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¾Sthetik/Ästhetisch 308 ¾sthetik/ästhetisch ¾sthetik/ästhetisch Einleitung: Zur Aktualität des ¾sthetischen (engl. aesthetics, aesthetic, aesthetical; frz. esthØtique; ital. estetica, estetico; span. estØtica, Der Begriff ­¾sthetik¬, im zweiten Drittel des estØtico; russ. 1stetika, 1stetiheskoe) 18. Jh. von Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten ge- prägt, um die als niedere Erkenntnisvermögen dis- Einleitung: Zur Aktualität des ¾sthetischen; kriminierten Sinne philosophisch zu legitimieren, 1. Wandel der ¾sthetik; 2. Selbstreflexion der ¾sthetik; hat in Deutschland Karriere gemacht. Bevor er a) Erfahrung contra Wahrnehmung; b) Ethik und ¾sthe- sich auch auûerhalb seines Ursprungslandes durch- tik; 3. ¾sthetisierung; I. Der europäische Kontext setzen konnte, hat es fast anderthalb Jahrhunderte einer deutschen Gründung; II. Die Institutiona- lisierung der ¾sthetik; 1. Der Weg zu Baumgartens gebraucht. Nach weiteren hundert Jahren ist nun ­Aesthetica¬; 2. ¾sthetik als Lebenskunst: Der felix der Begriff ¾sthetik weltweit ebenso allgemein aestheticus bei Baumgarten; 3. ­¾sthetik¬ und die ­Theo- wie von seinem ursprünglichen Bedeutungsum- rien der schönen Wissenschaften und Künste¬; 4. ¾stheti- fang entfernt. Daran muûte erinnert werden. sche Pathologie; 5. Der Streit um die neue Wissenschaft; »Pourquois appeler esthØtique un jugement de goßt? III. Kant: Transzendentale ¾sthetik und Kritik des Geschmacks; IV.¾sthetik als Philosophie der schö- [¼] Le jugement de goßt n'est pas un jugement de nen Kunst; 1. Die romantische Kritik der ¾sthetik; connaissance, il n'est pas ­logique¬ mais subjectif et 2. Hegels ¾sthetikbegriff; V.Der europäische Be- donc esthØtique: rapport à l'affect (aisthesis).«1 Man griffstransfer; 1. Frankreich; a) EsthØtique ± ­cette hat von einer »aesthetic world-view« gesprochen science d'importation¬. Von der ­thØorie des sensations¬ zur ­science du beau¬ und ­philosophie des beaux-arts¬; und ¾sthetik sogar eine »guiding science in a gene- b) Zwischen Künstlerästhetik und wissenschaftlicher ral epistemology of the modern age« genannt, die ¾sthetik; 2. England; a) Barrieren der Rezeption; notwendig sei als »response to the growing com- b) Aesthetics zwischen ­Aesthetic Movement¬ und ­Phy- plexity of the systems of knowledge in the last fifty siological Aesthetics¬; c) Englischsprachige ¾sthetik years«2. In Debatten und Diskursen erscheint ­¾s- zwischen 1900 und 1960: Semiotic Aesthetics, New Criticism und Analytical Aesthetics; VI. ¾sthetik des thetik¬ in verschiedenen Theorie-Kontexten in je- Schönen/¾sthetik des Häûlichen. Akademisierung weils unterschiedlicher Bedeutung und Akzentuie- und Neuansätze im 19. Jahrhundert; 1. Schleier- rung. Pluralität des Begriffs und seines Umfangs machers Produktionsästhetik; 2. Mit Hegel über Hegel wurde sogar zum Kern der Debatte erklärt.3 Ein hinaus; a) Politisierung und Kritik der ¾sthetik im Vor- märz; b) ¾sthetiken des Häûlichen und Komischen; Trend zu Pan-¾sthetik oder Pan-¾sthetisierung ist 3. ¾sthetik und das Paradigma der exakten Wissenschaf- an die Stelle eines philosophischen Alleinvertre- ten; a) ¾sthetik von unten; b) Einfühlungsästhetik als tungsanspruchs getreten. Gibt es überhaupt noch psychologische ¾sthetik; c) Die Differenzierung von einen hinreichend eindeutigen Begriff von ¾sthe- ¾sthetik und allgemeiner Kunstwissenschaft; d) Kritik tik? Oder entzieht sie sich vielleicht gerade jeder der psychologischen ¾sthetik; 4. ¾sthetiken der Existenz: Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard und Nietzsche; VII. Diffe- begrifflichen Bestimmung, wäre ein strenger Begriff renzierungen im ¾sthetikbegriff (Transformatio- von ¾sthetik in gewisser Hinsicht eine contradictio nen idealistischer ¾sthetik); 1. Der ­ästhetische in adiecto? Die Diffundierung und die Pluralität Mensch¬; 2. ­Lebenskunst¬ und ­physiologische ¾sthetik¬ dessen, was man auch ­ästhetisches Denken¬ ge- bei Nietzsche; 3. ¾sthetik versus Kunstwissenschaft; 4. ¾sthesiologie; 5. EsthØsique/Aisthesis ± Umschalten nannt hat, hat den Begriff gespalten und zur Erör- auf Wahrnehmung; 6. Spuren der Diffusion eines Begriffs terung von ¾sthetik als einem offenen Konzept ge- führt. Mindestens zwei gegensätzliche Begriffe von ¾sthetik und ¾sthetischem stehen einander gegen- über. »There are actually two enormously different 1 jacques derrida, La vØritØ en peinture (Paris 1978), notions of the aesthetic: a rational, compartmental- 52. ized, and disciplined domain embodying com- 2 virgil nemoianu, A Theory of the Secondary: Lite- municative reason for the pleasures of order (the rature, Progress, and Reaction (Baltimore/London classic aesthetic of modernism), and a wildly antira- 1989), 76. tional aesthetic, embodying the ideals of radical 3 Vgl. wolfgang welsch, Zur Aktualität ästhetischen Denkens (1989), in: Welsch, ¾sthetisches Denken freedom, transgression, and lawless orginality, (Stuttgart 1990), 68±71. which is more characteristically postmodern. The Einleitung: Zur Aktualität des ¾sthetischen 309 significance and threatening challenge of the post- meint sein könnte.«6 Die Neuformierung der Se- modern turn toward the aesthetic relates to this mantik des Begriffs ¾sthetik ist eine Folge und ein second sense of aesthetic which Nietzsche intro- Indiz einschneidender sozialer, ökonomischer, po- duced to oppose reason.«4 litischer und kultureller Veränderungen. Die geschichtliche Entwicklung des Begriffs ¾s- thetik verlief im 18. Jh. von der aistheÅsis zur ¾sthe- 1. Wandel der ¾sthetik tik, führte »von der Sinneswahrnehmung im all- Der bis in die 70er Jahre relativ unangefochten gel- gemeinen zur Kunst im besonderen«7. Im 19. Jh. tenden Standardbestimmung von ¾sthetik als einer dominieren die systematischen Fixierungen ästhe- ­wissenschaftlichen Disziplin¬ zufolge hat sich das tischer Theorie als allgemeiner Kunsttheorie, auf »Wort ­¾sthetik¬ als Titel des Zweiges der Philoso- die die Künstler mit eigenen ästhetischen Refle- phie eingebürgert, in dem sie sich den Künsten xionen in Form von Künstlerästhetiken reagieren. und dem Schönen in der Allgemeinheit zuwendet, Die Spannung zwischen kunstästhetischem Sy- daû die Künste in der gegenwärtigen Gestalt und stemdenken und ästhetischer Selbstbestimmung in ihrer europäischen und auûereuropäischen Ge- wird zur Unruhe ästhetischen Denkens. »Die Ent- schichte gleicherweise als ästhetischer Gegenstand wicklung der ¾sthetik im 19. Jahrhundert hat die und die sie begleitenden Theorien Platons und Sterilität einer derartigen (systematisierenden) Vor- Plotins, des Mittelalters oder Kants, Schellings und gangsweise zur Genüge erwiesen; eine der Konse- Hegels als ästhetische Theorien gelten«5. Diese in quenzen war der Exodus der Kunst-, Musik- und Handbüchern, Lexika und Enzyklopädien noch Literaturwissenschaften aus der Philosophie, eine immer kursierende Auffassung wurde inzwischen andere die Verarmung der ¾sthetik, die im Nicht- der Kritik und Revision unterzogen, wobei die verstehen fortschrittlicher Kunstproduktionen und Begriffsgeschichte von Baumgartens Begründung im Rückgang auf akademisches Denken ihren der ¾sthetik an selbst zum Medium von Debatten Ausdruck fand.«8 wurde. Die Ausrichtung der um eine Neubewer- Im kritischen Blick auf eine überalterte Tradi- tung von ¾sthetik bemühten Revisionen wird da- tion philosophischer ¾sthetik hatte Adorno in sei- bei von einer doppelten Perspektive der Entgren- ner ¾sthetischen Theorie (1970) ein Dilemma dia- zung traditioneller Bestimmungen motiviert: gnostiziert: »¾sthetik präsentiert der Philosophie durch die an der Etymologie des Terminus ¾sthe- die Rechnung dafür, daû der akademische Betrieb tik orientierte Erinnerung an die ursprüngliche griechische Bedeutung von ai42svhsiû (aistheÅsis, sinnlich vermittelte Wahrnehmung) und durch eine mit dem Begriff ­¾sthetisierung¬ angezeigte 4 richard shusterman, Postmodernism and the Aes- Öffnung des Geltungsbereichs der ¾sthetik über thetic Turn, in: Poetics Today 10 (1989), 611. Kunst und Künste hinaus für andere Bereiche von 5 joachim ritter, ­¾sthetik, ästhetisch¬, in: ritter, Wissen, Alltag, Politik, Ökonomie und Natur. Aus Bd. 1 (1971), 555. 6 ludwig wittgenstein, Lectures on Aesthetics (ge- dieser Perspektive beschreibt die Begriffsgeschichte halten 1938), in: Wittgenstein, Lectures & Conversa- von ¾sthetik zwischen Schlieûung und Öffnung, tions on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief, Engführung und Erweiterung eine diskursive Be- hg. v. C. Barrett (Oxford 1966); dt.: Vorlesungen über wegung, in deren Verlauf die Arbeit am Begriff zu ¾sthetik, in: Wittgenstein, Vorlesungen und Gespräche einer Selbstbesinnung, zur Selbstreflexion und zur über ¾sthetik, Psychoanalyse und religiösen Glauben, hg. v. C. Barrett, übers. v. R. Funke (Düsseldorf/Bonn Transformation des begrifflichen Instrumentariums 1994), 23. von ¾sthetik geführt hat. Ob ¾sthetik sich als Dis- 7 rudolf arnheim, Visual Thinking (Berkeley, Cal. ziplin mit streng definierbarem Gegenstand be- u.a. 1969); dt.: Anschauliches Denken, übers. v. Arn- stimmen läût, steht heute in Frage. »Eine interes- heim (Köln 1985), 9. 8 thomas h. macho/manfred moser/christof sante Sache ist die Vorstellung, die die Menschen ubik, Zur Einführung, in: Macho/Moser/ubik von einer Art Wissenschaft der ¾sthetik haben. Ich (Hg.), Arbeitstexte für den Unterricht. ¾sthetik (Stutt- würde lieber davon reden, was mit ¾sthetik ge- gart 1986), 9. 310 ¾sthetik/ästhetisch sie zur Branche degradierte. Sie verlangt von Phi- tion, des Geschmacks und des Urteils: »the aesthe- losophie, was sie versäumt: daû sie die Phänomene tic, like the historical, cannot be taken for gran- aus ihrem puren
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