Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(2): 494-502

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 2 (2017) pp. 494-502 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.602.056

Environmental Influence under Off-season Production on Yield and Quality Attributes of

A. Kaviarasu1*, S. Balakrishnan2 and K. Indirakumar3

1Department of Horticulture, Thanthai Roever Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Perambalur- 621 115, India 2Department of fruit science, Horticulture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu - 641003, India 3Department of Agricultural Entomology, Thanthai Roever Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Perambalur - 621 115, India *Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted at the State Horticulture Farm Kanyakumari in eighteen

regular off-season bearing varieties where flowering is observed during August,

September, October, November months with the fruiting period during December-January K e yw or ds were selected for this study. The off-season bearing varieties are Neelum, Kalepad, Bangalora, Bangan apalli, Himayuddin, Nadan, Panchavarnam, Rumani, Dilpasand, Off-season, yield Kalkachi, Jehangir, Pairi, Panikanadan, Khudadad, Athimathuram, Mulgoa, and attributes, Quality Surangudi. The off-season flowering is a peculiar phenomenon in Tamilnadu because attributes and continuous flowering, fruiting and vegetative production can be seen simultaneously in Meteorological Kanyakumari. The off-season flowering is usually observed during July-August and parameter. harvesting of fruits is usually done during December-January. While most of the varieties

Article Info shows some peculiar characters in fruit yield and quality attributes it plays a vital role in post harvest self- life in preserving quality. The highest yield was recorded in Bangalora (520.80 Kg/tree). It recorded maximum fruit length (22.60 cm), fruit girth (33.30 cm), fruit Accepted: volume (469.50 ml), fruit weight (471.50 g) and number of fruits per tree (560.00). 15 January 2017 Available Online: Bangalora recorded the highest TSS (20.50° Brix), total sugars (18.16 %), reducing sugars (7.83 %), non reducing sugars (10.34 %), carotene content (60.25 mg/kg), titrable acidity 12 February 2017 (0.49 %) and ascorbic acid content (37.18 mg/100g). The maximum temperature (29.9 to 32.9°C), diurnal variation (6.9°C), relative humidity (76.6 %), rainfall (159.53 mm), wind velocity (6.13 kmph) and sunshine hours (437.05) were highly conducive for off-season flowering in Kanyakumari.

Introduction

The mango ( indica L. fact that it is often referred as ‘King of fruits’ Anacardiacea) is one of the choicest fruit in the tropical world (Singh, 1996). The crops of tropical and sub-tropical regions of production of off-season cropping in mango the world, especially in Asia. Its popularity which coincides with November-December and importance can easily be realized by the months should be properly considered for

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(2): 494-502 quality aspects also as fruit development crops, being perennial in nature, have to face during rainy/cool season months will be of the impact of climate change even during a generally inferior in quality because of single generation or in a standing crop. prevalence of lower quantum of heat units Hence it is important that the impact of (Ananthanarayan and Anchanam Alagia climate change is understood well. Mangoes Pillai, 1968). Whereas flowering is the first of are grown in ecologically sensitive areas such several events that set the stage for mango as coastal belts, hilly areas and areas with production each year off-season cropping of high rainfall and high humidity. This crop is certain tracts of Tamil Nadu. of high economic value contributing substantially to the agricultural exports at Besides the normal crop that matures from global and national levels. These are grown May to August, the trees of certain varieties in large areas in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil also mature an off-season crop from October Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West to January. Neelum, Bangalora, Calcutta or Bengal and Assam. The mango crops provide Bengal Barasmasi, Kintalvanipeta, and Ali sustenance to the millions of people. Weather Pasand have been mentioned as varieties variables such rainfall, evapotranspiration, bearing two or more crops in succession temperature, solar radiation, sunshine hours, during certain years and extend their bearing relative humidity and wind velocity influence period almost till December and sometimes the yield potential of mango. The present throughout the year. This has been attributed study was undertaken for the seasonal effect to the peculiar seasonal conditions and the of climatic condition under off-season fairly well distributed rainfall of the area production in yield and quality attributes of (Chacko and Randhawa, 1971) (Sundararaj et mango. al., 1972). In a study to find out the cause of differential flowering in mango in the island Materials and Methods ecosystem by Damodaran et al., (2006) reported that the specific bands obtained were The present experiment was conducted at the responsible for genes associated with State Horticulture Farm Kanyakumari, Tamil differential flowering behaviour and is due to Nadu Investigation on off-season flowering, introgression of genes during hybridization. fruiting behaviour, effect of growth, At Coimbatore, the varieties Peter and physiological changes, yield and yield Baneshan have been reported as flowering in attributes of eighteen mango varieties was the off-season. At Kodur, the variety under taken during the period between August Ambalavi produced five blossom crops 2010 and January 2011. The off-season between September and the following may bearing varieties are Neelum, Kalepad, except Neelum, Kintalvanipeta, Manoranjan Bangalora, Banganapalli, Himayuddin, and Willard produced three crops of Nadan, Panchavarnam, Rumani, Dilpasand, blossoms. The clonal progeny of an off- Kalkachi, Jehangir, Pairi, Panikanadan, season bearing tree at Tenali was found to Khudadad, Athimathuram, Mulgoa, Alphonso behave tree at Tenali was found to behave and Surangudi. Experiments were arranged in like the parent tree. These facts suggested randomized block design replicated three that the off-season bearing, though a varietal times. Five trees were used in each variety for character, was induced by favourable seasonal replication 25 years old trees were chosen for and climatic conditions. Climate change has the study. From each tree, 20-30 samples emerged as a major challenge influencing were taken at monthly intervals and quality agricultural production in the country. Mango analysis was carried out to assess the fruit

495

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(2): 494-502 quality by adopting the standard procedures The total sugars, reducing and non-reducing five fruits from each treatment were harvested sugars were estimated as per the methods at uniform maturity and allowed to ripe suggested by Somogyi (1952) and expressed naturally in the room temperature. At edible as percentage. The carotenoid content of the ripening stage, the fruits were cut and the pulp fruit was estimated by adopting the A.O.A.C. were mixed together for performing the (1975) method and expressed as Milligrams/ quality analysis. Observations on yield Kilogram. Titrable acidity of the fruit was attributes, quality attributes and weather estimated by adopting the method of parameters were recorded. A.O.A.C. (1975) by titrating against N/10 KOH using phenolphthalein indicator and Assessment of fruit yield characters on off- expressed in terms of percentage of citric season mango acid. Ascorbic acid content was estimated by A.O.A.C. (1975) by using 2, 6- Off-season fruits were assessed for dichlorophenol indophenols dye and the value determining the following yield parameters. was expressed as milligrams/100gram. Fruit length and grith were determined by the means of expressed in centimeter. Fruit Meteorological Parameters from flowering volume was determined by the means of to maturity expressed in milliliter. The number of fruits harvested per tree was counted and the total Monthly maximum temperature °C and was expressed as number of fruits per tree. Monthly minimum temperature °C were Fruit weight, Peel weight, Pulp Weight and expressed in terms of (Celsius). Relative Stone Weight were randomly selected from humidity was expressed in terms of each tree and the average weight of the pulp percentage. Rainfall was expressed in terms was calculated and expressed in gram. The of mille meter. Wind velocity was expressed ratio of Stone to pulp was calculated based on in kilo meters per hour. Sunshine hours were the analysis of total stone and total pulp. Total short day and long day hours. Day and night weight of the fruits harvested per tree was temperature was calculated as Diurnal recorded and expressed in kilograms variation (Maximum temperature – Minimum (Kg/tree). Specific gravity of fruit was temperature). calculated as (Density of mango fruit/ Density of water), Density was calculated as Results and Discussion (mass/volume). The number of days to ripen after harvest of fruits was recorded and Effect of seasonal difference on off-season expressed in number. fruiting yield parameters of mango

Estimation of important quality attributes The maximum fruit length (22.60 cm), fruit on off-season mango girth (33.30 cm), fruit volume (469.50 ml), fruit weight (471.50 g) and pulp weight Fully matured representative figures were (365.00 g) were recorded in Bangalora. allowed for natural and uniform ripening in Nadan recorded maximum peel weight (79.50 the room temperature. These fruits were g) and Athimathuram recorded the maximum assessed for determined the following quality stone: pulp ratio of 10.84 (Table 1). Due to parameters. The total soluble solids were seasonal and varietal variation of fruit determined by using Carl-Zeiss hand characters in post-harvest study were recorded refractrometer and expressed as degree Brix. in Bangalora, Neelum, Himayuddin followed

496

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(2): 494-502 by Kalepad were influenced by different season flowering cannot be seen as a uniform seasonal effects on climatic changes and phenomenon in all mango growing regions. In biological wonders in Kanyakumari reported the present case, it is surrounded by hills on by (Kennedy et al., 2009a) (Kennedy et al., three sides presenting a different 2009b) and (Parthiban et al., 2009). microclimate, favouring off-season cropping Maximum yield performance of Bangalora than the other neighboring parts. The was due to their prolific nature and fluctuation between the maximum and adaptability to Kanyakumari regions of Tamil minimum relative humidity was found to be Nadu. Similar variations in yield in the off- wide during the main season, while it was season bearing nature of mango varieties were narrow during the off-season. recorded at Erode (Sundaram, 2007) and at Ananthanarayanan and Pillai (1968) while Sangareddy (Lakshminarayanareddy et al., studying the off-season bearers at 2009). Bangalora recorded the maximum Kanyakumari also opined that high humidity number of fruits per tree (560.00) and fruit and rainfall prevailed during the off-season yield per tree (520.80). Similar variation in than the main season. fruit yield per tree had also been reported by Kumar and Kavino (2009). Monthly maximum temperature during August to January 2010-2011 ranged from Effect of seasonal difference on off-season (29.9°C to 32.9°C). While, the monthly fruiting quality parameters of mango minimum temperature ranged from (23.5°C to 25.2°C) in the experimental location. These The maximum total soluble solids (20.50º temperature regimes might be probably brix), total sugars (18.16 %), reducing sugars conducive for flowering and fruit setting (7.83 %), non reducing sugars (10.34 %), during the off-season. Another important carotene (60.25 mg/kg) and ascorbic acid factor is the absence of very heavy rain during content (37.18 mg/100g) were recorded in these months as rains, fogs or cloudy weather Bangalora. The available photosynthates at the time of flowering prevents the setting of required for fruit development are diverted to fruits and favour the development of pests and improve the TSS. Similar finding was diseases similar finding was reported by reported by Hassan et al., 2004; Khattab et Gangolly et al., 1957 and Gandhi, 1959. al., 2006 and Shaban, 2009. The maximum Relative humidity ranged between (71.6 to titrable acidity content was recorded in 80.6 %). There are many schools of thoughts Surangudi (0.49 %) (Table 2). Srinivasan and ascribed to this phenomenon and it has Shanmugavelu (1971) reported that Low observed by the mango research that a high acidity of the fruits is one of the desirable relative humidity of 90%; low night qualities in mango. In mango, the quality is temperature during south west monsoon; a mainly judged by total soluble solids (TSS), well distributed monsoon rains may be total sugars, titrable acidity and total responsible for residual food reserve carotenoid content in fruits. conversion into flower primordial even in shoots also (Richard Kennedy et al., Effect on off-season environmental changes 2009a). The per cent soil moisture was also in meteorological parameters high during off-season because of high rainfall. The location receives nearly (400.9 The location of the experiment site might play mm) of rain fall during the off-season a critical role in induction of off- season flowering period and which is followed by flowering as experiences have shown that off- low rainfall (29.5) during subsequent months

497

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(2): 494-502

that favours better fruit setting Naik (1949) by creating favourable conditions for pest and reported that dry and relatively rainless disease (Singh, 1957). Fairly well distributed summer evidently helped the shoot to get the rainfall may be the desirable feature for the desired rest period for successful initiation of production of a regular off-season crop in flower buds. Cloudy weather and rains during Kanyakumari (Lysander and Pillai 1957; blossoming period reduced the crop indirectly Velappan and Shankar, 2001).

Table.1 Effect of seasonal difference on off-season fruiting yield parameters of mango

*

)

20.80

yield

Fruit Fruit

89.04 42.71 51.92 45.34 20.05 21.63 43.51 43.90 11.89 62.38 13.74

6.516

149.33 139.59 5 194.70 120.93 105.05 138.44 116.15

(Kg/tree

*

.00

6.99

82.50 50.00 67.50

3.316

549.00 540.00 560.00 448.50 396.50 272.50 517.50 437.50 186.50 129.00 114.50 137.50 252.50 183.50 410

fruits/tree

Number of of Number

*

: Pulp :

3.46 3.66 6.03 6.33 3.54 2.45 2.26 3.00 2.78 4.94 3.67 2.86 5.63 3.71 2.62 2.11 2.49 0.81

ratio

10.84

0.387

Stone

*

.00

(g)

Peel Peel

42.50 44.00 46.00 42.50 51.00 79.50 33.00 45.50 43.50 43.00 74.00 48.00 37.00 60.00 64.00 45.00 37 31.50 7.001

3.318

weight weight

*

(g)

Fruit Fruit

11.35

5.381

272.00 258.50 471.50 463.50 305.00 385.50 267.50 203.50 229.00 402.50 396.00 243.00 432.50 316.50 460.00 224.00 176.00 152.00

weight weight

*

.55

0.93

25.05 24.10 33.30 33.30 23.75 30.05 24.25 24 22.10 27.50 26.95 23.95 26.10 26.25 31.45 26.00 22.00 22.15

0.444

Fruit Fruit girth (cm)

* *

1.21 1.21

13.60 12.80 12.75 22.60 11.25 15.10 13.45 14.10 13.75 13.20 12.75 16.20 12.75 12.65 13.45 13.20 15.85 16.20 15.45 12.65 15.85 15.05 15.45 14.80 15.05 14.80 11.95 11.95 12.15 12.15

0.577 0.577

Fruit Fruit length (cm)

SEd

CD(P=0.05)

Varieties Neelum Kalepad Bangalora Banganapalli Himayuddin Nadan Panchavarnam Rumani Dilpasand Kalkachi Jehangir Pairi Panikanadan Khudadad Athimathuram Mulgoa Alphonso Surangudi

S.

No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

498

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(2): 494-502

Table.2 Effect of seasonal difference on off-season fruiting quality parameters of mango

*

98

0.49

acid

33.62 33.61 37.18 31.17 31.20 29.20 31.17 26.48 26.98 31.20 29.48 31.20 30.20 26. 29.20 30.20 29.19 26.00

0.237

content content

Ascorbic Ascorbic

(mg/100g)

*

6 8 7 7 9

(%)

0.39 0.39 0.37 0.44 0.43 0.46 0.43 0.49 0.48 0.43 0.4 0.43 0.45 0.4 0.4 0.45 0.4 0.4

0.007

0.003

acidity

Titrable Titrable

*

0.54

59.75 58.63 60.25 54.35 54.75 51.30 54.75 49.48 49.98 54.75 52.08 54.74 52.98 50.20 51.10 52.97 51.07 49.40

0.259

content content

(mg/kg)

Carotene Carotene

*

(%)

9.61 9.53 8.64 6.30 8.63 4.11 4.48 8.63 6.08 8.62 7.10 4.43 5.31 7.10 5.36 3.96 0.96

Non Non

10.34 10.34

0.456

sugars sugars

Reducing

*

58

4.70 3.45 7.83 2.06 2.40 1.60 2.40 1.03 1.10 2.39 1. 2.39 1.81 1.08 1.40 1.81 1.40 1.08 0.77

0.368

Reducing

sugars (%) sugars

*

7.90 5.14 5.58 7.66 8.90 5.51 6.70 8.90 6.74 5.03 1.39

14.31 12.98 18.16 10.21 11.04 11.02 11.02 11.01

0.659

Total Total sugars (%)

*

0

8.50 9.50 9.50 8.50 0.70

17.50 16.50 20.50 13.50 14.50 11.50 14.50 14.50 11.5 14.50 12.50 10.50 12.50 10.50

0.333

TSS (ºBrix)

SEd

CD(P=0.05)

Varieties Neelum Kalepad Bangalora Banganapalli Himayuddin Nadan Panchavarnam Rumani Dilpasand Kalkachi Jehangir Pairi Panikanadan Khudadad Athimathuram Mulgoa Alphonso Surangudi

S.

No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

499

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(2): 494-502

Table.3 Effect on off-season environmental changes in meteorological parameters

6.7 7.3 6.6 7.9 6.2 7.1

Diurnal

variation

hours

398.65 487.71 469.51 491.42 346.61 428.39

Sunshine

0

.97

6 5.8 5.28 5.01 7.61 6.08

Wind

(kmph)

velocity velocity

.0

34.5 29.5

166 400.9 174.1 152.2

(mm)

Rainfall

(%)

74.8 75.1 79.8 80.6 77.7 71.6

Relative Relative

Humidity

°C

.0

25.2 25.3 24.6 25 23.7 23.5

mini

temp

Monthly Monthly

°C

31.9 32.6 31.2 32.9 29.9 30.6

max max

temp

Monthly Monthly

2010

2010

2010

-

-

-

2010

2011

2010

-

-

-

Months

ember

August Sept October November December January

S.No

1 2 3 4 5 6

Sunshine hours ranged from (346.61 to fall, off-season flowering during June is also 491.42). Although flower bud initiation in observed near equator. Hence, it is difficult to mango takes place during short days in the call this species a short/long day plant. The

500

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(2): 494-502 climatic mystery is also twisted by the varietal of mango in certain tracts of south Tamil differences as varieties like ‘Neelum’ flowers Nadu belt for off-season production. Whereas twice in Kanyakumari but once in north India. highly conducive environmental condition for This effect is also found to be seen in this off-season flowering and fruiting in species as the trees which are grown in the Kanyakumari. eastern side of an orchard flowers a few days ahead of others. It clearly indicated that the References trees found on the eastern side are found to receive longer hours of sunlight in fruits. A.O.A.C. 1975. Official methods of analysis. Wind velocity ranged between (5.01 and 7.61 Published by Association of Agricultural kmph). The State Horticultural Farm Chemists, Washington, D.C. Kanyakumari which depicts that the diurnal Anantanarayanan, K.K. and O.A.A. Pillai. variation in temperature is low with a range of 1968. Fruit maturity studies at (6.2 to 7.9°C) (Table 3) during the flowering Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu), South. months of June – August for off-season Indian Hort., 16(3&4): 56-57. bearing. This is also supported by the Chacko, E.K. and Randhawa, G.S. 1971. prevalence of low night temperatures during Towards an understanding of the factors flowering in mango ( L). that period when compared to other months. Andhra Agri. J., 18: 226-236. Ravishankar et al., (1979) reported that Damodaran, T., Medhi R.P., Gapil Dev, G., flower bud initiation in ‘Alphonso’ Damodaran, V., Rai, R.B. and Kavino, M. commenced in early October and reached a 2006. Identification of molecular markers peak by mid November. The marked drop in linked with differential flowering the night temperature and relative humidity behaviour of mangoes in Andaman and appeared to be favourable for fruit bud Nicobar Islands. Curr. Sci., 92(8): 1054- differentiation. 1056 Davenport, T.L. 2003. Management of Many cultivars flower erratically in the low flowering in three tropical and sub- latitude tropics, providing continuously warm tropical fruit tree species. Hort. Sci., 38: temperature with high soil and atmospheric 1331-1335. moisture (Davenport, 2003). Researchers in Gandhi, S.R. 1959. The Mango. Farm Bulletin, Thailand had revealed that mango trees were Indian Council of Agricultural Research., in need of dry period for flower bud New Delhi. formation and flowering occured naturally Gangolly, S.R., S.L. Ranjit Singh Katyal and after the dry and cool season (Rajan, 2009). Daljit Singh. 1957. The Mango. Indian Council of Agricultural Research., New In conclusion, among the eighteen varieties Delhi. Bangalora performance well in off-season Hassan, A.M., M.A. Gihan and E. Sanaa, 2004. mango production under Kanyakumari Maturation and heat units (G.D.D.) of condition. While most of varieties which have some mango cultivars. Egypt. J. Appl. shown preponderance of crop in the off- Sci., 19(5B): 553-571. season can at best be termed only as mediocre Kennedy, R.R., C. Swaminathan, S. Amutha, T. from the stand point of quality, it is Rajesh and J. Prem Joshua. 2009a. Off- season flowering in mango - a biological interesting to note that some trees of varieties wonder in Kanyakumari district, India. in commercial cultivation such as Bangalora, National level training cum seminar on Neelum, Kalepad, Banganapalli and off-season mango production. (Eds. Himayuddin etc. The possibility of stabilizing Richard Kennedy et al.), Horticultural off-season cropping in commercial production 501

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Research Station, Pechiparai, India, pp 108. 44-47. Rajan, S. 2009. Off-season mango production: Kennedy, R., T. Thangaselvabai, J.A. Sheeba, present status and future scope. National J.P. Joshua and K.E.A. Aiyanathan. level training cum seminar on off-season 2009b. Off-season production potential of mango production. (Eds. Richard mango in Kanyakumari. National seminar Kennedy et al.), Horticultural Research on production, post harvest technology Station, Pechiparai, India pp 1-4. and marketing of mango. (Eds. Ravishankar, H., M.M. Rao and K.M. Bojappa. Balasubramanyan et al), Horticultural 1979. Fruit bud differentiation in mango college and Research Institute, ‘Alphonso’ and ‘Totapuri’ under mid Periyakulam, India, pp 105-108. tropical rainy conditions. Scientia. hort., Khattab, M.M., G.M. Haseeb, A.E. Shaban and 10: 95-99. M.A. Arafa. 2006. Effect of paclobutrazol Shaban, A.E.A. 2009. Vegetative growth cycles and potassium nitrate on flowering and of some mango cultivars in relation fruiting of Ewais and Sediek mango trees. to flowering and fruiting. World J. Agri. Bull. Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 57(1): Sci., 5(6): 751-759. 107-124. Singh, L.B. 1957. Biennial bearing in mango. Lakshminarayanareddy, M., G. Satyanarayana Hort Adv., 1: 7–22. reddy, T. Sureshkumar and A. Bhagwan. Singh, R.N. Mango. 1996. New Delhi, ICAR. 2009. Studies on the performance of off- Somogyi, N. 1952. Notes on sugar season cropping mango varieties in determination. J. Biol. Chem., 200: 145- Telungana regions of Andhra Pradesh. 154. National seminar on production, post Srinivasan, C. and K.G. Shanmugavelu. 1971. harvest technology and marketing of Proximate composition of certain mango. (Eds. Balasubramaniyam et al), off- season mango varieties of Tamil Horticultural college and Research Nadu. South Indian Hort., 19: 24-28. Institute, Periyakulam, India pp 34-36. Sundaram. R. 2007. King of fruits’ becoming Lysander, M. and K. Pillai, 1957. On off-season popular in Erode. The Hindu, 27.11.07. mango production. South. Indian Hort., 5: Sundararaj, J.S., S. Muthuswamy and N. 20-24. Raghavan. 1972. Off-season cropping of Naik, K.C. 1949. South Indian fruits and their mango. Symposium on mango and mango culture. P. Varadachary and Co., Madras. culture. Acta Hort., 24: 189-191. Parthiban, S., K. Balakrishnan, C. Velappan, D. and C.A.S. Shankar. 2001. Rajamanickam and M. Selvarajan. 2009. Agriculture citizens report on the state of Flowering behavior in mango. National development and environment in seminar on production, post harvest Kanyakumari District. R. R. Daniel, A. D. technology and marketing of mango. Sobhnaraj, M. Jazer Jebanesan and D. (Eds. Balasubramaniyam et al), Thomas Franko (Ed.) South vision pp 14- Horticultural college and Research 31. Institute, Periyakulam, India, pp 105-

How to cite this article:

Kaviarasu, A., S. Balakrishnan and Indirakumar, K. 2017. Environmental Influence under Off- season Production on Yield and Quality Attributes of Mango. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(2): 494-502. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.602.056

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