PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 1319-1326 ISSN: 00333077

Relationship between the Ethnom "Sir" and the Syrdarya Hydronym in Orkhun Writing

Nasriddin Nazarov1

1Professor of the Tashkent Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Political Sciences

Abstract:

Throughout historical development, many toponyms have been associated with ethnonyms. Today's social reality requires a realistic approach to historical values.

Key words: development, Human civilization, construction, Orkhon inscription.

Article Received: 16th October, 2020; Article Revised: 30th December, 2020; Article Accepted: 08th January, 2021

Today's social reality requires a realistic attention as an object of study of history, approach to historical values. Indeed, the as it is a monument of ancient Turkish right approach not only serves to create history, a collection of information about opportunities for the optimal development the traditions of statehood, common to all of historical thinking in society, but also Turkic nations today »[1; 874]. ensures that objects and events are called Throughout historical development, many in real terms. Because even today, most of toponyms have been associated with the concepts in scientific circulation were ethnonyms. In particular, the names of created by scholars who represent and places in the area where a representative of propagate the essence of the ideology of an ethnos lives or resides, and the the former Soviet Union, whose activities mountains, hills, streams, pastures, were aimed at denying the role of the springs, wells, etc. associated with that Turks in socio-historical development. The area or ethnos. names are common. Turkish khanate and the Turkish empires, Therefore, it is close to the truth that the which ensured the development of human Syrdarya hydronym is related to the mystic civilization, were called by the ethnonym found in the Orkhon inscription ideological propagandists of the former ( inscription). We turn to system and tried to deny the Turkish historical data to prove our point. essence of historical monuments, buildings It is known that in 605 AD, the Syr tribes and values. This process lasted for almost in the Eastern Tien Shan (Seyanto in a hundred years, and even today some Chinese sources) revolted against the Turkic values have not received their due Western Turkic Khanate, broke away from recognition as ethnonyms, hydronyms, the Khanate, left the region, and managed toponyms, polytonyms. Based on the to establish their own state under the above considerations, the connection of the leadership of the Hakan's brother Shad. mystic ethnonym expressed in the Orkhon We have already mentioned about the inscription, in particular in the Tonyukuk mysteries (seyanto), this ethnonym is inscription, with the Syrdarya hydronym is found not only in the Turks, but also in the studied. Ma'umki, «Turkish runic . “The ancient Turkish inscriptions, especially the Orkhon name of the Kipchaks was‘ sir ’, which is inscriptions, not only contain a chronology also mentioned in runic inscriptions of the of historical events, but also require VI-VIII centuries. In Chinese sources of

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the IV-VIII centuries it is found under the of two years of armed struggle, the second ethnonym "se", then "seyanto" (in the V Turkish khanate was founded in 681. This century, the mysteries defeated the Yamtar khanate was also weakened by the or Yanto tribes and incorporated them into Uyghur-led alliance of nine Oghuz tribes their composition). Mysteries (seyanto) in 687-691, 714-715, and 723-724, and in later became known as Kipchaks ”[2; 5]. 744 the second Turkish khanate was So, the Sir tribe, led by shad, moved to abolished. The defeated mysteries escape Hangai and rebuilt their settlement in from the Tola and Orkhon basins to the Otyuken in 619. In 628, the struggle of the northern Altai and eastern Tien Shan.Thus, Eastern tribes against the Elkhanids, led by “Mysteries last appeared in the sources in the Syr and Uyghur tribes, culminated. 735, disappeared from the stage of history Hakan leaves Otyuken to the attacking as an ethnonym, and began to appear under tribes and flees to the southern part of the another name - . And this is the Hakan himself. Taking advantage of this end of the history of mysteries (seyanto) disintegration of the Oghuz, that is, the ”[4; 122]. However, the fall of one Turkic tribes, the Tang (Chinese) emperor ethnonym from the social lexicon in socio- Taitsun defeated the Elkhan army and in historical processes does not mean the 630 succeeded in overthrowing the eastern complete abolition of this ethnic layer, but Turkic khanate. After the abolition of the rather the emergence of another ethnonym unified khanate, a dispute broke out on the stage of history. Indeed, as noted between the Sir and the in above, the processes of ethnic Hangai, culminating in the victory of the transformation are clearly observed in the Sir. Thus, in northern Mongolia, the power historical development of mankind in of the mysteries under the leadership of ancient times, the early Middle Ages and Elterish Hakan came to the stage of the Middle Ages. history. The Hakan occupied the area from “Regarding the mysteries (seyanto), it can the Altai to the Xing, covering the area be added that the Chinese chronicles, from the upper basin of the Yenisei to the especially the Tanshu testimony, say that Gobi. It was subject to the khanate as far the seyanto, i.e. the mysteries, were strong as the northern bank of the Tola River. among the Tele tribes, who were similar in Administratively, the new khanate was their fighting methods to the ancient divided into western and eastern wings like Turks. In Srostkin's archeological culture, the old Turkish khanate. In 641, a fierce the burial rites of the mysteries were battle took place between the Sir Jiyanchu considered peculiar to the Kipchaks. In Bilge Hakan and the deceased Turkish particular, the burial of corpses on their Hakan, the Elkhanid troops stationed by own horses was found in the ancient China. In 646, the Nine-Oghuz tribes, led Turks, then in seyanto, ie in mysteries, and by the Uyghurs, began a war against the then in the IX-XII centuries at the funerals Mysteries. And they ask China for help of Kipchaks "[2; 5]. Hence, the mysteries and overcome the mysteries together. The of the Turkish khanate were known in the secret kingdom, which had been active on Middle Ages as Kipchaks in the Eurasian the stage of history from 630 to 646, will expanses. be abolished. Attempts by the Mysteries to That is, the "mysteries" of the Turkish regain their power were suppressed in 668 khanate continue to operate under the by China. Thus, the mysteries remain Kipchak ethnonym as a result of ethnic dependent on China, along with their own transformation. “Ethnic transformation blood relatives, who have been at war with also plays an important role in the each other for decades. And in 679, the Sir formation and development of ethnos in and other dependent tribes of the Turks ethno-historical processes. Ethnic revolted against Chinese rule. As a result transformation is the adaptation of old

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ethnoses to the new socio-cultural and early thirteenth centuries used Kangli conditions, assimilation of ino-ethnic and Kipchak as synonyms (according to features into the structure of their culture, Juwayni, Muhammad Khorezmshah's and their establishment as a new ethnic mother was from Kangli, and other sources unit on the ethno-social and ethnocultural call her Kipchak ”[7; 348], - he says. stage ”[5; 58-59]. It should also be noted Hence, the nature of the leadership of here that in the process of transformation, ethnonyms has changed, depending on the ino-ethnic culture may or may not be ethnic group to which the leader of the absorbed. Furthermore, if this tariff is nation belongs, as required by historical applied to mysteries, they are defeated by circumstances. competing with the Toguz-Oguzs, whose In general, the process of historical historical formation is integral, and are formation of the ancient Turks was used by Kipchak ethnonym competitors as common, and although they sometimes discrimination against mysteries, and then competed for power, the fact that they the mysteries themselves accept this belonged to a unified Turkish unity discrimination as ethnonyms, but in sometimes ensured their pursuit of a historical thinking it is also true that it has common goal. "Turk Bilga Hakan is been preserved. educating the Turkish secret people, the The fact that the Sir-Kipchaks are Oghuz people" [8; 79], - says, in written mentioned in the sources as Turks and that sources. Here the Sir and the Oghuz are the north-eastern latitude Kipchak steppe mentioned as a people close to the Turks. (Dashti Kipchak) inhabited by all Turkic It is known from historical fact that later peoples is an objective situation in the eastern-northeastern latitudes of historical processes and serves to Eurasia were sealed in historical sources as complement each other. In this regard, the the Kipchak steppe (Dashti Kipchak). famous Turkologist S. Klyashtornyy: "By “ is the historical homeland of the Turkic-Kipchaks we can understand the Kipchaks. Here they founded their that at that time the leading clan of the state - the Kipchak Khanate, formed the Kipchaks ruled" [6; 162], - he says. Of ethnic territory of the Kipchaks in the XI- course, a braver leader serves to elevate XIII centuries, which was later recognized the social status of the nation to which he as the ethnic territory of the Kazakh people belongs. That is why the history of nations "[9; 23]. Of course, the Kipchak field acts consists of the history of great as an object of national statehood of the personalities. Kazakh ethnos, which is one of the main It should be noted that the Kipchaks, components of the Turkic phenomenon, descendants of ancient mysteries, have left but it is known that the Kipchak ethnonym a significant mark on the ethnogenesis of plays an important role in the ethnogenesis the . According to NA of dozens of Turkic nations. That is, “The Aristov, “South-western Turks, Kipchak phenomenon is not only the , and other peoples were wealth of the Kazakh people, but when we formed from Kangli and Kipchaks, who talk about the whole Turkic world, the also played an important role in the Kipchak factor appears as an important formation of , Sarts and Kyrgyz- unifying and consolidating element. . Two-thirds of today's Turks are Kipchaks played an important role in the descendants of the Kangli and Kipchaks formation of all Turkic peoples: Kyrgyz, ”[7; 347]. In this regard, the scholar , Bashkirs, Tatars, Nogai, continued, “There is no doubt that the , , , Uzbeks, Kumans are understood as Kipchaks and , Turks, Altai "[9; 24]. And that the Kipchaks are related to the the origin of this ethnic formation is Kangchis. Muslim scholars of the twelfth connected with the historical mystical

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Kipchak factor, which, like the Kipchak Uzbek tribes ”[12; 112]. The above ideas steppe (Dashti Kipchak), began to be used also prove that the Syrdarya hydronym is as a Syrdarya, not as a Kipchak river, in related to the Turkic Syr ethnonym. relation to the large water source (river) of If we try to delve deeper into the issue, we this vast steppe. know that "Hydronym is the name of a In the Middle Ages, the Kipchaks, the body of water (river, lake, sea, etc.) and a descendants of historical mysteries, played term used as an object of linguistic an important role in the development of research" [13; 151]. It can be an object of Turkish statehood, as well as in regional research not only for the object of interethnic processes, and their social linguistic research, but also for many status was high. “Turkon Khotun (1150- branches of science. 1233) was the ruler of Khorezm of Another factor that is important in the Kipchak origin. From the rich seed of research process should not be overlooked. Kipchak… »[10]. Thus, the fact that the These are issues of the impact of natural Boyovut district, located on the banks of factors, including hydropower, on human the Syrdarya, is also on the banks of the social, political and military activities. river, named after the ethnonym of their Natural phenomena and opportunities have ancestors, serves to confirm our played an important role in the historical hypothesis. development of nations. For example, As for the interpretation of Syrdarya in the rivers have played a leading role in human sources, academician VV Bartold states development since ancient times. Very that the name given to Syrdarya by the ancient civilizations formed on the banks Greeks was Yaksart, which was used by of rivers (ancient , Babylon, ancient the local people as Hashart, and the Turks Greece, Rome, ancient India, China, used Syrdarya as Gavhar river Khorezm, Bactria, Sogdiana). (Jemchujnoy rekoy) - Pearl Oguz [11; Water deserves to be studied as one of the 130]. It is known from sources that in the leading factors in ensuring the XIII-XIV centuries, near the city of Jand at development of Turkish civilization. After the foot of the Syrdarya, the horde of all, the fighting skills of Turkish horses are Jojikhan's sons and grandsons was called also associated with the water factor. "Sir horde". The ethnonym "sir" is also There is a saying among the people: found in ancient Turkic monuments. This "Drink water from the place where the evidence shows that the word ‘mystery’ is horse drinks water, because the horse only an ethnonym, has been the name of the finds and consumes pure water." Of river for centuries and has survived to the course, the water factor has played an present day. The process of translating the important role in the stages of gradual term Sir from an ethnonym to a hydron development of all states. This aspect was took a long time and, in our opinion, began one of the important factors influencing to take a firm place in social thought in the the human development, the leading role context of the Sir Khanate (VIII century). in the historical, social and cultural According to the scientist Suyun Karaev: development of the Turks in ancient, early “In the XII-XIV centuries, near the city of medieval and medieval times. Regarding Jand at the foot of the Syrdarya, the place the occurrence of Syrdarya in written of Jojikhan's sons and grandsons was literature in connection with the name of called Sir Orda. These facts show that one the secrets of the ancestors of the of the ancient names of the river not only Kipchaks, the Syrdarya hydronym Sayhun remained in the mouths of the people for in Arabic, Persian and Turkish sources, two thousand years, but gradually became including: "Zafarnoma" by Sharafiddin Ali the main name of the river (Syrdarya) after Yazdi, "Zafarnoma" by Nizamiddin the conquest of Movarounnahr by nomadic Shami, Hafiz Abru "Tavorix", "King of

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Honor" by Hafiz Tanish Abru, "History of among the local population, the upper Kipchak" by Khojamqulibek Balkhi, reaches of the Syrdarya have always (both "Musahir al-bilad" by Muhammad ibn in the Middle Ages and today) been Arab Qatagan, "Boburnoma" by considered the Kara-Darya in the south- Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, "Shajarai- eastern part of Fergana ”[18; 491]. As W. Turk" by Abulgazi Bahodirkhan. In these W. Barthold rightly points out, the sources, the Syrdarya is mentioned as Syrdarya is the largest river in Central Sayhun, including "Sayhun is a large river, Asia, and the Syr-Kipchaks, as the largest its source is in " [15; 1510]. ethnic group in the region, played an Therefore, the name of the largest water important role in the ethnogenesis of source, Turkestan, is likely to be Syrdarya dozens of nations in Asia and Europe. they (Kipchakdarya). are more likely to have left their place in “Syrdarya is the most important, the terms as well. Another source says: significant and wet river in the whole “The Syrdarya is one of the two largest Turkestan region. It begins in the Tien rivers in , with the upper Shan Mountains ”[16; 15]. The tributaries reaches flowing through Fergana and that originate from the Tien Shan northern Mavarounnahr, the middle across Mountains, such as the Karadarya and the Turkestan, and the lower reaches along the Norindarya, are historically Turkic, Aral Sea semi-desert sands. . Therefore, meaning that they begin in areas where the the history of civilization along its shores Kipchaks lived as the leading ethnic group, is very rich and diverse. Syrdarya connects ensuring that both of our hypotheses come the sedentary agricultural civilization of true. In the Syrdarya basin, Kipchak, and Central Asia with the nomadic civilization therefore the predominance of the Sir of the steppe ”[19; 54]. As the factor in the early Middle Ages and even representatives of that steppe nomadic in the Middle Ages, confirms that this civilization moved from the lower and hydronym is associated with the Sir, one middle reaches of the Syrdarya to the of the major Turkic ethnonyms. upper reaches, the lower and middle Although the above-mentioned historical streams, known as the Syr Oguz in the sources contain some information about early Middle Ages, also stamped their Sayhun-Syrdarya, but no definite idea name on the upper reaches. Speaking about its etymology is put forward. about the lower reaches of the Syrdarya, Due to the active participation of AI Levshin said: “The most important and ethnonyms in toponymy, including the largest of all the rivers that irrigate the very wide range of issues of the role of Kyrgyz-Kazakh steppes is undoubtedly the ethnic terms in hydronyms, we will try to or Syrdarya. It flows from the give a few examples. "Janadarya Kashgar-Davan Mountains, which form (Yangidarya) in was part of the ridge that the Chinese call the formerly called Karakalpakdarya" [17; Tien Shan or the celestial mountains ”[20; 252-253]. That is, the association of 58], - he says. toponyms and hydronyms with the names An important part of the matter that of major ethnoses in the region is widely concerns us is that Fazlullah ibn used in social life as a historical tradition. Ruzbehani Isfahani: Referring to the term Returning to our research object: as the Sayhun and Khojand rivers, the “Syrdarya is a large river in Central Asia, Uzbeks and Mongols call it the Syrdarya which, like its sister Amudarya, flows into [21; 74]. So, the name Syrdarya is typical the Aral Sea. European science now for Uzbeks and Mongols. Here, of course, considers the Syrdarya to be the source of when Ruzbekhon Isfahani meant Mongols, the Ettisuv and the Naryn, which flows he meant Turks and Turkified Mongols (a through the northeastern part of Fergana; layer whose anthropology was Mongoloid)

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other than Uzbeks. As the Uzbeks and the area around which consists of reeds, a other Turkic peoples admit that they were plant which the Turks call reeds, and a called Syrdarya in contrast to the Persian- convenient place for cattle, and says: one speaking peoples, it means that the secret hundred farsah [25]. It flows from Uzbek is a Turkic term and is directly related to villages and into the desert, which locals the secrets of the ancestors of the call Karakum [21; 73]. Given the high Kipchaks. proportion of the Kipchak ethnic group in NG Mallitsky also touched upon this issue: the Uzbek villages mentioned by the "The term Sir sometimes means the whole scholar, as well as in the desert, later called southern part of the Kazakh field located Karakum, the importance of the Syrdarya in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya" [22; as a Kipchak river becomes clear. 282], - he says. Of course, NG Mallitsky Karakalpak scholar Kamol Mambetov in may have made such a decision under the his book "Karakalpak tree" gives historical influence of the terms Khojand river, information about Karakalpakstan in the Sayhun, expressed in medieval historical IX century: "During this period, the sources. However, it is important to note Oghuz, Kipchak and Qarluq peoples lived that Amin Ahmad Razi, who lived in the together in the lower reaches of the Middle Ages (XVI-XVII centuries), in his Amudarya and Syrdarya. It is known that memoirs, Uzbeks and other Turkic peoples the Oguzs were Turkmen and Azerbaijani, called Sayhun Syrdarya. the Qarluqs were Uzbek and Uyghur, the Well-known scientist S.G. Klyashtornyy Kipchaks were Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and says that the name Sir was mentioned in Karakalpaks, but later they became Oguz- the first century AD by the ancient Roman Kipchaks and Qarluq-Kipchaks ”[26; 59- writer Pliny as Silis. The term was 60], - puts forward the idea. Of course, at a originally used as an ancient Sak certain point in history, when one Turkic ethnonym for the lower reaches of the ethnic group leads, other ethnic groups river, but later for two millennia the with similar languages and traditions begin Uzbeks along the Aral Sea (XV-XVI to use the dominant ethnonym as a centuries) began to use the term for the subordinate to the leading ethnic group in whole river, as it was located between two parallel with their own ethnonyms. As a rivers and in the upper reaches. puts result, the dominant ethnonym becomes a forward the idea [23; 189-190]. Thus, polytheism, ensuring the processes of although it was originally used as an ethnic consolidation. ethnonym specific to the ancient Saks, It is known that in the later in the context of the strong presence suffix "chyk" is used in the sense of of mysteries on the stage of history (Sir diminutive, caress, respect (childhood, Khanate - VIII century) Sir began to pupil). According to Suyun Karaev: occupy a strong place in social relations as "Chirchik is the right tributary of the a mouth. Syrdarya… It is correct to interpret Abdulghazi Bahodirkhan in his work Chirchik as Sir + Chiq, ie Little Sir (river)" "Shajarai Turk" mentions the Aral Sea as [27; 152]. The fact that the majority of the Syr Darya, the fact that the Aral Sea Uzbeks and Kazakhs live in the Chirchik consists mainly of Kipchaks serves to basin proves that the Kipchak factor also ensure the essence of the Syr hydronym as played a leading role in this region, and a reflection of the ancient ethnonym. that Sirchik is also associated with this Academician VV Bartold says that factor. Abulgazi Bahodirkhan referred to the Aral Well-known toponymist Suyun Karaev, in Sea as the Syr Darya [24; 154]. his book "Do you know the meaning of Fazlullah ibn Ruzbehani Isfahani, in his geographical names?", Says that there are Guest of Bukhara, speaks of the Syrdarya, several variants of the hydronym Sardoba,

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among which in the past was called Eguptology. 17 (12) (2020) P. 868- "Sardoba Oguz" [12; 103]. Oguz means 876. this river. So, until the last centuries, Oguz [2] Evstigneev Yu.A. Kypchaki / was actively used in the social lexicon as a polovtsy / kumany and ix potomki: synonym for the word river. k probleme etnicheskoy Kyrgyz researcher Nurbek Joldoshev in his preemstvennosti. Moscow: book "Alcoholic Seeds of the Kyrgyz Asterion, 2011.– p. 5. People" states that the Russian scientist, [3] This description of military- Central Asian researcher AP Fedchenko political events is reflected in the encountered Kyrgyz-Kipchaks migrating Tonyukuk inscription, written in along the Chichik steppe during his travels 726, as the Turks and the Syrs were in Naryn, Jalal-Abad and Laylak [28; 16]. the leading tribes, and the Toguz- Also, N. Joldoshev said that “Kipchaks are Oguzs were the subjugated tribes. compactly located in Batkent district of [4] Klyashtornyy S.G., Sultanov T.P., Batkent region” [28; 218], - he says. The Gosudarstva i narody Evraziyskix fact that these areas originate from the stepey. ... Peterburgskoe river Kipchak villages as the upper reaches Vostokovedenie, 2004: 2-e izd., of the Syrdarya and continue in the Ispravl. and dop. 2004, p. 121–129. direction of the Kipchak latitudes (Dashti [5] Nazarov Nasriddin. Interethnic Kipchak) also serves to strengthen our relations in Central Asia. - view. Tashkent: «Global Books», 2018. - From the above considerations, it can be B. 58-59. concluded that the Kipchak ethnic group [6] Klyashtornyy S.G. Kypchaki v lived in the upper, middle and lower runicheskix pamyatnikax // reaches of the Syrdarya, and during the Turkologika. K vosmidesyatiletiyu first centuries of historical development, akademika A.N.Kononova. - the ethnic group operating under the Leningrad, 1986. - p. 162. Kipchak ethnonym gave its ethnic terms to [7] Aristov N.A. Notes on the ethnic the river. The name of the river as composition of the Turkic tribes Syrdarya is directly related to the name of and ethnic groups and information the mysteries expressed in the Orkhon about their ethnicity. - St. inscription (Tonyukuk inscription). Petersburg, 1897. In general, the role of the Turkish factor in [8] Abdurahmonov G., Rustamov A. the historical development of the Central Ancient Turkic language. - Asian region is significant. The fact that Tashkent: "Teacher", 1982. - B. 79. the Turkic peoples, which have a long [9] Kumekov B., Kuzembaev N., tradition of statehood, formed several Kumekova R. Kipchakovedenie in states in the region, serves to confirm our Eurasia and America. Istoriya i opinion that historical toponyms and perspektivy razvitiya (nauchno- hydronyms, in particular, the Syrdarya, are analiticheskiy obzor) // Nauchnyy related to the Turkic mystic ethnonym. zhurnal TWESCO «Altaistika, Turkologiya, Mongolistika» - REFERENCES: Astana, 2018. №2. - S. 23 - 29. [10] Culture and art of Turkic peoples [1] Nasriddin Nazarov. The role of //https://web.facebook.com/nomads history in reflecting the realities of greatsteppe/posts/23326002935312 the past in the context of Turkish 47 runology // Journal PalArch’s [11] K istorii orosheniya Turkestana. Journal of Archaology of Egupt / Created by Academician

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