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JOURNAL of the AFRICAN SOCIETY1 Downloaded from by Guest on 29 September 2021 VOL JOURNAL OF THE AFRICAN SOCIETY1 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/XX/LXXX/241/64382 by guest on 29 September 2021 VOL. XX. NO. LXXX JULY, 1921 NOTE.—There are many subjects in Africa, such as Racial Characteristics, Political and Industrial Conditions, Labour, Disease, Currency, Ranking. Education, and so on, about which information is imperfect and opinion divided. On none of these complicated and difficult questions has Science said the last word. Under these circumstances it hat been considered best to allow those competent to form an opinion to express freely in this Journal the conclnsking at which they themselves have arrived. It must bt clearly understood that tin object of tin Journal is to gather information, and that tack writer must b* held responsible for kit own views. THE CAPE TO CAIRO RAILWAY" THE subject of this paper is the railway route which will connect the two extremes of the African Continent, which are nearly 5000 miles apart in a direct line. The mileage will, of course, be considerably greater by the route actually to be traversed. Fifty years ago the greater portion of the vast African Continent was terra incognita to the white man, whereas to-day there are comparatively few parts to which he has not penetrated. The story of the development of this railway scheme is so closely connected with the political history of Africa, that I must give you some very brief survey of this history as far as time will allow. 1 Owing to pressure on space, it has been found necessary to hold over the report of the Address delivered to members of this Society by Sir Hugh Clifford on " UnitediVigeria," on 10th June, 1921, and the account of the proceeding* on the occasion, to the next issue of the Journal. ' This paper was read before a Meeting of the Society on 21st April, 1921, when Lord Buxton occupied the Chair. The paper was accompanied by a cinematograph display. For report of other proceedings see page 284. 16 Vol. 10 242 JOURNAL OF THE AFRICAN SOCIETY It was the daring Portuguese navigators, notably Bartholo- meu Diaz, who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in i486, and Vasco da Gama, who, adventuring still further, explored the East African coast in 1498, that may be said to have been the first to make Africa known to Europeans. The first European settlement in South Africa was by the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/XX/LXXX/241/64382 by guest on 29 September 2021 Dutch under Jan van Riebeck at Table Bay in 1651, and they were subsequently reinforced by French Huguenot settlers in 1689. From 1780-3, and again in 1795, England and Holland were at war, and the Cape Colony and Walvisch Bay were captured by the British from the Dutch, but were restored again in 1802. In 1806, however, war again broke out and the Colony was again taken by the British, and has since that date remained under the British Flag. In 1806 there was a white population of 27,000 in the Cape Colony and some 30,000 slaves, while the annual imports amounted only to some £100,000 and exports to £60,000. The total value of the imports and exports for the Union of South Africa in 1919 approached £103,000,000 sterling. When the emancipation of slaves took place in 1834 some 35,700 slaves valued at £3,000,000 were liberated, but only about £1,250,000 was paid in compensation. The resulting dissatisfaction was one of the prime causes of the Great Boer Trek in 1835, when some 10,000 Boers left the colony and crossed the Orange River to form the nucleus of the subse- quent Orange Free State Republic. In 1837 the Trek Boers crossed the Vaal River, and in 1840 the short-lived Dutch Republic of Natalia was formed. In 1843 Natal was, however, proclaimed a British Colony. The independence of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State Republic was established in 1852 and 1854 respectively, and in 1857 the first South African railway, sixty miles in length, from Cape Town north to Wellington, was authorised —really the first section of the Cape to Cairo Railway. In 1877 the affairs of the Transvaal Government became so desperate, and the country in such bad pHght, that it was annexed by Britain to prevent Zulu inroads. Trouble with the Zulus, however, culminated in the Zulu War in Natal in 1879. it I o i r uutin cmmxm Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/XX/LXXX/241/64382 by guest on 29 September 2021 mtma utaan KWSAttf MffUtS 110 it * SOUTH I J i * II T I C 0 C t I M SKETCH MAP OF AFRICA SOUTH SHEWING CAPE TO CAIRO ROUTE. I K 0 I t H 0 C I * M Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/XX/LXXX/241/64382 by guest on 29 September 2021 THE CAPE TO CAIRO RAILWAY 243 Owing to the non-fulfilment of an informal promise of Home Rule, the Boers became dissatisfied, and in 1880 de- clared war on England, and soon after the battle of Majuba in 1881 peace was declared and the Republic was again recognised. It was in 1881 that I first went out to Africa. The railway Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/XX/LXXX/241/64382 by guest on 29 September 2021 had at that time reached Beaufort West, 300 miles north of Cape Town, and in 1885 it reached Kimberley, where the work on the diamond fields had been in progress since 1870. In 1884 the Rev. J. Mackenzie, a missionary who had been appointed Deputy Commissioner of Bechuanaland, concluded treaties with various Bechuanaland Chiefs, inhabiting the country lying to the west of the Transvaal Republic. The Boers, however, in spite of these treaties, attempted to secure this country for themselves. As Namakwaland and Damara- land had been annexed by the Germans, and in 1885 a sove- reign charter conferred on the German Colonial Company to administer that country, there was a great danger of the Boers and Germans joining hands and closing all access to the north. Cecil Rhodes succeeded Mr. Mackenzie as Deputy Com- missioner in Bechuanaland, and not only refused to recognise the claims of the Boers to annex the country that connected the Transvaal with the recently established German Colonies, but in response to his appeals the Home Government sent Sir Charles Warren in charge of a strong force to keep them out of it. In a recent conversation which I had with Sir Graham Bower, who was at that time assisting Mr. Rhodes in his work, he told me that it was a loyal Dutchman named Van Niekerk who drew Rhodes's particular attention to the necessity of keeping this country for the Cape by pointing out to him that, although this land was of little value, it was the road to Matebeleland and Mashonaland—the Rhodesia of the future —where there was much mineral wealth. In 1885 Bechuanaland proper was annexed to Cape Colony, and Mr. Rhodes began his first efforts as a politician to unite the British and the Dutch in friendly relationship. In fact, he could only have done what he did with the approval of 244 JOURNAL OF THE AFRICAN SOCIETY Mr. Hofmeyer, who was leader of the Dutch Bond. In the same year, 1885, a British Protectorate was declared over the whole of Northern Bechuanaland, including Khama's country extending to the confines of Matebeleland. By these actions the road to the north was kept open, and at this time may be placed the commencement of the great ex- Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/XX/LXXX/241/64382 by guest on 29 September 2021 tension of British influence northwards. Had President Kruger had his way, this gateway to the north would have been blocked to British influence, and the history of Central Africa might have been very different from what it has been. Certainly there would have been no Cape to Cairo Railway as we know it. About this time extensive gold discoveries were made in the Transvaal, and by 1886 the Banket Gold Reef of the Witwatersrand was clearly denned. This discovery was one of the chief milestones of railway progress in Africa. The line was extended to the Rand in 1892, and the short economic railway between Johannesburg and Durban effected in 1895. Meanwhile Rhodes had been active, and as a result of treaties made with the Africa Chiefs—Lobengula of Mate- beleland and Lewanika of Barotseland in 1888-9, the British South Africa Company was incorporated and was granted a Royal Charter to administer and develop the districts of Mashonaland, Matebeleland and Barotseland, now known as Rhodesia: The Transvaal Boers were, however, at this time also pre- paring to occupy the Mashona country, and it was again due to the energetic promptitude of Cecil Rhodes that a territory half the sire of Europe was brought under British influence. He sent up the five hundred Rhodesian Pioneers to make an effective occupation of the country, which they did by estab- lishing Fort Salisbury in 1890. It was largely due to Dr. Jameson's untiring efforts, even when sorely stricken by illness, that Rhodesia was held during the troublous times through which she passed during the next few years. I lived with Jameson at that time and witnessed his efforts. I had been sent up by Rhodes to examine the mineral wealth of the country. Owing to the depredations of the natives, the Matebele stronghold of Bulawayo was occupied by Jameson and his THE CAPE TO CAIRO RAILWAY 245 troops in November, 1893.
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