Bon in Bhutan. What Is in the Name?
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Bhutan's Accelerating Urbanization
Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No.: 62072 Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT REPORT KINGDOM OF BHUTAN URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (CREDIT 3310) June 13, 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized IEG Public Sector Evaluation Independent Evaluation Group Public Disclosure Authorized Currency Equivalents (annual averages) Currency Unit = Bhutanese Ngultrum (Nu) 1999 US$1.00 Nu 43.06 2000 US$1.00 Nu 44.94 2001 US$1.00 Nu 47.19 2002 US$1.00 Nu 48.61 2003 US$1.00 Nu 46.58 2004 US$1.00 Nu 45.32 2005 US$1.00 Nu 44.10 2006 US$1.00 Nu 45.31 2007 US$1.00 Nu 41.35 2006 US$1.00 Nu 43.51 2007 US$1.00 Nu 48.41 Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank BNUS Bhutan National Urbanization Strategy CAS Country Assistance Strategy CPS Country Partnership Strategy DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DUDES Department of Urban Development and Engineering Services (of MOWHS) GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood ICR Implementation Completion Report IEG Independent Evaluation Group IEGWB Independent Evaluation Group (World Bank) MOF Ministry of Finance MOWHS Ministry of Works & Human Settlement PPAR Project Performance Assessment Report RGOB Royal Government of Bhutan TA Technical Assistance Fiscal Year Government: July 1 – June 30 Director-General, Independent Evaluation : Mr. Vinod Thomas Director, IEG Public Sector Evaluation : Ms. Monika Huppi (Acting) Manager, IEG Public Sector Evaluation : Ms. Monika Huppi Task Manager : Mr. Roy Gilbert i Contents Principal Ratings ............................................................................................................... -
VT Module6 Lineage Text Major Schools of Tibetan Buddhism
THE MAJOR SCHOOLS OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM By Pema Khandro A BIRD’S EYE VIEW 1. NYINGMA LINEAGE a. Pema Khandro’s lineage. Literally means: ancient school or old school. Nyingmapas rely on the old tantras or the original interpretation of Tantra as it was given from Padmasambhava. b. Founded in 8th century by Padmasambhava, an Indian Yogi who synthesized the teachings of the Indian MahaSiddhas, the Buddhist Tantras, and Dzogchen. He gave this teaching (known as Vajrayana) in Tibet. c. Systemizes Buddhist philosophy and practice into 9 Yanas. The Inner Tantras (what Pema Khandro Rinpoche teaches primarily) are the last three. d. It is not a centralized hierarchy like the Sarma (new translation schools), which have a figure head similar to the Pope. Instead, the Nyingma tradition is de-centralized, with every Lama is the head of their own sangha. There are many different lineages within the Nyingma. e. A major characteristic of the Nyingma tradition is the emphasis in the Tibetan Yogi tradition – the Ngakpa tradition. However, once the Sarma translations set the tone for monasticism in Tibet, the Nyingmas also developed a monastic and institutionalized segment of the tradition. But many Nyingmas are Ngakpas or non-monastic practitioners. f. A major characteristic of the Nyingma tradition is that it is characterized by treasure revelations (gterma). These are visionary revelations of updated communications of the Vajrayana teachings. Ultimately treasure revelations are the same dharma principles but spoken in new ways, at new times and new places to new people. Because of these each treasure tradition is unique, this is the major reason behind the diversity within the Nyingma. -
Zhou Zuoren's Critique of Violence in Modern China
World Languages and Cultures Publications World Languages and Cultures 2014 The aS cred and the Cannibalistic: Zhou Zuoren’s Critique of Violence in Modern China Tonglu Li Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/language_pubs Part of the Chinese Studies Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ language_pubs/102. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the World Languages and Cultures at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in World Languages and Cultures Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS cred and the Cannibalistic: Zhou Zuoren’s Critique of Violence in Modern China Abstract This article explores the ways in which Zhou Zuoren critiqued violence in modern China as a belief-‐‑driven phenomenon. Differing from Lu Xun and other mainstream intellectuals, Zhou consistently denied the legitimacy of violence as a force for modernizing China. Relying on extensive readings in anthropology, intellectual history, and religious studies, he investigated the fundamental “nexus” between violence and the religious, political, and ideological beliefs. In the Enlightenment’s effort to achieve modernity, cannibalistic Confucianism was to be cleansed from the corpus of Chinese culture as the “barbaric” cultural Other, but Zhou was convinced that such barbaric cannibalism was inherited by the Enlightenment thinkers, and thus made the Enlightenment impossible. -
Road Network Project II
Resettlement Planning Document Resettlement Plan for Raidak-Lhamoizingkha Section Document Stage: Draft Project Number: 39225 July 2009 Bhutan: Road Network Project II Prepared by Department of Roads, Ministry of Works and Human Settlement. The resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i I. THE PROJECT BACKGROUND 1 A. Project Description 1 B. Subproject Benefits and Impacts 1 C. Measures to Minimize Impact 1 D. Scope and Objectives of the Resettlement Plan (RP) 2 II. SOCIAL PROFILE OF SUBPROJECT AREA 3 A. Socioeconomic Survey and Methodology 3 B. Social Profile of Affected Persons (APs) 3 C. Economic Activities/ Livelihood 3 D. Religion 4 E. Education and Health 4 F. Drinking Water 4 G. Gender Analysis 5 III. SCOPE OF LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT IMPACTS 5 A. Types of loss and ownership 5 B. Subproject Impacts 6 C. Properties Affected 7 D. Options of Relocation 7 IV. RESETTLEMENT POLICY, LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND ENTITLEMENT MATRIX 7 A. Objective 7 B. Existing Bhutanese Law 7 C. Resettlement Principles for the Project 8 V. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION 15 A. Methods of Public Consultation 15 B. Scope of Consultation and Issues 15 C. Major Findings of the Consultations 16 D. Plan for Further Consultation in the Subproject 17 E. Disclosure of RP 18 VI. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 18 A. Institutional Requirement 18 B. Resettlement Management 18 C. Grievance Redressal Mechanism 19 VII. RESETTLEMENT BUDGET AND FINANCING 20 VIII. -
Farming and Biodiversity of Pigs in Bhutan
Animal Genetic Resources, 2011, 48, 47–61. © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011 doi:10.1017/S2078633610001256 Farming and biodiversity of pigs in Bhutan K. Nidup1,2, D. Tshering3, S. Wangdi4, C. Gyeltshen5, T. Phuntsho5 and C. Moran1 1Centre for Advanced Technologies in Animal Genetics and Reproduction (REPROGEN), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Australia; 2College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Lobesa, Bhutan; 3Department of Livestock, National Pig Breeding Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Thimphu, Bhutan; 4Department of Livestock, Regional Pig and Poultry Breeding Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Lingmithang, Bhutan; 5Department of Livestock, Regional Pig and Poultry Breeding Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Gelephu, Bhutan Summary Pigs have socio-economic and cultural importance to the livelihood of many Bhutanese rural communities. While there is evidence of increased religious disapproval of pig raising, the consumption of pork, which is mainly met from imports, is increasing every year. Pig development activities are mainly focused on introduction of exotic germplasm. There is an evidence of a slow but steady increase in the population of improved pigs in the country. On the other hand, indigenous pigs still comprise 68 percent of the total pig population but their numbers are rapidly declining. If this trend continues, indigenous pigs will become extinct within the next 10 years. Once lost, this important genetic resource is largely irreplaceable. Therefore, Government of Bhutan must make an effort to protect, promote and utilize indigenous pig resources in a sustainable manner. In addition to the current ex situ conservation programme based on cryopre- servation of semen, which needs strengthening, in situ conservation and a nucleus farm is required to combat the enormous decline of the population of indigenous pigs and to ensure a sustainable source of swine genetic resources in the country. -
Confucianism, "Cultural Tradition" and Official Discourses in China at the Start of the New Century
China Perspectives 2007/3 | 2007 Creating a Harmonious Society Confucianism, "cultural tradition" and official discourses in China at the start of the new century Sébastien Billioud Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2033 DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.2033 ISSN : 1996-4617 Éditeur Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Édition imprimée Date de publication : 15 septembre 2007 ISSN : 2070-3449 Référence électronique Sébastien Billioud, « Confucianism, "cultural tradition" and official discourses in China at the start of the new century », China Perspectives [En ligne], 2007/3 | 2007, mis en ligne le 01 septembre 2010, consulté le 14 novembre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2033 ; DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.2033 © All rights reserved Special feature s e v Confucianism, “Cultural i a t c n i e Tradition,” and Official h p s c r Discourse in China at the e p Start of the New Century SÉBASTIEN BILLIOUD This article explores the reference to traditional culture and Confucianism in official discourses at the start of the new century. It shows the complexity and the ambiguity of the phenomenon and attempts to analyze it within the broader framework of society’s evolving relation to culture. armony (hexie 和谐 ), the rule of virtue ( yi into allusions made in official discourse, we are interested de zhi guo 以德治国 ): for the last few years in another general and imprecise category: cultural tradi - Hthe consonance suggested by slogans and tion ( wenhua chuantong ) or traditional cul - 文化传统 themes mobilised by China’s leadership has led to spec - ture ( chuantong wenhua 传统文化 ). ((1) However, we ulation concerning their relationship to Confucianism or, are excluding from the domain of this study the entire as - more generally, to China’s classical cultural tradition. -
THE SECURITISATION of TIBETAN BUDDHISM in COMMUNIST CHINA Abstract
ПОЛИТИКОЛОГИЈА РЕЛИГИЈЕ бр. 2/2012 год VI • POLITICS AND RELIGION • POLITOLOGIE DES RELIGIONS • Nº 2/2012 Vol. VI ___________________________________________________________________________ Tsering Topgyal 1 Прегледни рад Royal Holloway University of London UDK: 243.4:323(510)”1949/...” United Kingdom THE SECURITISATION OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM IN COMMUNIST CHINA Abstract This article examines the troubled relationship between Tibetan Buddhism and the Chinese state since 1949. In the history of this relationship, a cyclical pattern of Chinese attempts, both violently assimilative and subtly corrosive, to control Tibetan Buddhism and a multifaceted Tibetan resistance to defend their religious heritage, will be revealed. This article will develop a security-based logic for that cyclical dynamic. For these purposes, a two-level analytical framework will be applied. First, the framework of the insecurity dilemma will be used to draw the broad outlines of the historical cycles of repression and resistance. However, the insecurity dilemma does not look inside the concept of security and it is not helpful to establish how Tibetan Buddhism became a security issue in the first place and continues to retain that status. The theory of securitisation is best suited to perform this analytical task. As such, the cycles of Chinese repression and Tibetan resistance fundamentally originate from the incessant securitisation of Tibetan Buddhism by the Chinese state and its apparatchiks. The paper also considers the why, how, and who of this securitisation, setting the stage for a future research project taking up the analytical effort to study the why, how and who of a potential desecuritisation of all things Tibetan, including Tibetan Buddhism, and its benefits for resolving the protracted Sino- Tibetan conflict. -
Research Paper Assessment of Water Shortage in Zhemgang Town And
Academia Journal of Environmetal Science 8(3): 037-049, March 2020 DOI: 10.15413/ajes.2020.0101 ISSN: ISSN 2315-778X ©2020 Academia Publishing Research Paper Assessment of water shortage in Zhemgang town and potential for rooftop rainwater harvesting in RDTC, Zhemgang Accepted 14th February, 2020 ABSTRACT Rainwater harvesting is one of the promising alternatives to supplement the surface water resources in areas where existing water supply is inadequate to meet the demand. The residents of Zhemgang town currently face shortage of potable water, but so far the potential of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) to supplement the existing water supply system has not been assessed. This study was conducted to assess the water shortage problem in Zhemgang town and potential for Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) in the Rural Development Training Centre (RDTC). A total of 318 households were interviewed to assess the water shortage problems and knowledge, attitude and practices on RWH. Data were collected once in 24 h every rainfall during the entire rainy season from five rooftop structures in RDTC premises to determine the potential for RWH and its usage. The study showed that the Zhemgang Municipal Office supplies 469.02 L of water per day per household resulting in residents facing potable drinking water deficit of about 54.48 liter/day/household as the average requirement is 523.50±110.48 L/day/household. Zhemgang town receives a mean annual rainfall of 1412.50±208.90 mm with an intra-annual variability range of 0.95 and 0.97 mm and inter annual variability of 0.15 mm. The low variability in rainfall, which ranges between 0.29 mm and 0.41 mm during the wet seasons, suggests a reliable condition for RWH and a guarantee for the return on investment. -
World Bank Document
E-282 VOL. 1 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT DAKPAI - BULI ROAD Public Disclosure Authorized ISDP - ZHEMGANG, BHtUTAN Public Disclosure Authorized -=L_ Public Disclosure Authorized EIA TEAM 1. KarmaJimba (Consultant) Team Leader 2. HomnathAdhikarey (A.E. PWD) Member 3. P.D.Wangdi(P.E. Dakpai - Buli Road)Member 4. LhakpaSherpa (Survey Head, Dakpai - BuliRoad) Member 5. PhubTshering (R.O. Central Forest, Zhemgang) Member Public Disclosure Authorized 6. DechenDorji (Gup,Nangkor Geog, Zhemgang) Member February1998 EL4 Findings' Sawnary FcEcu= vE OR NON-TECHNICALSUMMAR Y 1. TITLE: Dakpai - Bull Road Construciion 2. PROJECT LOCATION: 15 km from Zhemgang towards Gelephu, Nangkor Geog,Zhemgang 3. PROPONENT: ZhemgangDzongkhag 4. IMPLEMENTINGAGENCY: PublicWorks Division (PWD) 5. FUNDINGAGENCY: RGOB and the Governmentof the Netherlands 6. RATIONALE FOR THE ROAD * Approximately36.5 km of new road constructionconnecting Dakpai-Buliwas approved in the 8' Five Year Plan budget of ZhemgangDzongkhag. * Having finalized the formulationof ISDP, Phase II in March 1997, the Dutch Government has shown interest in funding Nu. 37.5 million as a part of the project budget. * Before the project is started it is the policy of the RGOB and donor's wish to become aware of the environmentalimpacts of the project. * The assessed impactsare followed with remedial measures that will help to design the implementationof the project. 7. MAJOR FINDINGS: * Three houses can be saved from damage through breast wall erection; one house worst affected was dismantled; and house below the road would be affected by falling road debris (all houses are located at Dakpai road take-offpoint). • One irrigation cannelwould be affectedas road cuts through the chainage of the cannel and by falling debris as cannel runs parallel to the road for about 100m. -
Ngoedrup-Tse Dzong: Chhukha
༆ དཔལ་辡ན་འབྲུག་ག筴ང་། རྫོང་ཁག་བདག་སྐྱོང་། ད፼ས་གྲུབ་རྩེ་རྫོང་། ᭴་ཁ། ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN DZONGKHAG ADMINISTRATION Ngoedrup-Tse Dzong: Chhukha The Ngoedrup-Tse Bi-Annual Newsletter Volume I Issue I Inside Story > Ngoedrup-Tse “Ngoedrup-Tse” literally meaning the pinnacle of blessing, Ngoedrup-Tse >Page 1 Birth Day Celebration of His Majesty is the name given to the newest Chhukha Dzong during the Druk Gyalpo >Page 2 the consecration ceremony by His Holiness Trulku Jigme Chhukha People Elect their NC Choda, the 70th Je Khenpo of Bhutan. Magnificently and Member > Page2 Bayulkunza Gets Suspension Bridge >Page 2 architecturally built Dzong, the first of it kind in the country, Waste Management Program. >Page 3 was graciously unveiled the inauguration plaque by Her Lone Tsimalakha`s Barber. >Page3 Community Artificial Insemination Majesty the Gyaltsuen Jetsun Pema Wangchuck on March Training. >Page 4 9,2012. Farmers Cooperatives Study Tour >Page 4 An Organic Agriculture Project for Sustainable Livelihood >Page 4 White Button Mushroom Cultivation – An Initiation in Chhukha >Page 5 Pineapple Marketing–Pride of Shakhu Village >Page 5 Internet Connectivity in BHUs and Schools. >Page 5 Observation of Social Forestry Day >Page 6 Nipah Virus Screening Programme . >Page 6 Zepa- Chu -Nye Throngdrel at Dokhachu Goenpa >Page 6 Poultry Farming at Logchina Lower Secondary School. >Page 7 Wangdigatshel Primary School- the first in Bhtuan receive Earthquake resilient desk >Page 7 Popularly known for its Darla and Chhukha Hydro Power The Potluck Pogramme in Ngoedrup- Projects, the Dzongkhag is also the main entry point of Tse’s Campus >Page 8 Priority Sector Lending Programme all imports and commercial hub of the country. -
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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 205 The 2nd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2018) The Cultural Connotation of Dragon God Belief in the Tao State in Ming and Qing Dynasties* Yong Sha College of History and Culture Northwest Normal University Lanzhou, China 730070 The Department of History and Culture Gansu Normal University for Nationalities Hezuo, China 747000 Abstract—During the Ming and Qing dynasties, because of dispersing freely, and under the influence of different Han, Tibetan, Hui nations and other nations in Tao state religious culture, ethnic composition in this area is numerous, migrating and aggregating, it constitutes development pattern and ethnic relations are complicated. of the diverse people in the region and religious culture coexisting and interacting. In historical development and social vicissitude, different ethnic groups based on the development II. THE SOCIAL SPATIAL FEATURES OF THE demand of symbiotic complementarity and the psychological COEXISTENCE OF MULTI-RELIGIOUS CULTURE IN THE TAO appeal of interactive integration, have realized the construction STATE of faith on the basis of maintaining certain cultural differences. Objective conditions such as the natural geographical The dragon belief widespread in Tao state, both reflects the environment and ethnic distribution of Han, Tibet and Hui in culture of the Han immigrants’ recalling to the origin, and the the Tao state, provide a broad perspective for studying the real social scene between Han with and the local Tibetans, Hui ethnic relations in this region. While the ethnic confrontation, nationality cultural exchange and fusion. This kind of super- symbiosis and culture in these ethnic relations are different ethnic and trans-regional folk sacrificial activities have played religious belief systems. -
Recent Bhutanese Scholarship in History and Anthropology
Recent Bhutanese Scholarship in History and Anthropology Francoise Pommaret∗ This paper would like to present the recent scholarship on Bhutan by the Bhutanese themselves and to show that the studies of these scholars are the offsprings of a long tradition of Bhutanese scholarship but that they also demonstrate new trends, which are in tune with the socio-cultural changes in the country. My topic today is Bhutanese scholarship1 in what are generally called "the Human Sciences", that is history and anthropology, but will not deal with sociology, political studies, development studies or religious studies, fields in themselves. In brief reference to this last discipline, suffice it to mention here Khenpo Phuntsho Tashi, assistant director of the National Museum, Karma Wangchuk, who works at the National Library in Thimphu, and Karma Phuntsho in Oxford and Dorji Wangchuk in Hamburg, both doing their Ph. Ds. Largely bibliographical, this paper will also fully indicate the recent Bhutanese publications to interested researchers. The mentions of publications, which are often too unknown outside Bhutan because of problems of distribution, therefore aim at broadening the scientific knowledge of Bhutan on specific subjects. While ethno-history and anthropology,2 are still in their infancy in Bhutan - I will come back to that subject a little later - history has always been one of the subjects that has made Bhutanese scholars famous among academics working on the Himalayas and Tibet. Their contribution, not only to the history of Bhutan but to the history of the Himalayan region as well, is very important. Among the many scholars of past centuries, there are a number we can name more particularly: the 4th Je Khenpo, Ngawang Lhungrub3 who wrote the monumental biography of the 4th Desi, Tenzin Rabgye; the ∗ Centre for National Scientific Research, Paris 128 Recent Bhutanese Scholarship in History and Anthropology 13th Je Khenpo, Yonten Thaye, who wrote the biography of the 10th Je Khenpo Tenzin Chogyal and that of the 13th Desi, Sherab Wangchuk.