DOCSLIB.ORG

The Antecedents of Contemporary African Diplomacy (A Theoretical Study of Intertribal and International Relations in Traditional Africa)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Antecedents of Contemporary African Diplomacy (A Theoretical Study of Intertribal and International Relations in Traditional Africa) 70-3166 ATTUQUAYEFIO, J r ., Re Sumo, 1931- THE ANTECEDENTS OF CONTEMPORARY AFRICAN DIPLOMACY (A THEORETICAL STUDY OF INTERTRIBAL AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN TRADITIONAL AFRICA). The American University, Ph.D., 1969 Political Science, international law and relation s University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ©Copyright by RE SUMO ATTUQUAYEFIO, JR. ... .. ..j 19701 THE ANTECEDENTS OF CONTEMPORARY AFRICAN DIPLOMACY (A THEORETICAL STODY OF INTERTRIBAL AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN TRADITIONAL AFRICA) by Re Sumo Attuquayefio, Jr. Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Signatures of Committee: r Chairman; Dean c of International Service Date: AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ^he American University AUG 7 1969 Washington, D.C. WASHINGTON. D. C. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION: THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN POLITIES: WORKING HYPOTHESES............. 1 II. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF TRADITIONAL AFRICA...................................... 17 III. WAR IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM............. 39 IV. TRADITIONAL AFRICAN DIPLOMACY................ 72 V. LAW AND POLITICS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM...................................... 95 VI. TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS........... 110 VII. THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY............ 141 VIII. CONCLUSION;................................... 178 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................... .................... 184 CHAPTER I THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN POLITIES: WORKING. HYPOTHESES Introduction Africa is a vast and diverse continent. It is vast as to Size and diverse as to physiography, climate, re­ sources, and the composition of its population. The continent, before the coming of the European, was dominated largely by "tribes". In peopling the con­ tinent, the "tribes" traversed zone after zone of con­ trasting climate, soil, and vegetation, not only to ecologically adjust but also to strike a sort of ecolog­ ical equilibrium with their environment. A perpetual movement across the vast land mass of the continent could be readily imagined, and it could be easily conceived that land or territorial claims were made which were highly prized and coveted. Survival must have been, more likely than not, the major factor in the migrations. I It is highly likely that once they had acquired land the "tribes" began to further their culture: "they brought in cereals and began cultivating them, learned how to raise cattle, adapted metal tools and weapons to their own use, undertook mining and smelting and forging on a 1 continental scale, borrowed crops from other lands, in­ troduced soil conservation and terrace agriculture where hillsides needed these, discovered the medicinal value of a host of herbs and plants, and worked out their own explanations of mankind and the universe."'*' The ground­ work for African culture and civilization was laid. It is not improbable that in that struggle for territorial land some "tribal" political systems were able to incorporate and assimilate others or to evolve new patterns in power and efficiency. If one allowed the existence and knowledge of metallurgy, then it could be asserted that potentially the "tribes" equipped with the new techniques for making tools and weapons were at a superior advantage and they could augment their own food supply, especially in Western Africa, to support a growing population. Furthermore, it could be hypothesized that with the discovery and spread of metals, the trend towards ■*-Basil Davidson, Which Way Africa? The Search for a New Society. Penguin Books, Baltimore, 1964; p. 27. ^The knowledge of metallurgy was not initially universal throughout Africa. It had however, spread to virtually every African Society between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. 2 urbanism, possibly in the Nile region and Eastern and u Western Sudan, increased, and another population expan- t * sion began which reached an eventual culmination in the establishment of states and empires. The expansion in the numbers of Africa's "tribes" or peoples involved a corresponding expansion in terres­ trial or land space. Additional lives could be supported only by cultivating new plots of land and finding new pastures for growing flocks and herds. Conceivably, those "tribes" that were better equipped often expanded at the expense of those that were not so fortunate. And the latter, it is also conceivable, did not always sub­ mit passively to expulsion or extinction; rather, it would seem, they sometimes adopted and adapted the tech­ niques of the encroaching comers, or lived symbiotically with them. In the long run various cultures met. Prox­ imity gave opportunity for exchanging of experiences and for pooling of technical knowledge. But contact could not likely have been always ami­ cable. For each and all were competing for the same sort of land, and there was not an infinite supply. Presum­ ably, wars of conquests were fought to establish primacy and paramountcy in environments already held by earlier 3 cultures and civilizations. The aggressive attitude of some of the "tribes" eventuated in migrations and, in some cases, the crea­ tion of mixed cultures - spiritual and material. No doubt divergent traditions developed to reflect differ­ ent experiences, and also different responses to differing environments. In the sequel, however, the political framework.requisite for the consolidation of social organizations, for maintaining authority and for prosecut­ ing war or defense was forged. It may be said that in the relations■of traditional African "tribes" the acquisition of the art of metallurgy was quite instrumental in deter­ mining the course of subsequent development and the rela­ tions of the political systems. THE PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE AFRICAN POLITIES Although the historical and cultural settings of the traditional African polities varied greatly, they had cer­ tain common features in the patterns of their development. The initiative for bringing these polities into being came, probably, from, the rulers.'*' These rulers, inmost ■*"The term "rulers" is here used to mean kings, em­ perors, elders, and collective leadership. Where there were no rulers someone almost always rose to a position of pre-eminence as to demand obedience and respect, and some following. See Lucy Mair, Primitive Government. Baltimore, 1962; passim. 4 instances, came from established patrilineal, matrilineal princely or "professional" families, or usurpers from lower-class origins, who essayed to create new dynasties or to conquer new territories. They- were often conquerors, who attempted to subdue various territories and establish their own rule over them. Usually., such rulers emerged during periods of crises, or disintegration of the existing political system or of acute upheaval within it. Usually, they had their own vision of political goals, peace and order, and attempted to transmit them to their newly established political regimes or to, at least, partsoof the conquered territor­ ies . The resultant differentiae of political goals fre­ quently led to intrigues and open warfare and, therefore, the rulers had to secure; allies, whether passive or active, who could help them achieve their goals. In order to utilize these allies to mobilize necessary re­ sources and to implement their policies both as to in­ ternal and external conditions, the rulers had to forge various instruments of power - political and administra­ tive, diplomatic - strategic - with which to perpetuate the political system. 5 THE MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEMS The political systems which underwent and those which survived this push and pull of the political struggle of "tribal" reshuffling of the African Conti­ nent may be classified into two broad categories: iriini- mal and maximal. Minimal political systems may be simply defined as systems espousing little or no "formal" centralized political structures; maximal political systems as those with recognizable hierarchies of political power and ex­ plicit patterns of bureaucratic authority. Despite this distinction, these political systems manifested the following basic characteristics: First, each operated within a territorial domain. Second, there existed in each some special­ ized form of administration or government. Third, each maintained a population within its boundaries. •*-The concepts "minimal and maximal" are used here to overcome the difficulties inherent in the. state - state­ less dichotomy of Fortes and Evans - Pritchard, African Political Systems, Oxford, 1940, 5-6. Southall's dichotomy between pyramidal and hierarchical systems approximates the writer's conception of minimal and maximal political sys­ tems. See Aidan Southall, Alur Society. Cambridge, 1956, pp. 250-251. 6 Fourth, each had the capacity, potential or manifest, to enter foreign relations. Both minimal and maximal states, in short, defined or were able to define, through their types of government, both the mode of life within and the mode of conduct out­ side the territoriality of their political society. A major implicate of the above characteristics is sovereignty. The sovereignty of the traditional African State, not unlike that of the modern state, has deep his­ torical roots. Without going into detailed analysis, it could be hypothesized that adjustment and adaptation to the geographical environment ostensibly brought home to the African peoples the meaning and significance of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Liberia Author(S): Harry Johnston Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol
    Liberia Author(s): Harry Johnston Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Aug., 1905), pp. 131-151 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1776207 Accessed: 25-06-2016 03:48 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 132.239.1.230 on Sat, 25 Jun 2016 03:48:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms LIBERIA. 131 than this year, while some have even held that it is earlier than the Rome edition. The modern maps are those of Spain, France, Italy, and the Holy Land, and already show considerable progress towards a correct delineation of the outlines of these countries. Of later editions of Ptolemy, Dr. Peckover has presented copies of the Strassburg edition of 1520 (the second issue with Waldseemiiller's maps); the Venice edition of 1561 (the first Italian translation, by Ruscelli, from the original Greek, with maps based on Gastaldi's); the Cologne edition of 1606 (third of Magini in Latin); and the fine Elzevir edition of 1618, by Bertius, with Mercator's maps, the Peutinger table, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRapHY ARCHIVaL MaTERIaL National Archives of Malawi (MNA), Zomba. National Archives at Kew (Co.525 Colonial Office Correspondence). Society of Malawi Library, Blantyre. Malawi Section, University Library, Chancellor College, Zomba. PUBLISHED BOOKS aND ARTICLES Abdallah, Y.B. 1973. The Yaos (Chikala Cha Wayao). Ed. M. Sanderson. (Orig 1919). London: Cass. Adams, J.S. and T. McShane. 1992. The Myth of Wild Africa. New York: Norton. Allan, W. 1965. African Husbandman. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. Alpers, E.A. 1969. Trade, State and Society Among the Yao in the Nineteenth Century J. Afr. History 10: 405–420. ———. 1972. The Yao of Malawi in B. Pachai (ed) The Early History of Malawi pp 168–178. London: Longmans. ———. 1973. Towards a History of Expansion of Islam in East Africa in T.O. Ranger and N. Kimambo (eds) The Historical Study of African Religion pp 172–201. London: Heinemann. ———. 1975. Ivory and Slaves in East-Central Africa. London: Heinemann. Anderson-Morshead, A.M. 1897. The History of the Universities Mission to Central Africa 1859-96. London: UNICA. Anker, P. 2001. Imperial Ecology: Environmental Order in the British Empire. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. © The Author(s) 2016 317 B. Morris, An Environmental History of Southern Malawi, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6 318 BiblioGraphy Ansell, W.F.H. and R.J. Dowsett. 1988. Mammals of Malawi: An Annoted Checklist and Atlas. St Ives: Trendrine Press. Antill, R.M. 1945. A History of Native Grown Tobacco Industry in Nyasaland Nyasaland Agric. Quart. J. 8: 49–65. Baker, C.A. 1961. A Note on Nguru Immigration to Nyasaland Nyasaland J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography and Economic Development of British Central Africa: Discussion Author(S): Lewis Beaumont, Harry Johnston, Wilson Fox, J
    The Geography and Economic Development of British Central Africa: Discussion Author(s): Lewis Beaumont, Harry Johnston, Wilson Fox, J. H. West Sheane, Clement Hill and Alfred Sharpe Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Jan., 1912), pp. 17-22 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1778323 Accessed: 17-04-2016 17:44 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 134.129.182.74 on Sun, 17 Apr 2016 17:44:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA?DISCITSSION. 17 purely philanthropic in these matters?we do not enter upon such enter- prises with the sole view of benefiting the African: we have our own purposes to serve, but they must be served in such a way as to operate to the advantage of all. I have little hesitation in replying that our occupation has had the best results, and from all points of view. So far as our own interests are concerned we have opened up a promising part of Tropical .Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Prior2013.Pdf
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. British Mapping of Africa: Publishing Histories of Imperial Cartography, c. 1880 – c. 1915 Amy Prior Submitted for PhD The University of Edinburgh December 2012 Abstract This thesis investigates how the mapping of Africa by British institutions between c.1880 and c.1915 was more complex and variable than is traditionally recognised. The study takes three ‘cuts’ into this topic, presented as journal papers, which examine: the Bartholomew map-publishing firm, the cartographic coverage of the Second Boer War, and the maps associated with Sir Harry H. Johnston. Each case-study focuses on what was produced – both quantitative output and the content of representations – and why. Informed by theories from the history of cartography, book history and the history of science, particular attention is paid to the concerns and processes embodied in the maps and map-making that are irreducible to simply ‘imperial’ discourse; these variously include editorial processes and questions of authorship, concerns for credibility and intended audiences, and the circulation and ‘life-cycles’ of maps.
    [Show full text]
  • Brian Morris Palgrave Studies in World Environmental History
    Palgrave Studies in World Environmental History AN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF SOUTHERN MALAWI Land and People of the Shire Highlands Brian Morris Palgrave Studies in World Environmental History Series Editors Vinita Damodaran Department of History University of Sussex Brighton, United Kingdom Rohan D’Souza Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan Sujit Sivasundaram University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom James John Beattie Department of History University of Waikato Hamilton, New Zealand Aim of the Series The widespread perception of a global environmental crisis has stimulated the burgeoning interest in environmental studies. This has encouraged a wide range of scholars, including historians, to place the environment at the heart of their analytical and conceptual explorations. As a result, the under- standing of the history of human interactions with all parts of the culti- vated and non-cultivated surface of the earth and with living organisms and other physical phenomena is increasingly seen as an essential aspect both of historical scholarship and in adjacent fields, such as the history of science, anthropology, geography and sociology. Environmental history can be of considerable assistance in efforts to comprehend the traumatic environmen- tal difficulties facing us today, while making us reconsider the bounds of possibility open to humans over time and space in their interaction with different environments. This new series explores these interactions in stud- ies that together touch on all parts of the globe and all manner of environ- ments including the built environment. Books in the series will come from a wide range of fields of scholarship, from the sciences, social sciences and humanities.
    [Show full text]
  • Livingstone As an Explorer Author(S): Harry H
    Livingstone as an Explorer Author(s): Harry H. Johnston Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 5 (May, 1913), pp. 423-446 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1778160 Accessed: 10-05-2016 17:41 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 142.51.1.212 on Tue, 10 May 2016 17:41:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms DAVID LIVINGSTONE. 423 ever linked with his in the fortunes of that dark continent; and many others who were connected with his labours. It would ill become me in such company to say much about the great man whom we commemorate. But it is open to me to remark that his was the type of character and career that will always remain an inspiration for our race. Born with no social advantages, possessing no prospects, backed by no powerful influence, this invincible Scotsman hewed his way through the world, and carved his name deep in the history of mankind, until in the end he was carried to his grave in Westminster Abbey amid the sorrowing admiration of an entire people, and bequeathed a name which has been, and will ever be, a light to his countrymen.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Emancipation Barbadian Emigrants in Pursuit Of
    “MORE AUSPICIOUS SHORES”: POST-EMANCIPATION BARBADIAN EMIGRANTS IN PURSUIT OF FREEDOM, CITIZENSHIP, AND NATIONHOOD IN LIBERIA, 1834 – 1912 By Caree A. Banton Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY August, 2013 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor Richard Blackett Professor Jane Landers Professor Moses Ochonu Professor Jemima Pierre To all those who labored for my learning, especially my parents. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to more people than there is space available for adequate acknowledgement. I would like to thank Vanderbilt University, the Albert Gordon Foundation, the Rotary International, and the Andrew Mellon Foundation for all of their support that facilitated the research and work necessary to complete this project. My appreciation also goes to my supervisor, Professor Richard Blackett for the time he spent in directing, guiding, reading, editing my work. At times, it tested his patience, sanity, and will to live. But he persevered. I thank him for his words of caution, advice and for being a role model through his research and scholarship. His generosity and kind spirit has not only shaped my academic pursuits but also my life outside the walls of the academy. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the members of my dissertation committee: Jane Landers, Moses Ochonu, and Jemima Pierre. They have provided advice and support above and beyond what was required of them. I am truly grateful not only for all their services rendered but also the kind words and warm smiles with which they have always greeted me.
    [Show full text]
  • Producing and Territorializing Difference in East Africa, 1888-1940
    Norwegian University of Life Sciences Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis 2017:40 Plague of bureaucracies: producing and territorializing difference in East Africa, 1888-1940 Pest eller plage? Byråkrati som produsent av territorial ulikhet i Øst-Afrika, 1888-1940 Connor Joseph Cavanagh Plague of Bureaucracies: Producing and Territorializing Difference in East Africa, 1888-1940 Connor Joseph Cavanagh Table of Contents Summary ...............................................................................................................................................ii Sammendrag.......................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................. viii 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Part I – Science, empire, and the production of difference ..................................................... 12 2. Anonymous violence, ‘scientific’ colonialism, and the long nineteenth century ............................... 13 3. Historiography, geography, political ecology ..................................................................................... 45 4. Marx’s peasants, Polanyi’s kings, and the ‘liberal’ governance of dispossession in the
    [Show full text]
  • Copper, Borders and Nation-Building
    Copper, Borders and Nation-building Copper, Borders and Nation-building The Kantagese Factor in Zambian Political and Economic History Enid Guene African Studies Centre Leiden African Studies Collection, vol. 67 African Studies Centre Leiden P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] www.ascleiden.nl Cover design: Heike Slingerland Cover photos: A coke oven is emptied, Lubumbashi, 1919. Photo E. Gourdine, collection Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) Tervuren; scene from inside the “Prince Léopold” copper mine in Kipushi. This was the only entire- ly subterranean exploitation of the Congo. Photo UMHK, collection RMCA, Tervuren Copyright photos: Collection Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren: Excava- tions Pierre de Maret: fig. 2.1, fig. 2.3 (1975 ); Excavations Pierre de Maret: fig. 2.2, fig. 2.4 (1974); photo UMHK: fig. 4.1 (1920), fig. 4.2 (1929), fig. 4.3 (1928); photo E. Leplae: fig. 4.4, fig. 4.5, fig. 4.6, fig. 4.9 (1912); photo G.F. de Witte: fig. 4.7 (1931); photo C. Lamote (Inforcongo): fig. 4.8 ( 1950); photo J. Makula (Inforcongo): fig. 5.1 (1960); photo Lambert (Inforcongo): fig. 5.2 (1959) Maps: Nel de Vink (DeVink Mapdesign) Layout: Sjoukje Rienks, Amsterdam Printed by Ipskamp Printing, Enschede ISSN: 1876-018x ISBN: 978-90-5448-158-4 © Enid Guene, 2017 Table of Contents 1 Introduction – Two Copperbelts, Two Histories? 7 1.1 A Joint History 7 1.2 ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Paradigms for the Copperbelt 11 1.2.1 Modernism and its Failure 11 1.2.2 Nation-Statism and Transnationalism 14 1.3 Objectives 17 2 The
    [Show full text]
  • Imagined Communities: the British Planter in Nyasaland, 1890 - 1940
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2021 Imagined Communities: The British Planter in Nyasaland, 1890 - 1940 Benjamin Marnell Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the Africana Studies Commons “Imagined Communities: The British Planter in Nyasaland, 1890-1940” Benjamin Marnell Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in History Joseph M. Hodge, PhD, Chair James Siekmeier, PhD Jennifer Thornton, PhD Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2021 Keywords: Malawi, Tea, British Empire, Colonialism, British World, Identity Copyright 2021 Benjamin Marnell Abstract The planters’ Legacy in Nyasaland “Imagined Communities: The British Planter in Nyasaland, 1890-1940” Benjamin Marnell This thesis examines concepts of British settler identity and how it developed across trans-national bounds. Between the 19th and 20th centuries, the rise of industrialization and developments in transportation, mass communication and print media fueled a new wave of settler movements from Britain. As settlers spread to different continents, their identity as Britons was challenged in new ways. From this, a unique subgroup of settlers developed, known as planters. In this thesis, I examine the planter community that developed in the small South Central African country of Nyasaland, now Malawi. By examining Nyasaland’s settler community as a case study, I show how the planters drew inspiration from other planting communities across the empire to develop an identity that strengthened their hold over the region. Though the planters failed in their attempt to create their imagined community, this thesis will show how they attempted to contribute to the trans-national planting class and how that shaped their perceived dominance over the African population.
    [Show full text]
  • George Grenfell and the Congo
    8i (8' GEORGE GRENFEK^:'*,0 n AND THE CONGO A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ^^^0^ CONGO INDEPENDENT STATE AND ADJOINING DISTRICTS OF CONGOLAND TOGETHER WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF THE NATIVE PEOPLES AND THEIR LANGUAGES, THE FAUNA AND FLORA ; AND SIMILAR NOTES ON THE CAMEROONS AND THE ISLAND OF FERNANDO PO THE WHOLE FOUNDED ON THE DIARIES AND RESEARCHES OF THE LATE Rev. GEORGE GRENFELL, b.m.s., f.r.g.s. ; on the records OF THE BRITISH BAPTIST MISSIONARY society; and on additional information contributed by the author, by the Rev. LAWSON FORFEITT, Mr. EMIL TORDAY, and others BY SIR HARRY JOHNSTON G.C.M.G., K.C.B., Hon. D.Sc. Cambs. IN TWO VOLS. With 496 Illustrations from Photographs by the Revs. GEORGE GRENFELL and William Forfeitt, the Baptist Missionary Society, and others And from Drawings by the Author And 14 Maps by the late Rev. GEORGE GRENFELL, and also by J. W. ADDISON, r. GEO. soc, the last-named being based mainly on Grenfell's Surveys And on Additional Material contributed by Mr. E. TORDAY, the AUTHOR, ^^vr?.-^ Mons. a. J. WAUTERS, the Publications of the CQNGO THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, And THE BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY VOL. I LONDON : HUTCHINSON & CO. PATERNOSTER ROW 1908 SEEN BY PRESERVATION SERVICES OATE..X^ THE RIVER CONGO 319 wezi country, east of Tanganyika, whose father was a former follower of the Arabs—established himself with a rabble of Wanyamwezi fighting men as supreme chief over the Katanga country about the years 1866-1870.^ F. S. Arnot, a missionary of the Plymouth Brethren, after his first voyage of discovery in 1884, settled with a number of his colleagues at the court of Msiri, and one of these missionaries, Crawford, became in some way a secretary or adviser to Msiri, while C.
    [Show full text]
  • By Jeffrey Michael Branson a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
    EAST AFRICA: BRITISH AND EUROPEAN ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION, AND THE IMPACT THE STEAMSHIP HAD ON TRADING IN NYASALAND FROM LAKE NYASA TO THE INDIAN OCEAN, 1800- 1900 By Jeffrey Michael Branson A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY University of Central Oklahoma 27 July 2020 i ABSTRACT OF THESIS University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma NAME: Jeffrey Michael Branson TITLE OF THESIS: East Africa: British and European Attempts at Colonization, and the Impact the Steamship had on trading in Nyasaland from Lake Nyasa to the Indian Ocean (1800-1900). DIRECTOR OF THESIS: Jessica-Sheetz Nguyen, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The primary intent of this research is to analyze and document the progression of European influence and domination in modern-day Malawi, and to explore the incident at Lake Nyasa. East Africa during the nineteenth century was a period of rapid growth, rising violence, and political unrest. The goal of this research is to understand the political, religious, and social climate that led to the suppression of the slave trade by Harry Johnston and Cecil Maguire. Most prior research focuses on West Africa or the perils of the slave trade. This research will show the movement east into Central and East Africa, and why Nyasaland was one of the most critical political territories in East Africa. Historians have done extensive research on the explorers who traversed Africa, the European slave trade, and African trade, but there has not been much research that ties everything together to show how interconnected Europe and Africa were during the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]