WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN BULI CHIWOG, , ZHEMGANG DZONGKHAG (JULY 2018 - JUNE 2023)

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND PARK SERVICES MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTS

&

ROYAL SOCIETY FOR PROTECTION OF NATURE Buli Watershed Management Plan

Nangkor Gewog, Zhemgang District

July 2018

2 | P a g e

FOREWORD A healthy watershed is the lifeline for the mountain people and those living downstream in . Water is often regarded as the engine of country’s economic growth primarily to boost agriculture production and hydropower generation. Bhutan has strong policies, acts, and regulatory frameworks that seeks to safeguard water resources which contribute to maintaining a healthy river system that is pollution-free and accrues the benefit that transcends across the border. Under the wise and far-sighted leadership of our monarchs, environmental conservation in Bhutan is widely regarded as the bastion for conservation in the twenty-first century. Bhutan is one of the few countries in the world where the Constitution mandates 60 percent forest cover for all times. Bhutan is endowed with abundant water resources in the form of glaciers, snow, lakes, streams, and rivers. The per capita availability of water per annum is more than 100,000m³(Vision, 2008). Bhutan has one of the highest per capita water resource availability in the world with 94,500 m³/capita/annum (NEC, 2016). Sustainable management of an abundant resource that country has today is the shared responsibility of every individual in the country. The Government of Bhutan (RGoB) is enhancing its efforts to protect this scarce natural resource, which if not managed properly can have devastating repercussion for future generations. Increasingly, there are non- governmental organizations (NGO) that are playing proactive roles in environmental conservation and the government applauds and recognizes the important role they play in society. In 1987, the Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN) was established as a citizen- based NGO dedicated to the conservation of Bhutan’s rich natural environment. Since then, the RSPN has evolved as a complementary partner to the Royal Government of Bhutan in the preservation of Bhutan’s rich natural heritage. The RSPN has been a pioneer in conserving one of the largest alpine-wetlands and the Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis) in Gangtey and Phobjikha in Wangduephodrang district. The wetland has successfully transitioned into a RAMSAR site with a global conservation status. Considering the successes and the significant role it plays in environmental conservation, it is timely for RSPN to replicate its successful programs across the country and continue to complement the efforts of the RGoB in its conservation efforts. On this note, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to RSPN and Watershed Management Division (WMD) team for yet another milestone achievement in collaborating to develop the Buli Watershed Management Plan, which will guide the overall protection of a healthy watershed in Buli. Lastly, let me also thank the project donor GEF-UNDP Small Grants Programme in partnership with the Royal Government of Bhutan, project partners and stakeholders in Zhemgang Dzongkhag, particularly the community of Buli and local government officials of Nangkhor Gewog for contributing to the development of the management plan. Phento Tshering Director Department of Forests and Park Services

3 | P a g e

THE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING TEAM

• Mrs. Sonam Choden, Sr. Forest Officer – Lead Planner, WMD • Ms. Kuenzang Om, Agriculture Officer, WMD • Dr. Don Gilmour, Australian Volunteer, WMD • Ms. Rinchen Wangmo, Program Director, RSPN • Mr. Kinga Wangdi, Chief, CSLD, RSPN • Mr. Phurpa Dorji, Dy. Chief Program Officer, RSPN • Mr. Narayan Ghalley, Project Officer – Lead Planner, RSPN

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

• Dr. Kinley Tenzin, Executive Director, RSPN • Dr. Pema Wangdi, CFO, WMD • Mr. Tshering Phuntsho, National Coordinator, GEF-UNDP Small Grants Programme • Mrs. Rebecca Pradhan, Sr. Ecologist, RSPN • Mr. Dorji Wangchuk, Gup, Nangkhor Gewog, Zhemgang Dzongkhag • Mr. Jambay, Offtg. Environmental Officer, Zhemgang Dzongkhag • Mr. Kinley, Ranger, Buli Divisional Office • Mr. Kinley, Chiwog Tshogpa, Nangkor Gewog, Zhemgang Dzongkhag • Mr. Kinley Dem, Sr. Forest Ranger, WMD

4 | P a g e

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This management plan document is a result of the effort and support of various partners, stakeholders and individuals. The plan would not have materialized without the wholehearted support of the relevant organization and persons who were involved in the process of developing it. The board, management, staff and members of the Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN), humbly extend our appreciation to our partner, the Watershed Management Division (WMD) of the Department of Forests and Park Services (DoFPS) for rendering their technical support during the course of the project and especially for supporting in the development and finalization of the management plan. We want to also extend our appreciation and gratitude to the Dzongkhag administration of Zhemgang, Nangkor Gewog Administration, gewog RNR sector, Zhemgang Forest Territorial Division and the community for their participation and partnership. Lastly, we extend our gratitude to GEF-UNDP Small Grants Programme in partnership with the Royal Government of Bhutan for the financial support and we would keep our pledge to continue working toward achieving the goal of environmental conservation in the country.

Thank you, Tashi Delek

5 | P a g e

ACRONYMS

BC Biological Corridor BDBL Bhutan Development Bank Limited BTFEC Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation BEMC Buli Environment Management Committee CF Community Forest CSOA Civil Society Organizations Authority CIC Community Information Centre DoFPS Department of Forests and Park Services ECCD Early Childhood Care and Development FMU Forest Management Unit FNCA Forest And Nature Conservation Act FP Forest Policy 2011 JSWNP National Park LA Land Act LFA Logical Framework Analysis MOAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forests NCD Nature Conservation Division NLC National Land Commission PNP Phrumsengla National Park RNR Renewable Natural Resources RMNP Royal Manas National Park RSPN Royal Society for Protection of Nature SGP Small Grants Programme (UNDP) WA Water Act 2011 WMA Waste Management Act 2009 WMD Watershed Management Division WP Water Policy 2003 WR Water Regulation 2014

6 | P a g e

Contents

FOREWORD...... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 5 ACRONYMS ...... 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 9 1 BACKGROUND ...... 10 1.1 Context ...... 10 1.2 Rationale ...... 10 1.3 Purpose of the Buli Watershed Management Plan ...... 10 2 Description of Watershed Area ...... 11 2.1 Location and Physical features ...... 11 2.2 Climate ...... 12 2.3 Land Use and Land Cover ...... 13 2.4 Floristic Diversity ...... 14 2.5 Faunal Diversity ...... 14 2.6 Watershed Hydrology ...... 15 2.6.1 Water Quality ...... 15 2.6.2 Wetlands ...... 15 2.7 Socio-Economic Status ...... 16 2.7.1 Population and Settlement ...... 16 2.7.2 Livelihood Practices ...... 17 2.7.3 Use of Water Resources ...... 18 2.7.4 Cultural and Historical Values ...... 19 2.7.5 Public Amenities ...... 20 3 SITUATION ANALYSIS ...... 20 3.1 Policies, Rules and Regulations ...... 20 3.2 Other Management Regimes in the Watershed ...... 20 3.2.1 Heritage Forest and Waste Management ...... 20 3.2.2 Community Forest Management ...... 20 3.2.3 Decentralized Forest Management ...... 21 3.2.4 Biological Corridor ...... 21 4 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION ...... 21 4.1 Planning Process ...... 21 4.1.1 Consultation at Dzongkhag, Gewog and Community Levels ...... 21

7 | P a g e

4.1.2 Consultation at the National Level ...... 22 4.1.3 Logical Framework Analysis (LFA) ...... 22 4.1.4 Field Surveys and Assessment of Watershed ...... 23 5 THE PLAN ...... 23 5.1 Issues ...... 23 5.2 Goals, Objectives and Activities ...... 25 5.2.1 Goal ...... 25 5.2.2 Objective ...... 25 5.2.3 Management Strategies and Actions ...... 25 5.3 Roles of Players and Stakeholders ...... 35 5.4 Implementation Strategies ...... 35 5.5 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 35 5.6 Budget planning and resource mobilization ...... 36 6 Reference ...... 36 Annexure I: Avian Check list...... 38 Annexure II: Problem tree for Buli watershed development with core problems, causes and effects ...... 40 Annexure III: stakeholders and their roles ...... 42

8 | P a g e

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN) and the Watershed Management Division (WMD) jointly developed the Buli Watershed Management Plan funded by the GEF-UNDP Small Grants Programme in partnership with the Royal Government of Bhutan. The purpose of the Buli watershed management plan is to provide a strategic direction to ensure conservation and protection of watersheds and sustain local livelihoods that are intricately linked to the watershed and its ecosystem services. The Buli watershed area lies within the administrative boundary of Buli chiwog (village) under Nangkor gewog (administrative block) in Zhemgang dzongkhag (district). It covers an area of 1322.94 Ha. An important feature of the watershed besides its rich vegetation cover is a lake, the Buli Tsho measuring 1.4 Ha. The wetlands are the water reservoirs playing an important role in the hydrological processes in the ecosystem and the socio-economic and cultural lifestyle of the communities. The Buli watershed area is diverse with several primitive, endemic and native plant, animal and bird species owing to its rich biodiversity. The watershed management plan of Buli in Zhemgang is developed to sustain its current pristine conditions and to minimize the potential threats that could compromise the ecological function and productivity of the watershed. Although, the watershed is in a pristine condition where no management prescription is required, with rapid developmental activities, increasing population and human settlement the demand for natural resources has adversely impacted the surrounding watershed area. Following are the core issues in the watershed area:

• Actual and potential pollution of streams, springs, and marshes • Drying up of water sources and marshes • Landslides and erosion from farm road and irrigation channels • Invasive species in marshes and grazing area Effective watershed management includes planning, implementation, and evaluation components. The plan characterizes the present watershed conditions, it identifies and prioritizes problems, defines management objectives, and strategies in partnership with stakeholders. The plan implementing process involves various expertise and skills including technical, project management, monitoring and evaluation, and communication. RSPN, WMD, Dzongkhag administration and gewog officials deliberated and agreed on the current implementing strategies.

9 | P a g e

1 BACKGROUND

1.1 Context The Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN) and the Watershed Management Division (WMD) jointly developed the Buli Watershed Management Plan. Under the broad national framework for the protection of forests, wild animals and plants, and conservation of soil and water resources, the WMD of the Department of Forests and Park Services (DoFPS) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MoAF) is mandated to develop management plan(s) for degraded watersheds to conserve and protect Bhutan's rich natural resources. The RSPN is a pioneer non-governmental organization (NGO) established in 1987 to support environmental conservation in Bhutan. Since then, the RSPN has prioritized proactive conservation of pristine ecosystems to enhance conservation efforts of the Royal Government of Bhutan. Under the aegis of the partnership and a shared goal for the conservation of a significant wetland, RSPN initiated the conservation and livelihood program in Buli, Zhemgang with technical support from the WMD. GEF-UNDP Small Grants Programme funded the project. The project covered the development of this management plan. Additionally, the project also supported the advocacy and public awareness activities in Buli on the importance of wetlands. 1.2 Rationale In the context of climate change and potential anthropogenic disturbances to the water and forest resources, sustaining an adequate supply of freshwater to meet agricultural and domestic requirements of the communities rely on the effective management of the watershed. Rich forest coverage in Buli watershed plays an important role in enhancing the ecological functions, as well as social and economic lives of the communities, primarily supporting an agrarian livelihood. Wetlands such as lakes, streams, and marshes are productive environments and cradles of biological diversity indispensable for the “ecosystem services” that they provide within the watershed. Considering the local belief and historical narratives connected to Buli Tsho (lake) and other significant abodes of deities in the forests, the watershed also provides cultural and recreational values. The watershed management plan in Buli in Zhemgang is developed so as to sustain its current pristine condition and deter the potential threats. This management plan encompasses the sustainable management of Buli watershed with a specific focus on wetlands conservation. This will also complement the Water and Wetlands program of the Department of Forest and Park Services, working on various strategies to preserve the wetland ecosystem in the country in collaboration with various domestic and international partners. 1.3 Purpose of the Buli Watershed Management Plan Although the natural environment of Buli watershed remains relatively undisturbed, there are potential human dynamics and natural forces that may pose threats to its status. The Buli watershed does not entirely fall within the legally recognized conservation status of the Royal Government of Bhutan. Thus, a proactive management plan will serve to deter any imminent threats in the future. 10 | P a g e

The specific purpose of the Buli watershed management plan is to:

• Provide strategic direction for ensuring conservation and protection of watersheds, particularly wetlands and associated biodiversity, and • Support sustainable local livelihoods linked to conservation and protection of the watershed.

2 Description of Watershed Area

2.1 Location and Physical features

Figure 1. Map of Manas River basin showing Mangdechhu sub-basin and Buli watershed boundary (Source: WMD, 2016)

The Buli watershed area lies within the administrative boundary of Buli chiwog (village) under Nangkor gewog (administrative block) in Zhemgang dzongkhag (district). The upper part of the Nangkor gewog borders Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park and a portion of the gewog falls in lower Kheng under the Royal Manas National Park. The watershed also falls under the Mangdechhu sub-basin, which in turn forms a part of the major river basin in Bhutan, namely the Manas River basin (Figure 1). Buli watershed covers an area of 1322.94 Ha situated in the foothills of the Himalayan ranges. Endowed with rich broad-leaved forests, wetlands such as marshes, lake and streams, it stretches from 27°09'08.24" N to 27°09'30.57"

11 | P a g e

N latitudes and 90°47'38.13" E to 90°50'46.16" E longitudes at an elevation ranging from 1370 to 2900 m.a.s.l. Buli watershed area is characterized by rugged mountain with undulating landscape. The area weighted average slope gradient is about 20° (Figure 2). Only small patches of red soil are found in the settlement areas, whereas black and clay soil rich in humus dominates the forested and wetland areas. Gneiss with residual soil predominates Buli (World Bank, 1998).

Figure 2: View of vast Paddy fields in Buli

Figure 2. Slope map of Buli watershed 2.2 Climate The climate in the watershed area is dominated by the south-western monsoons originating in the Bay of Bengal. Rainfall and temperature data compiled between 1985-1991 and 2003 and 2010 show an annual rainfall varying from 1100-2200 mm. The minimum average monthly temperature was recorded at 11.3 °Celsius in the month of January and a maximum temperature at 21.4° Celsius in August (Figure 3).

12 | P a g e

Figure 3. Rainfall and temperature pattern (weather station at Buli Centre School) 2.3 Land Use and Land Cover Agricultural land covers over 7 percent with 4 percent Kamzhing (dryland) and 3 percent Chuzhing (paddy fields). The broadleaf forest dominates Buli with over 82 percent followed by shrubs (8%) (Table 1 and Figure 4).

Table 1. Land Use and Land Cover

Sl. No. Land cover Area (Ha) Percent (%)

1 Chuzhing 44.91 3.39

2 Kamzhing 53.5 4.04

3 Built up Area 12.62 0.95

4 Broadleaf Forest 1097.95 82.98

5 Meadows 1.33 0.10

6 Shrubs 109.61 8.28

7 Lakes 1.48 0.11

8 Rivers 1.75 0.13

13 | P a g e

Figure 4. Buli watershed area showing streams, land use and settlements

2.4 Floristic Diversity The Buli watershed area is diverse with several primitive, endemic and native plant species due to its large forest cover. A total of 51 tree species comprising of 33 families are found in the watershed area (RSPN & WMD, 2015). Evergreen broadleaf canopy species dominate the forest followed by deciduous broadleaf trees. The broadleaf forests comprise mostly of oak- laurel species such as Beilschmiedia gammieana, Cinnamomum bejolghota, Cinnamomum impressinervium, Persea fructifera, Persea clarkeana, Cryptocarya bhutanica (endemic to Bhutan), Litsea sp. and Neolitsea foliosa. Oak species such as Castanopsis tribuloides, Lithocarpus fenestratus, and Quercus glauca are also present. Other significant canopy tree species composed of Altingia excelsa, Elaeocarpus lanceifolius, Michelia velutina, Helicia nilagirica, Schima wallichiana, Engelhardtia spicata, Toona ciliata, and Betula alnoides. The understory species compositions are mainly dominated by Microtropis discolor, Rapanea capitellata, and Myrsine semiserrata. Other important species include Symplocos, Maytenus, Sophora (endemic), Xantolis (rare), Myrica, Glochidion, Eurya, Daphne, and Maesa (RSPN, 2015). The forests around the lake are dominated by Taxus baccata (RSPN & WMD, 2015). 2.5 Faunal Diversity The Buli watershed and the adjacent area is home to a number of flagship mammalian species including the Golden Langur (Trachypithecus geei), an endemic species to Zhemgang District, the Himalayan black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus), leopard (Panthera pardus) and the Royal Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris). The area is also home to diverse bird species (Annexure I) such as the endangered Rufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis), Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and other avian species (Avian Assessment Report, 2015).

14 | P a g e

Surrounded by evergreen broadleaf forest and with rich wetland ecosystem, the area is reported to be relatively undisturbed. The pocket of marshy area that lies near the gewog office is home to a few resident bird species such as Black-tailed Crake (Amaurornis bicolor) and White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus). 2.6 Watershed Hydrology Within the single watershed boundary, there are several seasonal and perennial streams. A common watershed boundary has been delineated which represents all the streams within the watershed. As per the result of rapid watershed assessment report, Buli watershed is in pristine condition (RSPN & WMD, 2015) with three major streams, three prominent lakes and marshes. All the streams from the watershed area flow into Burgang Chhu, below the Buli village. 2.6.1 Water Quality An assessment carried out by WMD and RSPN in 2015 classified the watershed as pristine and included a water quality report measuring five parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity and salinity (Table 2).

Table 2. Physical Characteristics of the Streams in Buli

Stream ID Sl. TDS Temp Conductivity Salinity No. (ppm) (oC) pH (µS/cm) (ppm)

1. Chenrizi dupchhu 42.2 16.3 8.5 59.2 31.2

2. Rumrangchhu 15.8 19.1 7.8 22.6 16.9

3. Rongdegangchhu 28.1 20.8 7.2 39.4 24.2

4. Berpangchhu 37 23.1 7.1 52 30.2

5. Kharetangchhu 54.9 17 6.8 77.2 39

6. Mephangchhu 29.9 21.5 7.9 41.5 25.6

7. Yongbarichhu 15.2 22.5 7.6 21.8 11.2

2.6.2 Wetlands The streams, marshes and lakes are the natural wetlands within Buli watershed playing a vital role in the hydrological processes and providing ecosystem services. The natural wetland includes a sacred lake called Buli Tsho measuring approximately 1.4 Ha and marshes with a total area of 11.7 Ha. The Buli Tsho is the largest lake at Buli. The artificial wetlands consist mostly of paddy fields drained by irrigated water or rain-fed.

15 | P a g e

2.7 Socio-Economic Status 2.7.1 Population and Settlement The village of Buli has over 100 households and a population of over 800 ethnic Khengpas (RSPN, 2015). Buli is situated in an open valley surrounded by three settlements of Trong, Pang, and Langbi. Houses are clustered, built in traditional architecture and surrounded by small orchards and vegetable gardens (Figure 5). All households have access to proper drinking water supply although issues of water management and damage to water infrastructure have been reported leading to water scarcity. The village also hosts most of the government offices including the Gewog Administration office, Renewable Natural Resources Extension Centre, Community Centre, Agriculture Machinery Centre and the Basic Health Unit.

16 | P a g e

Figure 5. Village settlement pattern 2.7.2 Livelihood Practices Agriculture forms the mainstay of the livelihood in Buli. Most farmers practice subsistence farming combined with the rearing of livestock. An average household owns more acreage of dryland than paddy fields (RSPN Socio-economic Survey Report, 2015). Dryland is mostly used for the cultivation of maize, vegetable, mustard, wheat, and potato. Chilli and potato form the major sources of the cash crop. Paddy is also cultivated by most of the farmers in the village. The socio-economic assessment conducted by RSPN in 2015 found that every household cultivates not less than 50 decimals of land for potato cultivation. Potato is sown in December and harvested in June. Pesticide, weedicide, and fertilizers are used in a small quantity (with no more than 1 kilogram) for paddy cultivation, maize, and potato. Rearing of dairy cattle is the most dominant livestock activity in the village although a few household rear poultry. Some households largely depend on income from the sale of dairy products. The open marshes and vast forestland provide an all-season grazing area for cattle in Buli. All households have proper farm shed for cattle and heap compost is practiced to produce manure for fertilizer. The livestock sector in Buli has initiated a dairy-processing unit that collects milk from farmers, making it a good income source for the farmers. Communities in Buli watershed also depend on the forest ecosystem as a part of their livelihood. The rich forests provide provisioning services including fuelwood, timber, food, fodder, fibre, shelter, medicines, household implements, and handicrafts. Firewood, fiddleheads, cane, bamboo, and mushroom are most commonly and frequently collected for

17 | P a g e household consumption as well as to sell in the local markets (RSPN, 2105). The watershed assessment report points out the commonly used firewood species as Tshakoi (Castanopsis sp.), Meckham and Pising (Oak). An average household uses a truckload of firewood annually (one truckload is equivalent to 8 cubic meter). With the community forest management practices, all firewood collection is monitored, as households are members of the two existing community forest groups. Champ (local name) or Magnolia champaca is the dominant timber species used and preferred for house constructions owing to its resistance to rainwater and wood-eating worms. 2.7.3 Use of Water Resources Rumrang stream is the only drinking water source for Buli community and also serves as the one of the water sources for irrigation. In addition to Rumrang stream, Chhuzar stream is also used as the source for irrigation. The Krake Drubchhu/Chenrezi Drubchhu, a small brook believed to be a sacred water body is also an important source of irrigation for the communities. Though Buli Tsho doesn't have direct utility, it is considered a sacred site and is the source of pride for Buli community. The marshes in Buli serve not only as the source of irrigation for downstream settlers but as a water source for cattle. There are two prominent drup-chhu or sacred natural springs valued by the community as holy water that has medicinal properties.

18 | P a g e

2.7.4 Cultural and Historical Values The picturesque village is dotted with traditional, mostly two-storied Bhutanese style structures. The historical sites are valued for educational interests and recreational purposes. Buli village has prominent Lhakhangs (temples) with linkages to historic and legendary leaders in contemporary Bhutan. The Bar Lhakhang in Trong village is dedicated to Terton Pema Lingpa and the Pang Lhakhang is dedicated to Terton Dorji Lingpa. The ruin of Sarphey dzong (fort of Buli Ponpo/Drongsep Singye Namgyal) is located on the Krongmen hillside covered in thick forests. The Krake Drubchhu/Chenrezi Drubchhu, originates from the mountain revered as the abode of Rongle Tsen or Buli Tsen Lhatsen Karpo, worshipped for ages as their protective deity.

Buli is well known for its popular Buli Tsho (lake), located about thirty minutes’ walking distance from the main village. The lake is particularly revered, for being the abode of Buli Monmo, a legendary mermaid worshiped as the protective deity of the community. The forests around the lakes are protected with traditional local conservation practices such as La Dam and Ri dam (restricted visitations to mountain and forest areas) during certain periods of the year - from the 8th to 10th Bhutanese (lunar) months - regarded as the harvest season for the communities. During this time, people are restricted from visiting the lake for fear of the lake-dwelling mermaid unleashing her wrath in the form of heavy rainfall, windstorm, and hailstorm. These belief systems and indigenous conservation practices are vital links to community-based management of resources. The language, social organization, relationship, religious beliefs and rituals in the region are still largely intact. The local communities conduct the annual Monmo and Tsen Soelkha (ritual) or offerings to appease the local deities and seek their support for the good fortune in

19 | P a g e the form of good harvest, good health, peace and happiness. The culture and historical past of Buli form an integral component of the aesthetic diversity of the area. 2.7.5 Public Amenities Buli enjoys all basic public amenities including a middle secondary school, grade II basic health unit, gewog renewable natural resources (RNR) centre, early childhood care and development (ECCD), Bank (BDBL) branch office, community information centre (CIC) and a Buddhist Shedra/school. Buli also serves as the national highway transit that has access to paved road, providing better economic opportunities compared to the neighbouring villages. In the absence of a proper town plan, there are temporary makeshift shops.

3 SITUATION ANALYSIS 3.1 Policies, Rules and Regulations Protection and management of natural resources, water resources, river basins, and watersheds is crucial for long-term sustenance of natural resources, as enshrined in Article 5.1 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan. The Water Act (2011) and Water Regulation (2014) largely set the framework for this watershed Planning. Forest Policy (2011), Forest and Nature Conservation Act (1995), Land Act (2007) and Waste Management Act (2009) are among the most important policies and regulatory documents that influence the preparation of integrated watershed management plans in the country. 3.2 Other Management Regimes in the Watershed 3.2.1 Heritage Forest and Waste Management Nature Conservation Division (NCD) under Department of Forest and Park Services contributed toward enhancing and preserving Buli Tsho by designating the forest around Buli Tsho as a Natural Heritage Forest in August 2016. This was initiated to enhance the conservation and preservation of natural heritage and the forest cover eliminating or minimizing human-made impacts inside the designated area. The Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation (BTFEC) funded an initiative for nature trails and fencing around the lake area. The fund also supported the community in waste management, while adding value to the community by building of a chorten (stupa). The dzongkhag and gewog are currently engaged in identifying a new disposal site to avoid water pollution from disposal of wastes and limiting wastes generated from the construction activities within the village. 3.2.2 Community Forest Management Phendey Norbuling is the only prominent community forest management group established with the overall objectives of meeting timber demand and at the same time ensuring the sustainability of the forest area resources under the particular community forest group. While the community forest initiative, in general, has been effective benefiting multiple areas

20 | P a g e including access to sustainable timber, and economic and gender equality, it is noteworthy that the scope of the group does not include the entire forest area within Buli. 3.2.3 Decentralized Forest Management Zhemgang Forest Territorial Division has a governing role in ensuring Bhutan’s commitments to international and regional conventions, treaties and non-legally binding instruments through participation, facilitating and enactment of enabling policies, legislation, strategies, plans and programs. The department has appointed representatives in the gewog to monitor any illegal deforestation activity in the watershed area. 3.2.4 Biological Corridor Biological corridor (BC) is defined as an area set aside to connect one or more Protected Area (PA) for movement and gene flow by plants and animals, providing connectivity and continuity for wildlife. Biological Corridor 4 (BC4) constitutes 20 % of the total area of BCs in Bhutan, forming the largest single corridor linking the three important national parks i.e. Phrumsengla National Park (PNP), Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park (JSWNP) and the Royal Manas National Park (RMNP). BC4 (27°2'36" to 27°23'16“N and 90°35'24" to 90°55'52" E) covers an area of 50,000 Ha shared by 9 chiwogs of 3 gewogs in the Trongsa and Zhemgang Dzongkhags. About 0.4 % (201 Ha) of the total BC4 area falls within the Buli watershed area as shown in (Figure 5). The part of BC falling within the gewog is designated as a restricted area for harvesting operations for the local forest management planning (i.e Management of Forest Areas outside FMUs).

The Zhemgang Forest Territorial Division is in the process of developing a management plan for BC4 for the 2017-2022 period. The Buli Watershed Management Plan is expected to form a part of the BC4 management plan. Its territorial map of the BC is reflected in the watershed map (Figure 5).

4 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Planning Process 4.1.1 Consultation at Dzongkhag, Gewog and Community Levels The current management planning initiative is an outcome of RSPN’s Wetland conservation program in Buli, following the decision of national stakeholders that suggested preparing a holistic watershed management plan. The planning process entailed adequate consultations all level of stakeholders including two at the level of the Dzongkhag Administration and four at the gewog level. The successive meetings discussed concerns related to watershed and wetland management, and opportunities to conserve the rich natural environment in Buli. The consultation processes also included discussions on holistic approaches to conservation that do not hinder the development needs of the community. Ensuing outcomes of the meetings

21 | P a g e served as the preliminary basis interventions for watershed management and wetland conservation along with plans and programs. Awareness and public outreach programs were carried out targeting local stakeholders, students of Buli Central School and the community members. These educational and outreach activities were initiated to familiarize potential partners and stakeholders with the issues, the importance of management planning and how it addresses conservation while enlisting their participation. Educational tours and participatory assessments were used as approaches to engagement of stakeholders. Local leaders, extension officers, and other relevant stakeholders participated in the consultative meetings and awareness programs. 4.1.2 Consultation at the National Level RSPN also consulted with national stakeholders comprising mostly of government and donor organizations on the development of management plan, before and after the plan completion. Relevant project stakeholders including stakeholders from national, district and gewog level officials were present during the consultation meetings. A draft plan was also presented for feedback and suggestions from all stakeholders. More importantly, the goals and objectives of the plans were deliberated at length. 4.1.3 Logical Framework Analysis (LFA) The process of Logical Framework Analysis was divided into identifying stakeholders, formulating and analyzing problems and objective tree to design proper goals, objectives and ensuing strategies. Issues related to the current condition of the watershed and potential threats in future that can lead to degradation of watershed health, its implications on the livelihoods of people and environment were identified. The problems identified were then triangulated with those raised at the community level consultations and field assessments reports to develop a common understanding of the main problems. Accordingly, core problems were identified and analyzed and suggested measures and approaches to address these issues were developed. Final stages of the LFA included an analysis of intended results with targeted goals, objectives, outputs and strategies designed for implementing the plan. The Logical Framework Analysis Matrix is shown in Table 4.

22 | P a g e

4.1.4 Field Surveys and Assessment of Watershed Between 2015 and 2016, RSPN and WMD carried out multiple field assessments including socio-economic study, rapid assessment of watershed, biodiversity assessment, ecosystem service assessment. The field studies were able to quantify stream flow, measure the quality of water and categorized Buli watershed as pristine.

5 THE PLAN 5.1 Issues Initial assessment of Buli watershed categorized it as pristine with no management prescription required as per the classification guideline. However, with rapid developmental activities, increasing population and human settlement has increased the demand for natural resources, which would adversely impact the condition of the watershed, in the future. Therefore, the plan considers the possible issues that may pose a threat to the future condition of the watershed. Annexure II provides a description on the derivation of core problem for the watershed management plan. The four core issues (details in table 3) that would cause the watershed health to deteriorate were identified as follows:

• Actual and potential pollution of streams, springs and marshes • Drying up of water sources and marshes • Landslides and erosion from farm road and irrigation channels • Invasive species in marshes and grazing area

23 | P a g e

Table 2. Key Issues in Buli Watershed

Issues Geographical Occurrence Likelihood of management interventions to address issues Actual and potential pollution of streams, springs and marshes Increase use of weedicides and Buli chiwog dryland and wetlands Train farmers on organic farming pesticides and through awareness program Increase in sewerages Buli chiwog settlements Contrast proper drainage system surrounding wetlands Increase in litter (solid waste) Buli chiwog Intervene waste management system Drying up of water sources and marshes Encroachment of marshes by farm Buli chiwog wetlands areas Proper monitoring and compliance lands of construction as per the farm road construction standards Infrastructure development Mainly near old Ziwakha marshes Address through strong chiwog (government offices and road Area watershed conservation guidelines construction) Drainage of water from marshes Ziwakha marshes area Assessment studies and interventions as per the study Natural water flow in marshes Ziwakha marshes area Assessment study and intervention disturbed, siltation of the marshes Presence of secondary forest near Surrounding forest in Buli chiwog Reforestation streams/settlements may alter flow pattern Change in rainfall pattern Nangkhor Gewog Study climate change pattern Landslides and erosion from farm roads and irrigations channels Change in rainfall pattern (more Nangkhor Gewog Study climate change pattern erratic events) Poor maintenance of semi earthen Buli chiwog irrigation channels Renovation channels (obstruction in irrigation channels) No proper drainage within farm Buli chiwog farm road Renovation works roads (some section only) Invasive species in marshes and grazing area Animal dispersal Wetlands, marshy areas and Awareness and through manual grazing grounds uprooting

24 | P a g e

5.2 Goals, Objectives and Activities Based on the concerns and problems elucidated in the previous chapter, a set of goals, objectives and targeted strategies were developed. 5.2.1 Goal The overall goal of the Buli watershed management plan is to conserve wetlands for the provision of ecosystem goods and services to support sustainable local livelihood in the context of climate change. 5.2.2 Objective The objectives are:

• To mitigate present and potential future influences, • To enhance provision and management of domestic water supply, • To improve construction and maintenance of farm roads and irrigation channels to minimize erosion, landslides and water loss, • To minimize the adverse impact of invasive plant species in the landscape.

5.2.3 Management Strategies and Actions Objective 1. To mitigate present and potential future influences Output 1.1. Build capacity of the Buli farmers on responsible use of pesticides and weedicides Activities: a. Develop training materials b. Carry out training for Buli chiwog (100 households) c. Carry out monitoring on use of chemicals (bi-annually) Output 1.2. Manage sewerage and grey water to minimize pollution of wetlands Activities: a. Carry out assessment of sewerage and grey water disposal within Buli area b. Build proper sewerage and water drainage system to minimize pollution of wetlands

Output 1.3. Manage solid waste to minimize pollution Activities: a. Carry out assessment including mapping on waste disposal b. Carry out awareness and education for 100 households c. Develop and institute waste management system including facilities

Output 1.4. Restore Ziwakha wetlands to natural condition Activities:

25 | P a g e

a. Carry out assessment on status of Ziwakha wetlands to identify activities needed to restore wetlands to natural condition b. Implement recommended activities from the assessment c. Carry out awareness program on importance of wetland ecosystem on livelihoods

Output 1.5. Zone watershed to indicate critical areas Activities: a. Carry out community consultation b. Carry out mapping of watersheds and identify critical areas to guide future development c. Obtain endorsement from concerned authority

Output 1.6. Come up with regulatory framework to legitimize zonation plan Activities: a. Develop regulatory framework (Buli chiwog bylaws) b. Enforce bylaws

Output 1.7. Study on drying up of springs and marshes Activities: a. Carry out study b. Implement recommendations of study to rehabilitate springs and water sources

Output 1.8. Institutional strengthening Activities: a. Carry out capacity building of key institutions involved in natural resource management

Objective 2. To enhance provision and management of domestic water supply Output 2.1. Improve and manage water reticulation system for the community from source to household Activities: a. Carry out assessment on water reticulation system, make recommendation and prepare budget b. Implement the assessment recommended activities

Output 2.2. Create awareness on sustainable management of water resources Activities:

26 | P a g e

a. Develop IEC awareness materials b. Carry out awareness and education programmes c. Carry out study tour to significant wetlands sites within and outside country

Objective 3. To improve construction and maintenance of farm roads and irrigation channels to minimize erosion, landslides and water loss Output 3.1. Build and maintain the farm roads in conformity with EFRC guidelines Activities: a. Carry out assessment to determine areas require rehabilitation b. Carry out maintenance activities as recommended in report

Output 3.2. Build and maintain irrigation channels in conformity with guidelines Activities: a. Carry out assessment to determine areas require rehabilitation b. Carry out maintenance activities as recommended in report

Objective 4. To minimize the adverse impact of invasive plant species in the landscape Output 4.1. Manage and control invasive plant species Activities: a. Carry out assessment study to determine the extent of invasive species b. Conduct awareness campaign to community and institutions c. Implement the recommended activities reflected in 4.1.1 assessment report d. Study on the potential/economic use of invasive plant species

27 | P a g e

Table 4: Logical Framework Analysis (LFA) Matrix Years Outputs Activities Means of Responsible Collaboratin Local Budget verification agency for g Partners area (M Nu) 1 2 3 4 5 implementation based plan Objective 1. To mitigate present and potential future influences that disturb natural water flows in wetlands 1.1. Farmers in 1.1.1. Develop training Training Gewog Dzongkhag Buli 0.2 Buli materials materials Agriculture, Agriculture chiwog √ watershed irrigation Five Year RSPN trained in Extension Plan responsible 1.1.2. Carry out training for Training Gewog Dzongkhag 0.3 use of Buli Chiwog (100 Report Agriculture Agriculture pesticide and households) Extension √ √ weedicide Interview RSPN with Farmers

1.1.3. Carry out monitoring Reports and Gewog extension Dzongkhag 0.1 on use of chemicals field agent agriculture √ √ (bi-annual) verification √ √ √ ✓ 1.2. Sewerage and 1.2.1. Carry out assessment Reports Gewog office Buli BHU II Buli 0.1 gray water of sewerage and gray and Gewog chiwog

managed to water disposal within engineer Five Year minimize Buli area Plan √

28 | P a g e

pollution of wetlands 1.2.2. Built proper sewerage Reports and Gewog office Buli BHU II 5.0 a. and water drainage field and Gewog

verification engineer water system to √ minimize pollution of √ wetlands 1.3. Solid waste 1.3.1. Carry out assessment Reports RSPN Gewog Buli 0.15 managed to including mapping on administration chiwog

minimize waste disposal Five Year pollution Plan √ 1.3.2. Carry out awareness Reports RSPN Gewog 0.4 and education for 100 administration

HH , RNR Sector, school, Buli √ √ √ BHU II 1.3.3. Develop and institute Field RSPN Gewog 6.0 waste management verification administration

system including and , RNR Sector, facilities. evaluation school, Buli √ √ reports BHU II 1.4. Zewakha 1.4.1. Carry out assessment Assessment WMD RSPN, Buli 0.2 wetlands on status of Zewakha reports Gewog watershed

restored to wetlands to identify administration manageme natural activities needed to nt plan condition restore wetlands to √ √ natural condition

29 | P a g e

1.4.2. Implement Implementat RSPN WMD, gewog 0.5 recommended ion reports, administration

activities from the field assessment verification √ √ 1.4.3. Carry out awareness Reports RSPN WMD 0.5 program on

importance of wetland ecosystem on √ √ livelihoods 1.5. Watershed 1.5.1. Carry out community Consultatio Beat office WMD, RSPN Buli 0.1 zoned to consultation n reports watershed

indicate manageme critical areas nt plan √ √ 1.5.2. Carry out mapping of Reports, Beat Office WMD, RSPN, 0.5 watersheds and zonation Gewog

identify critical areas maps Administratio to guide future n development √ √

1.5.3. Obtain endorsement Endorsed Gewog RSPN, WMD, 0.3 from concerned document Administration √ authority 1.6. Regulatory 1.6.1. Develop regulatory Bylaws Chiwog WMD, RSPN, Buli 0.5 framework to framework (Buli Gewog, Range watershed √ legitimizes chiwog bylaws) office and manageme zonation plan Dzongkhag nt plan

30 | P a g e

1.6.2. Enforce bylaws Bylaws, field Chiwog Gewog, Range No inspection office and budget

and Dzongkhag required community consultation 1.7. Study on 1.7.1. Carry out study Reports WMD RSPN, Range WMDs No drying of office annual budget springs and work plan required marshes -WMD budget 1.7.2. Implement Implementati RSPN Range office, Buli 2.0 recommendations of on reports gewog office watershed

study to rehabilitate manageme springs and water nt plan √ √ √ √ sources 1.8. Strong 1.8.1. Carry out capacity Reports RSPN WMD, Buli 0.5 institutions to building of key Dzongkhag watershed

manage institution involve in and Gewog manageme natural natural resource administration nt plan √ √ √ resources management Objective 2. To enhance provision and management of domestic water supply 2.1. Water 2.1.1. Carry out assessment Reports Gewog engineer Gewog Buli 0.05 reticulation on water reticulation administration, chiwog

system for system make Range office Five Year the recommendation and Plan √ community prepare budget

31 | P a g e

from source 2.1.2. Implement the Progress Gewog Dzongkhag 1.0 to household assessment report administration health sector √ √ improved recommendation and managed effectively 2.2. Communities 2.2.1. Develop IEC Awareness RSPN Gewog Buli 0.03 aware of awareness materials materials administration watershed

sustainable and range manageme management office nt plan √ of water 2.2.2. Carry out awareness Awareness RSPN Gewog 0.4 resources and education report administration

and range office √ √

2.2.3. Carry out study tour Tour report WMD RSPN, 2.0 to significant Gewog,

wetlands sites within Dzongkhag and outside country and range √ √ office Objective 3. To improve construction and maintenance of farm roads and irrigation channels to minimize erosion, landslides and water loss 3.1.Farm roads 3.1.1. Carry out assessment Assessment DOR, Gewog Gewog and Buli 0.1 built and to determine areas report engineer Dzongkhag chiwog

maintained in require rehabilitation five year conformity plan √ with EFRC 3.1.2. Carry out Work DOR, Gewog Gewog and 3.0 guidelines maintenance completion engineer Dzongkhag

activities as

32 | P a g e

recommended in report √ √ report

3.2. Irrigation 3.2.1. Carry out assessment Assessment Gewog engineer Dzongkhag Buli 0.05 channels to determine areas report and gewog administration chiwog

built and require rehabilitation agriculture sector five-year maintained in plan √ conformity 3.2.2. Carry out Work Gewog engineer Dzongkhag 1.0 with maintenance completion and gewog and Gewog guidelines √ √ activities as report agriculture sector administration recommended in report

Objective 4. To minimize the adverse impact of invasive plant species in the landscape 3.1. Growth of 3.1.1. Carry out assessment Assessment RSPN WMD, Range Buli 0.1 invasive study to determine report office manageme

plant species the extent of invasive nt plan managed and species and make controlled recommendation to √ control spreading

3.1.2. Conduct awareness Awareness RSPN Range, 0.3 campaign to report dzongkhag and

community and gewog institution administration √ √ √

3.1.3. Implement Implementati RSPN and Dzongkhag 0.5 recommendation on report Gewog RNR sector

33 | P a g e

made in 4.1.1 administration and Forest assessment study Territorial √ √ √ Division

3.1.4. Conduct thorough Study report RSPN and Gewog RNR 0.1 √ √ study on potential Division Field sector economical and office Buli traditional importance value of invasive plant species.

34 | P a g e

5.3 Roles of Players and Stakeholders Implementing the watershed management plan involves various expertise and skills such as technical expertise, project management, monitoring and evaluation, and communication. The roles and responsibility of key partners and stakeholders are stated in detail in Table 4 (LFA Matrix) and in Annexure III. 5.4 Implementation Strategies A sound implementation strategy is crucial in achieving the outputs set in the management plan. RSPN, WMD, Dzongkhag administration and gewog officials deliberated and agreed on the implementing strategies. It is divided into three categories:

• RSPN will coordinate the overall implementation of the management plan and initiate to secure funds from external donors for implementation of activity as prescribed in LFA.

• The local government, sectors within the gewog office and Zhemgang Forest Division will implement the plan and propose budget in the annual Dzongkhag and gewog sector plans. More importantly, since the plan is proposed to be implemented during the 12th Five Year Plan (FYP), the budget has to be proposed during the finalization of 12th FYP as per activities prescribed in LFA matrix.

• While the planned activities will be executed according to Table 4, monitoring and evaluation of the outputs and impacts will be carried out by the gewog administration, RSPN and WMD.

5.5 Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and evaluation during and after implementation of planned strategies form an indispensable component of watershed management. The implementation of activities needs to be periodically reviewed and compared with those outlined in the work plan. The results collected through monitoring programs need to be in parallel with the interim targets and corrective measures applied if ongoing workplan and planned activities do not adequately meet expected targets. Lessons and best practices from M&E are useful for scaling up projects and programs. An evaluation plan with quantitative indicators to measure the inputs, and outcomes are necessary part of the watershed management plan. To fully engage local partners on the progress of work and any necessary adjustments in implementation, the local governments (Dzongkhag and Gewog) will assume the responsibilities for regular monitoring of the activities during the implementation phase.

RSPN and WMD will make biannual monitoring visits to the Buli watershed area. Reports on the status of the implementation will be produced quarterly to update the stakeholders and communities on progress, challenges and way forwards.

35 | P a g e

In addition, mid-term and end-term evaluation will be carried out to assess the watershed health and its functionalities as an outcome of the watershed management plan. Evaluation shall be carried out by RSPN and WMD.

Since the watershed management plan is for a period of five years (June, 2018 – June 2023), the management plan will be reviewed and amended by the WMD based on the monitoring and evaluation reports, and in consultation with the watershed communities and implementing agencies.

5.6 Budget planning and resource mobilization

Close to Nu. 25.98 million is estimated for successful implementation of Buli watershed management plan, its activities, research, monitoring and evaluation. As deliberated and described in the strategies for securing funds, every sector agency and partner outlined in plan (see Table 4) will submit budget proposals in the local plan parallel to the 12th FYP processes. Subsequently, RSPN will expedite fund mobilization from external donors and domestic funding partners to implement the activities.

6 Reference Gross National Happiness Commission (2013). Eleventh Five Year Plan (July 2013- June 2018). Zhemgang Dzongkhag. , Bhutan

National Environment Commission (2016). National Integrated Water Resources Management Plan. Thimphu, Bhutan.

Portland Watershed Management Plan (2005). Actions for Watershed Health, Environmental Services, City of Portland, Oregon. Royal Society for Protection of Nature (2007). Phobjikha Landscape Conservation Area Management Plan. Thimphu, Bhutan. Royal Society for Protection of Nature (2015). Biodiversity Assessment. Thimphu, Bhutan. Royal Society for Protection of Nature (2015). Socio-Economic Report on Wetland Conservation and Sustainable Management of Buli. Thimphu, Bhutan. Royal Society for Protection of Nature (2015). Buli Wetland Biodiversity Report. Thimphu, Bhutan. Royal Society for Protection of Nature (2015). Rapid Watershed Assessment Report of Buli Watershed. Thimphu, Bhutan Royal Society for Protection of Nature (2015). Socio Economic Report. Thimphu, Bhutan

36 | P a g e

Royal Society for Protection of Nature (2016). Report on Consultative Meeting on Buli Wetland Management Plan/Strategy Development. Thimphu, Bhutan. Royal Society for Protection of Nature (2016). Field Report on Buli. Thimphu, Bhutan World Bank (1998). Environment Impact Assessment: Dakpai – Buli Road. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/pt/321081468768026812/pdf/multi-page. pdf

37 | P a g e

Annexure I: Avian Check list

Sl.no Species name (common) Species name (scientific) 1 Blacked backed forktail Enicurus immaculatus 2 Asian barred Owl Glaucidium cuculoides 3 Black bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus 4 Black faced laughing thrust Trochalopteron affine 5 Black tailed crake Amaurornis bicolor 6 Black-Billed magpie Pica pica 7 Blue whistling thrush Myophonus caeruleus 8 Chestnut-headed Tesia Cettia castaneocoronata 9 Chestnut-tailed minla Minla strigula 10 Common hoopoe Upupa epops 11 Common kestrel Falco tinnunculus 12 Common myna Acridotheres tristis 13 Darter Anhinga melanogaster 14 Green-tailed sun bird Aethopyga nipalensis 15 Grey hooded warbler Seicercus xanthoschistos 16 Grey Tree pie Dendrocitta formosae 17 Grey wagtail Motacilla cinereal 18 Grey winged black bird Turdus obscurus 19 Grey-headed canary flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis 20 Hodgson’s redstart Phoenicurus hodgsoni 21 House crow Corvus splendens 22 House sparrow Passer domesticus 23 Kalij pheasants Lophura leucomelonos 24 Large billed crow Corvus macrorhynchos 25 Lesser adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus 26 Long tailed shrike Lanius schach

38 | P a g e

27 Long tailed thrush Zoothere dixoni 28 Mountain bulbul Ixos mcclellandii 29 Orential magpai Roben Copsychus saularis 30 Oriental turtle dove Stretopelia orientalis 31 Plumbeous water redstart Rhyacornis fluginosus 32 Red faced liocichla Liocichla phoenicea 33 Red jungle fowl Gallus gallus 34 Red vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 35 Red wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus 36 Rufous necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis 37 Ruddy shelduck Tadorna ferruginea 38 Sharp tailed sand piper Calidris acuminate 39 Spotted dove Streptopelia chinensis 40 Sultan tit Melanochlora sultanea 41 Verditer flycatcher Eumyias 42 White breasted waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus 43 White capped water redstart Chaimarrornis leucocephalus 44 White crested laughing thrush Garrulax lucolophus 45 White throated laughing thrush Garrulax albogularis 46 White wagtail Motacilla personate 47 White-tailed Nuthatch Sitta himalayensis 48 White-throated fantail Rhipidura albicollis 49 Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulate

39 | P a g e

Annexure II: Problem tree for Buli watershed development with core problems, causes and effects

Adverse impact on Poor quality Poor quality water Adverse impact Effects aesthetic landscape water (drinking (human health, on natural (adverse impact on and irrigation animal health, air biodiversity

eco-tourism) water) quality) (algal bloom)

Core problem - 1 Actual and potential pollution of streams, marshes and springs

Pollution of Increase use of Increase use of Increase in litter

Causes marshes and weedicides and weedicides and (solid waste) streams pesticides pesticides

------

Adverse impact Change in Adverse impact on Effects Change in on eco-tourism hydrological regime natural biodiversity micro climate

Core problem - 2 Drying up of water sources and marshes

Causes Drying up of water Drying up of marshes Siltation of marshes source Presence of natural forest Improper drainage of Encroachment of near marshes and stream water form marshes marshes for farm land may alter the natural (Ziwakha) water flow

40 | P a g e

Effects Sedimentation in Washing away of agriculture streams and marshes land and properties

Landslides and erosion from farm road and irrigation Core problem - 3 channels

Poor maintenance of semi No proper drainage within farm earthen channels (obstruction in roads (only in some section) irrigation channels) Causes Change in rainfall pattern Soil erosion from farm roads /erratic (more extreme rainfall) (some section)

------

Effects Adverse effects on Change in natural Labour intensive livestock health and vegetation of marshes and for removal of agriculture crops grazing land weeds

Core Problem- 4 Invasive species in marshes and grazing area

Causes Animal Invasive plan species Invasive plant species dispersal in grazing area in marshes (wetlands)

41 | P a g e

Annexure III: stakeholders and their roles

Main stakeholders Roles and responsibility

Nangkhor Gewog Tshogdu Discuss issues related to implementation of the plan Review and discuss progress of plan implementation Facilitate in conflict management

Nangkhor gewog Integration of plan activities in their annual sectoral programs for budgeting and implementation.

Seek budget support and implement the identified watershed management plan activities

Divisional Forest Office, Regulate access to natural resources in important watersheds and Zhemgang wetlands areas Assist in establishing private and community forest Assist in protection of the riparian streams

Zhemgang Dzongkhag Integrate and synchronize the watershed management plan administration activities into annual gewog plans Monitor the progress of plan implementation and report to WMD Exploring funding for implementation of plan activities

WMD Provide technical support and other guidance for exploring, mobilizing funds and for implementation of plan activities Monitoring and evaluation of plan activities in collaboration with RSPN, carry out mid-term review and report to respective agencies.

RSPN Coordinate the plan implementation, Monitoring and evaluation in collaboration with relevant agencies

Communities of Buli chiwog Collaborate and provide necessary support during the implementing plan activities

42 | P a g e

Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN) P.O. Box: 325, Lhado Lam, Kawajangsa Thimphu, Bhutan www.rspnbhutan.org

Funded by GEF-UNDP Small Grants Programme in partnership with the Royal Government of Bhutan