DOCSLIB.ORG

"Sir" and the Syrdarya Hydronym in Orkhun Writing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 1319-1326 ISSN: 00333077 Relationship between the Ethnom "Sir" and the Syrdarya Hydronym in Orkhun Writing Nasriddin Nazarov1 1Professor of the Tashkent Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Political Sciences Abstract: Throughout historical development, many toponyms have been associated with ethnonyms. Today's social reality requires a realistic approach to historical values. Key words: development, Human civilization, construction, Orkhon inscription. Article Received: 16th October, 2020; Article Revised: 30th December, 2020; Article Accepted: 08th January, 2021 Today's social reality requires a realistic attention as an object of study of history, approach to historical values. Indeed, the as it is a monument of ancient Turkish right approach not only serves to create history, a collection of information about opportunities for the optimal development the traditions of statehood, common to all of historical thinking in society, but also Turkic nations today »[1; 874]. ensures that objects and events are called Throughout historical development, many in real terms. Because even today, most of toponyms have been associated with the concepts in scientific circulation were ethnonyms. In particular, the names of created by scholars who represent and places in the area where a representative of propagate the essence of the ideology of an ethnos lives or resides, and the the former Soviet Union, whose activities mountains, hills, streams, pastures, were aimed at denying the role of the springs, wells, etc. associated with that Turks in socio-historical development. The area or ethnos. names are common. Turkish khanate and the Turkish empires, Therefore, it is close to the truth that the which ensured the development of human Syrdarya hydronym is related to the mystic civilization, were called barbarians by the ethnonym found in the Orkhon inscription ideological propagandists of the former (Tonyukuk inscription). We turn to system and tried to deny the Turkish historical data to prove our point. essence of historical monuments, buildings It is known that in 605 AD, the Syr tribes and values. This process lasted for almost in the Eastern Tien Shan (Seyanto in a hundred years, and even today some Chinese sources) revolted against the Turkic values have not received their due Western Turkic Khanate, broke away from recognition as ethnonyms, hydronyms, the Khanate, left the region, and managed toponyms, polytonyms. Based on the to establish their own state under the above considerations, the connection of the leadership of the Hakan's brother Shad. mystic ethnonym expressed in the Orkhon We have already mentioned about the inscription, in particular in the Tonyukuk mysteries (seyanto), this ethnonym is inscription, with the Syrdarya hydronym is found not only in the Turks, but also in the studied. Ma'umki, «Turkish runic Orkhon inscriptions. “The ancient Turkish inscriptions, especially the Orkhon name of the Kipchaks was‘ sir ’, which is inscriptions, not only contain a chronology also mentioned in runic inscriptions of the of historical events, but also require VI-VIII centuries. In Chinese sources of www.psychologyandeducation.net 1319 PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 1319-1326 ISSN: 00333077 the IV-VIII centuries it is found under the of two years of armed struggle, the second ethnonym "se", then "seyanto" (in the V Turkish khanate was founded in 681. This century, the mysteries defeated the Yamtar khanate was also weakened by the or Yanto tribes and incorporated them into Uyghur-led alliance of nine Oghuz tribes their composition). Mysteries (seyanto) in 687-691, 714-715, and 723-724, and in later became known as Kipchaks ”[2; 5]. 744 the second Turkish khanate was So, the Sir tribe, led by shad, moved to abolished. The defeated mysteries escape Hangai and rebuilt their settlement in from the Tola and Orkhon basins to the Otyuken in 619. In 628, the struggle of the northern Altai and eastern Tien Shan.Thus, Eastern tribes against the Elkhanids, led by “Mysteries last appeared in the sources in the Syr and Uyghur tribes, culminated. 735, disappeared from the stage of history Hakan leaves Otyuken to the attacking as an ethnonym, and began to appear under tribes and flees to the southern part of the another name - Kipchak. And this is the Hakan himself. Taking advantage of this end of the history of mysteries (seyanto) disintegration of the Oghuz, that is, the ”[4; 122]. However, the fall of one Turkic tribes, the Tang (Chinese) emperor ethnonym from the social lexicon in socio- Taitsun defeated the Elkhan army and in historical processes does not mean the 630 succeeded in overthrowing the eastern complete abolition of this ethnic layer, but Turkic khanate. After the abolition of the rather the emergence of another ethnonym unified khanate, a dispute broke out on the stage of history. Indeed, as noted between the Sir and the Uyghurs in above, the processes of ethnic Hangai, culminating in the victory of the transformation are clearly observed in the Sir. Thus, in northern Mongolia, the power historical development of mankind in of the mysteries under the leadership of ancient times, the early Middle Ages and Elterish Hakan came to the stage of the Middle Ages. history. The Hakan occupied the area from “Regarding the mysteries (seyanto), it can the Altai to the Xing, covering the area be added that the Chinese chronicles, from the upper basin of the Yenisei to the especially the Tanshu testimony, say that Gobi. It was subject to the khanate as far the seyanto, i.e. the mysteries, were strong as the northern bank of the Tola River. among the Tele tribes, who were similar in Administratively, the new khanate was their fighting methods to the ancient divided into western and eastern wings like Turks. In Srostkin's archeological culture, the old Turkish khanate. In 641, a fierce the burial rites of the mysteries were battle took place between the Sir Jiyanchu considered peculiar to the Kipchaks. In Bilge Hakan and the deceased Turkish particular, the burial of corpses on their Hakan, the Elkhanid troops stationed by own horses was found in the ancient China. In 646, the Nine-Oghuz tribes, led Turks, then in seyanto, ie in mysteries, and by the Uyghurs, began a war against the then in the IX-XII centuries at the funerals Mysteries. And they ask China for help of Kipchaks "[2; 5]. Hence, the mysteries and overcome the mysteries together. The of the Turkish khanate were known in the secret kingdom, which had been active on Middle Ages as Kipchaks in the Eurasian the stage of history from 630 to 646, will expanses. be abolished. Attempts by the Mysteries to That is, the "mysteries" of the Turkish regain their power were suppressed in 668 khanate continue to operate under the by China. Thus, the mysteries remain Kipchak ethnonym as a result of ethnic dependent on China, along with their own transformation. “Ethnic transformation blood relatives, who have been at war with also plays an important role in the each other for decades. And in 679, the Sir formation and development of ethnos in and other dependent tribes of the Turks ethno-historical processes. Ethnic revolted against Chinese rule. As a result transformation is the adaptation of old www.psychologyandeducation.net 1320 PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 1319-1326 ISSN: 00333077 ethnoses to the new socio-cultural and early thirteenth centuries used Kangli conditions, assimilation of ino-ethnic and Kipchak as synonyms (according to features into the structure of their culture, Juwayni, Muhammad Khorezmshah's and their establishment as a new ethnic mother was from Kangli, and other sources unit on the ethno-social and ethnocultural call her Kipchak ”[7; 348], - he says. stage ”[5; 58-59]. It should also be noted Hence, the nature of the leadership of here that in the process of transformation, ethnonyms has changed, depending on the ino-ethnic culture may or may not be ethnic group to which the leader of the absorbed. Furthermore, if this tariff is nation belongs, as required by historical applied to mysteries, they are defeated by circumstances. competing with the Toguz-Oguzs, whose In general, the process of historical historical formation is integral, and are formation of the ancient Turks was used by Kipchak ethnonym competitors as common, and although they sometimes discrimination against mysteries, and then competed for power, the fact that they the mysteries themselves accept this belonged to a unified Turkish unity discrimination as ethnonyms, but in sometimes ensured their pursuit of a historical thinking it is also true that it has common goal. "Turk Bilga Hakan is been preserved. educating the Turkish secret people, the The fact that the Sir-Kipchaks are Oghuz people" [8; 79], - says, in written mentioned in the sources as Turks and that sources. Here the Sir and the Oghuz are the north-eastern latitude Kipchak steppe mentioned as a people close to the Turks. (Dashti Kipchak) inhabited by all Turkic It is known from historical fact that later peoples is an objective situation in the eastern-northeastern latitudes of historical processes and serves to Eurasia were sealed in historical sources as complement each other. In this regard, the the Kipchak steppe (Dashti Kipchak). famous Turkologist S. Klyashtornyy: "By “Kazakhstan is the historical homeland of the Turkic-Kipchaks we can understand the Kipchaks. Here they founded their that at that time the leading clan of the state - the Kipchak Khanate, formed the Kipchaks ruled" [6; 162], - he says. Of ethnic territory of the Kipchaks in the XI- course, a braver leader serves to elevate XIII centuries, which was later recognized the social status of the nation to which he as the ethnic territory of the Kazakh people belongs. That is why the history of nations "[9; 23].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Administrative Management of Territories Inhabited by Kyrgyz and Kipchaks in the Kokand Khanate
    EPRA International Journal of Environmental Economics, Commerce and Educational Management Journal DOI : 10.36713/epra0414 |ISI I.F Value: 0.815|SJIF Impact Factor(2020): 7.572 ISSN:2348 – 814X Volume: 7| Issue: 1| August 2020 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT OF TERRITORIES INHABITED BY KYRGYZ AND KIPCHAKS IN THE KOKAND KHANATE Boboev Mirodillo Kosimjon ugli Student of Fergana State University, Uzbekistan. -----------------------------------ANNOTATION-------------------------------- This article provides information about territories inhabited by Kyrgyz and Kipchaks in the Kokand Khanate, their forms of social, economic and administrative management, as well as their senior management positions. KEYWORDS: Kyrgyz, Kipchak, tribe, khan, governor, mirshab, Kokand, channel, feudal, valley. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DISCUSSION In the first half of the XIX century, the Kokand khanate was the largest region in Central Asia. The Kokand khanate was bordered by East Turkestan in the east, the Bukhara Emirate and the Khiva Khanate in the west. The territory of the khanate in the north was completely subjugated by three Kazakh juzes and bordered by Russia. The southern borders of the khanate included mountainous areas such as Karategin, Kulob, Darvaz, Shogunan. For these regions, there will be bloody wars with the Emirate of Bukhara, which passed from hand to hand. The territory of the Kokand khanate, in contrast to the Bukhara emirate and the Khiva khanate had many wetlands, valleys and fertile lands. The center of the khanate was the Fergana Valley, where such large cities as Kokand, Margilan, Uzgen, Andizhan, and Namangan were located. Large cities such as Tashkent, Shymkent, Turkestan, Avliyota, Pishtak, Oqmasjid were also under the rule of Kokand khanate. The population of the Kokand khanate is relatively dense, about 3 million.
    [Show full text]
  • The Image of the Cumans in Medieval Chronicles
    Caroline Gurevich THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES MA Thesis in Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection Central European University Budapest May 2017 THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES by Caroline Gurevich (Russia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ CEU eTD Collection Examiner Budapest May 2017 THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES by Caroline Gurevich (Russia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2017 THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES by Caroline Gurevich (Russia) Thesis
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov
    SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Turkic Nations and Their Image on Nature and Human Being (VI-IX Centuries)
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 8; 2015 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Medieval Turkic Nations and Their Image on Nature and Human Being (VI-IX Centuries) Galiya Iskakova1, Talas Omarbekov1 & Ahmet Tashagil2 1 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of History, Archeology and Ethnology, Kazakhstan 2 Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Faculty of Science, Turkey Correspondence: Galiya Iskakova, al-Farabi Avenue, 71, Almaty, 050038, Kazakhstan. Received: November 27, 2014 Accepted: December 10, 2014 Online Published: March 20, 2015 doi:10.5539/ass.v11n8p155 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n8p155 Abstract The article aims to consider world vision of medieval (VI-IX centuries) Turkic tribes on nature and human being and the issues, which impact on the emergence of their world image on nature, human being as well as their perceptions in this case. In this regard, the paper analyzes the concepts on territory, borders and bound in the Turks` society, the indicator of the boundaries for Turkic tribes and the way of expression the world concept on nature and human being of above stated nations. The research findings show that Turks as their descendants Kazakhs had a distinctive vision on environment and the relationship between human being and nature. Human being and nature were conceived as a single organism. Relationship of Turkic mythic outlook with real historical tradition and a particular geographical location captures the scale of the era of the birth of new cultural schemes. It was reflected in the various historical monuments, which characterizes the Turkic civilization as a complex system.
    [Show full text]
  • Zhanat Kundakbayeva the HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN FROM
    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN THE AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Zhanat Kundakbayeva THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME VOLUME I FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1991 Almaty "Кazakh University" 2016 ББК 63.2 (3) К 88 Recommended for publication by Academic Council of the al-Faraby Kazakh National University’s History, Ethnology and Archeology Faculty and the decision of the Editorial-Publishing Council R e v i e w e r s: doctor of historical sciences, professor G.Habizhanova, doctor of historical sciences, B. Zhanguttin, doctor of historical sciences, professor K. Alimgazinov Kundakbayeva Zh. K 88 The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to Present time. Volume I: from Earliest period to 1991. Textbook. – Almaty: "Кazakh University", 2016. - &&&& p. ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 In first volume of the History of Kazakhstan for the students of non-historical specialties has been provided extensive materials on the history of present-day territory of Kazakhstan from the earliest period to 1991. Here found their reflection both recent developments on Kazakhstan history studies, primary sources evidences, teaching materials, control questions that help students understand better the course. Many of the disputable issues of the times are given in the historiographical view. The textbook is designed for students, teachers, undergraduates, and all, who are interested in the history of the Kazakhstan. ББК 63.3(5Каз)я72 ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 © Kundakbayeva Zhanat, 2016 © al-Faraby KazNU, 2016 INTRODUCTION Данное учебное пособие is intended to be a generally understandable and clearly organized outline of historical processes taken place on the present day territory of Kazakhstan since pre-historic time.
    [Show full text]
  • KARAIMS: the IDENTITY QUESTION* the Name Karaims1
    PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI 2014, No. II PIOTR LUCZYS KRZYSZTOF RATAJ Poznań KARAIMS: THE IDENTITY QUESTION* The name Karaims1 derives from karaim, a Hebrew word meaning “the reading one”, “the calling one” and hence Karaims are also called “the people of Scripture”.2 But karaim also means “the detached”, “the disconnected”. The same word in Turk- ish means “black”3, “north”, or “poor”, which suggests Turkic origin of Karaims, namely from Khazars. Karaim dignitaries from the early 20th century popularised that version of the origin of Karaim people, however, that origin is not sufficiently documented.4 Thus the question whether Karaims were the followers of Judaism in Khazaria is frequently asked. In publications on history, such a religious faction is mentioned but it is not exactly clear whether it was of Karaims.5 This is hardly * This article was previously published in “Przegląd Zachodni” 2013, No. 3, pp. 93-116. 1 As many authors argue: “In Polish scientific (and popular) publications, followers of Karaism are referred to as karaimi [Karaims] and not as karaici [Karaites]”. Cf. M. Pawelec (2010), Niepojęty świat Karaimów?, “Awazymyz”, No. 3(28), http://www.awazymyz.karaimi.org/zeszyty/item/357-niepojety- -swiat-karaimow [accessed: 08.06.13]. This does not seem, however, to be a consistent terminological convention. Cf. B. Janusz (1927), Karaici w Polsce, Kraków. 2 R. Otsason (2004), Karaimi, in: Powszechna encyklopedia filozofii, Vol. 5, Lublin, pp. 487-489. 3 “At the end of the fourth millennium BC, the Iranian plateau was inhabited by tribes speaking a Turkish-Kipchak dialect of the Oghuz group. So far, the reasons for the migration of those tribes to eastern lands and, finally, to middle Mesopotamia have not been fully explained.
    [Show full text]
  • Gokturk History
    HUMANITIES INSTITUTE Richard Dietrich, Ph.D. GOKTURK HISTORY Contents Political History (Government – Military) Social History (Class – Gender Relations) Economic History (Innovations – Trade) Cultural History (Religion – Art – Literature) GOVERNMENT Political Structure The Gök Türks Although many details about the internal structure and titles of the Türk state remain unclear, contemporary Chinese sources and the Orkhon inscriptions from the Second Türk Empire do provide a general picture of how the state was ruled. Within its territo ry the Gök Türk state was a union (or confederation) of ethnically related tribes and tribal groups that were hierarchically grouped. The tribes and tribal groups were culturally linked by common beliefs, legal practices and commonly accepted genealogies. Politically, their tribal structure (bodun) and their unified political and military structure (el) was under the under the control of the kaghan (also khan). At the center of the empire were twelve main Gök Türk tribes, the most important of which was the Ashina; the kaghan was always a member of this tribe. Next in order of precedence were the Tokuz Oghuz, who were numerically superior to the Gök Türk, but less united until the early 7th century. At that point the Uighurs, a tribal grouping of ten tribes led ty the Yaghlakar tribe, were able to unite the Tokuz Oghuz under them. In addition to the Tokuz Oghuz, the Basmil and Karluk were two other important tribal groups in the Gök Türk Empire. Every tribal group was led by an elteber, and below him each tribe was headed by an irkin, officials whose titles frequently appear in the Orkhon inscriptions.
    [Show full text]
  • Tonyukuk and Turkic State Ideology “Mangilik
    THE TONYUKUK AND AN ANCIENT TURK’S STATE IDEOLOGY OF “MANGILIK EL” PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020) THE TONYUKUK AND AN ANCIENT TURK’S STATE IDEOLOGY OF “MANGILIK EL” Nurtas B. SMAGULOV, PhD student of the of the Department of Kazakhstan History, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan, [email protected] Aray K. ZHUNDIBAYEVA, PhD, Head of the Department of Kazakh literature, accociate professor of the Department of Kazakh literature, Shakarim state University of Semey (SSUS), (State University named after Shakarim of city Semey), Kazakhstan, [email protected] Satay M. SIZDIKOV, Doctor of historical science, professor of the Department of Turkology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan, [email protected] Arap S. YESPENBETOV, Doctor of philological science, professor of the Department of Kazakh literature, Shakarim state University of Semey (SSUS), (State University named after Shakarim of city Semey), Kazakhstan, [email protected] Ardak K. KAPYSHEV, Candidate of historical science, accociate professor of the Department of International Relations, History and Social Work, Abay Myrzkhmetov Kokshetau University, Kazakhstan, [email protected] Nurtas B. SMAGULOV, Aray K. ZHUNDIBAYEVA, Satay M. SIZDIKOV, Arap S. YESPENBETOV, Ardak K. KAPYSHEV: The Tonyukuk And An Ancient Turk’s State Ideology Of “Mangilik El” -- Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(6). ISSN 1567-214x ABSTRACT Purpose of the study. Studying and evaluating the activities of Tonykuk, who was the state adviser to the Second Turkic Kaganate, the main ideologist responsible for the ideological activities of the Kaganate from 682 to 745, is an urgent problem of historical science. In the years 646-725 he worked as an adviser on political and cultural issues of the three Kagan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oghuz Turks of Anatolia
    THE OGHUZ TURKS OF ANATOLIA İlhan ŞAHİN The migration and settlement of Oghuz groups, who were also known as Turkmens in Anatolia, were closely related with the political and demographic developments in the Great Seljuk Empire. But in order to understand these developments better, it would be reasonable to dwell first a little on the conditions under which the Oghuz groups lived before migrating to Anatolia, and look to the reasons behind their inclination towards Anatolia. The Oghuz groups, who constituted an important part of the Göktürk and Uygur states, lived along the banks of the Sır Darya River and on the steppes lying to the north of this river in the first half of the tenth century1. Those were nomadic people, and they made a living out of stock breeding, so they needed summer pastures and winter quarters on which they had to raise their animals and survive through cold winter days comfortably. In addition to them, there were sedentary Oghuz groups. In those days, the sedentary Oghuz groups were called "yatuk"2 which means lazy. This indicates that leading a nomadic life was more favorable then. Although most of the Oghuz groups led a nomadic life, they did have a certain political and social structure and order. There are various views about the meaning of the word “Oghuz”, and according to dominant one among them, the word means “tribes”, and “union of tribes” or “union of relative tribes”3. So, in other words, the word had organizational and structural connotations in the political and social sense. The Oghuz groups, consisting of a number of different boys or tribes, can be examined in two main groups since the earlier periods in the most classical age of Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Arguments Towards the Rising of Ottoman Empire Osmanli Kuruluş Dönemi Tartişmalari
    Ayşen ÇAKIRAY ARGUMENTS TOWARDS THE RISING OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE OSMANLI KURULUŞ DÖNEMİ TARTIŞMALARI Ayşen ÇAKIRAY1 ÖZET Osmanlı Devleti küçük bir uç beyliği iken büyük bir imparatorluğa dönüşmüş ve altı asır boyunca çok geniş bir coğrafyada hüküm sürmüştür. Bu büyük imparatorluğun kimler tarafından kurulduğu, temelleri ve niteliği üzerine 20. Yüzyıldan itibaren birçok tez ortaya konmuştur. Bu dönemden itibaren Modern Osmanlı yazıcılığında Osmanlı’nın kuruluşu meselesi önemli bir tartışma konusu haline gelmiştir. Herbert Adams Gibbons’un “Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Kuruluşu / Foundation of the Ottoman Empire” adlı kitabında ortaya koyduğu görüşler ile bunun tam karşıtı olarak Fuat köprülü’nün görüşleri Osmanlı kuruluş dönemi tartışmalarındaki ilk yaklaşımlardır. Wittek ‘in gazi çevreleri ve onların değerler sistemi hakkındaki tezi 1980’lerde RP. Lindner, Gy. Kaldy-Nagy, R.C. Jennings, Colin Imber, C. Heywood gibi Osmanlı tarihçileri tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Rudi Paul Lindner; “kutsal savaş” Gaza düşüncesine karşı görüş belirtmiştir. Osmanlıların dinsel kaygısının olmadığını söylemiştir. Colin İmber ve Feridun Emecen’in kaynakların yetersizliği olduğunu söyleyerek Osmanlının kökenleri hakkında görüşlerini belirtmiştir. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız Osmanlı Kuruluşunu Gibbons, Fuat Köprülü, Paul Wittek, Colin Imber, Halil Inalcık gibi tarihçilerin ortaya koyduğu görüşler çerçevesinde incelenmeye çalışmaktır. Osmanlı kuruluşu ile ilgili bütün görüşler değerlendirilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı kuruluşu, Kutsal Savaş, Gaza tezi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun kökenleri ABSTRACT The Ottoman state was a border beylic at the beginning, then it turned to an empire and dominated a wide geography during a centuries. Many theses have presented since 20th century about who ruled the empire and its origins and its quality. Since this period modern Ottoman records about the problem of Ottoman rising became an important discussion subject.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 the Türk Empire
    ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 THE TÜRK EMPIRE 14 THE TÜRK EMPIRE* D. Sinor and S. G. Klyashtorny Contents THE FIRST TÜRK EMPIRE (553–682) ........................ 327 Ethnogenesis ...................................... 327 The economy ...................................... 331 Political history ..................................... 332 THE SECOND TÜRK EMPIRE (682–745) ...................... 335 Resurgence of the Türk Empire ............................. 335 Political and social structure .............................. 336 Relations with China .................................. 338 The empire in crisis ................................... 339 The last war with T’ang China ............................. 340 The final decade ..................................... 341 Epigraphic memorials of the Türks ........................... 342 The Türgesh state .................................... 346 The Uighurs and the Karluks .............................. 347 * See Map 7. 326 ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 Ethnogenesis Part One THE FIRST TÜRK EMPIRE (553–682) (D. Sinor) The two centuries during which the Türks were the dominant power in Inner Asia would seem to mark a turning point since, for the first time in recorded history, an essentially nomad empire bordered simultaneously on three major sedentary civilizations: those of China, Iran, and the Western world as represented by Byzantium. A more or less permanent link was established between these three civilizations, allowing the free flow of trade and with it, one must presume, a range of ideas and information. There
    [Show full text]
  • 1. the Origin of the Cumans
    Christianity among the Cumans Roger Finch 1. The Origin of the Cumans The question of where the Cumans originated has been the object of much study but a definitive answer to this cannot yet be given. The Cumans are known in Russian historical sources as Polovtsy and in Arabic sources generally as Kipchak Qipchak, although the Arabic author al-Marwazi writing about 1120 referred to them as Qûn, which corresponds to the Hungarian name for the Cumans, Kun. The Russian name for these people, Polovtsy < Slav. polovyi pale; pale yellow is supposedly a translation of the name Quman in Tur- kic, but there is no word in any Turkic dialect with this meaning; the only word in Turkic which at all approximates this meaning and has a similar form is OT qum sand, but this seems more an instance of folk etymology than a likely derivation. There is a word kom in Kirghiz, kaum in Tatar, meaning people, but these are from Ar. qaum fellow tribes- men; kinfolk; tribe, nation; people. The most probable reflexes of the original word in Tur- kic dialects are Uig., Sag. kun people, OT kun female slave and Sar. Uig. kun ~ kun slave; woman < *kümün ~ *qumun, cf. Mo. kümün, MMo. qu’un, Khal. xun man; person; people, and this is the most frequent meaning of ethnonyms in the majority of the worlds languages. The Kipchaks have been identified as the remainder of the Türküt or Türk Empire, which was located in what is the present-day Mongolian Republic, and which collapsed in 740. There are inscriptions engraved on stone monuments, located mainly in the basin of the Orkhon River, in what has been termed Turkic runic script; these inscriptions record events from the time the Türküt were in power and, in conjunction with information recorded in the Chinese annals of the time about them, we have a clearer idea of who these people were during the time their empire flourished than after its dissolution.
    [Show full text]