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AESTHETICS HISTORICAL DICTIONARY of Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements, No

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AESTHETICS HISTORICAL DICTIONARY of Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements, No PHILOSOPHY • AESTHETICS HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements, No. 72 TOWNSEND AESTHETICS Aesthetics is derived from the Greek word for “feeling,” and this discipline arose because of the need to fi nd a place for the passions within epistemology—the branch of philosophy that investigates our beliefs. Aesthetics is more than just DICTIONARY HISTORICAL HISTORICAL the study of beauty; it is a study of that which appeals to our senses, most often in connection with the classifi cation, analysis, appreciation, and understanding of art. OF OF Historical Dictionary of Aesthetics covers the history of this area of study from clas- sical Greece to the present, including entries on nonwestern aesthetics. It con- AESTHETICS tains a chronology, a list of acronyms and abbreviations, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on the main concepts; terminology; important philosophers, critics, and artists; and the rules and criteria used for judging art. By providing concise information on aesthetics, this dictionary is not only accessible to students, but it also provides details and facts to specialists in the fi eld. DABNEY TOWNSEND is professor of philosophy and special projects coordinator at Armstrong Atlantic State University in Savannah, Georgia. He is the author or editor of fi ve previous books and numerous journal articles on aesthetics, early modern philosophy, and the philosophy of language. For orders and information please contact the publisher SCARECROW PRESS, INC. A wholly owned subsidiary of Cover design by Allison Nealon The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5539-7 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 ISBN-10: 0-8108-5539-9 Lanham, Maryland 20706 90000 1-800-462-6420 • fax 717-794-3803 www.scarecrowpress.com Cover illustration: Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci 9 780810 855397 DABNEY TOWNSEND 2-HD Aesthetics.indd 1 7/25/06 12:48:48 PM HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF RELIGIONS, PHILOSOPHIES, AND MOVEMENTS Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. Buddhism, by Charles S. Prebish, 1993 2. Mormonism, by Davis Bitton, 1994. Out of print. See no. 32. 3. Ecumenical Christianity, by Ans Joachim van der Bent, 1994 4. Terrorism, by Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan, 1995. Out of print. See no. 41. 5. Sikhism, by W. H. McLeod, 1995. Out of print. See no. 59. 6. Feminism, by Janet K. Boles and Diane Long Hoeveler, 1995. Out of print. See no. 52. 7. Olympic Movement, by Ian Buchanan and Bill Mallon, 1995. Out of print. See no. 39. 8. Methodism, by Charles Yrigoyen Jr. and Susan E. Warrick, 1996. Out of Print. See no. 57. 9. Orthodox Church, by Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, and Michael D. Peterson, 1996 10. Organized Labor, by James C. Docherty, 1996. Out of print. See no. 50. 11. Civil Rights Movement, by Ralph E. Luker, 1997 12. Catholicism, by William J. Collinge, 1997 13. Hinduism, by Bruce M. Sullivan, 1997 14. North American Environmentalism, by Edward R. Wells and Alan M. Schwartz, 1997 15. Welfare State, by Bent Greve, 1998. Out of print. See no. 63. 16. Socialism, by James C. Docherty, 1997. Out of print. See no. 73. 17. Baha´’ı´ Faith, by Hugh C. Adamson and Philip Hainsworth, 1998. Out of print. See no. 71. 18. Taoism, by Julian F. Pas in cooperation with Man Kam Leung, 1998 19. Judaism, by Norman Solomon, 1998. Out of print. See no. 69. 20. Green Movement, by Elim Papadakis, 1998 21. Nietzscheanism, by Carol Diethe, 1999 22. Gay Liberation Movement, by Ronald J. Hunt, 1999 23. Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran, and Turkey,by Ahmad S. Moussalli, 1999 24. Reformed Churches, by Robert Benedetto, Darrell L. Guder, and Donald K. McKim, 1999 25. Baptists, by William H. Brackney, 1999 26. Cooperative Movement, by Jack Shaffer, 1999 27. Reformation and Counter-Reformation, by Hans J. Hillerbrand, 2000 28. Shakers, by Holley Gene Duffield, 2000 29. United States Political Parties, by Harold F. Bass Jr., 2000 30. Heidegger’s Philosophy, by Alfred Denker, 2000 31. Zionism, by Rafael Medoff and Chaim I. Waxman, 2000 32. Mormonism, 2nd ed., by Davis Bitton, 2000 33. Kierkegaard’s Philosophy, by Julia Watkin, 2001 PAGE i ................. 16039$ $$FM 07-25-06 10:25:23 PS 34. Hegelian Philosophy, by John W. Burbidge, 2001 35. Lutheranism,byGu¨nther Gassmann in cooperation with Duane H. Larson and Mark W. Oldenburg, 2001 36. Holiness Movement, by William Kostlevy, 2001 37. Islam, by Ludwig W. Adamec, 2001 38. Shinto, by Stuart D. B. Picken, 2002 39. Olympic Movement, 2nd ed., by Ian Buchanan and Bill Mallon, 2001. Out of Print. See no. 61. 40. Slavery and Abolition, by Martin A. Klein, 2002 41. Terrorism, 2nd ed., by Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan, 2002 42. New Religious Movements, by George D. Chryssides, 2001 43. Prophets in Islam and Judaism, by Scott B. Noegel and Brannon M. Wheeler, 2002 44. The Friends (Quakers), by Margery Post Abbott, Mary Ellen Chijioke, Pink Dandelion, and John William Oliver, Jr., 2003 45. Lesbian Liberation Movement: Still the Rage, by JoAnne Myers, 2003 46. Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy, by Roger Ariew, Dennis Des Chene, Douglas M. Jesseph, Tad M. Schmaltz, and Theo Verbeek, 2003 47. Witchcraft, by Michael D. Bailey, 2003 48. Unitarian Universalism, by Mark W. Harris, 2004 49. New Age Movements, by Michael York, 2004 50. Organized Labor, 2nd ed., by James C. Docherty, 2004 51. Utopianism, by James M. Morris and Andrea L. Kross, 2004 52. Feminism, 2nd ed., by Janet K. Boles and Diane Long Hoeveler, 2004 53. Jainism, by Kristi L. Wiley, 2004 54. Wittgenstein’s Philosophy, by Duncan Richter, 2004 55. Schopenhauer’s Philosophy, by David E. Cartwright, 2005 56. Seventh-day Adventists, by Gary Land, 2005 57. Methodism, 2nd ed., by Charles Yrigoyen, Jr. and Susan Warrick, 2005 58. Sufism, by John Renard, 2005 59. Sikhism, 2nd ed., by W. H. McLeod, 2005 60. Kant and Kantianism, by Helmut Holzhey and Vilem Mudroch, 2005 61. Olympic Movement, 3rd ed., by Bill Mallon with Ian Buchanan, 2006 62. Anglicanism, by Colin Buchanan, 2006 63. Welfare State, 2nd ed., by Bent Greve, 2006 64. Feminist Philosophy, by Catherine Villanueva Gardner, 2006 65. Logic, by Harry J. Gensler, 2006 66. Leibniz’s Philosophy, by Stuart Brown and Nicholas J. Fox, 2006 67. Non-Aligned Movement and Third World, by Guy Arnold, 2006 68. Salvation Army, by Major John G. Merritt, 2006 69. Judaism, 2nd ed., by Norman Solomon, 2006 70. Epistemology, by Ralph Baergen, 2006 71. Baha´’ı´ Faith, by Hugh Adamson, 2006 72. Aesthetics, by Dabney Townsend, 2006 73. Socialism, 2nd ed., by Peter Lamb and James C. Docherty, 2006 74. Marxism, by David M. Walker and Daniel Gray, 2007 PAGE ii ................. 16039$ $$FM 07-25-06 10:25:24 PS Historical Dictionary of Aesthetics Dabney Townsend Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements, No. 72 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2006 PAGE iii ................. 16039$ $$FM 07-25-06 10:25:24 PS SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright ᭧ 2006 by Dabney Townsend All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Townsend, Dabney, 1941– Historical dictionary of aesthetics / Dabney Townsend. p. cm.— (Historical dictionaries of religions, philosophies, and movements ; no. 72) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5539-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-5539-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Aesthetics–Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. BH56.T69 2006 111Ј.8503–dc22 2006013632 ⅜ϱ ீThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. Manufactured in the United States of America. PAGE iv ................. 16039$ $$FM 07-25-06 10:25:24 PS Contents Editor’s Foreword (Jon Woronoff) vii Reader’s Note ix Chronology xi Introduction xvii THE DICTIONARY 1 Bibliography 337 About the Author 371 v PAGE v ................. 16039$ CNTS 07-25-06 10:25:27 PS PAGE vi ................. 16039$ CNTS 07-25-06 10:25:27 PS Editor’s Foreword Regrettably, some think of philosophy as arcane and static. In certain areas, perhaps it is, but others are in constant flux, and never more than today. This definitely applies to aesthetics, partly because the art on which it focuses is undergoing increasingly rapid change, partly be- cause the way this art is viewed is also changing. That makes this His- torical Dictionary of Aesthetics especially useful and important, which is considerable at all times, given the significance of art in our lives. It also means that the book must be deeper and broader, encompassing the older ways of thinking—some of which are still very relevant for many people, as well as the newer ways—some of which will probably be unfamiliar and may even appear strange to others. Certainly, art is not dead, nor is that likely ever to happen, and aesthetics is more vigor- ous than ever. This volume, had it been written a decade ago, would have been quite different, and if it is rewritten again in another decade, it would have to chart further movement. Just how much progress (if that is the right word) there has been immediately appears from an innovative chronol- ogy that traces both art and aesthetics, which are hard to separate.
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