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120 CHel-oNtnN CoNSERVATToN AND Brolocy, Volume 4, Number 3 - 2003

nesting at Buck Island Qters. obs.). To estimate the drag i7 20-7 ? t associated with our attachment assembly further studies of o 2003,, [illHi;l ?:i:il^111i;,iii' the hydrodynamic features should be done within a flume channel (Watson and Granger, 1998). Preliminary Observations on Reproductive our results show that the use of base plates and epoxy Parameters of the Forest is a suitable technique for repetitive data-logger deploy- (Leuc oc ephalon yuw onoi) in Captivity ments to study internesting female sea . CHInLES J. fNNrsr Acknowledgntents. - This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through a grant R. tVeterinary to Centers of America Westboro Hospital, Wilson (DFG Wi I 02315-l by the ), Institut ftir Meereskunde 155 Turnpike Road, westboro, Massachusetts 01581 USA an der Universitiit Kiel and supported the park by National I E-mail: clemnz-vs@ aol.com; Fax: 508-634-6449 ] Service, Buck Island Reef National Monument, Christiansted. All necessary research permits were obtained. We would The Sulawesi forest turtle was described as like to thank R. Wilson and D. Adelung for supervision and yuwonoi (McCord et al., 1995), and later assigned to the new advice throughout the project. Special thanks are due to Z.- Leucocephaloru (McCord et al., 2000). The M. Hillis-Starr, B. Phillips, J. Tutein, and the NPS volunreer has featured in the pet trade and Southeast Asian food teams for their extraordinary support. We arc grateful to the markets for a number of years, but very few natural history staff of the Deutsches Meeresmuseum in Stralsund for data have been reported. Platt ( 1998), Platr er al. (2001), and providing a carapace and to S. Garthe and the Hagen and Ching (in press) made some field observations, anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on the but no reproductive data have been presented. Because of its manuscript. restricted geographic range and ongoing exploitation, Le uc o c e p hal o n y uw ono i hasbeen listed as Critically Endan- LlrnnaruRE Cmnn gered by the IUCN Red List of Threarened Species (IUCN, 2002) and assigned ro CITES Appendix II. It has been CnRR, A.F. 1952. Handbook of Turtles. The Turtles of the United targeted as a priority species by the recently formed IUCN/ States, Canada, and Baja California. Ithaca, Ny: Cornell Univer- SSC Turtle Survival Alliance, and a Taxon Management sity Press, 542 pp. Group for the species has been established. CHENc, I.-J. 2000. Post-nesting migrations of green turtles (Chelonia Small numbers of Leucocephalonhave been imported mydas) at wan-An Island, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan. Marine Biology 137:741-754. into the United States, and approximately 60 live specimens MAnQuez M., R. 1990. Sea turtles of the world. An annotated and are known to exist in several zoological institutions and illustrated catalogue of sea turtle species known to date. FAO private collections. Successful captive breeding has not Fisheries Synopsis I l( 125): 1-8 l. previously been reported. MrrcHeLL, S.V. 2000. Use of epoxy in telemeter attachment. In: Data for eggs from 15 clutches laid by 7 captive female Abreu-Grobois, F.A., Brisefro-DueflaS, R., Miirquez-Milli{n, R., Leucocephalon are presented in Table 1. Based on these and Sani-Martin ez,,L. (Compilers). Proceedings of the Eighteenth data, it appears that the typical clutch for this species consists International Sea Turtle Symposium. NOAA Technical Memo- of one, relatively large egg (mean egg mass 45.4 g, S.d. randum MFS-SEFSC-436, pp. 254-255. - = 6.02 g, n 16; mean egg length 60.8 mm, s.d. 6.9 mm, PRrr, F., LuscHr, P., cnosro, E., RNn HucHEs, G.R. 199i. Satellite - = = n 18; mean egg width 32.4 tracking experiments on the navigational ability and migratory - - ffiffi, s.d. - 2.5 ffiffi, n = l8). behaviour of the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta. Marine Biol- Three of 15 clutches include d 2 eggs. The eggshell is hard ogy 129:215-220. and calcareous. Por-ovlNR, J.J., KoenynsHl, D.R., PRRrceR, D.M., SEru, M.p., AND Female 1, captive since August 1998, is the only indi- BRLRzs, G.H. 2000. Turtles on the edge: movement of loggerhead vidual to have produced more than one clutch. Eggs were turtles (Caretta caretta)along the oceanic fronts, spanning longline laid in August 1998, January 1999, May, october, and fishing grounds in the central North Pacific. Fisheries Oceanogra- December 2001, April and July 2002,and February and May phy 9:71-82. 2003. The December 2001 and May 2003 clutches each RENnuo, M.L. AND CnnpsNrER, J.A. 1994. Movements and submer- include d2 eggs. Most of the other females described herein gence patterns of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Gulf have been in captivity of Mexico determined through satellite telemetry. Bulletin of for less than one year, and more data Marine Science 55( I ): 1- I 5. are needed before accurate statements can be made about vnucsnx, M.R. ,MILZ,E.B., AND HowEy, P.1992. Design and use of clutch frequency. pulse-code and satellite transmitters to determine movement pat- All clutches produced by female 1 since ocotbe r Z00l terns of hawksbill sea turtles. Ancona, Italy: Biotelemetry XII. have been buried 4 cm deep in a nest box containing 10 cm WnrsoN, K.P. AND GneNcEn, R.A. 1998. Hydrodynamic effect of a of sphagnum peat. Nest construction has not been observed. satellite transmitter on a juvenile green turtle (Chetonia mydas). All other eggs were laid openly in the enclosures. Induction Journal of Experimental Biolog y 201 :2497 -l 505. of oviposition with oxytocin was successful in some, but not all Received: 24 November 2001 cases, possibly due to environmental stressors or pathology. Revised and Accepted: 17 October 2002 one debilitated female required surgical removal of the egg. Nores AND Frcr-p REponrs 72r

Table 1. Clutch size, female straight carapace length (CL), mass, and turtles of the suborder . Bulletin of the egg mass, and egg size for 15 clutches of eggs laid by 7 captive Museum of Comparative Zoology I 15(6):163-557 . Sulawesi forest turtles (Leucocephalon l,uwonoi). McConp, W.P., IveRsoN, J.B., AND Boenot. 1995. A new batagurid turtle from northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Chelonian Conservation Clutch Female Egg Size CL (mm) Mass (g) Mass (g) Size (mm) and Biology I (4):3 I 1-3 16. McCono, W.P.,IvEnsoN, J.8., SltNrs, P.Q., AND SHnrp'En, H.B. 2000. Female I 202 t420 52 67 x37 A new genus of geoemydid turtle from Asia. Hamadryad25(2):86-90. 202 1460 40 53 x34 MEoEvr, F. 1962. La distribucion geografica y ecologia de los 205 l5 l0 46 53 x34 Crocodylia y Testudinata en el Departamento del Choco. Revista 205 r520 46 56 x 3l 206 r520 47 55x30 de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Natu- 28 44x28 rales 1I(44):279-303. 206 r520 45 65 x32 Meoev, F. 1983. Reproductive data on Platemys plaQcephala 206 15 10 48 61 x 30 (Testudines: ) in Colombia. In: Rhodin, A.G.J. and Miyata, 206 1520 49 63 x34 K. (Eds.). Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology. 206 I 530 46 63x33 58x33 Essays in Honor of Ernest E. Williams. Cambridge, MA: Museum Female 2 r81 r200 3l 64x29 of Comparative Zoology, pp. 429-434. Female 3 t75 52 67 x36 PLnrr, S.G. 1998. Results of a survey to determine the status of Female 4 x32 ll forstenii in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Report to Wildlife Female 5 229 I 600 50 65 x 3l Conservation Society. 45 57x30 Female 6 47 70x34 PLRrr, S.G., Lee, R.J., AND KLeir,tENs, M.W. 2001. Notes on the Female 7 190 48 63 x35 distribution, life history, and exploitation of tunles in Sulawesi, Indonesia, with emphasis on Indotestudo forstenii and Leucocephalon yuwotxoi. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Attempts to hatch Leucocephalon eggs have to date 4( 1): r54- 159. been unsuccessful. No embryonic development was ob- served in any of the eggs described here. It is possible that Received: 10 December 2001 embryos may be damaged by prolonged oviductal retention Revised and Accepted: L2 June 2003 during collection and importation. It is also possible that incubation parameters have been incorrect, that the eggs Clrelonian Conse ruatiott ttnd Biologt, 2003. 4(3):721 -7?5 were infertile, or that the eggs require an embryonic dia- O 2003 by Chelonian Research Foundation pause of some length. Population Ecology of Musk Turtles Single egg clutches have been documented in a number ( a Lake of chelonian species, includrng Malacochersus tornieri and odoratus) in in Yirginia Chersina angulata (Loveridge and Williams, 1957), arachnoides and Geoemyda spengleri Qters. obs.), Platemys At tsoN M. HornKAl, RauHIKA f).Lvrl, plaQcephala (Medem, 1983), and spp. AND RINuoLPH M. CunuBERSl (Medeffi, 1962; Castaflo-Mora and Medem, 1983). Some of these species may oviposit several times per year. tBiology Department, College of William and Mary, The ongoing collection of Leucocephalon for both the Williamsburg, Virginia 23 I87 USA Southeast Asian food trade and the international pet trade is I E-mail: alholinka@ hotmail.com; Fax: 7 57-22 ] -50761 of particular concern in light of its apparently low fecundity. Both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts will be needed Sternotherus odoratuJ, commonly known as the musk to ensure the survival of the species. Field studies of the turtle or stinkpot turtle, is an aquatic chelonian found through species to document its natural history, distribution, and much of eastern North America, from the southern prov- other ecological parameters are also important. inces of Canada to as far south as Florida and Texas in the United States (Ernst et vl., 1994). Throughout its range, Acknowledgments.- The author thanks James Barzyk, studies have documented a wide range of musk turtle popu- Dwight Lawson, and David Martini for contributing data lation densities in both lacustrine and riverine from their captive Leucocephalon. (Mahmoud, 1969;Congdon et al., I 986; Ernst, 1 986; Mitchell, 1988; Dodd, 1989). Body size of musk turtles correlates LrrnnaruRn Crrnn positively with latitude (Tinkle , 1961) but sexual dimor- phism in size is rarely observed (Risley, 1930; Tinkle ,1961; CnsrnNo-Mone, O.V. AND MEoEu, F. 1983. Datos preliminares sobre Wade and Gifford, 1965; Mitchell, 1988; Dodd, 1989). la reproduccion de Rhinoclemmys melanosternn Gray (Reptilia: Further, musk turtles generally display site fidelity and Quelonia: ). Lozarua(Acta hologca Colombiana) 47 : I -5 . limited home ranges within aquatic habitats (Williaffis, HRcEN, C. nNo CHntc, I.Y.S. In press. Field report on the distribution, 1952; Mahmoud, 1969; Ernst, I 986; Mitchell, 1 988). Among natural history and exploitation of lzucoceplwlon yuwonoi rn cenffal populations, sex ratios vary from female-biased (Risley, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 1989) (Mahmoud, IUCN. 2002. 2002IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gland, 1933; Cagle , 1942; Dodd, to even 1969; Switzerland: IUCN (www.redlist.org). Mitchell, 1988) to male-biased (Ernst, 1986; Edmonds and Lovszunce, A. AND Wrr-lrnvs, E.E. 1957 . Revision of the African Brooks ,1996). Departures from even sex ratios are thought