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Suomen Kalat Suomen kalat HELSINGFORS, G. W. EDLUNDS FÖRLAG. XI PUBLISHED BY G. W. EDLUND HELSINGFORS. Gadus morrhua (L). TORSK. TURSKA. Plansch XXXI Gadus callarias Linné, Syst. Nat, Ed. X, T. I, p. 252 (forma minor). „ „ Bloch, Fische Deutsohl. 11, p. 109, T. 63. „ Retzius, Faun. Svec. I, p. 318. Faber, Fisclie Isl. p. 109. Ekström, Fische v. Mörkö,p. 230. „ „ v. Wright, Fries et Ekstöm, Skand Fiskar IX, p. 191. Jordan et Gilbert, Syn. Fishes North America p. 804. „ Lilljeborg, Sveriges o. Norges Fiskar p. 31. Gadus morrhua Linné, 1. c (forma typica). „ Bloch, 1. c. 11, p. 145, T. 64. Retzius, 1. c. „ Faber, 1. c. p. 104. Kröyer,Damn. Fiske 11, p. 1, Günther, Cat Fishes Brit. Mus. IV, p. 328 Malmgren, Finl. Fiskfauna, p 27. Collet, Norges Fiske p. 103. „ „ Malm, Göteb. o. Bohus]. Fauna p. 480. Winter, Prodr. Icht Dan. Mar. p. 27. Beneeke, Fische O. u. Westpreussen p. 87. „ Moreau, Poiss. France p 235. Mela, Vert. Fenn p. 298. Day, Fishes of Great Brit a. Irl. 11, p. 275, T. LXXVIII. Möbius v. Heincke, Fische der Ostsee p. 72. Gadus barbatus Linné, Faun. Svec. p. 112. „ Retzius, 1. c p. 319. Gadus morrhua et callarias Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, Fiskarna p. 537. Morrhua callarias Cuv., Regne anim. Yarrel, Brit. Fishes, Ed. 111, P. I, p. 524. Gadus ruber (Lacep.) Holböll, Göth. Vet. nya Handl. IV, p 31 (varietas). Gadus macrocephalus Tiles, Mém. acad. S:t Petersb. 1810, 11, p. 350, T. XVI (monstrositas). TORSK. TURSKA. THE COMMON COD. Denna allmänna och för fisket så betydelsefullafiskart företer This common and for fishery so important species exhibits efter olika åldrar och lokaler åtskilliga växlingar iform och färg. various changes of shape and colour, according to different ages Linne åtskilde tvänne former såsom själfständiga arter, dem han and localities. Linnaeus specified two varieties as independent kallade Gadus morrhua och G. callarias. Redan Fries och species, which he named Gadus morrhua and G. callarias. But Kröyer hafva likväl uppvisat att dessa båda, den ihafvet lefvande Fries and Kröyer have already shown that both these, the great stortorsken, hafstorsken, skrejen eller kabeljan och den vid kusterna cod, sea cod, skrey or cabeljo, found in the ocean, and the coast och i Östersjön förekommande kust- eller småtorsken, endast äro or small cod which occurs in the Baltic and along the coasts, are olika raser af samma art. Skilnaden i storlek mellan dessa båda only different varieties of the same species. The difference in size TORSK. TURSKA 2 THE COMMON COD. former är emellertid betydlig. Den förra blir ända till fyra a fem between these two varieties is, however, considerable. The former fot eller 1,200—1,500 millim, kan 40—50 % eller a lenght of four five feet,=1,200— 1,500 m. m. and a — läng och väga attains or 17 21 kilogr. Den senare åter öfverstigersällan 300— 500 millim. weight of 40 to 50 lbs.,=17 to 21 kilo. The latter seldom ex- i längd och 4 å 5 fä ivikt. ceeds 800 to 500 m. m. in length, and 4 to 5 lbs. in weight. Be- För öfrigt kunna olika färgförändringar förekomma af bada sides as said above, different changes of colour occur in both these dessa former. Den såkallade svarttorsken från södra Östersjön är varieties. The socalled Black Cod from the southern Baltic is very mycket mörk, nästan svartaktig på ryggen och (»fre delarne af dark, almost blackish on the body. The Grass Cod is olive green- kroppssidorna. Grästorsken är olivgrönaktigt grå ofvan. tätt be- ish grey on its upper parts, thickly bestrewn with greyish brown ströddmed gråbrunaktiga fläckar. Bland tången på bärgbotten före- spots. Among the sea-weed on rocky bottom is found a variety, the kommer en varietet, den såkallade rödtorsken,hvilken ofvan och socalled Red Cod, which is more or less of a lively reddish colour, på sidorna är mer eller mindre lifligt rödaktig, stundom till och sometimes even vermilion, with red fins and generally numerous med einoberröd,med röda fenor och vanligen talrika något mör- somewhat darker reddish or reddish brown spots. This Cod sub- kare rödaktiga eller rödbrunaktiga fläckar. Denna torsk lefver för sists principally on the crabs which abound among the sea-weed; det mesta af de bland tången talrika kräftdjuren, af hvilken föda hence perhaps its colour. It is highly valued for its generally fat färgen måhända härrör. Den skattas högt för sitt vanligen feta and firm flesh. Through medium varieties it is, however, merged och fasta kött. Genom mellanformer öfvergår den emellertid omärk- unnoticed in the ordinary one. ligt iden vanliga. The large Cod is in general lighter in colour than the Cod Stortorsken är iallmänhet ljusare till färgen, än den iÖster- found in the Baltic, It is pale olive-brownish or lighter grey on sjön förekommande. På ryggen är den blekt olivbrunaktig eller the back, with a silvery glitter, the sides are lighter silver grey, ljusare grå, med någon silfverglans; kroppssidorna äro ljusare silf- the belly pure white, and the spots, which are very plentiful on vergråa, buksidan rent hvit ooh do öfrekroppssidornas fläckar myc- the upper parts, are greyish yellow, or brass coloured. ket talrika, små, rundade samt till färgen grågula eller messings- As to its existence, the Cod is presumably circumpolar. It färgade. occurs in the northern Arctic Ocean outside Russian Lapland and Torsken är till sin förekomst antagligen circumpolär. Den in the White Sea, and in summer especially it is plentiful round förekommer inorra Ishafvet utanförRyska Lappmarken och iHvita Spitzbergen and Behring Island. It is met with in the neighbour- hafvet och är isynnerhet om sommarn ymnig kring Spetsbärgen hood of Nova Zembla and is found in the sea between Kam- och Beeren Eiland. Den är anträffad inärheten af Novaja Semlja schatka and North America as far as Oregon and Japan. In the och finnes ihafvet mellan Kamtschatka och Norra Amerika ända Baltic it constitutes one of the fishes which, there is every reason ned till Oregon och Japan. IÖstersjön är den en af de fiskar, to suppose, are a relic from the period this inland sea was united som antagligen med skäl anses utgöra en kvarlefva från den tid, to the Arctic Ocean. In the North Sea and the northern Atlantic detta innanhaf var förenadt med Ishafvet. INordsjön och norra it appears every where and often in great shoals, and here it also delen af Atlanten är den en allmänt och ofta istora massor upp- developes its full dimensions. The sea-belt where it thrives besb trädande fisk och här utvecklar den äfven sin fulla storlek. Det ° " ° is situated between 67 and 50 northern latitude, and extends hafsbälte, inom hvilket den här bäst trifves, ligger emellan 67 ° along the coast of Norway only and northwards as far as Spits- och 50 nordlig brädd och sträcker sig endast längs Norges kust ° bergen, i. c. almost to 80 north latitude. Further north or south och norr om denna nordligare äncla upp till Spetsbärgen, d. v. s. the Cod occurs as a rule either sparsely or in a diminutive form. närmare 80° n. br. Norr- och söderut förekommer torsken för öf- It is thus rarely seen on the west coast of France, although it is rigt antingen sparsamt eller ismärre exemplar. Sålunda är den certainly found as far south as the Bay of Gascony. In America sällsynt längs Frankrikes västkust, ehuru den dock är funnen så it goes down to the coast of Virginia, Northwards it certainly sydligt som iGascognerbukten. IAmerika går den ned till ku- appears on. the coast of Greenland in groat numbers,but, according sten af Yirginien. Nordligt förekommer den visserligen talrik vid to Francis Day, only in small and bony specimens. Grönlands kuster, men enligt Francis Day endast i små och magra exemplar. Within the extensive range above mentioned, the Cod often Inom det ofvan framhållna området uppträder torsken tidtals appears in enormous, often quite unheard of quantities, in the vi- istort, ofta rent af oerhördt antal i närheten af vissa stora, på cinity of certain great banks rich in sustenance. On the coast of näring rika bankar. Vid Norges kuster äro inemot 13,000 till Norway from 13,000 to 17,000 men are annually engaged in the 17,000 man årligen sysselsatta med torskfiske från januari till maj. fishery from January to May. This fishery is principally carried Detta fiske bedrifves hufvndsakligen på Storeggen, vid Lofoten och on at Storeggen, at the Loffoden Isles, and on the coasts of nor- vid kusterna af norra Finmarken och egor rum antingen under thern Finmark, and occurs either when the fish are spawning (Ja- fiskens lektid (januari till mars) eller senare (mars till maj), då den nuary to March) or later (March to May) when it is attracted to- lockas till kustens granskap af den dit ingående loddan. Fisket wards the coast by the mackerel proceeding thither. utanför Lofoten är isynnerhet storartadt. Do förnämsta engelska The fishery outside Loffoden is especially on an enormous fiskerierna bedrifvas äter vid Doggerbank mellan England och Dan- scale. The principal English fisheries are carried on at the Dogger mark och vid Cromer Knoll vid kusten af Norfolk. Emellertid Bank between England and Denmark, and at Cromer Knoll on the kunna de ofvannämnda icke jämföras med torskfisket pä de New- coast of Norfolk. However, the above mentioned fisheries cannot Foundländska bankarna, hvarest årligen från februari till april det be compared with the codfishing on the Newfoundland banks största fiske ihela världen bedrifves. Redan ibörjan af detta år- where the greatest fishery in the world is annually carried on from hundrade fångades där enligt Cornac ärligen öfver trehundra mil- February to April.
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