The text starts with scholarly discussions of principles of diagnosis and focused discussions of clinical immunology, neurophysiology, and neurosensory disorders and then proceeds to detailed well-organized discussions of oral mucosal, head and neck, pain, and neurosensory disorders. The sections on orofacial pain are very welcome, as physicians including headache specialists and those with a special interest in pain often have limited knowledge in this area. We are pleased to note that the orofacial pain sections are comprehensive and provide a welcome biopsychological approach to management which will be valuable not just to specialists in oral medicine but to a range of other health-care professionals. It is encouraging to note the emphasis placed on a science-based approach to temporomandibular disorders as recent large studies provide evidence that they may be precursors of other chronic pain conditions requiring management by multidisciplinary teams. The three of us are delighted to have been asked to write this foreword. We are based in three corners of the globe but all from English-speaking nations with a common educational heritage. We realize the challenges of writing a text devoted to providing the best oral and maxillofacial care to varied cultures, economies, and societies with differing disease burdens. We congratulate the editors and authors of this text for their accessible and egalitarian approach and their major contribution to the progress of international oral medicine.

Philadelphia, USA Martin S. Greenberg Gold Coast, Australia Newell Johnson London, UK Joanna Zakrzewska Preface

Oral medicine is that specialist branch of dentistry concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, and predominantly nonsurgical management of medically related disorders and conditions affecting the oral and maxillofacial region, in particular oral mucosal disease and orofacial pain, as well as the oral health care of medically complex patients. As such, it occupies a unique interface between dentistry and medicine, bringing them together for the advancement of both oral and systemic health. Progressive patient care in oral medicine requires a thorough understanding of many disciplines of medicine and dentistry. Likewise, other cognate disciplines benefit from their understanding of the art and science of oral medicine for overall patient management. Contemporary Oral Medicine is the most comprehensive textbook in oral medicine and includes 45 chapters arranged into 3 volumes. Volume 1 covers foundation and diagnostic head and neck sciences in oral medicine; Vol. 2 covers oral and maxillofacial diseases and disorders; and Vol. 3 covers orofacial pain and dental sleep medicine. It is a fresh holistic approach to clinical practice. This unique all-inclusive international textbook brings together 149 world- renowned authors from 25 different countries, covering a wide variety of disciplines including oral medicine, oral and maxillofacial pathology, dento- maxillofacial radiology, head and neck radiology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, head and neck surgery, dermatology, anatomy, pathology, immunology, microbiology, physiology, general medicine, neurology, pain medicine, and sleep medicine. The book is fully referenced and includes 1623 figures com- posed of thousands of black and white and color images, in addition to 299 tables covering a spectrum of diagnostic algorithms, treatment regimes, and photographs of all disease processes related to oral medicine. In this book, we have focused our attention on the commonly accepted designation of oral medicine and dedicated extensive parts of the book to its content. We acknowledge that oral medicine clinicians may encounter more common conditions of the oral cavity such as dental caries and periodontal diseases, but these are only covered in brief as they sit better in the realm of pediatric dentistry, restorative dentistry, endodontics, and periodontics. Our focus was on diseases and conditions that are diagnosed and managed on a regular basis by oral medicine specialists internationally. Each chapter is authored by a group of international experts in their designated field, offering the book a consensus approach to diagnosis and treatment of oral medicine

ix x Preface conditions without favoring one school of thought over another or one geo- graphical area over another. We have pitched this book at the level of a new graduate in oral medicine, attempting to stay true to competencies of newly graduated specialists as described in advanced training programs across the globe particularly Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We acknowledge that the remit of practice of oral medicine in various countries around the world differs based on local health system requirements, legisla- tion, regulation, politics, disease distribution, interest, and workforce demands. In compiling this book however, we have taken a comprehensive all-encompassing approach, rather than limit the remit of practice, and hence the designation of a subtitle, A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice. Another purposeful approach was the comprehensiveness of each of the chapters with deliberate overlap of topics and conditions covered and the general headings used in each chapter. Many of the diseases and disorders outlined in the book can be covered under a myriad of headings and chapter titles. We felt it was very important for the reader to encounter the material and interact with the content from multiple points of view, taking into account the many ways possible to classify and manage ailments of the head and neck region. Importantly, we felt that each chapter should be self-contained, inde- pendent but cross-referenced with other chapters, and also structured in a way that provided consistency and purpose for the reader. Where we felt the topic should be covered in detail we did, while in other instances we only brieﬂy mention the same condition in a different context for completeness. The intention was that if a reader only read a chapter of particular interest, its contents would sufﬁce, but if the reader wished to explore the content in more detail, then reading more of the book would provide an all-inclusive treatise. We trust you will enjoy reading and using this text as much as we have enjoyed writing and compiling it.

January 2019 Camile S. Farah Ramesh Balasubramaniam Michael J. McCullough Acknowledgments

This book is a culmination of 4 years’ work. Our dream was to realize a comprehensive textbook in oral medicine of international standing, and this would not have been possible without the expert contributions and significant input from luminary contributing authors, colleagues, mentors, and friends from around the world. We thank the contributing authors for their dedication and patience, while we worked through multiple versions of revised and edited chapters to produce a product of the highest standard. We are grateful to those who were willing to participate in such a massive undertaking, to give generously of their time and resources, and to join us in an international coming together of knowledge, expertise, and collegiality in our chosen discipline. The process has been both rewarding and instructive. The comprehensiveness and clinical usefulness of this book are enhanced by the many illustrations, clinical images, radiographs, and photomicrographs generously supplied by many colleagues from all around the world. We are indebted to our many colleagues who have shared their cases so generously in an effort to improve the text, and they have been credited in the figure legends for their contributions. In particular, we would like to thank Dr. Hala Al Janaby for her original hand-drawn illustrations throughout the text and for the stunning front cover, Dr. Andy Whyte for the many detailed radiographic images he has provided, and Dr. Robert Anthonappa for the many cases related to pediatric dentistry. Special thanks also to Drs. Rudolf Boeddinghaus, Marie Matias, Kurt Gebauer, Mariana Villarroel Dorrego, Ajay Parihar, Tim Hodgson, Chady Sader, Chris Van Vliet, Chris Dhepnorrarat, Amanda Phoon Nguyen, Lalima Tiwari, and Qutaibah Alfadalah. We are also thankful to all our patients who have allowed us to care for them but also allowed us to document their cases for presentation in this book. Their contributions are a reminder of why we do what we do. We would like to thank our assistant staff Jane Burnell, Elai Justo, and Maya Janik for their dedicated editing, referencing, and overall assistance and Penny Comans for the provision of articles. We acknowledge the staff at Springer Nature for their hard work, organization, and dedication to this project including Karin Bartsch, Rebecca Urban, Tanja Maihoefer, Wilma McHugh, Susanne Friedrichsen, Alison Wolf, Shruti Datt, and Sharmila Thirumaniselvan. Finally, we are eternally indebted to our families for their love, support, and patience. Over the 4-year life-span of this book, we have spent significant

xi xii Acknowledgments portions of time away from them writing and editing this comprehensive text. They have endured our neglect, while we simultaneously received their encouragement. Their understanding of our passion for our specialty and their tolerance for our desire to complete this project are equally appreciated.

Camile S. Farah Ramesh Balasubramaniam Michael J. McCullough Contents

Volume 1

Normal Variation in the Anatomy, Biology, and Histology of the Maxillofacial Region ...... 1 Rita Hardiman, Omar Kujan, and Nabil Kochaji Interface Between Oral and Systemic Disease ...... 67 Michele D. Mignogna and Stefania Leuci Clinical Evaluation of Oral Diseases ...... 137 Chizobam N. Idahosa and A. Ross Kerr Diagnostic Imaging Principles and Applications in Head and Neck Pathology ...... 173 Andy Whyte, Rudolf Boeddinghaus, and Marie Anne Teresa J. Matias Laboratory Medicine and Diagnostic Pathology ...... 255 Tim Hodgson, Barbara Carey, Emma Hayes, Richeal Ni Riordain, Priya Thakrar, Sarah Viggor, and Paula Farthing Clinical Immunology in Diagnoses of Maxillofacial Disease ...... 315 Nathaniel Treister, Arturo Saavedra, and Alessandro Villa Soft and Hard Tissue Operative Investigations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Disease ...... 341 Marieke T. Brands, Ivan Alajbeg, Peter A. Brennan, and Camile S. Farah Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches in Oral Medicine ...... 401 Sandra Goncalves, Ray A. Dionne, Geraldine Moses, and Marco Carrozzo Odontogenic Pathology ...... 471 Takashi Takata, Mutsumi Miyauchi, Ikuko Ogawa, and Alan Mighell Non-odontogenic Bone Pathology ...... 555 Hedley Coleman, Jos Hille, Willie van Heerden, Sonja Boy, and Annabelle Mahar xiii xiv Contents

Head and Neck Tumors ...... 627 Moni A. Kuriakose, Swagnik Chakrabarti, Sok Ching Cheong, Luiz P. Kowalski, Tiago Novaes Pinheiro, and Camile S. Farah Cutaneous Pathology of the Head and Neck ...... 763 Tami Yap, Johannes S. Kern, Benjamin Wood, and Laura Scardamaglia

Volume 2

Odontogenic Bacterial Infections ...... 819 Stuart G. Dashper, Alf Nastri, and Paul V. Abbott Non-odontogenic Bacterial Infections ...... 871 Agnieszka M. Frydrych and Camile S. Farah Oral and Maxillofacial Fungal Infections ...... 935 Maddalena Manfredi, Luciano Polonelli, Laura Giovati, Ali Alnuaimi, and Michael J. McCullough Oral and Maxillofacial Viral Infections ...... 983 Stephen Porter, Jair C. Leão, and Luiz Alcino Gueiros Oral Ulcerative Lesions ...... 1009 Giovanni Lodi, Elena Varoni, Jairo Robledo-Sierra, Alessandro Villa, and Mats Jontell Oral Lichen Planus ...... 1043 Michael J. McCullough, Mohammad S. Alrashdan, and Nicola Cirillo Oral Vesicular and Bullous Lesions ...... 1083 Stephen J. Challacombe and Jane F. Setterﬁeld Gingival Pathology ...... 1143 Anne Hegarty and Alison Rich Pigmented Lesions of the Oral Mucosa ...... 1175 Eric T. Stoopler and Faizan Alawi White and Red Lesions of the Oral Mucosa ...... 1207 Maryam Jessri, Hani Mawardi, Camile S. Farah, and Sook-Bin Woo Oral Mucosal Malignancies ...... 1249 Camile S. Farah, Omar Kujan, Stephen Prime, and Rosnah Binti Zain Salivary Gland Disorders and Diseases ...... 1437 Siri Beier Jensen, Arjan Vissink, and Norman Firth Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases and Their Treatments . . . 1523 Sue-Ching Yeoh, Hong Hua, Juan Fernando Yepes, and Douglas E. Peterson Contents xv

Pediatric Oral Medicine ...... 1641 Anastasia Georgiou, Angus Cameron, and Ramesh Balasubramaniam Halitosis ...... 1719 Jaisri R. Thoppay, Andreas Filippi, Katharine Ciarrocca, John Greenman, and Scott S. De Rossi

Volume 3

Neurophysiology of Orofacial Pain ...... 1749 Koichi Iwata, Mamoru Takeda, Seog Bae Oh, and Masamichi Shinoda Clinical Evaluation of Orofacial Pain ...... 1773 Jeffrey P. Okeson and Isabel Moreno Hay Biopsychosocial Aspects of Orofacial Pain ...... 1797 Richard Ohrbach and Justin Durham Classiﬁcation of Orofacial Pain ...... 1819 Gary D. Klasser, Jean-Paul Goulet, Antoon De Laat, and Daniele Manfredini Masticatory Muscle Pain and Disorders ...... 1843 Tommaso Castroﬂorio, Andrea Bargellini, Andrea Deregibus, and Peter Svensson Internal Derangements of the Temporomandibular Joint ...... 1881 James J. R. Huddleston Slater and Reny de Leeuw Arthritic Conditions Affecting the Temporomandibular Joint . . . . 1919 L. G. Mercuri and S. Abramowicz Headache ...... 1955 Steven J. Scrivani, Steven B. Graff-Radford, Shehryar N. Khawaja, and Egilius L. H. Spierings Neurovascular Orofacial Pain ...... 1983 Yair Sharav, Yaron Haviv, Galit Almoznino, and Rafael Benoliel Neuropathic Orofacial Pain ...... 2005 Olga A. Korczeniewska, Eli Eliav, and Rafael Benoliel Oral Dysesthesia ...... 2081 Giulio Fortuna, Joel Napenas, Nan Su, Miriam Gruskha, and Gary D. Klasser Neurosensory Disturbances Including Smell and Taste ...... 2107 Saravanan Ram, Tomoko Wada, and Soma Sahai-Srivastava Orofacial Pain in the Medically Complex Patient ...... 2135 Martina K. Shephard and Gary Heir xvi Contents

Orofacial Pain in Patients with Cancer and Mucosal Diseases . . . . 2187 Noam Yarom, Herve Sroussi, and Sharon Elad Orofacial Pain and Sleep ...... 2213 Barry J. Sessle, Kazunori Adachi, Dongyuan Yao, Yoshitaka Suzuki, and Gilles J. Lavigne Sleep Medicine ...... 2241 David Hillman, Olivier Vanderveken, Atul Malhotra, and Peter Eastwood Sleep Bruxism ...... 2267 Ramesh Balasubramaniam, Daniel Paesani, Kiyoshi Koyano, Yoshihiro Tsukiyama, Maria Clotilde Carra, and Gilles J. Lavigne Oral Appliance Therapy for Sleep-Disordered Breathing ...... 2303 Joachim Ngiam, Kate Sutherland, Ramesh Balasubramaniam, Marie Marklund, Fernanda Almeida, and Peter Cistulli Index ...... 2333 About the Editors

Camile S. Farah BDSc, MDSc (OralMed, OralPath), PhD, GCEd (HE), GCExLead, FRACDS (OralMed), FOMAA, FIAOO, FICD, FPFA Professor of Oral Oncology Dean and Head, UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia Director, Oral Health Centre of Western Australia Convenor, Oral Medicine Postgraduate Training Program, UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia Oral Medicine Consultant, Oral Health Centre of Western Australia Oral Medicine Specialist, Perth Oral Medicine & Dental Sleep Centre Consultant, Qscan Radiology Clinics

Camile is Professor of Oral Oncology, Dean and Head of the UWA Dental School, and Director of the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia at the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. Camile is a Registered Specialist in both Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology with subspecialty training in Oral Oncology. He is a Consultant in Oral Medicine at the Oral Health Centre of WA and maintains a part-time private practice in Oral Medicine at Perth Oral Medicine & Dental Sleep Centre focused on oral mucosal diseases, salivary gland pathology, bone pathology,

xvii xviii About the Editors and orofacial pain. He is Convenor of the postgraduate training program in Oral Medicine at the UWA Dental School, a Member of the Head & Neck Cancer Multidisciplinary Team at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Director of the Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education, and Consul- tant at Qscan Radiology Clinics. Camile is a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons (Oral Medicine) by examination, the Oral Medicine Academy of Australasia, the International Academy of Oral Oncology, the International College of Dentists, and the Pierre Fauchard Academy. He is the Inaugural and Past President of the Oral Medicine Academy of Australasia, Past President of the Australian and New Zealand Division of the International Association for Dental Research, President of the Asia Paciﬁc Region of the International Association for Dental Research, Chairman of the Australian Dental Research Foundation, and Past Chairman of its Research Advisory Committee. Camile has authored more than 160 peer-reviewed publications including 18 book chapters. He has personally attracted $7.5 million in competitive research funding, has been involved in other successful collaborative grants totaling nearly $10 million, and has mentored over 50 postgraduate students and postdoctoral staff. Camile is Associate Editor of Journal of Oral Pathol- ogy & Medicine and Oral Cancer and Reviewing Editor for Oral Diseases. Camile is clinician-scientist with expertise in oral oncological translational research. His clinical and laboratory research focuses on optical imaging modalities, molecular genomics, clinical trials in early detection and oncological surgery, and personalized patient care particularly related to oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders. His laboratory has explored diagnostic biomarker signatures for oral premalignant lesions, predictive biomarker proﬁles for oral cancer progression, and a multigene discriminatory biomarker panel for oral squamous cell carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia. He is a supporter of patient and clinician education and professional development and overall advocacy for patients with oral cancer.

Ramesh Balasubramaniam BSc, BDSc, MS, Cert Orofacial Pain, Cert Oral Medicine, MRACDS (OralMed), ABOP, FOMAA, FADI, FPFA, FICD About the Editors xix

Clinical Associate Professor, UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia Oral Medicine Consultant, Oral Health Centre of Western Australia Oral Medicine Consultant, Perth Children’s Hospital Oral Medicine Specialist, Perth Oral Medicine & Dental Sleep Centre

Ramesh graduated with a BDSc from the University of Western Australia in 2000 and subsequently practiced General Dentistry. In 2006, he completed a certiﬁcate and Master of Science degree in Orofacial Pain at the University of Kentucky. While at the University of Kentucky, Ramesh also underwent training in the ﬁeld of Dental Sleep Medicine. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Orofacial Pain. In addition, Ramesh completed a specialist training in Oral Medicine as well as a Fellowship in Interdisciplinary Geriatrics at the University of Pennsylvania in 2008. Ramesh has numerous peer-reviewed publications, has contributed to several chapters in various texts, and coedited the May 2008 Oral and Maxillo- facial Surgery Clinics of North America on Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction. In addition, he serves as a reviewer for a number of peer-reviewed journals. Ramesh has an appointment as a Clinical Associate Professor at the UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, and is actively involved in teaching and research. He also holds public appointments at the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia and the Perth Children’s Hospital. He is President- Elect of the Oral Medicine Academy of Australasia having served as its Secretary. His Oral Medicine Specialist practice focuses on orofacial pain, oral diseases and disorders, and dental sleep medicine.

Michael J. McCullough BDSc, MDSc (OralMed, OralPath), PhD, FRACDS (OralMed), FOMAA, FPFA, FICD Professor of Oral Medicine Deputy Head, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne Convenor, Oral Medicine Postgraduate Training Program, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne Oral Medicine Consultant, Melbourne Dental School, University of Mel- bourne

Michael is Professor of Oral Medicine at the Melbourne Dental School, the University of Melbourne. He is the Convenor of both the postgraduate and xx About the Editors graduate courses in Oral Medicine, has published 128 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, and was on the Expert Panel for both editions of the Therapeutic Guidelines book titled Oral and Dental. Michael is an Oral Medicine Clinical Consultant to the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, and the University of Melbourne’s Dental Clinic. Michael gained a bachelor’s degree in Dental Science in 1982, a master’s degree in Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, and a PhD in 1995, all from the University of Melbourne. He spent several years as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Stanford University in California during 1996 and 1997, followed by 3 years as a Lecturer in Oral Medicine at the Eastman Dental Institute, University College London. Michael has 27 years of experience in clinical and academic Oral Medicine, was an Inaugural Fellow of the Royal Austral- asian College of Dental Surgeons in Oral Medicine by examination, and is a Fellow of the International College of Dentists, the Pierre Fauchard Academy, and the Oral Medicine Academy of Australasia. Michael has supervised to completion 18 research higher degree students, and currently he is Principal Supervisor to 4 PhD students and co-supervisor to 3 PhD and 6 MPhil students. Michael has published 128 clinical and scientific articles including 3 book chapters. His work is mostly published in ERA A*/A ranked journals in the highest-ranking journals in his specialty. Michael is the current President of the Oral Medicine Academy of Austral- asia and the Inaugural Chair of the Australian and New Zealand Council of Dental Specialists. He was the Chairperson of the Dental Therapeutics Com- mittee of the Australian Dental Association from 2006 to 2012 and an active member until 2016. He was on the Expert Panel of the Therapeutic Guidelines book, Oral and Dental, whose first edition was in 2007 and the revised second edition published in 2012. Michael has been a member of the Australian Dental Research Foundation’s Research Advisory Committee since 2013 and served as its Chair from 2016 to 2018. Contributors

Paul V. Abbott UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

S. Abramowicz Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA

Kazunori Adachi Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan

Ivan Alajbeg University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia

Faizan Alawi Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Fernanda Almeida Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Galit Almoznino Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Maxillofacial Imaging, School of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Center, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Tel-Hashomer, Israel

Ali Alnuaimi Oral Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery Section, Melbourne, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia

Mohammad S. Alrashdan Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

Ramesh Balasubramaniam UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

xxi xxii Contributors

Andrea Bargellini Gnathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Lingotto Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy Specialization School of Orthodontics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

Rafael Benoliel Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA

Rudolf Boeddinghaus Perth Radiological Clinic, Subiaco, WA, Australia University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia

Sonja Boy Department of Oral Pathology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa

Marieke T. Brands Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

Peter A. Brennan Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

Angus Cameron The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia Charles Sturt University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Barbara Carey Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK

Maria Clotilde Carra Department of Periodontology, Service of Odontology, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris 7 – Denis Diderot, U.F.R. of Odontology, Paris, France

Marco Carrozzo Center for Oral Health Research, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Tommaso Castroﬂorio Gnathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Lingotto Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy Specialization School of Orthodontics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

Swagnik Chakrabarti Head and Neck Oncology Services, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India

Stephen J. Challacombe Department of Oral Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Sok Ching Cheong Cancer Research Malaysia, CARIF Oral Cancer Research Team, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

Katharine Ciarrocca Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA Contributors xxiii

Nicola Cirillo Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia Peter Cistulli Centre for Sleep Health and Research, Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia Charles Perkins Centre and Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Hedley Coleman Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, ICPMR, Sydney, NSW, Australia Stuart G. Dashper Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Antoon De Laat Department of Oral Health Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Reny de Leeuw Division of Orofacial Pain, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Scott S. De Rossi UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Andrea Deregibus Gnathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Lingotto Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy Specialization School of Orthodontics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy Ray A. Dionne Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, and Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Justin Durham School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle- Upon-Tyne, UK Peter Eastwood Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia Sharon Elad Department of Oral Medicine, Eastman Institute for Oral Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA Eli Eliav Eastman Institute for Oral Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA Camile S. Farah UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia Paula Farthing School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Shefﬁeld, Shefﬁeld, UK xxiv Contributors

Andreas Filippi Department for Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine and Center of Salivary Diagnostics and Hyposalivation, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Norman Firth UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia Giulio Fortuna Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Dentistry, New Orleans, LA, USA Agnieszka M. Frydrych UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia Anastasia Georgiou Macquarie Oral and Maxillofacial Specialists, Sydney, NSW, Australia Sydney Skin, Sydney, NSW, Australia Laura Giovati Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Sandra Goncalves Oral Medicine Department, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield, UK Jean-Paul Goulet Faculté de Médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada Steven B. Graff-Radford Director, Division of Headache and Orofacial Pain, Pain Center, Cedar Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA John Greenman Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Bristol, UK Miriam Gruskha Department of Dentistry, William Osler Hospital (Etobicoke), Toronto, ON, Canada Luiz Alcino Gueiros Oral Medicine Unit, Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil Rita Hardiman Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Yaron Haviv Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Maxillofacial Imaging, School of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel Emma Hayes Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK Anne Hegarty Oral Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK Gary Heir Center for Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA Jos Hille Department Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, University of the Western Cape/National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa Oral/Head and Neck Pathology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa Contributors xxv

David Hillman Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia Tim Hodgson Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK Hong Hua Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University, School of Stomatology, Beijing, China James J. R. Huddleston Slater Groningen, The Netherlands Chizobam N. Idahosa Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medicine and Surgery, Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA Koichi Iwata Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan Siri Beier Jensen Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark Maryam Jessri Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia Mats Jontell Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Johannes S. Kern Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia A. Ross Kerr Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA Shehryar N. Khawaja Resident, Orofacial Pain Program, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Gary D. Klasser Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA Nabil Kochaji Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic Olga A. Korczeniewska Department of Diagnostic Sciences Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA xxvi Contributors

Luiz P. Kowalski Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil

Kiyoshi Koyano Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Omar Kujan UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

Moni A. Kuriakose Department of Head and Neck Surgery/Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA

Gilles J. Lavigne Faculty of Dental Medicine, Univeristé de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Trauma Unit, Surgery Department, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada

Jair C. Leão Oral Medicine Unit, Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil

Stefania Leuci Oral Medicine Complex Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy

Giovanni Lodi Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Annabelle Mahar Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia

Atul Malhotra Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA

Maddalena Manfredi Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

Daniele Manfredini School of Dentistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

Marie Marklund Department of Orthodontics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Marie Anne Teresa J. Matias Perth Radiological Clinic, Subiaco, WA, Australia Qscan Radiology Clinics, Herston, QLD, Australia

Hani Mawardi Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz university, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Michael J. McCullough Oral Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery Section, Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia Contributors xxvii

L. G. Mercuri Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA TMJ Concepts, Ventura, CA, USA

Alan Mighell Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Michele D. Mignogna Oral Medicine Complex Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy

Mutsumi Miyauchi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Isabel Moreno Hay Orofacial Pain Program, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Geraldine Moses Academic Practice Unit, Pharmacy Services, Mater Public Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Joel Napenas Department of Oral Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA

Alf Nastri Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Joachim Ngiam Centre for Sleep Health and Research, Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

Richeal Ni Riordain Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK Tiago Novaes Pinheiro Anatomic Pathology Service, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Brazil

Ikuko Ogawa Center of Oral Clinical Examination, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan

Seog Bae Oh Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Richard Ohrbach Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA

Jeffrey P. Okeson Orofacial Pain Program, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Daniel Paesani School of Odontology, University of Salvador/AOA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Douglas E. Peterson Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA xxviii Contributors

Luciano Polonelli Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Stephen Porter UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK Stephen Prime School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Saravanan Ram Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA Alison Rich The Department of Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand Jairo Robledo-Sierra Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Arturo Saavedra Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Soma Sahai-Srivastava Headache and Neuralgia Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA Laura Scardamaglia Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hos- pital, Parkville, VIC, Australia Steven J. Scrivani Chief, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pain, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Barry J. Sessle Faculty of Dentistry and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Jane F. Setterﬁeld Department of Oral Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK Department of Dermatology, King’s College London, London, UK Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Yair Sharav Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Maxillofacial Imaging, School of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel Martina K. Shephard Oral Medicine Unit, Eastman Dental Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK Masamichi Shinoda Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan Egilius L. H. Spierings Craniofacial Pain Center, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Headache and Facial Pain Program, Department of Neurol- ogy, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Herve Sroussi Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Contributors xxix

Eric T. Stoopler Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Nan Su Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin, China Kate Sutherland Centre for Sleep Health and Research, Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia Charles Perkins Centre and Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Yoshitaka Suzuki Facultés de médecine dentaire et de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan Peter Svensson Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden Takashi Takata Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan Mamoru Takeda Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Food and Life Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan Priya Thakrar Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK Jaisri R. Thoppay Oral Medicine, Orofacial Pain and Geriatric Programs, Orofacial Pain and Geriatric Oral Health Programs, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, VCU School of Dentistry and VCU Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA Nathaniel Treister Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Yoshihiro Tsukiyama Section of Dental Education, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Willie van Heerden Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Olivier Vanderveken Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium Elena Varoni Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy Sarah Viggor Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK xxx Contributors

Alessandro Villa Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Arjan Vissink Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Tomoko Wada Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine Center, Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA Andy Whyte University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia Perth Radiological Clinic, Subiaco, WA, Australia Ear Science Institute, Subiaco, WA, Australia Sook-Bin Woo Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Benjamin Wood QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia Dongyuan Yao Jiangxi Mental Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China Tami Yap Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia Noam Yarom Oral Medicine Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Sue-Ching Yeoh Sydney Oral Medicine, Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia Juan Fernando Yepes Department of Pediatric Dentistry, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA Rosnah Binti Zain Department of Oral Pathology, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia