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HARVEST SUSTAINABILITY of SULAWESI Tortoiseindotestudo

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HARVEST SUSTAINABILITY of SULAWESI Tortoiseindotestudo HARVESTSUSTAINABILITY OFSULAWESITORTOISE Indotestudoforstenii ININDONESIA DIRECTORGENERALOFFORESTPROTECTIONANDNATURECONSERVATION REPUBLICOFINDONESIA as CITESMANAGEMENTAUTHORITY INDONESIA September2008 HARVESTSUSTAINABILITYOFSULAWESITORTOISE Indotestudoforstenii ININDONESIA 1 INTRODUCTION Indotestudo forstenii (Schlegel & Müller 1844) (a.k.a. Forsten’s Tortoise, Sulawesi Tortoise, SulawesiForestTurtle;FamilyTestudinidae,OrderTestudines)isanendemiclandtortoiseofSulawesi, Indonesia.Itiscurrentlyrecognizedasoneofthreespeciesofthegenus Indotestudo. Theothertwo speciesare I.elongata and I.travancorica. The I.forsteni wasfirstdescribedbySchlegel&Mülleras Testudo forstenii in1840basedonaspecimenfromHalmaheraIsland(World Chelonian Trust 2003, Iverson etal. 2001).Sincethen,therewasahypotheseswhetherthe I.forstenii wasactuallyanintroduce species of Indotestudo travancorica from India, brought to Sulawesi by early seafarers. A recent philogeneticstudy(Ives etal. 2008,Iverson etal. 2001)revealedthatthetwospeciesarequitedistinct and,thus,thehypothesiswasrejected. I.forsteni waslistedintheCITESAppendixIIin1July1975.Atthetwenty-thirdmeetingofthe CITESAnimalsCommittee(AC)heldinGenevaon19-24April2008(AgendaItem8.5),theACagreed that I.forstenii wasincludedintheReviewofSignificantTrade.Currently,thisspeciesisnotprotected underIndonesianlawalthoughitislistedinAppendix II of CITES and classified as ‘Endangered’ by IUCN categories. This document explains the current situation of the population and harvest of this speciesinIndonesia. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Sulawesiisahomeofthreenon-marinechelonians,namelythewidespreadMalayanBoxTurtle Cuoraamboinensis andtwoendemicspecies:theSulawesiTortoise Indotestudoforstenii andSulawesi Forest Turtle Leucocephalon yuwonoi (Platt2006). The I.forstenii have a limited distribution on the islandsofHalmaheraandSulawesi(Fig.1),yetspecificlocality informationexists only for Sulawesi (Platt etal .2001,Iverson1993). Sulawesiisthelargestisland(227,654km 2)intheWallaceabiogeographicregion,lyingbetween theislandsofBorneotothewestandNewGuineatotheeast.Halmaheraisarelativelysmallisland (17,780km 2),locatedtotheeastofSulawesi.Sulawesi’sbiotaishighlydistinctiveandhasextremely highlevelsofendemism.Sulawesi’sreptileendemisminparticularishigh,with26%ofits117reptile speciesfoundnowhereelse(Whitten etal .1987). The documented range of I. forstenii in Sulawesi is localized and significantly restricted. ScientistssuggestedthatthedistributionsofthisspeciesareparceledwithinSulawesiandsurrounding islands(Ives2006,Plattetal. 2001),especiallyinNorthandCentralSulawesi,in thewesternregionof theNorthernPeninsulaofSulawesi.KnownlocalitiesinNorthSulawesiareMountBoliahutuandaround Buol(Platt etal .2001). InCentralSulawesi,populationof I.forstenii werediscoveredinSantigiandMorowaliReserve (Platt etal .2001).Additionally,Ives(2006)reportedthatthisspeciescanbefoundinsomelocalitiesin PaluValley,KulawiValley,BoraVillagenearGimpu,aswellasalongthewesternborderofLoreLindu NationalPark,suggestingahighpossibilityofitsexistenceinthepark.AnotherstudybyRiyanto etal. (2008)alsofoundsomespecimensinGuntaHillandBodiHill,bothlocatedinthePaluValley.Further, Platt(2006)examinedasingleliving I.forstenii thatwasbeingheldbyavillagerinWanggarasiTimur pendingsaletoawildlifetrader.Thisrecordrepresentsaneastwardrangeextensionofapproximately 100kmfrompreviouslyreportedpopulationsonCapeSantigiinCentralSulawesi. 1 PreparedbyAniMardiastuti,SeniorFellowofNaha,email:[email protected] NATURE harmony-promotingabalancebetweendevelopmentandconservation 1 Halmahera INDONESIA Sulawesi Fig.1.Distributionof Indotestudoforstenii inSulawesiIslandandprobablyinHalmahera. Asforthepopulationof I.forstenii inHalmaheraIslandandothersatelliteislandsofSulawesi, tradersreportedthattherehasbeennorecordonharvestof I.forstenii fromthoseareasinseveralpast decades.Furtherresearchisneededtofindoutthestatusofcurrentdistributionofthisspecies. Becausethefullextentsof I. forstenii’s distributionsarenotclearlyknown,theirstatusinthe wild is uncertain. The lack of information about this species creates a significant challenge to its conservation,andconfoundseffectiveestablishmentofmanagementplans(Platt etal .2001). POPULATION I.forstenii isconsideredasoneoftheworld’sraresttortoises.Veryfewfielddataonscattered local population surely is not sufficient to make an estimation of the overall population. Platt et al. (2001) reported that local communities considered the tortoise as rare, and a few had ever seen a specimen. TAXONOMY As mentioned previously, the genus Indotestudo has three members: Sulawesi Tortoise I. forstenii , Elongated tortoise I. elongata and Travancore tortoise I. travancorica . Previously I. travancorica hadbeenconsideredasynonymof I.forstenii, leadingtomuchconfusionintheliterature, asoneofthecommonnamesattributedto I.forstenii istheTravancoretortoise(Iversonetal. 2001). Some researchersspeculated thatthe Indonesian populations of I. forstenii might represent an introduction of I. travancorica from India. Recently, using a molecular genetic approach to construct phylogenetic relationships among the genus Indotestudo, researchers (Ives et al. 2008, Iverson et al. 2001)concludedthatthreenominalspeciesinthegenus Indotestudo arenowrecognizable: I.elongata 2 fromthemainlandofsouthernandsouth-easternIndia, I.travancorica fromtheWesternGhatsofsouth- westernIndia,andI.forstenii fromtheislandsofSulawesiandHalmaheraineasternIndonesia. Duetotheconfusioninthepast,thenomenclatureoftheSulawesiTortoisehasbeenchanged several times: Testudo forstenii (Schlegel & Müller 1844), Geochelone forsteni (Pritchard 1967), and Indotestudoelongataforsteni(Obst.1985).TurtleTaxonomyWorkingGroup(2007)reconfirmedthat the Indotestudo forstenii (Schlegel & Müller1844)isindeedtheagreed Latin name for the Sulawesi Tortoise. BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION I.forstenii isamediumsizedtortoise.Typically,theyareabout 25cmlongand2.5kgasanadultalthough,therearelargerspecimens. Femalestend to be widerand moreroundedthan males. In addition, maleshaveatailthatisnoticeablylargeraswellaslongerthanthatof thefemale.Thetipofthetailistippedwithasmall keratinous hook. Malesalso have aslightly concave plastron whilethe plastron of the femalesiscompletelyflat(Auliya2007,WorldChelonianTrust2005) (Fig.2) Fig.2.Plastronof Indotestudoforstenii: concaveplastroninfemale(top)andflatplastroninmale(bottom). Photo:AniMardiasuti. Littleisknownaboutthehabitatrequirementsof I.forsteniiinthewild.Thisspeciesisprimarily adampforestspeciesthoughitcanbefoundindryareasaswell(WorldChelonianTrust2005)(Fig.3). OnespecimensofIves(2006)was foundnearastreamontheborderofLoreLinduNational Park in Kulawi(kmmarker71southofPalu).Thecapturelocationwas5mupstreamfromthemainroadinaplot oflandclearedforamixedcocoa,bananaandpalmplantation. I.forstenii shellwasfoundamongrockoutcropsinsecond-growthforestsgrowingonthesteep hillsides of Cape Santigi. Likewise, local hunters in this area reportedly found tortoises by searching crevicesandrockoverhangs(Platt et al .2001).Ives(2006)found I.forstenii among xerophytic scrub vegetation in the dry Palu Valley, while Platt (2006) reported that villagers found the tortoise in secondaryforestontheedgeofanagriculturalfieldafterbeingalertedbytheirdog. Thetortoiseismainlycrepuscular,activeinthetwilighthoursbeforedawnorjustaftersunset.Its largeeyesarewelladaptedtolowlightlevels.Thespecieshasanomnivorousdietinthewildconsisting offruits,leafygreens,worms,slugsandcarrionifavailable(WorldChelonianTrust2005). Fig.3. Indotestudoforstenii foundinitsnaturalhabitat nearPalu,CentralSulawesi. PhotobyAwalRiyanto. 3 Alackofshelldamagesuggestedthatpredatorswerenotresponsibleforanaturalmortality.The tortoises may have succumbed from desiccation or starvation during the severe, prolonged El-Niño- relateddroughtsof1997and1998.Wildfiresmaybe responsible for considerable mortality among I. forstenii populationsinnorthernSulawesi(Platt etal. 2001). Iskandar(2000)reportedthatclutchsizeofwild I.forstenii is2-9eggs.Theeggsareovalshape, measuring45-50x36-40mm.Limitedreproductiveobservationsincaptivitysuggestthatfemalesmay produceclutches3timesayear(Ives2006)andthefemaleshavebeenrecordedtolayaclutchof1-4 eggsinanexcavatednestinearlyspring(WorldChelonianTrust2005). HARVESTAND TRADE Duetothetaxonomicdisputeinthepast,intheearly1990s,nearlyallspecimensofthegenus Indotestudo importedintotheUnitedStateswereidentifiedasI.elongata orI.travancorica .Therefore, thedatamaybenotreflectingtheactualexport(WorldChelonianTrust2005). BasedonthedataofCITESSecretariat,Compton(2000)notedthatbetween1985and1998, I. forstenii rankedthethirdintermofthenumberofturtlespecimensexportedfromSoutheastAsia,totaling 5,263individuals.Samedi&Iskandar(2000)alsoreportedthatthepopulationnumberofthisspeciesin thewildhavedeclinedconsiderably. Consideringtherestricteddistributionofthisspecies,numberofindividualsthatcanbeharvested isalsolimited.InterviewswithtradersinJakartarevealedthattheyhavebeenreceivingshipmentof I. forstenii mostlyfromanareaattheboundaryofNorthSulawesi and CentralSulawesi Provinces. No specific geographic location mentioned, as the traders received shipment from collectors in cities of Sulawesi,notfromhunterswhodirectlycapturethespecies.Noneofthetradersreceive I.forstenii from HalmaheraorothersmallsatelliteislandsofSulawesi. Further field observation need to be conducted to find out whether I. forstenii still exists in HalmaheraIsland.Accordingtothetraders,theabsenceof I.forstenii shipmentfromHalmaheraandits
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