Schneeeigenschaften Und Gletscherzonen Der Antarktischen Halbinsel Im Radarbild

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Schneeeigenschaften Und Gletscherzonen Der Antarktischen Halbinsel Im Radarbild Schneeeigenschaften und Gletscherzonen der Antarktischen Halbinsel im Radarbild Thermische Phänomene der Schnee- und Firndecken im Hinterland der großen Schelfeisabbrüche Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Fakultät für Forst- und Umweltwissenschaften der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Brsg. vorgelegt von Frank Rau Freiburg im Breisgau 2004 Dekan: Prof. Dr. E. Hildebrand Referent: Prof. Dr. H. Goßmann 1. Korreferent: Prof. Dr. H. Müller 2. Korreferent: Prof. Dr. E. Parlow Tag der Disputation: 19. Mai 2004 AN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION IS THE WORST WAY TO HAVE THE BEST TIME OF YOUR LIFE Eintrag im Hüttenbuch Stonington, Marguerite Bay, Graham Land (68E 11' Süd, 67E 00' West) Auch wenn eine Expedition in die Antarktis heutzutage nicht mehr eine solche physische und logistische Herausforderung darstellt wie zu den Zeiten Apsley Cherry-Garrards, auf den dieses Zitat zurückgeht, so gehören Geländearbeiten auf der Antarktischen Halbinsel sicherlich zum spannendsten und eindrücklichsten was man als Geograph erleben kann. In diesem Sinne zählen die drei Feldkampagnen in der inneren Marguerite Bay und auf den South Shetland Islands, an denen ich in den vergangenen Jahren teilnehmen konnte, zu den großen und prägenden Erlebnissen. Die dabei vor Ort erworbenen Kenntnisse und erhobenen Daten bilden die Grundlage meiner hier vorgestellten Arbeit, auch wenn sie nicht unmittelbar in deren Mittelpunkt stehen. Im besonderen Maße möchte ich mich bei Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Goßmann für die Möglichkeit der Teilnahme an diesen Kampagnen und für die Betreuung dieser Promotion bedanken. Mit großer Geduld und einer Begeisterung für das Thema, die zeitweilig die meinige deut- lich überstieg, trug er mit seiner Unterstützung wesentlich zum Gelingen der Arbeit bei. Wichtig dafür war auch die Einbindung in eine Arbeitsgruppe mit meinen Kollegen Matthias Braun, Stefan Wunderle, Steffen Vogt und Helmut Saurer, die durch viele engagierte Diskussionen und tatkräftige Hilfe zu einem entspannten und anregenden Arbeitsklima beitrugen. Unter meinen 'Mitreisenden' nach San Martín möchte ich Frank Weber und Martin Ebel namentlich hervorheben und ihnen für ihren unermüdlichen Einsatz, die fach- kundige Unterstützung und den gemeinsamen Spaß danken. Mein besonderer Dank gilt für die logistische Unterstützung dem Instituto Antártico Argenti- no in Buenos Aires. Hervorzuheben sind dabei Pedro Skvarca und Hernán De Angelis (mittlerweile in Stockholm) von der División Glaciologia, denen ich beiden für die her- vorragende Kooperation sowie den intensiven wissenschaftlichen und freundschaftlichen Austausch in den letzten Jahren danken möchte. Den Wissenschaftlern und Besatzungen der Station San Martín danke ich für die gastfreundliche Aufnahme und die umfangreiche Unterstützung während der Geländeaufenthalte. Für die intensiven Korrekturarbeiten und darüber hinaus weiterführende Unterstützung nicht nur in geistiger Hinsicht danke ich besonders herzlich Karin Schweigert und Ansgar Seiter. Klaus Braun war ein immer ansprechbarer und hilfsbereiter Kollege, der jederzeit zur Lösung von diversen kleinen und größeren Rechnerproblemen beitrug. Abschließend möchte ich meinen Eltern und Fabiana Rau sowie Jusha und Sara für ihre Unterstützung, die Geduld und das mir entgegengebrachte Vertrauen danken. Freiburg, den 8. Februar 2004 Frank Rau Inhaltsverzeichnis II - 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort............................................................... I Inhaltsverzeichnis ...................................................... II Abbildungsverzeichnis .................................................. III Tabellenverzeichnis ....................................................IV Akronyme und Abkürzungen ............................................. V Verzeichnis der Symbole ................................................VI 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Die Randgebiete der Antarktis und die Änderung des Weltklimas .......... 1 1.2 Zielsetzung und Gliederung der Arbeit ............................... 3 2 Der Zerfall der Schelfeise an der Antarktischen Halbinsel 5 2.1 Schelfeise am Rande der Antarktis ................................. 5 2.2 Schelfeiszerfall an den Küsten der Antarktischen Halbinsel ............... 7 2.3 Die Bedeutung des Schelfeiszerfalles und seine Konsequenzen für die glazialen Systeme ............................................. 13 2.4 Ursachen des Schelfeiszerfalles .................................. 15 3 Klimatische Differenzierung und rezenter Klimawandel auf der Antarktischen Halbinsel 18 3.1 Klimatische Einordnung der Antarktischen Halbinsel im Gesamtsystem Antarktis..................................................... 18 3.1.1 Die synoptischen Randbedingungen ......................... 18 3.1.2 Die saisonale Meereisbedeckung des Südpolarmeeres ........... 21 3.1.3 Strahlungshaushalt, Temperaturfelder, Katabatische Winde und hygrische Verhältnisse ................................... 22 3.2 Die Klimate der Halbinsel........................................ 25 3.2.1 Das Temperaturregime der Antarktischen Halbinsel ............. 26 3.2.1.1 Die Datenlage ................................... 26 Inhaltsverzeichnis II - 2 3.2.1.2 Die zeitliche Variabilität der Temperaturen .............. 27 3.2.1.3 Die räumliche Differenzierung der Temperaturen ........ 30 3.2.1.4 Die hypsometrischen Temperaturgradienten ............ 33 3.2.2 Das Niederschlagsregime der Antarktischen Halbinsel ........... 35 3.2.3 Die klimageographische Differenzierung der Antarktischen Halbinsel 37 3.3 Die rezente Veränderung des Klimas im Bereich der Antarktischen Halbinsel..................................................... 39 3.3.1 Der rezente Erwärmungstrend .............................. 41 3.3.1.1 Gesamtantarktis.................................. 41 3.3.1.2 Die regionale Erwärmung auf der Antarktischen Halbinsel . 43 3.3.2 Rezente Veränderungen der Niederschlagsregime .............. 46 3.3.3 Die Veränderung der glazialen Systeme ...................... 48 4 Methoden der Radarfernerkundung und die Verfügbarkeit von Radardaten im Südpolargebiet 52 4.1 Fernerkundung mit Radarsystemen ................................ 52 4.1.1 Mikrowellen............................................. 52 4.1.2 Historische Entwicklung................................... 53 4.1.3 Abbildende Radarsysteme ................................. 54 4.1.3.1 Das Funktionsprinzip von Radarsensoren .............. 55 4.1.3.1.1 Radarsysteme mit realer Apertur (RAR) ....... 55 4.1.3.1.2 Radarsysteme mit synthetischer Apertur (SAR) . 56 4.1.3.2 Weiterentwickelte SAR-Verfahren .................... 58 4.2 Wechselwirkung elektromagnetischer Strahlung mit Materie ............. 59 4.2.1 Die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit elektromagnetischer Wellen ..... 59 4.2.2 Exkurs: Die Dielektrizitätskonstante.......................... 60 4.2.2.1 Verschiebungspolarisation .......................... 60 4.2.2.2 Orientierungspolarisation ........................... 61 4.2.2.3 Die komplexe Dielektrizitätskonstante................. 61 4.2.3 Elektromagnetische Wellen an Grenzflächen ................... 62 4.2.3.1 Die Ausbreitungsrichtung der reflektierten und gebrochenen Wellen .............................. 63 4.2.3.2 Die Intensität der reflektierten und gebrochenen Wellen . 64 4.2.4 Elektromagnetische Wellen in Materie ........................ 65 4.2.4.1 Absorption ...................................... 65 4.2.4.2 Streuung ........................................ 66 4.2.4.3 Extinktion....................................... 67 4.3 Systemparameter.............................................. 68 4.3.1 Definitionen ............................................. 69 4.3.2 Die Radargleichung ...................................... 69 4.3.3 Frequenz und Polarisation ................................. 71 4.3.4 Die geometrischen Abbildungseigenschaften ................... 72 Inhaltsverzeichnis II - 3 4.3.5 Radarauflösung ......................................... 74 4.3.6 Speckle................................................ 77 4.4 Objektparameter............................................... 78 4.4.1 Dielektrische Eigenschaften................................ 78 4.4.2 Lokaler Einfallswinkel..................................... 79 4.4.3 Geometrische Oberflächeneigenschaften ..................... 79 4.4.4 Oberflächen- und Volumenstreuung .......................... 83 4.4.5 Der Rückstreukoeffizient ı0 ................................ 84 4.5 Satelliten mit SAR-Sensoren ..................................... 85 4.5.1 Experimentelle SAR-Systeme 1978 - 1991 .................... 86 4.5.2 Operationelle SAR-Systeme 1991 - 2002 ...................... 87 4.5.2.1 Die Europäischen Fernerkundungssatelliten ERS-1/2 ..... 87 4.5.2.1.1Das Raumsegment ....................... 87 4.5.2.1.2 Das Bodensegment ....................... 89 4.5.2.1.3 SAR-Datenprodukte ....................... 90 4.5.2.2 Japanese Earth Resources Satellite -1 (JERS-1) ........ 91 4.5.2.2.1Das Raumsegment ....................... 91 4.5.2.2.2 Das Bodensegment ....................... 92 4.5.2.2.3 SAR-Datenprodukte ....................... 92 4.5.2.3 RADARSAT-1 ................................... 92 4.5.2.3.1Das Raumsegment ....................... 92 4.5.2.3.2 Das Bodensegment ....................... 94 4.5.2.3.3 SAR-Datenprodukte ....................... 95 4.5.3 Ausblick auf zukünftige SAR-Systeme........................ 96 4.6 Datenverfügbarkeit und Satellitenbildprozessierung .................. 100 4.6.1 Radiometrische Kalibrierung der SAR-Daten .................. 100 4.6.2 Georeferenzierung und geometrische
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