World War II World War II Background Who Leaders . Military . Political Strategies/tactics Turning points World War II Support (homefront) Successes/failures End of war Consequences “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Kingdom of Italy King Victor Emmanuel III “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Italy Benito Mussolini 1921 - National Fascist Party “fascio” Oct 28, 1922 - Rome Oct 29, 1922 – Prime Minister 1934 – Vienna 1935 – Ethiopia (Abyssinia) “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Germany Adolph Hitler 1921 – National Socialist (“NAZI”) Party 1925 - Mein Kampf 1923 Hitler Youth Schutzstaffel (“SS”) Heinrich Himmler 1933 - Chancellor 1936 & 1937– Germany, Italy, Japan “Anti-Comintern Pact” (anti-Communist) “Axis Powers” (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis) “Between the Wars” 1920s – 1930s Empire of Japan Emperor Hirohito 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria 1937 – Nanking (Nanjing) Japanese expansion by 1942 1938 – Austria & Czechoslovakia Aug 1939 “Non-aggression Pact” Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Sept 1, 1939 German Invasion of Poland Sept 3, 1939 June 14, 1940 – Paris Summer 1940 Battle of Britain Winston Churchill Sept, 1940 Tripartite Act . Military alliance June 1941 “Operation Barbarossa” German-controlled by 1942 U.S. Reaction Neutral Isolationist Selling arms & supplies Lend-Lease Act (Jan 1941) December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor USS Arizona USS West Virginia (sunk), USS Tennessee (Damaged), USS Arizona (sunk) USS Shaw “Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan…” - President Franklin Roosevelt Doolittle Raid Lt Col James Doolittle “Internment” Camps Executive Order 9066 . authorized the "removal from designated areas of persons whose removal is necessary in the interests of national security." Allied Strategy Defeat Hitler & Mussolini first 2-front African War Defeat Italy Open “Second front” in France North African Campaign Italian Campaign Sept 1943 – Italy surrenders Cairo Conference Nov 1943 Chiang Kai-Shek, Roosevelt, Churchill “Second front” in France “Operation Overlord” D-Day D-Day Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juneau, Sword June 6, 1944 “Atlantic Wall” Yalta Conference Feb 1945 Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Apr 12, 1945 Harry S. Truman Apr 30, 1945 May 7, 1945 “VE Day” War in the Pacific Admiral Chester Nimitz General Douglas MacArthur “Island-hopping” Campaign Allied Victories Midway Guadalcanal New Guinea Philippines Saipan Tinian Guam Iwo Jima Feb 1945 Iwo Jima Feb 1945 Mount Suribachi Okinawa Mar – Jun 1945 Potsdam Conference Begins July 17, 1945 Stalin, Truman, Churchill Potsdam Declaration July 26, 1945 Includes statement: "We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction." July 16, 1945 Code name: “Trinity” “Manhattan Project” Robert Oppenheimer Brig. Gen. Leslie Groves “I realize the tragic significance of the atomic bomb... It is an awful responsibility which has come to us... We thank God that it has come to us, instead of to our enemies; and we pray that He may guide us to use it in His ways and for His purposes.” - President Harry Truman Aug 6, 1945 Hiroshima Hiroshima Before After Ultimatum to Japan “If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware.” - President Harry Truman Aug 9, 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria Aug 9, 1945 After Nagasaki Before Aug 14, 1945 “VJ Day” Sept 2, 1945 USS Missouri Aftermath of War Loss of life/property Social/Cultural Economic Political Diplomatic Loss of life . military dead: 22 – 25 million . civilian dead: 50 – 80 million . Famine & disease: 19 – 28 million . U.S. military: abt 407,000 Loss of life NAZI Holocaust deaths . 6 million Jews . abt 6 million others Loss of life Japanese War Crimes dead . 5.5 million civilians . + 500,000 POWs China Singapore Social/Cultural Changes Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (“GI Bill of Rights”) Social/Cultural Changes Civil Rights Movement . “Double-V Campaign” . NAACP Social/Cultural Changes Civil Rights Movement . LULAC . American GI Forum Dr. Hector Garcia Civil Rights Movement . Executive Order 9981 “desegregate” (integrate) Economic Consequences Europe . Relief . Economic recovery . Fear of Spread of Communism Economic Consequences European Recovery Program . “Marshall Plan” Economic Consequences “Truman Doctrine” Political Consequences New governments . Germany . Italy . Austria . Poland . England Political Consequences Soviet “satellite” nations . Central & Eastern Europe . Balkan nations “Iron Curtain” Political Consequences Occupied Germany Berlin – occupation zones Berlin Blockade and Airlift 1948-1949 Germany partitioned “Eastern bloc” nations – by 1950 . Soviet-controlled Political Consequences Occupied Japan Political Consequences Korea divided Political Consequences French Indochina Independence India & Pakistan Mohandas Gandhi Muhammad Jinnah Independence Philippines Malaysia (formerly British) Indonesia (formerly Dutch) African nations Political Consequences Partition of Palestine State of Israel UN Plan Israel China . Nationalists vs. Communists Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong “Fall” of China - 1949 Diplomatic Consequences War crimes trials Nuremberg Trials Hermann Göring Tokyo Trial (International Military Tribunal for the Far East) Diplomatic Consequences NATO Diplomatic Consequences Warsaw Pact NATO & Warsaw Pact nations Diplomatic Consequences United Nations “First Lady of the World” Eleanor Roosevelt “Cold War” “superpowers” .