World War II World War II Background Who Leaders . Military . Political Strategies/tactics Turning points World War II Support (homefront) Successes/failures End of war Consequences “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Kingdom of Italy

King Victor Emmanuel III “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s  Italy

Benito Mussolini 1921 - National Party

“fascio” Oct 28, 1922 - Rome Oct 29, 1922 – Prime Minister 1934 – Vienna 1935 – Ethiopia (Abyssinia) “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Germany Adolph Hitler 1921 – National Socialist (“NAZI”) Party

1925 - 1923  (“SS”)

Heinrich Himmler 1933 - Chancellor 1936 & 1937– Germany, Italy, Japan  “Anti-Comintern Pact” (anti-Communist)

“” (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis) “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Empire of Japan

Emperor Hirohito 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria 1937 – Nanking (Nanjing) Japanese expansion by 1942 1938 – Austria & Czechoslovakia Aug 1939 “Non-aggression Pact”

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Sept 1, 1939 German Sept 3, 1939 June 14, 1940 – Paris Summer 1940 Battle of Britain

Winston Churchill Sept, 1940 Tripartite Act

. Military alliance June 1941 “Operation Barbarossa” German-controlled by 1942 U.S. Reaction Neutral Isolationist Selling arms & supplies Lend-Lease Act (Jan 1941) December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor USS Arizona USS West Virginia (sunk), USS Tennessee (Damaged), USS Arizona (sunk) USS Shaw

“Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan…” - President Franklin Roosevelt Doolittle Raid

Lt Col James Doolittle

“Internment” Camps 9066 . authorized the "removal from designated areas of persons whose removal is necessary in the interests of national security."

Allied Strategy Defeat Hitler & Mussolini first 2-front African War Defeat Italy Open “Second front” in Italian Campaign Sept 1943 – Italy surrenders Cairo Conference Nov 1943

Chiang Kai-Shek, Roosevelt, Churchill “Second front” in France  “”  D-Day D-Day

Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juneau, Sword June 6, 1944

“Atlantic Wall” Yalta Conference Feb 1945

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Apr 12, 1945

Harry S. Apr 30, 1945 May 7, 1945 “VE Day”

War in the Pacific

Admiral Chester Nimitz

General Douglas MacArthur “Island-hopping” Campaign Allied Victories  Midway  Guadalcanal  New Guinea  Philippines  Saipan  Tinian  Guam Iwo Jima Feb 1945 Iwo Jima Feb 1945

Mount Suribachi Okinawa Mar – Jun 1945 Begins July 17, 1945

Stalin, Truman, Churchill , 1945

Includes statement: "We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction." July 16, 1945  Code name: “Trinity” “Manhattan Project”

Robert Oppenheimer

Brig. Gen. Leslie Groves “I realize the tragic significance of the atomic bomb... It is an awful responsibility which has come to us... We thank God that it has come to us, instead of to our enemies; and we pray that He may guide us to use it in His ways and for His purposes.” - President Harry Truman Aug 6, 1945 Hiroshima Hiroshima

Before After Ultimatum to Japan

“If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware.” - President Harry Truman Aug 9, 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria Aug 9, 1945 After Nagasaki

Before Aug 14, 1945 “VJ Day”

Sept 2, 1945 USS Missouri Aftermath of War  Loss of life/property  Social/Cultural  Economic  Political  Diplomatic  Loss of life . military dead: 22 – 25 million . civilian dead: 50 – 80 million . Famine & disease: 19 – 28 million . U.S. military: abt 407,000

 Loss of life NAZI Holocaust deaths . 6 million Jews . abt 6 million others  Loss of life Japanese War Crimes dead . 5.5 million civilians . + 500,000 POWs

China

Singapore Social/Cultural Changes  Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (“GI Bill of Rights”) Social/Cultural Changes  . “Double-V Campaign” . NAACP Social/Cultural Changes  Civil Rights Movement . LULAC . American GI Forum

Dr. Hector Garcia  Civil Rights Movement . Executive Order 9981 “desegregate” (integrate) Economic Consequences  Europe

. Relief . Economic recovery

. Fear of Spread of Communism Economic Consequences  European Recovery Program . “” Economic Consequences  “” Political Consequences  New governments . Germany . Italy . Austria . Poland . England Political Consequences  Soviet “satellite” nations

. Central & Eastern Europe . Balkan nations

 “Iron Curtain” Political Consequences  Occupied Germany Berlin – occupation zones Berlin Blockade and Airlift  1948-1949  Germany partitioned “Eastern bloc” nations – by 1950 . Soviet-controlled Political Consequences  Occupied Japan Political Consequences  Korea divided Political Consequences  French Indochina Independence  India & Pakistan

Mohandas Gandhi

Muhammad Jinnah Independence  Philippines  Malaysia (formerly British)  Indonesia (formerly Dutch)  African nations Political Consequences  Partition of Palestine  of Israel

UN Plan Israel China . Nationalists vs. Communists

Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong “Fall” of China - 1949 Diplomatic Consequences  War crimes trials 

Hermann Göring  Tokyo Trial (International Military Tribunal for the Far East) Diplomatic Consequences  NATO Diplomatic Consequences  Warsaw Pact NATO & Warsaw Pact nations Diplomatic Consequences  United Nations

“First Lady of the World”

Eleanor Roosevelt “Cold War”

“superpowers”