COCINA, CUISINE Y ARTE Modos Del Discurso Académico Para La

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COCINA, CUISINE Y ARTE Modos Del Discurso Académico Para La 1 Maestría en Crítica y Difusión de las Artes Área Transdepartamental de Crítica de Artes Universidad Nacional de las Artes COCINA, CUISINE Y ARTE Modos del discurso académico para la legitimación artística de las cuisines comerciales contemporáneas Carina Perticone Directores: Oscar Traversa y Daniela Koldobsky 2015 2 Agradecimientos A mi director de tesis, Oscar Traversa, por haber creído en mí desde antes que yo misma. A mi directora de tesis, Daniela Koldobsky, por brindarme su confianza y su generosidad. A mis padres Nidia y Atilio y a mis hermanos Marcelo, Fabiana y Andrea que me enseñaron a aprender por el placer mismo de aprender. A todos los integrantes del Área Transdepartamental de Crítica de Artes. A mis profesores Marita Soto, Oscar Steimberg, Gastón Cingolani, Patricia Aguirre, Davide Domenici. A los integrantes del Comité Académico y a la Secretaria de Posgrado Mónica Kirchmeier. A los profesores, grandes maestros y amigos que me alentaron para que encarase seriamente el estudio formal: Sonia Montecino y Jesús Contreras A mi gran amiga, a veces madre, maestra y compañera de desayunos epistemológicos, Isabel Álvarez. A Marcelo Álvarez, por haberme dado lugar en su investigación y como coautora. A Mariana Koppmann, que me enseñó que con el conocimiento científico no se puede no ser riguroso. A Lucía Rodríguez Noriega Guillén, por su ayuda invaluable para acceder a textos inalcanzables. A Lisette Mayer y Fabián Czajca, que me indicaron la puerta de entrada. A las amigas de FFyL, por los consejos y ánimo: Lucila D’Auria, Laura Sánchez, Natalia Coluccio, Guadalupe Campos, Mariana Beatriz Noé y muy especialmente a María Soledad Funes, siempre presente y pendiente. A Ramiro Robles, que me dejó “en custodia” a su Luhmann. A Gustavo Barber, por su ayuda con la traducción de Hegel. A Alejandro Turner, por todo. A Enzo Tagliazucchi, Carlos Belotti, Julián Giglio y Diego Malpede por su ayuda inestimable para conseguir material bibliográfico. Y a la gente de mi TL de Twitter, que soportó constantemente mi ciclotimia de tesis. 3 Contenidos I. Introducción: Un objeto inusual 6 I.1 Una categorización preciada 6 I.2 Antecedentes históricos 7 I.3 Nuevos discursos de legitimación artística de las cuisines 9 I.4 Propósitos en relación a una exploración 12 II. Marco Teórico-Metodológico: Transdisciplinariedad y puntos de vista múltiples para un objeto complejo 13 II.1 Enfoques a la manera de cajas chinas 13 II.2 Definiciones de conceptos relativos al arte 14 II.3 Definiciones de conceptos relativos a la alimentación 19 II.4 Sobre nuestros métodos y nuestras fuentes 22 III Estado del arte: Perfiles de un recorrido casi inexistente 24 III.1 Lo dicho y lo no dicho 24 III.2 La artificación por aproximación 29 IV Primera Parte: Antes de la invención del arte 34 IV.1 En busca de una continuidad histórica 34 IV.2 Techne, episteme, empiria, ars y oficios. Las artes desde la oposición “liberales/serviles” a la oposición “del espíritu/mecánicas”. 35 IV.3 “Arte culinario” y cocineros en la antigüedad clásica: entre la empiria y la techne/ars. 41 IV.4 Cocineros en ascenso y “proto-gourmets” 46 IV.5 Alta cocina y alimentación en la Edad Media y el Renacimiento 50 4 IV.6 Cocina, cocineros y arte culinario en la Edad Media y el Renacimiento: los oficios de cocina y el arte coquinaria 52 IV.7 Algunas lecturas contemporáneas del corpus literario-culinario anterior al siglo XVII 60 V Segunda Parte: Durante la invención del arte 62 V.1 La ubicuidad de nuestro objeto de estudio 62 V.2 El surgimiento de la “cocina delicada”: antes y después del cambio de Siglo 63 V.3 El eterno retorno de la novedad culinaria 67 V.4 Cosmovisión y alimentación en la sociedad parisina de los siglos XVII y XVIII 72 V.5 Entre la medicina y la distinción social 76 V.6 El Iluminismo se cuela en los libros de cocina 80 V.7 Las Artes y las Bellas Artes: el comienzo del proceso de la “invención del arte” 84 V.8 La situación del arte culinario en el nuevo sistema de las artes 87 V.9 Los usos de las fuentes del siglo XVIII en los discursos de legitimación artística de las cuisines 89 V.10 Un arte mecánica para la aisthesis y respaldada por una episteme… pero “poco virtuosa” 94 VI Tercera Parte: Después de la invención del Arte 101 VI.1 “Los artistas aceptaron a la cocina como arte” 101 VI.2 El nacimiento de la gastronomía: de cómo promover la hegemonía culinaria francesa 102 VI.3 Del arte de cocinar al arte de comer 107 VI.4 Discursos sobre la cuisine como una de las Bellas Artes en el Salón de Otoño 112 VI.5 Una cruzada personal 119 VI.6 De la nouvelle cuisine a la cocina de vanguardia: mediatización, 5 pérdida de centralidad y estrategias de posicionamiento 123 VI.7 “Hipermediatización” gastronómica y tentativas contemporáneas de artificación de lo culinario 126 VI.8 La artificación imposible 129 VII Discusión 133 VIII Conclusión 139 IX Anexo 141 X Bibliografía 142 6 I Introducción: Un objeto inusual I.1 Una categorización preciada Los discursos de atribución de un estatuto artístico a un tipo de prácticas sociales externas al mundo del arte establecido constituyen un fenómeno frecuente en la cultura occidental contemporánea. Sin embargo, están lejos de poder calificarse como una novedad: hace ya largo tiempo que en diferentes zonas de algunos desempeños sociales vinculados al diseño se ha puesto de manifiesto el propósito de lograr que éstos sean incluidos en ese dominio, a partir de que compartirían tanto sus atributos como sus fines. La jardinería y el paisajismo, el diseño mobiliario y el diseño de moda vestimentaria mostraron en diferentes momentos de la historia esa aspiración, pero aparentemente serían las prácticas culinarias las que recientemente fueron objeto de intentos de legitimación artística1, con énfasis creciente a partir del último tercio del siglo XIX. De entre estos intentos, el último, producido a fines del s. XX y comienzos del XXI, quizá sea el más notorio debido a sus alcances mediáticos, aunque también aparenta ser el que más apoyo recibió por parte de agentes externos al campo de lo culinario2. El propósito que nos anima a encarar estas cuestiones no se centra en dirimir la justeza de ese reclamo de legitimación, sino en algo diferente, que consiste en caracterizar los modos discursivos, en cuanto a argumento y sustancia, a que se ha apelado para sostener el reclamo de inclusión de lo culinario en el campo del arte. A este intento diferenciador lo hemos instalado en 1 Utilizaremos por razones de practicidad y comodidad del lector, la expresión “legitimación artística” para significar: “legitimación social e institucional de la categorización como práctica artística convencional, de una práctica no considerada artística”. 2 Sobre el final de la escritura de esta tesis fue presentado ante los medios de prensa, en noviembre de 2014 y en la sede de la UNESCO en París, un “Manifiesto” emitido por la asociación de hoteles Relais & Châteaux con la participación del chefs de varios países. En dos de los puntos del documento se declara la intención de que la cocina, las “artes de mesa” y la hotelería sean agrupadas bajo la categoría de “Artes de vivir”, y de lograr para este “patrimonio inmaterial” la obtención del “reconocimiento como décimo Arte”. Esta acción es, para nosotros, la patentización del fenómeno que se estudia en este trabajo. Ver “Manifiesto” en: http://www.relaischateaux.com/spip.php?lang=es&page=manifeste (4/3/2015). 7 el título: “Cocina, cuisine y arte” es una paráfrasis de “Cocina, cuisine y clase”, que encabeza el trabajo del antropólogo Jack Goody referido a las prácticas culinarias, sus contextos socioculturales, y el rol de la escritura en la conformación de los sistemas culinarios asociados a determinadas clases sociales. Tal estudio no se ocupa de establecer jerarquías sino de desentrañar procesos; es esta misma pretensión la que orienta nuestro trabajo. I.2 Antecedentes históricos sobre el tema: Cocina, cocineros y arte culinario En la Europa anterior al siglo XVIII, se denominaba arte a un conjunto de saberes, entendidos como “saber hacer”, que los griegos llamaron techne y los romanos, ars. Tras producirse en el siglo XVIII la ruptura entre lo que luego se conoció como “Bellas Artes” y las artes llamadas “aplicadas” o “menores”, ruptura que se produjo como un proceso que Larry Shiner denomina “invención del arte”3, comenzó a constituirse el campo institucional de lo artístico. Paulatinamente, el término “arte” fue adquiriendo el sentido de “Bellas Artes”. Pero por fuera del campo artístico y especialmente en los ámbitos de práctica de algunas de las techne que mucho después fueron llamadas artesanías, se siguió utilizando el término arte en su anterior acepción, de modo que la expresión “Arte culinario”, acuñada antes de lo que Larry Shiner llama “invención del arte” y Niklas Luhmann “diferenciación del sistema [del arte] por función” (Luhmann, 2005:12), era y sigue siendo hoy de uso regular entre los cocineros y los gastrónomos. La antigua diferencia en la valoración socialmente dada a las artes liberales (positiva) y mecánicas (negativa) se mantuvo, después de “la invención del arte”, respecto de las nuevas categorías: los practicantes de las bellas artes (o “el Arte”), los artistas, obtuvieron un prestigio social que a las artesanías y a los artesanos les fue negado. Ante esta situación, los representantes principales de varias de las prácticas ahora llamadas artesanas trabajaron para que su actividad fuese reconocida como una de las bellas artes. Por parte del gremio de los cocineros franceses (uno de los más antiguos de Europa) no hubo, al principio, intentos importantes de instalar a la cocina como una de las bellas artes, pero alrededor de 1880 este reclamo de legitimación artística 3 “Invención del arte” es la expresión utilizada por Larry Shiner (2001) para denominar la totalidad del proceso de surgimiento de las “Bellas Artes”, su separación de las artes “útiles” y finalmente su conversion en “las artes”, opuestas a las artesanías.
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