DOCSLIB.ORG

World War II World War II Background Who Leaders

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World War II World War II Background Who Leaders World War II World War II Background Who Leaders . Military . Political Strategies/tactics Turning points World War II Support (homefront) Successes/failures End of war Consequences “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Kingdom of Italy King Victor Emmanuel III “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Italy Benito Mussolini 1921 - National Fascist Party “fascio” Oct 28, 1922 - Rome Oct 29, 1922 – Prime Minister 1934 – Vienna 1935 – Ethiopia (Abyssinia) “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Germany Adolph Hitler 1921 – National Socialist (“NAZI”) Party 1925 - Mein Kampf 1923 Hitler Youth Schutzstaffel (“SS”) Heinrich Himmler 1933 - Chancellor 1936 & 1937– Germany, Italy, Japan “Anti-Comintern Pact” (anti-Communist) “Axis Powers” (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis) “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Empire of Japan Emperor Hirohito 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria 1937 – Nanking (Nanjing) Japanese expansion by 1942 1938 – Austria & Czechoslovakia Aug 1939 “Non-aggression Pact” Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Sept 1, 1939 German Invasion of Poland Sept 3, 1939 June 14, 1940 – Paris Summer 1940 Battle of Britain Winston Churchill Sept, 1940 Tripartite Act . Military alliance June 1941 “Operation Barbarossa” German-controlled by 1942 U.S. Reaction Neutral Isolationist Selling arms & supplies Lend-Lease Act (Jan 1941) December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor USS Arizona USS West Virginia (sunk), USS Tennessee (Damaged), USS Arizona (sunk) USS Shaw “Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan…” - President Franklin Roosevelt Doolittle Raid Lt Col James Doolittle “Internment” Camps Executive Order 9066 . authorized the "removal from designated areas of persons whose removal is necessary in the interests of national security." Allied Strategy Defeat Hitler & Mussolini first 2-front African War Defeat Italy Open “Second front” in France North African Campaign Italian Campaign Sept 1943 – Italy surrenders Cairo Conference Nov 1943 Chiang Kai-Shek, Roosevelt, Churchill “Second front” in France “Operation Overlord” D-Day D-Day Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juneau, Sword June 6, 1944 “Atlantic Wall” Yalta Conference Feb 1945 Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Apr 12, 1945 Harry S. Truman Apr 30, 1945 May 7, 1945 “VE Day” War in the Pacific Admiral Chester Nimitz General Douglas MacArthur “Island-hopping” Campaign Allied Victories Midway Guadalcanal New Guinea Philippines Saipan Tinian Guam Iwo Jima Feb 1945 Iwo Jima Feb 1945 Mount Suribachi Okinawa Mar – Jun 1945 Potsdam Conference Begins July 17, 1945 Stalin, Truman, Churchill Potsdam Declaration July 26, 1945 Includes statement: "We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction." July 16, 1945 Code name: “Trinity” “Manhattan Project” Robert Oppenheimer Brig. Gen. Leslie Groves “I realize the tragic significance of the atomic bomb... It is an awful responsibility which has come to us... We thank God that it has come to us, instead of to our enemies; and we pray that He may guide us to use it in His ways and for His purposes.” - President Harry Truman Aug 6, 1945 Hiroshima Hiroshima Before After Ultimatum to Japan “If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware.” - President Harry Truman Aug 9, 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria Aug 9, 1945 After Nagasaki Before Aug 14, 1945 “VJ Day” Sept 2, 1945 USS Missouri Aftermath of War Loss of life/property Social/Cultural Economic Political Diplomatic Loss of life . military dead: 22 – 25 million . civilian dead: 50 – 80 million . Famine & disease: 19 – 28 million . U.S. military: abt 407,000 Loss of life NAZI Holocaust deaths . 6 million Jews . abt 6 million others Loss of life Japanese War Crimes dead . 5.5 million civilians . + 500,000 POWs China Singapore Social/Cultural Changes Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (“GI Bill of Rights”) Social/Cultural Changes Civil Rights Movement . “Double-V Campaign” . NAACP Social/Cultural Changes Civil Rights Movement . LULAC . American GI Forum Dr. Hector Garcia Civil Rights Movement . Executive Order 9981 “desegregate” (integrate) Economic Consequences Europe . Relief . Economic recovery . Fear of Spread of Communism Economic Consequences European Recovery Program . “Marshall Plan” Economic Consequences “Truman Doctrine” Political Consequences New governments . Germany . Italy . Austria . Poland . England Political Consequences Soviet “satellite” nations . Central & Eastern Europe . Balkan nations “Iron Curtain” Political Consequences Occupied Germany Berlin – occupation zones Berlin Blockade and Airlift 1948-1949 Germany partitioned “Eastern bloc” nations – by 1950 . Soviet-controlled Political Consequences Occupied Japan Political Consequences Korea divided Political Consequences French Indochina Independence India & Pakistan Mohandas Gandhi Muhammad Jinnah Independence Philippines Malaysia (formerly British) Indonesia (formerly Dutch) African nations Political Consequences Partition of Palestine State of Israel UN Plan Israel China . Nationalists vs. Communists Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong “Fall” of China - 1949 Diplomatic Consequences War crimes trials Nuremberg Trials Hermann Göring Tokyo Trial (International Military Tribunal for the Far East) Diplomatic Consequences NATO Diplomatic Consequences Warsaw Pact NATO & Warsaw Pact nations Diplomatic Consequences United Nations “First Lady of the World” Eleanor Roosevelt “Cold War” “superpowers” .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Authors' Accepted Version: to Be Published in Antiquity Tormented
    Authors’ Accepted Version: to be published in Antiquity Tormented Alderney: archaeological investigations of the Nazi labour and concentration camp of Sylt Sturdy Colls, C.¹, Kerti, J.¹ and Colls, K.¹ ¹ Centre of Archaeology, L214 Flaxman Building, Staffordshire University, College Road, Stoke-on- Trent, ST4 2DF. Corresponding author email: [email protected] Abstract Following the evacuation of Alderney, a network of labour and SS concentration camps were built on British soil to house foreign labourers. Despite government-led investigations in 1945, knowledge concerning the history and architecture of these camps remained limited. This article reports on the findings of forensic archaeological investigations which sought to accurately map Sylt labour and concentration camp the for the first time using non-invasive methods and 3D reconstructive techniques. It also demonstrates how these findings have provided the opportunity – alongside historical sources – to examine the relationships between architecture, the landscape and the experiences of those housed there. Introduction The Nazis constructed a network of over 44,000 (concentration, extermination, labour, Prisoner of War (PoW) and transit) camps across Europe, imprisoning and murdering individuals opposed to Nazi ideologies, and those considered racially inferior (Megargee & White 2018). Information about these sites varies in part due to Nazi endeavours to destroy the evidence of their crimes (Arad 1987: 26; Gilead et al. 2010: 14; Sturdy Colls 2015: 3). Public knowledge regarding the camps that were built on British soil in the Channel Islands is particularly limited, not least of all because they were partially demolished and remain “taboo” (Carr & Sturdy Colls 2016: 1). Sylt was one of several camps built on the island of Alderney (Figures 1 & 2).
    [Show full text]
  • The Demarcation Line
    No.7 “Remembrance and Citizenship” series THE DEMARCATION LINE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE General Secretariat for Administration DIRECTORATE OF MEMORY, HERITAGE AND ARCHIVES Musée de la Résistance Nationale - Champigny The demarcation line in Chalon. The line was marked out in a variety of ways, from sentry boxes… In compliance with the terms of the Franco-German Armistice Convention signed in Rethondes on 22 June 1940, Metropolitan France was divided up on 25 June to create two main zones on either side of an arbitrary abstract line that cut across départements, municipalities, fields and woods. The line was to undergo various modifications over time, dictated by the occupying power’s whims and requirements. Starting from the Spanish border near the municipality of Arnéguy in the département of Basses-Pyrénées (present-day Pyrénées-Atlantiques), the demarcation line continued via Mont-de-Marsan, Libourne, Confolens and Loches, making its way to the north of the département of Indre before turning east and crossing Vierzon, Saint-Amand- Montrond, Moulins, Charolles and Dole to end at the Swiss border near the municipality of Gex. The division created a German-occupied northern zone covering just over half the territory and a free zone to the south, commonly referred to as “zone nono” (for “non- occupied”), with Vichy as its “capital”. The Germans kept the entire Atlantic coast for themselves along with the main industrial regions. In addition, by enacting a whole series of measures designed to restrict movement of people, goods and postal traffic between the two zones, they provided themselves with a means of pressure they could exert at will.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial Day 2015
    Memorial Day 2015 Good morning and thank you for coming. It is an honor to see so many people here on a day like this. I would like to thank the students—the students who recited the Gettysburg address and Logan’s General orders so that we will never forget the sacrifice of the men and women who fought 151 years ago this year to keep us free in the civil war, and students who entertained us …. Today, I would like to thank all the veterans who have served us in all wars, and ask all those who have served, in war and in peace, to please raise their hands and be recognized. I want to pause today to recall one specific group of veterans, and one particular day in history, that day, 70 years ago on June 6 and a small beachhead in France at a place that few people at that time had ever heard of – a place called Normandy. This June marks the 70th anniversary of the greatest amphibious landing ever attempted, before or since, the landing at Normandy. Let me take you back to those days in World War 2. America had been in the war for only two and a half years—less than that really since it takes time to train men, deploy them and put them in to battle. It is hard to imagine today, but the war had not gone well at first for the Allies. Allied forces had been driven from Belgium, from Czechoslovakia, France had been overrun, Paris was run by Nazi soldiers, Italy was run by Mussolini-- a Nazi ally, 340,000 British soldiers had been forced to retreat from Europe back to Britain at Dunkirk.
    [Show full text]
  • Fortress of Liberty: the Rise and Fall of the Draft and the Remaking of American Law
    Fortress of Liberty: The Rise and Fall of the Draft and the Remaking of American Law Jeremy K. Kessler∗ Introduction: Civil Liberty in a Conscripted Age Between 1917 and 1973, the United States fought its wars with drafted soldiers. These conscript wars were also, however, civil libertarian wars. Waged against the “militaristic” or “totalitarian” enemies of civil liberty, each war embodied expanding notions of individual freedom in its execution. At the moment of their country’s rise to global dominance, American citizens accepted conscription as a fact of life. But they also embraced civil liberties law – the protections of freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and procedural due process – as the distinguishing feature of American society, and the ultimate justification for American military power. Fortress of Liberty tries to make sense of this puzzling synthesis of mass coercion and individual freedom that once defined American law and politics. It also argues that the collapse of that synthesis during the Cold War continues to haunt our contemporary legal order. Chapter 1: The World War I Draft Chapter One identifies the WWI draft as a civil libertarian institution – a legal and political apparatus that not only constrained but created new forms of expressive freedom. Several progressive War Department officials were also early civil libertarian innovators, and they built a system of conscientious objection that allowed for the expression of individual difference and dissent within the draft. These officials, including future Supreme Court Justices Felix Frankfurter and Harlan Fiske Stone, believed that a powerful, centralized government was essential to the creation of a civil libertarian nation – a nation shaped and strengthened by its diverse, engaged citizenry.
    [Show full text]
  • Harry S Truman U.S
    National Park Service Harry S Truman U.S. Department of the Interior Harry S Truman National Historic Site Truman & Civil Rights Given his background, Harry Truman was an unlikely champion of civil rights. Where he grew up—the border state of Missouri—segregation was accepted and largely unquestioned. Both his maternal and paternal grandparents had even owned slaves. Truman’s background notwithstanding, some would say it was Truman who energized the modern civil rights movement, paving the way for future legislative successes of the 1960s. Truman’s Missouri Roots Harry Truman’s civil rights views as President Truman’s experience as an officer in World War surprised many because they seemed to contradict I and post-war business dealings with a Jewish his upbringing. Truman grew up in a former slave partner also broadened his perspectives. By 1940, as state where his small-town, rural surroundings he sought reelection to the US Senate, his viewpoint included segregation and subordination for many of had matured. its citizens. In a speech in Sedalia, Missouri, he said, “I believe Black residents lived in a separate section of town, in the brotherhood of man, not merely the brother- attended a different school, and were prevented hood of white men, but the brotherhood of all men from shopping at most stores. In his early letters, before law. I believe in the Constitution and the the young Harry Truman reflected on his back- Declaration of Independence. In giving the Negroes ground by frankly admitting prejudices against the rights which are theirs, we are only acting in ac- blacks and Asians.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Overlord James Clinton Emmert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2002 Operation overlord James Clinton Emmert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Emmert, James Clinton, "Operation overlord" (2002). LSU Master's Theses. 619. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/619 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OPERATION OVERLORD A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Arts in The Interdepartmental Program in Liberal Arts by James Clinton Emmert B.A., Louisiana State University, 1996 May 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the support of numerous persons. First, I would never have been able to finish if I had not had the help and support of my wife, Esther, who not only encouraged me and proofed my work, but also took care of our newborn twins alone while I wrote. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Stanley Hilton, who spent time helping me refine my thoughts about the invasion and whose editing skills helped give life to this paper. Finally, I would like to thank the faculty of Louisiana State University for their guidance and the knowledge that they shared with me.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuskegee Airmen Chronology Daniel L. Haulman Organizational
    TUSKEGEE AIRMEN CHRONOLOGY DANIEL L. HAULMAN ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY BRANCH AIR FORCE HISTORICAL RESEARCH AGENCY MAXWELL AFB, AL 36112-6424 14 November 2011 1 TUSKEGEE AIRMEN CHRONOLOGY Dr. Daniel L. Haulman Chief, Organization History Division Air Force Historical Research Agency Expanded Edition: 30 September 2011 27 June 1939: Congress passed the Civilian Pilot Training Act. (Robert J. Jakeman, The Divided Skies.) September-October 1939: The Civil Aeronautics Administration received Tuskegee Institute’s application to be a civilian pilot training institution, and after Tuskegee obtained permission to use the Montgomery Airport as a facility, the application was approved. (Robert J. Jakeman, The Divided Skies) Late February 1940: The Civil Aeronautics Authority approved Tuskegee’s Kennedy Field for Civilian Pilot Training, after improvements to the field, eliminating Tuskegee Institute’s need to use the Montgomery Airport. (Robert J. Jakeman, The Divided Skies) 25 March 1940: George A. Wiggs arrived in Tuskegee to administer the standard written examination required of all Civilian Pilot Training students. Every student who took the examination passed, surpassing the passing rate of other schools in the South. (Robert J. Jakeman, The Divided Skies.) 16 September 1940: Congress passed a Selective Service Act which required all the armed services to enlist “Negroes”. On the same day, the War Department announced that the Civil Aeronautics Authority, in cooperation with the U.S. Army, would start the development of “colored personnel” for the aviation service. (Public Law 783, 16 September 1940; War Department Press Release, 16 September 1940; 99th Fighter Squadron summary history in the lineage and honors folder of the 99th Flying Training Squadron at the Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA), Maxwell AFB, AL) Late October 1940: In a press release, President Franklin D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Surprisingly Contentious History of Executive Orders | Huffpost  
    4/2/2020 The Surprisingly Contentious History Of Executive Orders | HuffPost Ben Feuer, Contributor Chairman, California Appellate Law Group The Surprisingly Contentious History Of Executive Orders Cries of “unprecedented” executive action on both sides are more histrionic than historical. 02/02/2017 04:59 am ET | Updated Feb 03, 2017 Despite howls that Presidents Trump and Obama both issued “unprecedented” executive orders, presidents have embraced executive actions to enact controversial policies since the dawn of the Republic. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-surprisingly-contentious-history-of-executive-orders_b_58914580e4b04c35d583546e 1/8 4/2/2020 The Surprisingly Contentious History Of Executive Orders | HuffPost NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/GETTY IMAGES Recently, USA Today savaged President Trump’s executive orders since taking office, from encouraging Keystone XL approval to altering immigration policy, as an “unprecedented blizzard.” In 2014, the Washington Post raked President Obama for his Deferred Action immigration directives, more commonly called DACA and DAPA, deeming them “unprecedented” and “sweeping,” while Ted Cruz published an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal lashing Obama’s “imperial” executive order hiking the minimum wage for federal contractors as one with “no precedent.” A 2009 piece in Mother Jones lamented a President George W. Bush executive order allowing former-presidents and their families to block the release of presidential records as — you guessed it — “unprecedented.” With all the talk of precedent, you might think executive orders historically did little more than set the White House lawn watering schedule. But the reality is that presidents have long employed executive actions to accomplish strikingly controversial objectives without congressional approval.
    [Show full text]
  • 19856492.Pdf
    The Harry S. Truman Library Institute, a 501(c)(3) organization, is dedicated to the preservation, advancement, and outreach activities of the Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, one of our nation’s 12 presidential libraries overseen by the National Archives and Records Administration. Together with its public partner, the Truman Library Institute preserves the enduring legacy of America’s 33rd president to enrich the public’s understanding of history, the presidency, public policy, and citizenship. || executive message DEAR COLLEAGUES AND FRIENDS, Harry Truman’s legacy of decisive and principled leadership was frequently in the national spotlight during 2008 as the nation noted the 60th anniversaries of some of President Truman’s most historic acts, including the recognition of Israel, his executive order to desegregate the U.S. Armed Forces, the Berlin Airlift, and the 1948 Whistle Stop campaign. We are pleased to share highlights of the past year, all made possible by your generous support of the Truman Library Institute and our mission to advance the Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. • On February 15, the Truman Library opened a new exhibit on Truman’s decision to recognize the state of Israel. Truman and Israel: Inside the Decision was made possible by The Sosland Foundation and The Jacob & Frances O. Brown Family Fund. A traveling version of the exhibit currently is on display at the Harry S. Truman Institute for the Advancement of Peace, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. • The nation bade a sad farewell to Margaret Truman Daniel earlier this year. A public memorial The Harry S. Truman service was held at the Truman Library on February 23, 2008; she and her husband, Clifton Daniel, were laid to rest in the Courtyard near the President and First Lady.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Dissertation
    Dissention in the Ranks—Dissent Within U.S. Civil-Military Relations During the Truman Administration: A Historical Approach by David A. “DAM” Martin B.A. in History, May 1989, Virginia Military Institute M.A. in Military Studies—Land Warfare, June 2002, American Military University M.B.A., June 2014, Strayer University A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Graduate School of Education and Human Development of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education January 19, 2018 Dissertation directed by Andrea J. Casey Associate Professor of Human and Organizational Learning The Graduate School of Education and Human Development of the George Washington University certifies that David A. “DAM” Martin has passed the final examination for the degree of Doctor of Education as of September 22, 2017. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. Dissention in the Ranks—Dissent Within U.S. Civil-Military Relations During the Truman Administration: A Historical Approach David A. “DAM” Martin Dissertation Research Committee: Andrea J. Casey, Associate Professor of Human and Organizational Learning, Dissertation Director David R. Schwandt, Professor Emeritus of Human and Organizational Learning, Committee Member Stamatina McGrath, Adjunct Instructor, Department of History, George Mason University, Committee Member ii © Copyright 2018 by David A. Martin All rights reserved iii Dedication Dedicated to those who have Served honorably, Dissented when the cause was just, and paid dearly for it. iv Acknowledgments I want to thank my dissertation chair, Dr. Andrea Casey, for her outstanding advice and counsel throughout this educative journey. Thank you to my dissertation committee member, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Visitors' Guide
    VISITORS’ GUIDE of the D-Day Landing Beaches and the Battle Normandy © Philippe DELVAL / Erick GERVAIS © Philippe DELVAL CONFERENCES, DEBATES AND VILLAGE FOR PEACE An annual event held each year in June CAEN - ABBAYE AUX DAMES MORE INFORMATION ON NORMANDYFORPEACE.COM Destination D-DAY On June 6th 1944, and during the long summer which followed, men from the world over came to fight in Normandy to defeat Nazism and to re-establish Freedom. Normandy will bear the scars of this moment in history for ever, and every year we remember and pay tribute to the veterans from America, Britain, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Holland, Norway, Poland, Australia, France and to their brothers in arms, to those many heroes who lost their lives here during that summer of 1944, and are at rest in the cemeteries to be found throughout the area. It is often forgotten that the people of Normandy also paid a heavy price in those terrible battles. This edition is designed as a practical guide to help you plan your visit. It encourages you to discover, or rediscover the main memorial sites, the cemeteries, the key places and the museums of Destination D-Day 1944 Land CONFERENCES, DEBATES of Liberty. These important places are today imbued with fundamental and universal values AND VILLAGE FOR PEACE such as Reconciliation, Peace and Freedom. Each anniversary year is the occasion to pay tribute to the many veterans who, once more, An annual event held each year in June will come to attend the commemorative events CAEN ABBAYE AUX DAMES and celebrations organised in Normandy.
    [Show full text]
  • Segment 13-2.Pub
    Please note: Each segment in this Webisode has its own Teaching Guide At the end of World War II, African American soldiers who had fought to end tyranny and genocide returned home to a segregated nation rift by racial injustice. President Harry S. Truman made determined efforts to advance civil rights by desegregating the armed forces and urging Congress to pass comprehensive civil rights legislation. On July 26, 1948, President Truman used his prerogative as commander in chief to issue Executive Order 9981 that established the President’s Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services. Although it took years to bring change, Truman had put the process in motion. Although the first president to address the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Truman lacked the support of a majority of Americans who rejected his civil rights platform. Undeterred, this man from a former slave state and a Confederate family background publicly and forcefully said that African Americans deserved equal rights. Teacher Directions 1. Pose the following questions to the students. • Suppose you were president of the United States. What might you do to end racial unfairness? • In what ways can a president bring about change? • What did President Harry Truman do to end racial unfairness? 2. Make sure students understand the following points in discussing the questions. Presidents bring about change by exerting their influence in getting legislation created and passed, by campaigning for change, by seeing that legislation is put into effect, and by issuing executive orders. President Truman sent proposals to Congress to stop lynching, to outlaw the poll tax that kept some people from voting, and to end segregation in the armed forces.
    [Show full text]