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Useful Plants of Amazonian Ecuador Third Project

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Useful Plants of Amazonian Ecuador Third Project USEFUL PLANTS OF AMAZONIAN ECUADOR THIRD PROJECT REPORT (15 APRIL 1S89 - 15 OCTOBER 1989) BRADLEY C. BENNETT INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC BOTANY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX, NEW YORK 10458-5126 TABLE OF CONTENTS FIELDWORK ................................................ 1 STUDENT FIELD PROJECTS ......................... o......... 2 RELATED PROJECT WORK ................................ 3 MANUAL PREPARATION ................................... o.... 4 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION OF BIXACEAE ............................. 5 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION OF MALVACEAE .......................... 8 ILLUSTRATIONS FOR MALVACEAE ............................. 15 OUTLINE OF MANUAL ....................................... 20 RELATIONSHIP WITH MUSEO ECUATORIANO ....................... 21 FINANCES ................................................ 21 APPENDIX A - LETTER FROM RICHARD ABEL, DIOSCORIDES ...... 23 APPENDIX B - USEFUL PLANTS FROM AMAZONIAN ECUADOR ....... 25 APPENDIX C - LIST OF USEFUL SHUAR PLANTS .................114 USEFUL PLANTS OF AMAZONIAN ECUADOR - 1 THIRD PROJECT REPORT (15 APRIL 1989 - 15 OCTOBER 1989) In this report we describe the third six months' progress of the "Useful plants of Amazonian Ecuador" project undertaken by New York Botanical Garden's Institute of Economic Botany (IEB) under an U.S. Agency for International Development contract. We are preparing a manual on Amazonian Ecuador's useful plants. This reference incorporates original fieldwork, herbarium data, and published ethnobotanical studies. FIELDWORK. Dr. Bradley C. Bennett (IEB) and Srta. Patricia Gomez Andrade (Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales) travelled to the Shuar Centro Yukutais for one week of fieldwork beginning 20 April 1989. They worked in previously uncollected swampy regions sol..th of Yukutais. Community members named almost 75% of the plants they collected and knew uses for at least half. Bennett went to the states for one month on 10 May. He returned to Ecuador on 10 June 1989. For the next two months he taught a School for Field Studies' ethnobotany course. Rocio Alarc6n (Fundacion Natura) co-taught the course which was held at Estacion Biol6gica Jatun Sacha. Bennett and Alarc6n worked with Quichuas living along Rio Napo. Students helped collect voucher specimens and ethnobotanical data. Three Ecuadorian students, Mauricio Castillo, Alberto Taco, and Magdalene Ponce attended the course at no charge. American students paid nearly $2000 each for the course. Besides collecting specimens each student completed a field project and wrote a 5-10 page paper describing the results. USEFUL PLANTS OF AMAZONIAN ECUADOR - 2 A list of the research topics follows. Student Field Projects Plants used for construction in the Napo Province (Sarah Andre) Uses of morete, chonta, and shili palms in the Napo Province (Elizabeth Buckley) Useful plants from secondary forests (Mauricio Castillo) Quichua concepts of space and time (Phil Cho) Piper species used to treat malaria and "mal aire" (Christina Giorgio) Uses of Theobroma cacao L. by inhabitants of the Napo Province (Leslie Goldberg) Plants used by lowland Quichuas to treat tumors (Paul Hill) Plant mythology among the lowland Quichuas (Audra Lehman) Farming practices of colonists in the Rio Napo region (Jessica Levine) Plants used by Quichua women to treat menstrual problems (Dana McGowan) Significance of women in Quijos Quichua shamanistic ceremonies (Susan McRoy) Plants used to treat snakebites (Maia Nettleship) Children: The future of plant knowledge in the Napo Province (Kristin Robinson) Future of traditional medical knowledge (Joanne Sciulli) The Quichua curandero and yachag (Alberto Taco) .Quichua children and the fate of indigenous plant medicines (Kevin Taffe) Cultural importance of tobacco to lowland Quichuas (Jeremy Tej irian) Plant families found in secondary forests and chacras (Holden Basch) Uses of barbasco by Quichuas and colonists (Roxanne Bogart) Medicinal plants used exclusively by Quichua women (Julie Bradford) USEFUL PLANTS OF AMAZONIAN ECUADOR - 3 Plants used in emergency medicine in the Napo region (Anthony Corballis) Earache treatment used by the indigenous people of Napo Province (Janet Gould) Tree species left in chacras by colonists and Quijos Quichuas (Dominique Gustin) Timber species of forests in the Napo Region (Heath Graham) Plants used to construct animal traps (John Hollingsworth) The uses of Carludovica valmata R. & P. by inhabitants of the Napo, Province (Michael McCrory) Plants used by Quichuas to treat malaria (Jennifer Neavolls) Some mushrooms used by the Quijos Quichuas of Napo (Paul Niedhart) Alternative uses of coffee in the Napo Province (Steven Pawlyshyn) Medicinal uses of palms in the Misahualli region (Magdalene Ponce) Uses of the genus Ina near Misahualli (James Porter) Quichua and colonist farming practices in the lowlands of Ecuador (Natalie Springuel) An ethnobotanical study of cocona and naranjilla (Heather Streltzer) Bennett and Gomez collected 727 numbers and approximately :800 specimens since beginning work in Yukutais. Bennett, Alarc6n, and the SFS students collected 226 numbers and approximately 1130 specimens. The Quichua plants and the last set from Yukutais remain in Ecuador. We are waiting for the necessary MAG documents needed for exporting the specimens. We distributed the first shipments from Ecuador to taxonomic experts for identification. RELATED WORK. Alejandro Suarez completed an additional 39 illustrations for the manual. We now have illustrations for 69 of the 670 genera to be included in the manual. Suarez will prepare USEFUL PLANTS OF AMAZONIAN ECUADOR - 4 at least 20 more drawings. With additional funds we will illustrate more genera. Bennett continues to negotiate with Dioscorides Press about publishing the completed manuscript. Richard Abel, editor-in­ chief for Dioscorides, remains interested in publishing the manual but is concerned over the manuscript's length. He believes that without a substantial subsidy it would not be economically feasible to publish the work (Appendix A). Bennett is looking for additional revenue sources and also will contact other publishers. PREPARATION OF THE MANUAL. We presently have 1739 taxa to be described in the manual. We've identified about 75% to species. Most of the remaining 25% are identified to genus and a few are identified only to family. The 1739 taxa are distributed among 670 genera and 158 families (Table 1.) TAXONOMIC CATEGORY FAMILIES GENERA SUBGENERIC TAXA -------------------------------------------------------- DICOTS 116 519 1425 MONOCOTS 22 120 268 -------------------------------------------------------- TOTAL ANGIOSPtRMS 138 639 1693 NON-ANGIOSPERMS 20 31 46 -------------------------------------------------------- TOTAL 158 670 1739 Completed rough drafts for two of the families Bixaceae and Malvaceae follows. Bennett is circulating these among colleagues to elicit comments on the structure and format of the descriptions. Without additional funds for publication we must reduce each family description considerably. A complete list of useful taxa appears in Appendix B. USEFUL PLANTS OF AMAZONIAN ECUADOR - 5 BIXACEAE (MAGNOLIOPSIDA - DILLENIIDAE - VIOLALES) Bixa arborea Huber Rain forest tree of central Amazon basin. Spanish: achiotillo [small achiote] - Neill 1987: Neill 6931; Palacios 926 Bixa orellana L., Sp.Pl.512(1753). Synonyms: B. odorata R.& P. ex G.Don. Orellana orellana (L.) O.Ktze. Uses: dye-paint (seed aril), food (seed), and medicine (seed aril, leaves, stem) Commonly cultivated shrub to 8 m. Leaves alternate, simple 17 cm. to 24 x Corolla white or pink, petals to 3.5 x 1.7 cm. Fruits ovoid, red or green, to 6.5 cm usually bearing soft spines. A spineless variety also occurs (Molau 1983). B. orellana native may be to Ecuador but is now widely distributed in the neotropics. Source of annatto. English: annatto Spanish: achiote achiote de monte [montane forest achiote] - Neill 1987: Nowak 92,136 Kol5dn: ki"a kina [red achiote] - Pinkley 1973: Pinkley 7B,543 inzipak'o [yellowish tree achiote] - Pinkley 1973: Pinkley 7A tsanda kina [storm achiote] - Pinkley 1973: Pinkley 542 inszia kina [yellowish achiote] - Pinkley 1973: Pinkley 541 pachu'a cuna - Neill 1987: Lugo 1014 Quichua: manduru - [achiote] - Alarc6n 1988: Alarc6n 17,19178; H2: Balslev & Santos Dea 2855 achiwiti, achihuiti (Peru) Secoya: su'nyo bosa [yellow achiote] - V: Vickers 241 Siona: bayo bosa [oily achiote] - V: Vickers 240 muhu bosa [thunder achiote] - V: Vickers 241 Shuar: ipiak, ipiaku [achiote] - Bennett ms: Bennett 3466, USEFUL PLANTS OF AMAZONIAN ECUADOR - 6 Pujupet RBAE1003, Warush RBAE0001, Juwa RBAE0001, Kasent RBAE0014; Lescure et al. 1987: Villegas & Meneses 55, Van Asdall 83-35 huantura (in Peru) - Soukup 1970 Waorani: caca [achiote] - Davis and Yost 1983: Davis & Yost 1013 All six major tribes extract a red coloring from the seed (aril) to use as a dye or body paint (A,B,D,L,P,V). Blowguns, spears, pottery, cloth, and food are colored with achiote. Body paints are made by mixing achiote with animal or vegetable oils. Colonists in the oriente also cultivate Bixa orellana. In Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru it has been an important export (Perez-Arbelaez). A food dye made from Bixa is used to color butter, margarine, cheese, and chocolate (Purseglove 1968). The plant also has medicinal value. Quichuas macerate the stem in water, allow the mixture overnight, to sit and then add a drop to each eye to treat "mal de ojos" or conjunctivitis (A). Quichua women drink a decoction made achiote from leaves to regain strength
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