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Cacao Strategy Final CacaoNet is the Global Network for Cacao Genetic Resources, coordinated by Bioversity International with member representatives from various cocoa research institutes and organizations that support cocoa research. CacaoNet aims to optimize the conservation and use of cacao genetic resources as the foundation of a sustainable cocoa economy (from farmers through research to consumers), by coordinating and strengthening the conservation and related research efforts of a worldwide network of public and private sector stakeholders. www.cacaonet.org Bioversity International is a world leading research-for-development non-profit organization, working towards a world in which smallholder farming communities in developing countries are thriving and sustainable. Bioversity International’s purpose is to investigate the use and conservation of agricultural biodiversity in order to achieve better nutrition, improve smallholders’ livelihoods and enhance agricultural sustainability. Bioversity International works with a global range of partners to maximize impact, to develop capacity and to ensure that all stakeholders have an effective voice. www.bioversityinternational.org Bioversity International is a member of the CGIAR Consortium, a global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a food secure future. CGIAR research is dedicated to reducing rural poverty increasing food security, improving human health and nutrition, and ensuring more sustainable management of natural resources. It is carried out by the 15 centers who are members of the CGIAR Consortium in close collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations, including national and regional research institutes, civil society organizations, academia, and the private sector. www.cgiar.org While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information reported in this publication, CacaoNet, Bioversity International and any contributing authors cannot accept any responsibility for the consequences of the use of this information. Citation: CacaoNet. 2012. A Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Cacao Genetic Resources, as the Foundation for a Sustainable Cocoa Economy (B. Laliberté, compiler). Bioversity International, Montpellier, France. The layout, design, and editing of this publication were done by Claudine Picq, Karen Lehrer and Vincent Johnson of Bioversity International. Cover illustrations: Top left: The Mabang Megakarta Selection Programme (MMSP), Ghana (G. Lockwood); Top right: Improved clone (C. Montagnon); Bottom left: Cacao diversity at CATIE’s ex situ collection, Costa Rica (A. Mata/W. Phillips); Bottom right: Cacao beans (S. Weise). ISBN: 978-92-9043-920-2 © Bioversity International Disclaimer This document has been developed by cacao genetic resources and breeding experts. The objective of this document is to provide a framework for the efficient and effective conservation of the globally important cacao genetic resources and strengthening their use. This strategy document is likely to continue evolving and being updated as and when information becomes available. The views and opinions expressed here are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of their individual institutes. In case of specific questions and/or comments, please direct them to the CacaoNet Secretariat at Bioversity International. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0 Acknowledgements This strategy document, coordinated by CacaoNet, is the product of expert opinion and detailed discussion among diverse stakeholders in the conservation and use of cacao genetic resources. CacaoNet considers that it has provided an informed and realistic foundation for prioritising cacao research and development. The goal is to use this strategy to invigorate the commercial cacao sector in a sustained manner, while protecting food security, by encouraging partnerships that increase impact of research and adoption of technological innovations. CacaoNet encourages international, regional and national public research organizations, development agencies, NGOs and the private sector to use the priorities set out herein to guide their activities and investment decisions. CacaoNet would like to thank all those organizations and individuals who contributed to the development of the Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Cacao Genetic Resources. We particularly thank all the many organizations, institutions and individuals who have assisted us by contributing to the genebank surveys and who have provided constructive feedback during the development of this strategy, which was supported by financial and in-kind contributions from the Cocoa Research Association Ltd., UK (CRA Ltd.), Mars Inc., the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS), World Cocoa Foundation (WCF), Bioversity International and the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry. Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Cacao Genetic Resources Contents CacaoNet partners Preface 1 Abstract 2 1. Introduction to the Global Cacao Strategy 4 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 History and origins of the cocoa trade................................................................................ 4 1.1.2 Cultivation and current production of cacao ....................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Importance of cacao genetic diversity ................................................................................ 8 1.1.4 Major threats to cacao genetic resources......................................................................... 11 1.1.5 The Global Cacao Genetic Resources Network - CacaoNet............................................ 13 1.1.6 The need for a coordinated Global Strategy..................................................................... 14 1.2 Global Strategy vision, goal, objectives and outputs ...................................... 16 1.2.1 Vision and goal................................................................................................................. 16 1.2.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.2.3 Outputs............................................................................................................................. 17 1.3 Strategy development process ....................................................................... 17 2. Where we are now on cacao germplasm conservation and use 19 2.1 The genetic diversity of cacao ........................................................................ 19 2.1.1 The cacao genepool......................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Cacao taxonomy .............................................................................................................. 19 2.1.3 Domestication of cacao.................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Cacao genetic diversity conservation methods .............................................. 22 2.2.1 Ex situ conservation methods .......................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 In situ and on-farm conservation of cacao........................................................................ 23 2.3 The current global ex situ conservation system.............................................. 24 2.3.1 Mandate and funding of institutes with ex situ collections ................................................ 28 2.3.2 Collecting germplasm....................................................................................................... 29 2.3.3 Content of ex situ collections............................................................................................ 31 2.3.4 Ex situ collection management......................................................................................... 33 Contents 2.3.5 Safety duplication of germplasm ...................................................................................... 34 2.3.6 Identification and characterization.................................................................................... 35 2.4 Genetic resources information management.................................................. 36 2.4.1 Local genebank management systems ............................................................................ 36 2.4.2 Existing international cacao databases ............................................................................ 37 2.5 Utilization of cacao genetic resources ............................................................ 38 2.5.1 History of cacao breeding................................................................................................. 38 2.5.2 Breeding for pest and disease resistance ........................................................................ 41 2.5.3 Breeding for quality traits.................................................................................................. 43 2.5.4 Evaluation of germplasm.................................................................................................. 45 2.5.5 Involvement of farmers in breeding .................................................................................
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