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Livingstone As an Explorer Author(S): Harry H Livingstone as an Explorer Author(s): Harry H. Johnston Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 5 (May, 1913), pp. 423-446 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1778160 Accessed: 10-05-2016 17:41 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 142.51.1.212 on Tue, 10 May 2016 17:41:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms DAVID LIVINGSTONE. 423 ever linked with his in the fortunes of that dark continent; and many others who were connected with his labours. It would ill become me in such company to say much about the great man whom we commemorate. But it is open to me to remark that his was the type of character and career that will always remain an inspiration for our race. Born with no social advantages, possessing no prospects, backed by no powerful influence, this invincible Scotsman hewed his way through the world, and carved his name deep in the history of mankind, until in the end he was carried to his grave in Westminster Abbey amid the sorrowing admiration of an entire people, and bequeathed a name which has been, and will ever be, a light to his countrymen. How did he do it ? By boldness of conception, by fertility and courage in execution, by a noble endurance in suffering and disappointment, by self- sacrifice unto death, he wrested triumph even from failure, and in the darkness never failed to see the dawn. His spirit hovers over Central Africa, just as that of Cecil Rhodes, of many of whose ideals he was the unconscious parent, broods over the South Afriean regions that bear his name. And, though Africa has changed since Livingstone's day beyond all human recognition ; though settled territories and demarcated frontiers have taken the place of lawlessness and intertribal warfare ; though geo? graphical problems which he went down to the grave without having solved are now among the commonplaces of school primers; though ex? ploration has given way to peaceful evolution, and railways have replaced the tortuous crawl of the caravan; though Africa is no longer merely a European interest, but has almost become a European possession ;?yet the work of Livingstone still stands forth in monumental grandeur among the achievements of human energy, and the spirit of Livingstone will continue to inspire a generation that knew him not, but will never cease to revere his name. With these few introductory remarks, ladies and gentlemen, I will ask our lecturer to address us. LIVINGSTONE AS AN EXPLORER. By Sir HARRY H. JOHNSTON, G.C.M.G., K.C.B. David Livingstone, it is scarcely necessary to remind you, was of High- land descent, his grandfather having been a crofter on the little island of Ulva, off the west coast of the larger island, Mull. In appearance he showed clearly that the predominant strain in his ancestry was what we call Iberian for want of a more definite word. That is to say, that he was of that very old racial strain still existing in Western Scotland, Western Ireland, Wales, and Cornwall, which has apparently some kinship in origin with the peoples of the Mediterranean, and especially of Spain and Portugal. Indeed. according to such descriptions as we have of him, and such portraits as illustrate his appearance, he was not unlike a Spaniard, 2 F 2 This content downloaded from 142.51.1.212 on Tue, 10 May 2016 17:41:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 424 DAVID LIVINGSTONE. especially in youth and early middle age. His height scarcely reached to 5 feet 7 inches, his hair and moustache, until they were whitened with premature old age, were black, his eyes hazel, his complexion much tanned by the Afriean sun, but at all times inclining to sallow. He possessed a natural dignity of aspect, however, which never failed to make the requisite impression on Africans and Europeans alike. Bubbling over with sly humour, with world-wide sympathies, and entirely free from any narrow- ness of outlook, he possessed a very strong measure of self-respect, coupled with a quiet, intense obstinacy of purpose. In earlier life he was so eager to advance the bounds of knowledge, and so certain that he was a pre- destined and appointed agent to accomplish great purposes, that he may have been slightly arrogant and contemptuous towards fools and palterers. Once or twice during that absolute martyrdom of the six years which comprised the second Zambezi expedition he may have given way occasionally to temper, and in one instance have been somewhat unjust. His treatment of Thomas Baines and of Richard Thornton, members of the Second Zambezi expedition, cannot be altogether defended, though Thornton was reconciled, and returned to work under him. But in regard to Baines, he only sinned by deputy, so to speak. Like many other great men in history, he had a natural desire to help his immediate relations, and he had wished to give his brother Charles a chance of distinction by making him secretary to the Government Zambezi expedition of 1858 ; and Charles Livingstone, both on the Zambezi and afterwards as a Consul in West Africa, showed that so far as achievements and disposition were concerned, he was by no means on the same plane as his truly great brother. It was Charles Livingstone who fomented the few squabbles and misunderstandings which broke out in the early days of the Zambezi expedition, and David's only share of the blame lay in the fact that he once or twice supported his brother, and did not give sufficient considera- tion to the other side. As an estimate which is one of unmitigated praise generally defeats its object and provokes a reaction of criticism, I have sought diligently to record all the aspects and details of the character and acts of David Livingstone which could be gathered from the remembrance of con- temporaries or could be found in books and letters; therefore I mention these trivial points of disparagement. But, as a matter of fact, a research into the life and work of Livingstone (which I may mention I have carried on for a period of thirty years, beginning with my association with Stanley, with Sir John Kirk, and with some of Livingstone's old Swahili followers on the Congo) leaves me unable to quote anything of importance which could be regarded as serious dispraise of this remarkable man. On the other hand, a frequently repeated reading of his works leaves me increasingly astonished at his achievements with the means that he possessed, and more than ever convinced that he was so far the greatest of Afriean explorers, judged not only by his actual achievements, but by This content downloaded from 142.51.1.212 on Tue, 10 May 2016 17:41:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms DAVID LIVINGSTONE. 425 his character, disposition, and mental capacity.* He wrote things, he expressed ideas in the forties, fifties, and sixties of the last century which seem to those who read them to-day singularly modern as conceptions, conclusions, and lines of profitable study. For instance, apart from his boyish passion for geology and the records of the rocks, and his feeling that here lay before us a new and much vaster Bible, he had only just attained manhood when by dint of reading he begins to express his conviction that Christian missionaries were going to produce not only the awakening but the renaissance of China, an eventuality which has now come to pass. Scarcely landed in South Africa, he conceives the idea, barely formulated then, of the far-spreading affinities of the Bantu peoples, and the possibility through this community of language of carrying British missionary work and British political influence up through the centre of Africa to Abyssinia. He also, fifteen years afterwards, grasped the important fact before any other explorer of Africa, that the part of the continent white men should make for in their settlements was the high plateau region of the interior rather than the banks of great rivers or the seaboard. Indeed, it requires very little accentuation of his opinions expressed in private letters in 1841, to formulate the phrase, since so potent, of iC The Cape to Cairo." He never lost sight of this ideal, and during his last years speculated on its ultimate achievement through the work of Sir Samuel Baker on the Mountain Nile and the Albert Nyanza. It was only when Stanley chilled these anticipations by informing him that Great Britain had lost her interest in African problems, and that it was perhaps the United States which was going to re-organize Egypt through the loan of American officers, that Livingstone's ideals now transcended the limita- tions of national politics. In his journal on May 1, 1872, just one year before his death, he wrote the celebrated words which have been recorded on his tombstone, " All I can add in my loneliness is, may Heaven's rich blessing come down on every one, American, Englishman, or Turk, who would help to heal the open sore of the world." Yet he was under no illusions about the negro and his inherent weak- ness as a self-governing race : " The evils inflicted by the Arabs are enormous, but probably not greater than the people (the negroes) inflict on each other," is one of his mature conclusions.
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