NTARCTIC JOURNAT L OF THE UNITED STATES L.

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In this issue...

• North Base site documented • Record low ozone levels recorded • Jurassic-age dinosaur remains found • Petersen named Deputy

- Director Submitting manuscripts to the Antarctic Journal quarterly issues MWA Editor, Winifred Reuning he editor of the Antarctic Journal will Articles: Feature articles should be no Tconsider unsolicited manuscripts for longer than 1,500 words, but there is no Antarctic Journal of the United States, established in 1966, reports on U.S. activi- publication in the Antarctic Journal. limit on the number of illustrations (fig- ties in , related activities else- Format and content requirements for arti- ures, tables, or photographs). Appropriate where, and trends in the U.S. Antarctic cles are summarized below. Interested topics include recent or significant science Program. The Office of Polar Programs authors should review previous issues for discoveries or advancements, cold-regions (National Science Foundation, Room 755, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia style and content or contact the editor engineering, special support activities or 22230; telephone 703/306-1031) publishes directly. issues, history, environmental topics, and the journal five times a year (March, June, policy issues. September, December, and an annual Style Notes: Shorter articles, 500 to 800 review issue). he audience for the quarterly issues is words, will also be considered. Illustrations The Antarctic Journal is sold by the Tbroad in background and interests, so copy or on subscription through the U.S. may be submitted with these articles, but authors should make sure that their arti- Government Printing Office. Requests for notes should not include more than three prices of individual issues and subscrip- cles will be intelligible to readers outside of figures. Appropriate topics for notes tions, address changes, and information their scientific discipline or other area of about subscription matters should be sent include meeting reports or announce- expertise. Avoid specialized jargon and to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. ments, new or improved technology, polar Government Printing Office, Washington, abbreviations, but use technical terms as publications, and support or related activi- L)C 20402. necessary. Define terms likely to be known ties. The National Science Foundation only by readers who are familiar with sub- (NSF) provides awards for research in the sciences and engineering. The awardee is ject. Spell out acronyms when they first Manuscript format wholly responsible for the conduct of such appear, including standard scientific terms anuscripts may be submitted in vari- research and preparation of results for pub- and chemical abbreviations, as well as M ous formats. For additional informa- lication. The Foundation, therefore, does not assume responsibility for such findings names of organizations. tion, contact Winifred Reuning, Editor; or their interpretation. Papers will be edited to improve style, Antarctic Journal; National Science The Foundation welcomes proposals clarity, and grammar. Authors will have the Foundation; Office of Polar Programs; oil of all qualified scientists and opportunity to review their edited manu- Room 755; 4201 Wilson Blvd.; Arlington, engineers and strongly encourages women, minorities, and persons with disabilities to scripts before publication, but galley Virginia 22230 (telephone, 703/306-1031; compete fully in any of the research and proofs are not furnished. Internet, WReuning@NSEgov). research-related programs described in this document. in accordance with Federal statutes and regulations and NSF policies, no person oil of race, color, age, sex, national origin, or physical disability shall he excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or be subject to dis- Contents... crimination under any program or activity receiving financial assistance from the Foundation. 3 A archaeological survey of Cover: In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, The National Science Foundation has , Antarctica researchers check monitoring equip- Ti)i) (Telephonic Device for the Deaf) 7 Ozone depletion continues at ment used in their study capability, which enables individuals with of lichen and bearing impairments to communicate with record levels—Satellite data con- cyanobacteria that grow in the spaces the Foundation about NSF programs, firm CFCs as cause between the rock crystals of the regions employment, or general information. This 8 A winter perspective sandstone. The system records tern per- number is (703)306-0090. 10 Applied Environmental Research Facilitation Awards for Scientists and ature, humidity, and light levels, pro- Engineers With Disabilities (FASED) pro- Program begins viding year-round information about vide funding for special assistance or 10 Anne C. Petersen appointed ninth how changes in the regions climate equipment to enable persons with disabili- NSF Deputy Director affect the environment in the rocks. ties (investigators and other staff, including student research assistants) to work on NSF 11 When dinosaurs roamed These data help scientists understand projects. See the program announcement Gondwanaland how these cryptoendolithic microor- NSF 91-54), or contact the Facilitation 12 Science news from The Ice ganisms are affected by climatic Awards Coordinator at the National Science 14 Foundation awards of funds for Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, change. These microorganisms, which Arlington, Virginia (703)306-1636, antarctic projects, 1 June to 31 are estimated to be as much as 10,000 The Director of the National Science August 1994 years old, may also be a terrestrial Foundation has determined that the publi- 18 Weather at U.S. stations, analog for extraterrestrial life. cation of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required November 1993 through October (N//F ,)i,oto) by law of this agency. 1994

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL DECEMBER 1994 2 An archaeological survey of Marble Point, Antarctica fforts by national programs to clean up Archaeological work can be defined as North Base E old stations in Antarctica are increas- a systematic form of site clean-up with the n 8 January 1994, Jane Dionne, Acting ing. In 1992, the U.S. Congress allocated goal of documenting past human activi- Q Environmental Officer of the U.S. 30 million dollars for this purpose. Using ties. Prehistoric archaeology is well known Antarctic Program, forwarded a message these funds, the U.S. Antarctic Program to the public, but historic, industrial, and to me regarding her recent visit to Marble (USAP) began to clean up and retrograde conservation archaeology have rapidly Point, a small helicopter refueling station accumulated trash at McMurdo Station on grown in significance since the passage of located 43 nautical miles northwest of Ross Island, Amundsen-Scott the National Environmental Protection Act McMurdo Station: Station, and on the (NEPA) in 1969, which contains provisions for cultural resource protection (Schiffer About one-half mile north of the pre- . sent station there appears to have been a This effort also resulted in the clean- and Gummerman 1977; South 1977). fairly large camp or small station. There up of the oldest surviving U.S. station in According to a court decision in 1992, is a concrete plaque in the ground that Antarctica, East Base on NEPA now applies to all government-spon- says "North Base-1957." It appears as off the Antarctic Peninsula, which was last sored activities, including those outside of though a huge ditch were dug around the U.S. national territory. With the environ- main site and the camp so that the camp occupied in 1948. As a historic monument should be bulldozed into it. Near the recognized by the Antarctic Treaty, East mental emphasis in Antarctica today, every ditch, the outlines of the "foundations" of Base was carefully documented archaeo- effort must be put into protecting this frag- several smaller buildings remain from logically, and a small museum was estab- ile continent—but not at the expense of windblown sand, which must have been lished in the old Science Building sweeping away over 200 years of history blown against the buildings. Debris is and individual, national, and international now exposed from the ditch. Debris con- (Broadbent, Holdar, and Spude 1992; sists of pieces of canvas and frames of Parfit and Kendrick 1993). This station, like endeavor. This article offers an example of Jamesways, old spice cans still filled with the well-known Scott and Shackelton huts, a simple archaeological documentation spices, beer cans, pieces of crates (one is protected as a historic monument to sci- effort at a former U.S. base. Although the says "Washington" on it) etc., etc. ence and exploration and has become a historic value of such tourist attraction. sites is emphasized, Unlike this site, most sites, once doc- their scientific value is NORTH BASE MARBLE POINT umented, can be "cleaned up" and the also worth noting. Ar- ANTARCTICA PEC.1957) debris removed. To some, it must seem chaeological documen- NORTH BASE UB.M. odd that archaeological documentation tation of defunct sites C. 5.B.RUJ R. would be of value in this context, especial- can provide a baseline ly considering the young ages of these sta- for interpreting the effects of human impact L E0 tions. Others argue that archaeological— LAKE and photo documentation, however mini- on the environment as mal—should always accompany clean-up well as comparative efforts because, by definition, a "clean-up" data on climate change. Jf removes the physical record of site use In the latter case, for lit during specific expeditions and later example, observations LEVELED AREA 13 1 undocumented uses of site locales. of the rapid changes in D.UMP \ / // Normally during a clean-up, no maps are the by EN ll I / RADIO, W \\,I made or photographs taken of structures, East Base foreshadowed I oD

\)V\\ surface features, or objects, and their find the recent dramatic l\\\\ j DuMP"o - locations are typically not documented. calving of the Larsen Ice / Furthermore, it is not uncommon for Shelf on the west coast "interesting objects" to end up in the of the Antarctic Penin- pockets of work crews or visitors. sula. t

I) JAMESWA1 0U4DATIO5 Archaeological map of North Base Camp, a U.S. temperary camp, which was 2) BULLDOZED JAMESWAYS, TRASH i\ (,/ established during 1957-1958 austral summer near what is now the Marble Point 3) BULLDOZED JAMESWMS, VEHICLE MAINT? helicopter refueling station. Today, low soil outlines (boxes on the map) and bull- 4) OIL SPILLS, VEHICLE PARK? 5) BULLDOZED JAMESWAIS V / dozed floor boxes (oval area filled with "Xs) indicate where the original Jamesway ) RUBBLE BURIED CRATES shelters stood. Roadways, berms, oil stains, and scrapped areas were also DuMpg mapped and artifacts, such as stakes, radio wires, truck batteries, and other mate- V Al. AOAO9ENr NSF rials, reflect some of the activities at the base. Four trash dumps (A-D) reflect both FEET fANUAF(Y22 jqq (A PPPDX SCALE) contemporary and later site use and clean-up efforts.

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 3 Nearby, two large manmade lakes beyond both Deep with impressive berms around them were Freeze and the scien- created. They must have been used for freshwater sources from the Wilson- tific efforts, "to the Piedmont Glacier. Several pieces of dyna- future needs of com- mite and boxes were found on the lake mercial aviation in edges; one may not have been detonated. the Southern Hemi- I think this would be an interesting sphere." location to do an "archaeological dig" to learn more about the activities at the Operation Deep base (Dionne personal communication). Freeze III and IV Following the suggestion that I exam- he Marble Point ine the area, on 22 January 1994, I accom- Tfeasibility study panied a small clean–up crew from was conducted dur- McMurdo Station to Marble Point, and for ing Operation Deep the next 2 days surveyed and mapped the Freeze III and IV, U.S area and collected a sample of artifacts Navy Task Force 43. from the camp. The camp "North View toward the northwest and the Wilson-Piedmont Glacier with an Marble Point, located at 78°30S, was Base" identified by earth fill test dam built in 1957. The goal was to test the feasibility of the object of extensive engineering sur- Dr. Dionne is very providing a year-round fresh-water reservoir. Based on 2 years of melt- water, it was estimated that at the end of five seasons, sufficient water veys undertaken by the U.S. Naval briefly described in would be available for year-round occupancy. Construction Battalion Reconnaissance the end-of-season Unit (CBRU, or the SeaBees), together with Report of Operation a civilian contractor, Metcalf and Eddy Deep Freeze III as follows (Annex F, Notably, the first wheeled aircraft to Engineering of Boston, Massachusetts. Activities of the CRBU): land on a prepared dirt strip in Antarctica This work took place over two seasons, The objective of this unit was to con- did so at Marble Point on 31 January 1957. from December 1957 to February 1958 duct an engineering feasibility study of This single-engine Otter carried RADM and from November 1958 to January 1959. possible construction in a cold weather Dufek and Sir , who were area such as Marble Point and/or Dry The goal was to test the feasibility of build- Valleys in the McMurdo Sound Area. returning from the South Pole where they ing an up-to-3,000-meter, permanent The initial camp material consisting had met the British Trans–Antarctic hard–surfaced air strip and a base fueled of nine (9) 16 x 24 Jamesway Huts were Expedition led by Sir Vivian Fuchs. with a nuclear reactor and serviced by a erected for living and work spaces at the According to the Navy reports, during marginal wharf. Such a facility could have Marble Point site. The studies included the second season, North Base was such items as weather, topography, served as the main base for U.S. opera- enlarged to include two 4.8- x 2.4-meter hydrology and materials present. tions in this part of Antarctica. This never A 50 x 1700 airstrip for use by additions to each end of the galley and came to be. Instead, McMurdo Station on DeHaviland Otters (UC-1) was con- mess hut, one 4.8- x 4.8-meter addition to Ross Island, which is served by a seasonal structed for logistics support. the storage hut, one 4.8- x 4.8-meter soils sea-, a glacial-ice skiway, and a Initially, three officers and 18 enlisted testing laboratory, one 4.8- x 6-meter aerol- seasonal glacial-ice runway, was expanded men were deployed to Marble Point. The ogy and communications hut, one 4.8- x 6- to fill that role. Among the reasons cited Navy personnel were accompanied by an meter berthing hut, and one 4.8- x 7.2- for this decision were inadequate sea airport engineer, access to Marble Point and, primarily, the soils engineer, high cost of construction, estimated at geologist, seis- $152,000,000. mologist, and Marble Point provides an expanse of glaciologist, all level ground, fresh-water reservoirs, easy civilians under access to the McMurdo Dry Valleys and contract to Met- interior polar plateau, and good weather calf and Eddy conditions. From these perspectives, Engineers. Marble Point is one of the best station During the sec- locations this far south in Antarctica. The ond season, Na- strategic significance of having a perma- vy personnel in- nent airfield equidistant between South creased to 38, America and New Zealand was presented and only three in a 1958 film produced by the U.S. Navy contractors par- Photographic Center (CNO-5-58). RADM ticipated — a Dufek, then Commander, Operation Deep geologist/per- Freeze, narrated the film, which showcases mafrost expert the concept and engineering work carried and two drill en- rBench mark from December 1957 identifying North Base and the U.S. Naval out at the site. He argues that we must look gineers. Construction Batallion Reconnaissance Unit.

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL DECEMBER 1994 meter berthing hut. One section of the a warning flag, a systematic examination cal context that the "trash" on old sites gains administration hut was converted into a of the North Base camp could begin. Using significance and can aid clean-up efforts by, sick bay. a transit and 15-meter tapes, the locations for example, identifying previously undocu- Little remains of the North Base camp of road tracks, Jamesway hut foundations, mented hazardous waste. today, but much of the area between dumps, and oil stains were noted. In this The North Base camp was evidently Gneiss Point and Marble Point, a stretch of work, I was assisted by Brooke Grant cleared before departure in January 1959. more than 4.8 kilometers, was subjected to (Antarctic Support Associates). All artifacts Some Jamesways had been completely dis- extensive grading, blasting, and excava- collected were cataloged by find or dump mantled, and others had simply been bull- tion. In addition to a 510-meter runway, area. Altogether, 64 items from six sepa- dozed. Intact floor boxes are still in evidence raised and variously surfaced test-beds rate areas were tagged, photographed, and as are partially buried crates of supplies and (asphalt, aluminum, and soil and con- cataloged. These artifacts are now stored trash. During the brief survey in 1994, the crete) were constructed, and three earthen at McMurdo Station. The artifacts fall into locations of nine Jamesways could be deter- dams were made to create year-round various categories: mined, some single 4.8-meter and some fresh-water reservoirs using meltwater • Mess items, including food jars, bottles, extended Jamesway units. In the James- from the nearby Wilson-Piedmont Glacier. cans, utensils, salt shakers, can open- ways, remains of personal items, antennas, Soundings were taken in Phubar Bay, and ers, flint strikers, and mess kits; and vehicle parts, including batteries, subsurface investigations, including tem- • Office supplies, including manuals, reflect the units functions: berthing, com- perature readings, were carried out by pens, pencils, paper clips, glue bottles, munications, vehicle maintenance. Oil drilling on land and through the sea ice. scissors, twine, and tape measures; stains indicate where vehicles had been Extensive geological sampling and analy- • Clothing, including gloves, mittens, parked and fuel stored. The terrain of the sis were carried out. The glacier was also socks, suspenders, buttons, thermal camp was fairly level although this had surveyed, and meltwater flow was mea- underwear, and trousers; been extended outward by bulldozing. sured. In summary, Marble Point was the • Hut and tent fittings, locks, straps, Metal and wooden stakes mark the loca- object of detailed documentation and sci- stakes, and light bulbs; tions of tents, antennas, or temporary stor- entific analysis. • Off-duty items, such as playing cards, age spots. cigarettes, beer cans, an embossed dec- Several of the Jamesways had been left The archaeological survey: orated copper sheet, and newspapers. standing until the 1970s, however, and 22-23 January 1994 These items reflect another aspect of were used as refuge huts (personal com- ntarctic Support Associates explosives Marble Point: the everyday life at North munication David Bresnahan, OPP Polar Atechnician Q . Rhoton, Marble Point Base. Such things are rarely, if ever, docu- Operations section). Site use was also indi- station manager Tom Brucher, and I began mented in official records. Although they cated by the newspapers and manuals. A by surveying the site to locate some unex- have curiosity value only, the find locations Navy stock list of general stores is dated 1 ploded TNT satchel charges and fuses, of these objects help to identify the func- April 1957. A cardboard box from one of which had only recently been exposed by tions and ages of the various foundations the bulldozed Jamesways is marked "Deep snow melt. These items most probably and Jamesways, dated to 1957-1958 and were found near work areas, and the main dam site. Once these hazardous dump sites. It is in materials were collected and marked with this in situ physi-

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Rock drill for installation in 1957 of a thermocouple string and view of Marble Point area toward the southwest. Extensive temperature readings and geological studies provide a comparative baseline for studies of cli- mate changes in the Antarctic today as well as the effect on the antarctic Pair of trousers, glove, mitten, and suspenders found at the North Base site.J environment of human activities.

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 5 in Li

Mess items, a stove light, toothbrush, pen, paper scissors, and a LPhoto of a Jamesway at North Base in 1957. hook found at the North Base site.

Freeze 1957." Later use of the site is indi- activities, technologies, nationalities, and Dionne, J. January 1994. Personal communi- cated by two copies of The Evening Gazette, time periods. cation. a Worcester, Massachusetts, newspaper, Ironically, historic sites such as Marble Parfit, M., and R. Kendrick. 1993. Reclaiming a lost antarctic base. National Geographic, found in trash dumps on the south side of Point also offer unique opportunities for 183(3), 110-126. Surko Creek. Both papers date to 1960. One research in geology, hydrology, glaciology, Report of III, 1957-58. makes reference to a rally in New York by sea ice, and climatology. Not only do the U.S. Navy Task Force 43. Senator John E Kennedy and the other to a detailed measurements taken 37 years ago Schiffer, M.B., and G.J. Gummerman. 1977. talk in Boston by Richard M. Nixon. The provide baseline data for comparisons with Conservation archaeology. A guide for cultur- al resource management studies. New York: Sunday comics are still brightly colored. present conditions, but also the consider- Academic Press. A roadway running parallel with Surko able disturbances of the landscape give a South, S. 1977. Method and theory in historical Stream (named after Lt. Alexander Surko, good measure of how a human presence archaeology. New York: Academic Press. Jr., the CBRU executive officer) linked the affects the antarctic environment. Only his- camp with the beach staging area where toric sites can provide this kind of baseline Additional reading supplies and equipment had been data in Antarctica, adding to the scientific offloaded. Another track runs parallel with value of sites and stations never anticipat- Airfield construction feasibility study, Marble the beach toward Marble Point. Two ther- ed by the people who established them. Point, Antarctica. Construction Battalion Reconnaissance Unit, November 1958- mograph test pad mounds were construct- The history of Marble Point extends January 1959. (Declassified-ART. 0445, ed nearby. Along the beach path, a supply from the beginnings of the International OPNAVINST 5510.1c by OP09B91C date cache houses food, crates with sacks of Geophysical Year to the present. During 7/8/71). drilling compound, drums and beams the 1970s, the U.S. Antarctic Program Annex B to airfield construction feasibility study, (dating to Deep Freeze 1973), a signpost returned to Marble Point when the heli- Marble Point, Antarctica. First year report of two year study offeasibility of construction of which has 10 arrows each with a place copter refueling station was established. an airfield in the Gneiss Point-Marble Point name and graffiti, and two wheeled vehi- Capt. Brian Schumaker, then Commander Area, Marble Point, Antarctica by Metcalf & cles: a 20-cubic-meter CAT scraper and a of the Naval Support Force Antarctica, Eddy Engineers, Boston, Massachusetts. compactor. On a terrace above the beach, ordered the original runway stakes to be Contact No. NBY 13033 for Bureau of Yards 10 crates contain 13.5-kilogram pig-iron replaced. The site still has the appearance and Docks, Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C., 15 May 1958. ingots, probably for the compactor vehicle. of a well-planned effort waiting for the Harrowfield, D.L. 1988. Historic sites in the Ross arrival of the work crews to construct the Summary and conclusions Dependency, Antarctica. Polar Record, airfield and a "Marble Town." But across 24(151), 277-284. n most cases, an archaeological docu- the sound, aircraft are still landing on the Second year report of two year study offeasibility I mentation, as illustrated by the Marble runways of McMurdo. of an airfield in the Gneiss Point-Marble Point example, can be carried out with a Point Area, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica by minimum of time and expense. This his- Metcalf & Eddy, Boston, Massachusetts. torical record, combined with official doc- References Contract No. 13033 for Bureau of Yards and Docks, Washington, D.C., 30 April 1959. uments and, ideally, complemented with oral histories, should be recognized as an Bresnahan, D.M. February 1994. Personal com- essential component of "national pres- munication. Broadbent, N., C. Holdar, and B. Spude. 1992. ence" in Antarctica. The physical record Reclaiming antarctic history. The restoration Noel D. Broadbent, Manager Arctic Social almost always provides the details of site of East Base, Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of Science Program, Office of Polar Programs, layout. The artifacts tell us about specific the U.S., 27(2), 14-17. National Science Foundation ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 6 Ozone depletion continues at record levels—Satellite data confirm CFCs as cause

n the stratosphere above the South Pole entists can calculate how much of the chlo- instruments at the South Pole and other Ion 2 October 1994, researchers from the rine in the stratosphere comes from sites, scientists are able to get a more com- National Oceanic and Atmospheric anthropogenic sources. These calculations plete picture not only of the chemistry of Administrations (NOAA) Climate Moni- show that almost all of the chlorine comes the stratosphere but also of the climate toring and Dynamics Laboratory (CMDL) from chlorofluorocarbons. dynamics and phenomena that contribute recorded ozone abundance levels of Ozone is destroyed when specific to the ozone destruction process. approximately 108.8 Dobson units (DU) at environmental and chemical conditions an altitude of 17.5 kilometers. Although this occur. During the austral winter, the reading was more than 20 units higher than antarctic atmosphere is sealed off by the Total ozone for 2 October 1994 the level recorded last year above the geo- belt of fierce winds that form the polar graphic South Pole at about the same time, vortex. Within this isolated region, atmos- satellite data acquired by the National pheric temperatures plummet, reaching as Aeronautics and Space Administrations low -80°C. Clouds composed of ice crys- (NASA) total ozone mapping spectrometer tals, called polar stratospheric clouds, (TOMS) on board the Russian satellite form in the dry, cold antarctic stratos- Meteor-3 showed that ozone depletion lev- phere. The chemical reactions that free the els above all of Antarctica were nearly as chlorine and form CFCs occur on the sur- large and as deep as those observed during face of the ice crystals. The freed chlorine the October 1993 record-setting depletion. reacts with ozone (0 3) molecules to form The minimum ozone abundance in chlorine monoxide and 02. the depleted region, which covered an Infrared and microwave sensors area equal to the size of North America, onboard UARS have tracked the formation dropped below 100 DU. The size of the of polar stratospheric clouds and mea- depleted region has remained nearly level sured the appearance of chlorine monox- since 1992—about 24 million square kilo- ide in the northern and southern polar meters, nearly filling the region bound by stratosphere regions for the last 3 years. the polar vortex. These data show that chlorine monoxide 010 tQ 010 r) 01 -4 0 N 0140 M 01 001 00i0 01001001001001001 Data gathered during the last 3 years appears suddenly over Antarctica shortly by instruments on NASAs Upper Atmos- after polar stratospheric clouds form. By Dobson Units phere Research Satellite (UARS) are offer- combining UARS data with ground-based ing scientists another view of the stratos- pheres chemical composition and, conse- quently, supporting data gathered during the last decade from ground-based, bal- Ozone abundance, September - November 1995 loonborne, and aircraftborne instruments. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Two instruments onboard UARS—the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer and the Halogen Occupation Experi- ment—have provided conclusive evidence that anthropogenic chlorine in the stratos- phere causes the ozone depletion in the antarctic stratosphere. D Besides detecting the presence of chlo- 0 (I, rofluorocarbons (CFCs), the UARS instru- 0 ments traced a worldwide build-up of fluo- rine. The appearance of fluorine gases cor- responds directly to the breakdown of CFCs and eliminates the possibility that chlorine, which is the major chemical responsible for ozone destruction, comes from natural sources. By using data on the stratospheric abundance of hydrogen fluorine, which is f Ok- not produced by volcanic eruptions, sea- salt spray, or other commonly cited natural Date of reading sources for ozone-destroying chlorine, sci-

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 A winter perspective Photographs and text by Bill E. Haals inter in the Antarctic. The thought brings visions of bitter cold, Wsevere storms, long periods of darkness, and isolation from the rest .-l-l- . -.- L -1 I ArL-

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 8 U.S. and New Zealand investigators sent instrumented balloons into the stratosphere to gather ozone data. During launches, powerful lamps helped by vehicle headlights provided visibility, while volunteers and scientists protected themselves from the elements as best they could. This winter activity posed problems not encountered during summer, when light is good and ground temperatures are tolerable. Construction and the midwin- ter airdrop pushed people to their limits. Tasks that are simple in sum- mer took longer because of heavy clothing, iced eyelids, darkness bro- ken by blinding lights, and super- chilled air. But accomplishments continued and community spirit F pervaded the long winter night. With all its peculiarities, winter is a season when a vast amount of -• outside work can be done safely and efficiently. For some people, winter is the best time to be in the Antarctic.

Bill E. Haals was the Antarctic Support Associates operations man - ager during the 1994 austral winter at McMurdo Station. He has spent eight seasons working in Antarctica—three summers and five winters. ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 9 Applied Environmental Research Program begins

ince 1989 the U.S. Antarctic Program research, USAP intends to prevent or miti- ecosystems may require new, scientifically S (USAP), the largest national program in gate its operational impact on the antarc- defensible environmental benchmarks, Antarctica, has increasingly undertaken tic environment, especially near stations. standards, or techniques. Therefore, the studies, plans, and tangible activities for The antarctic environment is relative- Applied Environmental Research Program environmental protection and manage- ly pristine and contains unique and, in needs to be keyed to specific antarctic ment. Improved materials and waste man- some cases, undefined ecosystems. Such environmental decision-making, manage- agement, environmental monitoring, envi- ronmental assessment, and remediation efforts have constituted USAPs response Anne C. Petersen appointed ninth NSF to the mandates of the National Environ- mental Policy Act, the Antarctic Conserva- Deputy Director tion Act, and the Protocol on Environ- mental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. n 1 July 1994, the U.S. Senate confirmed Anne C. Petersen, whom President USAP is committed to estimating and O Clinton nominated in April 1994, as the 9th Deputy Director of the National interpreting antarctic environmental Science Foundation (NSF). The first woman to serve in one of the two top NSF man- impacts associated with its activities. The agement roles in the agencys 44-year history, [)r. Petersons primary role is that of commitment has led to adoption of Chief Operating Officer, providing overall organizational management to improve approaches that introduce systems and agency performance in implementing its mission. She also oversees and coordinates institute procedures designed to minimize NSFs activities in its eight strategic research areas, including global change, high-per- USAPs impact on the antarctic environ- formance computing and communications, and advanced manufacturing technolo- ment. Continuing environmental impacts gies. With an annual budget of more than $3 billion, NSF proniotes U.S. science and require applied environmental research engineering research and education, supporting nearl y 20,000 grants annuall y in the and evaluation to determine the USAPs natural and social sciences, engineering, and education. long-term footprints as well as the adapta- From 1992 to 1994, immediately before her NSF appointment, Dr. Petersen, who tion or evolution of antarctic ecosystems has more than 20 years of experience in the social sciences and mathematics, was Vice to human presence. These applied- President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School at the University of research and evaluation needs are local Minnesota, where she oversaw the Universitys research policies and practices, includ- and regional in nature and need to focus ing academic integrity, selected university-wide research centers, and university- on disclosing the impact of antarctic industry collaborations. As Dean of the Graduate School, she oversaw 175 university- research stations as well as logistic and wide graduate programs, and her duties included allocating internal funds for field-based activities. research, graduate fellowships, and graduate programs. At the University of Minnesota, To date, USAP has undertaken its she also served as a professor of adolescent development and pediatrics. For the 10 environmental clean-up efforts in the fol- years before joining the University of Minnesota, she was at Pennsylvania State lowing areas: University, where she served as Dean of the College of Health and Human • remediating past waste disposal sites Development from 1.987 to 1992 and Head of the Department of Individual and Family (and clean-up of abandoned facilities) Studies from 1982 to 1987. • minimizing potential fuel spills Some of her earlier positions include Director for the Laboratory for the Study of • identifying "orphaned" wastes for prop- Adolescence at Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago (1975-1982); er disposal assistant (1972-1980) and associate (1980-1982) professor in the Department of • establishing appropriate areas for stag- Psychiatry at the Universit y of Chicago; and Associate Director of the Health Program ing hazardous materials prior to at the MacArthur Foundation (1980-1982). removal from Antarctica Dr. Petersen, a founding member of the Society for Research on Adolescence • eliminating waste-burning and landfill- (SRA), has served as president and as a member of SilAs Council. She is also past-presi- ing operations dent of the Developmental Psychology Division of the American Psychological • ensuring maceration of sewage with Association and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, release of effluent where rapid disper- the American Psychological Association, and the American Psychological Society. sion is likely From 1991 to 1.993, she chaired a National Academ y of Sciences (NAS) Panel on • minimizing the quantities of niaterials Child Abuse and Neglect and served oil NAS/lnstitute of Medicine Forum on the brought to Antarctica Future of Children and Families from 1987 to 1992. She was the U.S. representative on • adopting alternative vast e- man age- the Academia Europaea (Europes NAS) Study Group oil and Social Change and ment methods to minimize, through since 1991 has served oil Advisory Council of the National Institute of Child Health recycling, salvaging, or other waste- and Human Development. handling techniques, the amounts of Dr. Petersen, a native of Little Falls, Minnesota, earned three degrees from the material that need to be processed. University of Chicago: B.A. in mathematics (1966), M.S. in statistics (1972), and Ph.D. in Through ever-increasing employment of measurement, evaluation, and statistical analysis (1973). these methods and basic/applied

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 10 ment needs, and questions. Significantly, horizontally and vertically, in and around Survey of marine sites previously the antarctic basic research communitys McMurdo Station. used for dumping near McMurdo Station. experience has been and will continue to This survey consists of the following: Dr. John Oliver and Dr. Rikk Kvitek, San be valuable in helping to define relevant • a compilation of documentation of fuel Jose State University. Drs. Oliver and parameters for analysis and interpretation spills over the history of McMurdo Kvitek will map and characterize seafloor to address these needs and questions. It is Station debris and associated benthic habitats critical that such a program draw upon the • a sampling program that includes and contour the seafloor near McMurdo experience and expertise of researchers • preliminary mapping of areas Station. In this area, large numbers of bar- who have been involved in basic academic around the station to designate rels with unknown contents and other and, in particular, antarctic scientific those that are "clean" and to delin- debris have been dumped in the near- research. They can provide a baseline eate contaminated areas shore marine environment. This project founded upon scientific research in and • a detailed sampling program in will be the first critical step in determining understanding of antarctic ecosystems. known contaminated areas to the extent and risk of these materials to This applied research program should determine the horizontal and ver- the environment around McMurdo bring the basic science community into tical extent of contamination to the Station. The researchers will use high-res- the process of program design and imple- degree possible olution sidescan sonar, bathymetric profil- mentation. • a "hot spot" sampling program for ing, scuba surveys, and photographic Three peer-reviewed Cooperative small spills or isolated contamina- records to document the distribution and Agreements were funded under the first tion sites in otherwise clean areas. nature of the debris while also mapping solicitation for the 1994-1995 austral sum- Inventory and description of fre- local physical habitats. The work will pro- mer season. Two of the projects are being quently visited Antarctic Peninsula sites. duce the first detailed bathymetric con- conducted at McMurdo Station and one Ronald Naveen, Oceanites, Inc. Mr. tour chart of the McMurdo Sound area. on the Antarctic Peninsula. Brief descrip- Naveen will collect and inventory baseline Depth contour data are key elements for tions of all three follow. information about the physical features, developing the accurate nearshore current Bioremediation of oil-spill contami- flora, and fauna at a representative num- models needed to predict the movement nation, Dr. Mark Tumeo, University of ber of locations on the Antarctic Peninsula. of effluent from the new McMurdo Station Alaska. Dr. Tumeo will test the feasibility These locations have never been invento- sewer outfall. PES-51 for the in situ bioremediation of ried, even though they are heavily visited oil-spill contamination using contaminat- by both tourists and scientists. The project hese data sets will be incorporated as ed soil shipped from McMurdo Station to will generate substantial information that Tthe foundation elements in a compre- the University of Alaska. PES-51 is a sur- is presently unavailable. These data will be hensive benthic geographic information face-acting substance derived from oil- extremely relevant to the preparation and system (GIS) to be maintained on existing degrading bacteria. A bench-scale test evaluation of the environmental assess- National Science Foundation computer program will be completed before field ments as required by the Protocol on facilities. Elements will include sidescan testing takes place. In addition, Dr. Tumeo Environmental Protection to the Antarctic sonar images, depth, navigation tracks, has designed a survey to determine the Treaty. Funding for this project is shared habitat and community type, pollutant extent and degree of past contamination, with the Environmental Protection Agency. loads, species lists, and photographs.

When dinosaurs roamed Gondwanaland

ooking at the icy expanse of the A serendipitous find ing these geologic formations at a site near LBeardmore Glacier as it flows through uring the 1990-1991 austral summer, the top of the 4,500-meter peak, the petrol- a terrain of snow-covered slopes punctu- D Hammer and five colleagues from ogy team came upon a small area, 1 meter ated by rocky crags, an observer today Augustana College and the Louisiana State deep and 5 meters wide, of exposed silt- might have difficulty imagining in its place University journeyed to Gordon Valley near stone. Embedded in the stone were the fos- a forested region with a milder seasonal the to search for and silized bones of what appeared to be two climate—a world populated by a variety of collect vertebrate fossils in the upper dinosaurs. They quickly contacted Ham- fauna, including a carnivorous dinosaur Fremouw Formation, adding to fossil dis- mers paleontology team to alert them to now known as Cryolophosaurus ellioti. coveries Hammers team had made during the find and get their assistance in recover- Until recently scientists had no evidence the 1985-1986 season. Nearby on Mount ing the valuable fossils. Excavation yielded that dinosaurs had populated mainland Kirkpatrick, geologists David Elliot, from over 1,800 kilograms of fossil-bearing rock. Antarctica, but after more than 2 years of Ohio State University, and Richard On returning to the United States, data analysis, Augustana College paleon- Hanson, from Texas Christian University, Hammer and colleague William Hickerson tologist William Hammer and colleagues led a field team investigating the volcanol- began slowly and carefully to chip away have shown that dinosaurs did roam the ogy and tectonic history of the upper Falla the rock that encased the fossils. When the Gondwanian landscape between 175 to Formation, Prebble Formation, and painstaking work was done, they found 200 million years ago. Kirkpatrick Basalts. While they were study- that they had 120 to 140 bones and 16

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 11 teeth, representing four types of dinosaurs had been discovered but only in the from their Triassic relatives (Hammer and and two nondinosaur species. Among Fremouw Formation of the central Hickerson 1994). these was an unprecedented find—a 65- Transantarctic Mountains. During his When C. ellioti roamed the forests of centimeter-long skull of a carnivorous 1985-1986 fieldwork, Hammer discovered the central Transantarctic Mountains, the dinosaur, the first carnivorous dinosaur in the Fremouw Formation in Gordon continent was still part of Gondwanaland, ever found in Antarctica. Valley additional Triassic reptile fossils and the region may have been as far north that were younger than all of the previous Cryolophosaurus eiioti as 650 to 700S but no farther south than finds (Hammer et al. 1991) 60°S. Because the paleontologists believe he 8-meter-long C. ellioti was a thero- All previous discoveries provided the site would have been closer to the Tpod, a suborder of dinosaurs that important information about the links coast, they theorize that temperatures and includes the better known Tyrannosaurus between Antarctica and the other conti- climate conditions would have varied sea- rex. Like its distant relative, C. ellioti nents that made up Gondwanaland, but sonally but the temperatures would never walked upright on its hind legs. One of its the 1990-1991 discovery confirms that, have dropped below freezing. If such con- most distinctive features was a thin, bony during the Jurassic, no geographic or cli- ditions prevailed, the larger dinosaurs, crest that spread laterally across its head mate barriers existed to prevent dinosaurs including the crested theropod, may have between two horns and that faced for- from populating the high southern lati- migrated during the winter to escape the ward—a configuration that sets it off from tudes. Although younger Cretaceous colder weather, while smaller animals all other theropods, whose crests faced the dinosaurs have been found in the high lat- hibernated. Data, such as these, also will side. Hammer believes that crest was itudes, few Jurassic-aged dinosaurs have help other scientists to validate theories, probably used like a male peacocks tail in been found in these regions, and the based on model simulations, that the cli- signaling displays. antarctic theropod is one of the only rea- mate in the high southern latitudes during Its crest, however, is not the only sonably complete Jurassic meat-eating the early part of the Jurassic was mild and aspect of this theropod that makes it a rare dinosaurs to be discovered on any of the could support a varied terrestrial fauna and exciting discovery. Since the first dis- Gondwanaland continents (Hammer and (Hammer and Hickerson 1994). covery of Triassic (between 200 and 250 Hickerson 1994). Because it is older than million years old) vertebrate fossils in previous finds, C. ellioti will provide pale- 1967, paleontologists have searched for References ontologists with important new informa- more evidence that terrestrial vertebrates tion about the way in which theropods lived in the Transantarctic Mountains Hammer, W.R., W.J. Hickerson, S. Krippen, and evolved, particularly in the early stages of region. Until the 1985-1986 austral sum- 1.Tamplin. 1991. Therapsids, tern- that evolution. Although C. ellioti resem- nospondyls, and dinosaurs from the mer, fossils similar to those found in 1967 bles theropod fossils from China and Fremouw and Falla formations, Beardmore South America, it has an unusual combi- Glacier region, Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 26(5), 19-20. Cryolophosaurus means frozen, crested lizard. nation of primitive and derived features, Hammer, W.R., and W.J. Hickerson. 1994. A Hammer designated the species ellioti" in suggesting that large theropods from the recognition of David Elliots contribution to the crested theropod dinosaur from Antarctica. discovery. Early Jurassic had deviated significantly Science, 264, 828-830. Science news from The Ice

When the comet hit, only Jupiter and geographic South Pole, SPIREX could view detected. Ten of the collisions, however, the South Pole had ringside seats the planet throughout the week of the were clearly seen as bright flashes in the rom 16 to 22 July 1994, observatories impacts, as Jupiter, floating just above the near infrared, a region of the light spec- F around the world and in space focused horizon, traced a circle around the sky— trum that is sensitive to heat. Some of the on Jupiter as fragments of Comet Shoe- from the viewpoint of other observatories, impacts also left hot spots that were visible maker-Levy 9 smashed into the planets the planet hides behind Earth for most of for several days. Postdoctoral researcher surface. This was the first time in history the day, rising and setting like the Sun. Hien Nguyen, who was wintering at the that people discovered a comet and were SPIREX detected changes in the infrared U.S. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, able to predict the consequences to a plan- spectrum caused by chemical reactions and Mark Hereld, principal investigator for et more than a few seconds in advance. and mixing in the atmosphere caused by SPIREX from the University of Chicago, The event also provided scientists with an the energy released by the impacts. acquired 2,500 electronic images with the unprecedented opportunity to study the During the week of the event, more SPIREX near-infrared camera, while stay- composition and construction of comets, than 20 fragments that made up Comet ing in contact with other astronomers via as well as the atmosphere of Jupiter. Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided with the dark the Internet throughout the event. Only one earthbound telescope, how- side of the planet—a side visible only from SPIREX, part of the Center for Astro- ever, had a continuous view of the planet space. But atmospheric effects of the mas- physical Research in Antarctica, combines during the entire 6-day string of colli- sive explosions were visible to earthbound a 24-inch telescope and a near-infrared sions—the South Pole Infrared Explorer observers. Of the 20 impacts, four were instrument that are designed to take (SPIREX), a National Science Founda- obscured from SPIREXs view by clouds, advantage of the South Poles unique tion-funded instrument. Located at the and another six were too faint to be easily physical and climate characteristics. The

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 12 primary objective of SPIREX research is to to see thousands of emperors 3,048 meters warning system for changes in their envi- measure how much infrared light is emit- below in their winter-survival huddle at ronment." ted by the sky. Although results are still Cape Roget (71°59S 170°37E), one of six Last year, the emperor population at being analyzed, SPIREX data have already emperor colonies along the western coast one colony, on Coulman Island, shown that the sky above the South Pole of the Ross Sea. He was surprised to dropped by almost half—from 34,000 emits many times less infrared light than observe male emperors exposed to the ele- chicks fledged in 1992 to about 19,000 in the sky over the observatory at Mauna ments, instead of positioned near shelter- 1993. Kooyman suspects that a major win- Kea, Hawaii—known to be one of the ing cliffs. Throughout the winter, each male ter storm, which buffeted McMurdo worlds best observing sites. emperor, going without food for about 115 Station about 500 kilometers away, may days, cradles a single egg atop his feet to have affected the emperors at the Midwinter flight overAntarctica incubate it, while the females winter at sea. Coulman rookery. Without winter obser- reveals thousands of emperor pen- To endure the harsh winter cold and fierce vations, however, he has been unable to guins winds, male penguins cluster in a tight confirm the relationship between weather uring Junes full moon, which marked mass, constantly reshuffling their positions variability and fluctuations in the size of D midwinter in the Southern Hemi- so that each bird spends some time on the the emperor population. Although he has sphere, penguin ecologist Gerald Kooyman outside of the huddle. By huddling, the been studying emperor penguins since got what may have been the first-ever aeri- birds reduce their heat loss to about half. 1986, the June 1994 flight was his first al glimpse of Antarcticas emperor pen- From the KC-10 tanker, Kooyman was opportunity to make direct observations guins during the winter. Kooyman, from also able to observe sea-ice conditions, a of the birds during the winter. Flights were the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in key variable for the emperors survival, made over two other colonies—Coulman La Jolla, California, flew aboard a U.S. Air since they incubate and raise their chicks Island and Cape Washington—as well, but Force KC-10 fuel tanker, which flies annu- on this ice. Until now, the Ross Sea emper- thick cloud cover obscured the view. ally nonstop for 13 hours from New ors winter lives have been veiled by Kooyman is enthusiastic about using Zealand to refuel the C-141 airplanes used months of cold and darkness, restricting future midwinter flights to further explore to drop supplies for personnel wintering at studies except for ground observations of the emperors winter lives and penguin McMurdo and Amundsen-Scott South a few colonies. ecology. "Weve been missing a major part Pole Stations Kooyman believes that emperors, the of their breeding cycle because of winter Using a night-vision intensifier" largest and most majestic of penguin conditions. Its a critical time—the sea ice owned by the U.S. Army, Kooyman was able species, can be used as an is forming, the most violent storms occur indicator of environmental then, and its when these birds are dealing change, if their population with the greatest extremes of temperature. fluctuations and ecology Its essential to know what conditions have 04 to can be better understood. been like for them through the winter and - "These penguins inhabit early spring."

$.$$$ $ I one of the richest marine environments surrounding And when penguins meet antarctic Antarctica, and they ap- tourists pear to be sensitive even to out 1,200 tourists visit the Antarctic small changes in the Xeninsula near the Palmer Station FM marine environment," every year. More than 60 percent of them Kooyman said. "If we can come in January—which also happens to determine which environ- be the peak of the breeding season for mental variables have the Adélie penguins. greatest effect on their Biologist William Fraser of Montana lives, well have an early State University is now assessing tourists impact on wildlife in the Palmer area. He At the sea-ice edge, emperor cautions that a natural drop in penguin penguins aloofly observe the populations across the peninsular region Russian icebreaking research could mislead about tourisms effect. He ship Akademik Federov. During the 1992 austral winter, the notes that on Torgersen Island, "wide open" Federov and the U.S. icebreak- to human visits for years, the Adélie popu- ing research ship Nathaniel B. lation dropped only 19 percent in 1992; on Palmer supported a joint U.S./Russian investigation, nearby, "super-protected" Litchfield Island, which established a camp on the population plummeted 43 percent. an ice floe in the Why are penguins on this unvisited to study the oceanic, meteoro- logic, biologic, and sea-ice island doing so much worse? Early conclu- characteristics of this region, sions are that natural factors such as A"06. AN an important component of the greater snowfall and more effective preda- global climate system. tion by brown skuas are hitting the

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 13 Litchfield Adélies hard. (Most brown skuas chain, eating bacteria and yeast that live in nematodes to temperature changes may in the Palmer area live on Litchfield.) the soil. Understanding this food chain, help scientists understand how global "Tourism could ultimately combine with how fauna such as nematodes survive in change will affect life in more complex adverse environmental conditions to the extreme cold, dry conditions of the ecosystems in other parts of the world. severely affect penguins in some areas," region, and the ecosystem of Taylor Valley The researchers have found the tiny Fraser said. "The answer requires the long- are among the objectives of the research worms to be surprisingly abundant in the term data were now collecting." A being conducted by the McMurdo Dry dry valleys and to be extremely resilient. National Science Foundation-funded Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research One type of nematode, named Scottnema long-term ecological research study of the (LTER) program. Taylor Valley, the coldest for Robert E Scott, can survive in extreme- region, begun last year, is seeking to plot and driest LTER site, is an ideal laboratory ly dry and salty conditions in soil with less the ecosystems natural variability, against for studying basic ecosystem relationships than 1 percent moisture. Nematodes are which tourisms effects must be measured. because of its extreme environment and extremely hardy. They can survive under simple ecosystem. the most adverse conditions because they DiyValleynematodes and global dl- The valleys worms and other creatures have the ability to coil up and shut down mate change could serve as a gauge for climate change, their metabolism. By entering a state t first sight, rocky, wind-scoured according to Diana Freckman of Colorado called "cryptobiosis," some of these worms Taylor Valley, one of the McMurdo Dry State University and her colleague, have been known to survive in this sus- Valleys, appears as barren of life as any Dartmouth Colleges Ross Virginia, whose pended state for up to 30 years in warmer place on Earth. Yet, even here, site of one research focuses on nematodes as part of regions. Another unexpected discovery is the worlds harshest deserts, hidden life the LTER project. Global warming theorists that, despite their abundance in Taylor thrives, singularly adapted to extreme cold believe that temperatures in both north Valley, they are unevenly distributed. and drought. In fact, the microscopic and south polar regions may rise more than Freckman and Virginia believe that the key worms, called nematodes, living in the across the rest of the globe. Also, simple to this patchwork-like distribution is the parched soil may actually hold pieces to ecosystems are generally more sensitive to amount of salt in the soil—areas with too the puzzle of global climate change. environmental change, so the Taylor Valley much salt are areas without nematodes. Nematodes—tiny, transparent round- nematodes could magnify a climatic worms that live in the thin films of water change by reacting to it more quickly or These notes are adapted from material pre- pared by Beth Gaston and Lynn Simarski, that surround soil particles—dominate the more dramatically than fauna in a more Public Affairs Specialists, National Science barren, ice-free valleys near the Ross Sea. complex and diverse ecosystem. Freckman Foundation, Office of Legislative and They are at the top of the regions food and Virginia believe that the response of Public Affairs Foundation awards of funds for antarctic projects, 1 June to 31 August 1994

Award numbers for all awards initiated first, and the total amount is listed in Virginia. Collaborative research: Bloom dynam- by the Office of Polar Programs (OPP) parentheses. ics and food web structure in the Ross Sea: Primary productivity, new production, and bac- contain the prefix "OPP." However, fund- Biology and medicine terial growth. OPP 93-19222. $68,237 ing of awards is sometimes shared by two or more antarctic science or support pro- Boster, James S. University of California, Irvine, Frederick, John E. University of Chicago, California. Collaborative research: Social struc- Chicago, Illinois. A climatology of biologically grams within OPP or between OPP ture, agreement, and conflict in groups in active sunlight for the high-latitude Southern antarctic and arctic science or support extreme and isolated environments. OPP 90- Hemisphere and Argentina. OPP 93-14616. programs. For these awards, a listing is 11930. $11,559 ($23,119) $196,286 ($215,936) included under the heading for each OPP DeLuisi, John J. National Oceanic and Gautier, Catherine. University of California, program that funded the project. The first Atmospheric Administration—Environmental Santa Barbara, California. Surface ultraviolet amount represents the funds provided by Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. irradiance and photosynthetically available that individual program, and the second Instrumentation for a national ultraviolet radia- radiation variability over Antarctica. OPP 93- amount, in parentheses, is the total award tion calibration facility. OPP 94-20550. $99,885 17120. $179,212 amount. All of these contain the OPP pre- DeVries, Arthur L. University of Illinois-Urbana- Gowing, Marcia M. University of California, fix. Additionally, investigators may receive Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. The role of Santa Cruz, California. Collaborative research: antifreeze proteins in freezing avoidance of funds for antarctic research from other Bloom dynamics and food web structure in the antarctic fishes. OPP 93-17629. $150,068 Ross Sea: Role of microzooplankton in control- divisions or offices of the National ling production. OPP 93-16035. $182,378 Science Foundation, as well as from OPP DiTullio, Giacomo R. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. Collaborative research: Hall, Michael J. National Oceanic and When awards are initiated by another NSF Bloom dynamics and food web structure in the Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. division, the three-letter prefix for that Ross Sea: Phytoplankton growth and sulfur Support for Argos data-collection and location program is included in the award number. cycling. OPP 93-17431. $94,313 system. OPP 94-43364. $16,155 ($351,908) As with awards split between OPP pro- Ducklow, Hugh W. The College of William and Johnson, Jeffrey C. East Carolina University, grams, antarctic program funds are listed Mary, Marine Institute, Gloucester Point, Greenville, North Carolina. Social structure,

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 14 agreement, and conflict in groups in extreme Ocean Flux Study cruises. OPP 94-42086 Sea and western Marie Byrd Land and shallow and isolated environments. OPP 90-11351. $10,904 ($15,904) structure of the west antarctic rift. OPP 93- $20,381 ($40,763) 16710. $1 Thompson, Ambler. National Institute of Lessard, Evelyn J. University of Washington, Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland. Critical Blake, Daniel B. University of Illinois-Urbana- Seattle, Washington. Collaborative research: issues in air ultraviolet meteorology. OPP 94- Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. Paleoecological Bloom dynamics and food web structure in the 17474. $10,000 setting of Eocene echinoderms at Seymour Ross Sea: Role of microzooplankton in control- Island, Antarctic Peninsula. OPP 93-15927. ling production. OPP 93-15027. $88,855 Vieck, Carol M. Iowa State University, Ames, $45,028 Iowa. Reproductive endocrinology of free-living Quetin, Langdon B. University of California, Adélie penguins at Torgersen Island, Antarctica. Daiziel, Ian W. University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Santa Barbara, California. Energetics of the OPP 93-17356. $292,018 Collaborative research: Seismic traverse of the adults and larvae of the antarctic krill Byrd Subglacial Basin—Field test. OPP 92- Euphausia superba. OPP 91-17633. $114,700 Weiler, C. Susan Whitman College, Walla Walla, 22121. $329,130 Washington. American Society of Limnology Raymond, James A. University of Nevada, Las and Oceanography: Dissertations initiative for Dalziel, Ian W. University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Vegas, Nevada. Biochemical, biophysical, and the advancement of limnology and oceanogra- Geologic studies in the Shackleton Range, Coats physiological characterization of an ice-active phy. OPP 93-19740. $15,000 ($90,000) Land, and Queen Maud Land, : A substance released by sea-ice diatoms. OPP 93- North American connection. OPP 91-17996. 16736. $79,649 Wharton, Robert A. University of Nevada, Desert $205,632 Research Institute, Reno, Nevada. Antarctic geo- Shapiro, Lynda P. University of Oregon, Eugene, graphic information systems workshop. OPP 94- Donahue, Douglas J. University of Arizona, Oregon. Responses of antarctic phytoplankton 19527. $10,000 ($29,953) Tucson, Arizona. National Science Foundation- to small-scale changes in temperature. OPP 94- Arizona Accelerator Facility for Radioisotope 20085. $48,343 Wharton, Robert A. University of Nevada, Desert Analysis. OPP 92-03383. $30,000 ($300,000) Research Institute, Reno, Nevada. McMurdo Dry Smith, Kenneth L. University of California-San Valleys: A cold desert ecosystem. OPP 94-43095. Feldmann, Rodney M. Kent State University, Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La $10,000 Kent, Ohio. Paleobiology of decapod crus- Jolla, California. Seasonal ice cover and its taceans from southern Patagonia: A link with impact on the epipelagic community in the Antarctica. OPP 94-17697. $43,500 northwestern Weddell Sea: Long time-series Marine and terrestrial geology and geo- Isbell, John L. University of Wisconsin, monitoring. OPP 93-15029. $144,572 ($459,429) physics Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Tectonic controls on for- Smith, Walker 0. University of Tennessee, Aronson, Richard B. Marine Environmental mation and evolution of Permian depositional Knoxville, Tennessee. Collaborative research: Science Consortium, Dauphin Island, Alabama. basins in the Transantarctic Mountains as inter- Bloom dynamics and food web structure in the Paleoecological setting of Eocene echinoderms preted from strata-exposed areas. OPP 91- Ross Sea: Primary productivity, new production, at Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. OPP 94- 18495. $37,779 and bacterial growth. OPP 93-17587. $135,733 13295. $57,448 Jacobs, Stanley S. Columbia University, New Smith, Walker 0. University of Tennessee, Bartek, Louis R. University of Alabama, York, New York. Oceanography of the Knoxville, Tennessee. Nitrogen dynamics within Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Collaborative research: Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas. OPP 94- two international Joint Global Glacial marine stratigraphy in the eastern Ross 436 10. $18,024 ($77,433) Jasper, John P Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. Maintenance of preindustrial atmos- pheric partial pressure carbon dioxide (pCO2) levels: Recalibration of a carbon isotopic paleo- barometer and pCO 2 mapping of the late Quaternary global ocean. OPP 94-43476. $0 Klinkhammer, Gary. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. A survey of hydrothermal vents in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. OPP 93- 17361. $157,064 / Kyle, Philip R. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico. Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory: A pilot study for seismic, gas, and robotics surveillance. OPP 94- SB 43651. $2,868 ($10,918)

The Center for Astrophysical Research in R[t1t1 Antarctica (CARA) near Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, the U.S. research station at the geographic South Pole, is one of 25 Science and Technology Centers supported by the National Science Foundation. Participants in research projects at CARA, which is under the direction of Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, include nine U.S. universities or obser- vatories, two U.S. corporations, and four foreign universities. The photograph shows the Cosmic Background Radiation Anisotropy telescope (left) and the Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope/Remote Observatory (right).

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 15 Lawyer, Lawrence A. University of Texas, Austin, structure in the Ross Sea: Dynamics of dissolved Smith, Walker 0. University of Tennessee, Texas. Neotectonic evolution of the Antarctic organic carbon. OPP 93-17200. $128,582 Knoxville, Tennessee. Nitrogen dynamics within Peninsula-Scotia Sea region: Multibeam, sides- two international southern ocean Joint Global can sonar, seismic, magnetics, and gravity stud- Jacobs, Stanley S. Columbia University, New Ocean Flux Study cruises. OPP 94-42086. $5,000 ies. 0PP93-17588. $135,040 York, New York. Oceanography of the Amund- ($15,904) sen and Bellingshausen Seas. OPP 94-43610. Luyendyk, Bruce P. University of California, $59,409 ($77,433) Santa Barbara, California. Collaborative Aeronomy and astronomy research: Glacial marine stratigraphy in the Jeffries, Martin 0. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Bieber, John W. Bartol Research Institute, eastern Ross Sea and western Marie Byrd Land, Alaska. Sea-ice physical-structural characteris- Newark, Delaware. Solar and heliospheric stud- and shallow structure of the west antarctic rift. tics: Development and synthetic aperture radar ies with antarctic cosmic-ray observations. OPP OPP93-16712. $1 signature in the Pacific sector of the southern oceans. OPP 94-43755. $3,252 ($20,562) 94-43936. $22,050 Mukasa, Samuel B. University of Michigan, Ann McNider, Richard T. University of Alabama, Engebretson, Mark J. Augsburg College, Arbor, Michigan. Tectonic evolution of the Minneapolis, Minnesota. Induction antennas antarctic sector of the Pacific Margin II: Huntsville, Alabama. Nonlinear dynamical for automatic geophysi- Mesozioc and Paleozoic development of eastern analysis of time-dependent nocturnal bound- cal observatories. OPP 93-16750. $48,642 Marie Byrd Land. OPP 94-42752. $19,980 ary layers. OPP 91-20321. $31,245 ($62,490) Forbes, Jeffrey M. University of Colorado, Nishiizumi, Kunihiko. University of California, Nelson, David M. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Collaborative research: Bloom Boulder, Colorado. Planetary waves in the Berkeley, California. Terrestrial age measurement antarctic mesopause region. OPP 93-20879. of antarctic meteorites. OPP 93-16272. $85,000 dynamics and food-web structure in the Ross Sea: The irradiance-mixing regime and diatom $33,658 Rowell, Albert J. University of Kansas, Lawrence, growth in spring. OPP 93-17538. $149,961 Fritts, David C. University of Colorado, Boulder, Kansas. Constraints on the place of Antarctica Colorado. Correlative midfrequency radar stud- in the Cambrian world. OPP 94-42505. $32,286 Shen, Hayley H. Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York. Wave and pancake-ice interactions. ies of large-scale middle atmospheric dynamics Webb, Peter-Noel. Ohio State University, OPP 94-42309. $10,000 in the Antarctic. OPP 93-19068. $119,482 Columbus, Ohio. Antarctic stratigraphic drilling: . OPP 93-17979. $50,306 Wharton, Robert A. University of Nevada, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada. Antarctic geo- graphic information systems workshop. OPP 94- 19527. $19,953 ($29,953) Woodburne, Michael 0. University of California, Riverside, California. Collaborative research: The geology and paleontology of one Sobral for- mation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. OPP 93-15831. $46,037 Zinsmeister, William J. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. High-resolution biostrati- graphic analysis of molluscan fauna across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary on Seymour Island, Antarctica. OPP 93-16034. $40,817 Ocean and climate studies Ackley, Stephen F. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire. Sea-ice measurements during the Anzone Winter Flux Experiment (ANZFLUX). OPP 93-15934. $85,062 Asper, Vernon L. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Collab- orative research on bloom dynamics and food web structure in the Ross Sea: Vertical flux of carbon and nitrogen. OPP 93-17598. $88,361 Carleton, Andrew M. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. Structure and evolution of southern ocean mesocyclones using multiple satellite systems. OPP 92-19446. $51,619 Foster, Theodore D. University of California, Santa Cruz, California. Deep-water formation off the eastern Wilkes Land coast of Antarctica. OPP 93-17379. $263,326 Hansell, Dennis A. Bermuda Biological Station Research, St. Georges, West Bermuda. Collab- Adélie penguins along the shore of the Antarctic Peninsula. orative research: Bloom dynamics and food web

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 16 Gaidos, James A. Purdue University, West Glaciology basal sliding? Borehole study of ice streams B Lafayette, Indiana. Observation of very-high- and C. OPP 93-19018. $74,132 ($304,289) energy gamma-ray sources from the South Pole. Alley, Richard B. Pennsylvania State University, Karasik, Peter R. Department of Environmental OPP 94-43337. $5,000 University Park, Pennsylvania. Presidential Young Investigator Award. OPP 90-58193. Protection, Rockville, Maryland. Intergovern- Hall, Michael J. National Oceanic and $33,500 ($62,500) mental Personnel Act mobility assignment. OPP 94-43881. $$77,987 Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. Bentley, Charles R. University of Wisconsin, Support for Argos data-collection and location Madison, Wisconsin. Airborne radar sounding Katzenberger, John. Aspen Global Change system. OPP 94-43364. $2,308 ($351,908) over ice stream D, . OPP 93- Institute, Aspen, Colorado. Aspen Global Change Institute interdisciplinary summer sci- man, Umran S. Stanford University, Stanford, 19043. $42,691 ence sessions. OPP 94-17138. $115,898 California. Very-low-frequency remote sensing Harwood, David M. University of Nebraska, ($143,956) of thunderstorm and radiation belt coupling to Lincoln, Nebraska. Presidential Young Investi- the ionosphere. OPP 93-18596. $90,000 gator Award. OPP 91-58075. $62,500 Koger, Ronald G. Antarctic Support Associates, Englewood, Colorado. Logistics support of man, Umran S. Stanford University, Stanford, Kamb, Barclay. California Institute of operations and research activities related to the California. Very-low-frequency remote sensing Technology, Pasadena, California. Fast flow of U.S. program in Antarctica. OPP 94-41054. of thunderstorm and radiation belt coupling to antarctic ice streams-Bed deformation or $30,000,000 the ionosphere. OPP 94-43338. $5,000 basal sliding? Borehole study of ice streams B and C. OPP 93-19018. $230,157 ($304,289) Kubany, Susan K. OMNET, Inc., Boston, Jefferies, Stuart M. Bartol Research Institute, Massachusetts. SCIENCEnet collaborative Newark, Delaware. Probing the solar interior Kyle, Philip R. New Mexico Institute of Mining research environment. OPP 94-41856. $22,596 and atmosphere from the geographic South and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico. Volcanic ($80,000) Pole. OPP 94-43333. $6,080 record in antarctic ice. OPP 93-16505. $99,987 Kuivinen, Karl C. University of Nebraska, Saltzman, Barry. Yale University, New Haven, Lincoln, Nebraska. Logistic and engineering LaBelle, James W. Dartmouth College, Hanover, Connecticut. Sensitivity study of a three-dimen- New Hampshire. Low- frequency/ midfrequen- support by the Polar Ice Coring Office. OPP 94- sional ice sheet-bedrock model designed for 23042. $24,569 ($123,500) cy/ high- frequency radio observations from a coupling with an atmospheric general circula- Southern Hemisphere auroral zone site. OPP tion model. OPP 93-19674. $150,000 Lawson, R. Paul. SPEC, Inc., Bellvue, Colorado. A 93-17621. $49,941 3-D digital holographic instrument for imaging Sherrell, Robert. Rutgers University, New cloud drops and ice crystals. OPP 93-22818. LaBelle, James W. Dartmouth College, Hanover, Brunswick, New Jersey. Collaborative research: $299,998 New Hampshire. Presidential Young Investi- Iridium deposition in central Greenland ice: gator Award. OPP9O-57172. $31,250 Temporal variability of cosmic and volcanic Lewis, Michael R. Jackson and Tull, Washington, sources. OPP 93-16183. $753 ($25,000) DC. Communication and engineering support Lubin, Philip NI. University of California, Santa services for the U.S. Antarctic Program. OPP 94- Barbara, California. Cosmic microwave back- Stuiver, Minze. University of Washington, 43440. $250,000 ground radiation studies at the South Pole. OPP Seattle, Washington. Oxygen-isotope record 94-43269. $7,000 ($18,450) from Taylor (McMurdo) Dome and its relation Linsky, Norman. National Biosystems, Inc., to the geological climate record of the dry val- Rockville, Maryland. Design and editorial ser- Lubin, Philip M. University of California, Santa leys. OPP 89-15924. $233,355 vices (task order 77). OPP 94-22466. $12,793 Barbara, California. UCSB long-duration medi- Waddington, Edwin D. University of Washington, Meier, Mark F. Arctic Research, Fairbanks, um-scale cosmic background radiation ani- Alaska. Organizational support to the U.S. sotropy studies. OPP 93-21093. $37,200 ($181,700) Seattle, Washington. Reconstruction of pale- otemperatures from precision borehole temper- Arctic Science Program. OPP 94-04321. $50,000 Meyer, Stephan S. University of Chicago, ature logging: A Transantarctic Mountains tran- ($342,327) Chicago, Illinois. Anisotropy of the cosmic sect from Taylor (McMurdo) Dome to Ross Sea. Nelson, Marilyn. Blue Pencil Group, Inc., Reston, microwave background radiation on large and OPP 94-43522. $3,840 ($13,604) Virginia. Editorial services for the Antarctic medium angular scales. OPP 93-16535. $62,821 Journal of the United States. OPP 94-43207. ($218,321) Support and services $43,070 Morse, Robert M. University of Wisconsin, Brown, Otis B. University of Miami, Rosentiel Onuma, Tsuyoshi. Navy Facilities and Madison, Wisconsin. The AMANDA project: The School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Engineering Command, Arlington, Virginia. antarctic ice sheet as a high-energy particle Miami, Florida. Satellite communications for Engineering support for antarctic program. OPP detector. OPP 94-43339. $7,969 scientific purposes: University National 94-42521. $73,000 Oceanographic Laboratory System fleet man- Shah, Raj N. Capital Systems Group, Inc., Peccei, Roberto. Universities Research agement and polar program support. OPP 91- Rockville, Maryland. Proposal processing and Association, Inc., Washington, DC. Particle and 13074. $123,000 ($136,466) travel support to office of polar programs, nuclear astrophysics and cosmology in the next Hall, Michael J. National Oceanic and millennium; Snowmass, Colorado. OPP 94- National Science Foundation. OPP 94-42359. Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. $56,390 08311. $5,000 ($30,000) Support for Argos data-collection and location Smith, Kenneth L. University of California-San system. OPP 94-43364. $44,524 ($351,908) Rosenberg, Theodore J. University of Maryland, Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La College Park, Maryland. Polar experiment net- Hall, Michael J. National Oceanic and Jolla, California. Seasonal ice cover and its work for geophysical upper-atmosphere inves- Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. impact on the epipelagic community in the tigations (PENGUIN). OPP 89-18689. $352,600 Support for Argos data-collection and location northwestern Weddell Sea: Long time-series system. OPP 94-43364. $41,755 ($351,908) monitoring. OPP 93-15029. $200,000 ($459,429) Rosenberg, Theodore J. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. Riometry in Antarctica Kamb, Barclay. California Institute of Tech- Thmeo, Mark A. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, and conjugate regions. OPP 91-19753. $32,688 nology, Pasadena, California. Fast flow of Alaska. Transport of hydrocarbon contaminants ($297,688) antarctic ice streams-Bed deformation or in ice and ice-soil systems. OPP 94-42881. $8,000

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 17 Weather at U.S. stations-November 1993 through January 1994

South Pole

Average temperature ( C) -8.1 -38.8 -2.4 -29.2 1 -2.2 -28.4 Temperature maximum (°C) 1.2 -28.2 5.8 -22.5 7.0 -22.8 (date) (22) (26) (15) (10) (2) (3) Temperature minimum (°C) -25.0 -49.0 -10.5 -38.2 -11.4 -38.1 (date) (3) (6) (4) (4) (30) (31) Average station pressure (mb) 981.64 684.6 982.70 683.0 989.10 689.6 Pressure maximum (mb) 993.12 695.9 992.01 691.9 1001.29 698.0 (date) (14) (17) (21) (31) (4) (3) Pressure minimum (mb) 970.43 675.90 973.35 675.3 976.60 679.8 (date) (12) (28) (27,28) (26) (29) (29) Snowfall (mm) 165.1 Trace 109.22 Trace 2.54 Trace Prevailing wind direction 500 100 3500 200 1000 10° Average wind (m/sec) 4.12 4.74 4.19 4.12 5.15 4.59 Peak wind (m/sec) 18.02 13.41 19.56 15.65 19.05 12.96 (date, direction) (4, 220° & (15,10) (18,190) (10,350) (15,180) (9,340) 17,130°) Average sky cover 6.8 6/10 7.0 7/10 6.1 5/10 Number of clear days 5 7 4 2 4 13 Number of partly cloudy days 6 12 16 11 12 10 Number of cloudy days 19 11 11 18 15 8 Number of days with visibility less than 0.4 km 2 2 1 0 2 5

Data not available.

Prepared from information from the stations. Locations: McMurdo 77 051S 166 040E, Palmer 64046S 64°3W, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 900S. Elevations: McMurdo sea level, Palmer sea level, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 2,835 meters. For prior data and daily logs, contact the National Climate Center, Asheville, North Carolina 28801. Weather at U.S. stations-February 1994 through April 1994

•mk South Pole

Average temperature (C) 2.2 -44.0 0.8 -53.5 -18.2 -0.8 -57.4 Temperature maximum (°C) 6.2 -35.2 6.3 -36.9 -5.9 5.1 -37.6 (date) (22) (1) (5) (10) (8) (4) (7) Temperature minimum (°C) -3.2 -56.7 -4.5 -64.1 -30.4 -7.9 -68.9 (date) (28) (28) (28) (27) (30) (26) (3) Average station pressure (mb) 983.7 681.6 993.0 676.1 992.79 992.1 683.6 Pressure maximum (mb) 1003.7 688.4 1076.0 685.5 1011.79 1017.7 697.6 (date) (4) (23) (8) (31) (21) (16,17) (8) Pressure minimum (mb) 959.1 670.5 968.7 665.3 973.79 959.2 667.4 (date) (20) (21) (14) (20) (17) (29) (28) Snowfall (mm) 0 Trace 500.00 Trace 104.14 270.00 Trace Prevailing wind direction SW 800 NE, SE 3600 800 N 700 Average wind (m/sec) 4.84 4.74 4.89 6.07 4.63 4.99 4.74 Peak wind (m/sec) 36.04 10.28 29.86 14.31 24.71 31.92 12.96 (date, direction) (25,40) (20, 100) (5,100) (28, 3400) (19, 1900) (12,30) (2,100) Average sky cover 8.8 5/10 8.7 7/10 7.4 9.0 5/10 Number of clear days 0 9 1 2 2 _ 9 Number of partly cloudy days 5 11 4 12 8 _ 12 Number of cloudy days 23 8 26 17 20 _ 9 Number of days with visibility less than 0.4 km - 0 - 17 3 - 5

Data not available.

Prepared from information from the stations. Locations: McMurdo 77 051S 166040E, Palmer 64046S 64 03W, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 90°S. Elevations: McMurdo sea level, Palmer sea level, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 2,835 meters. For prior data and daily logs, contact the National Climate Center, Asheville, North Carolina 28801.

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 18 Weather at U.S. stations-May 1994 through July 1994

.rTTFi

South Pole

Average temperature ( C) 1 -26.8 -3.2 -59.2 -4.2 -55.8 -22.8 -11.0 -63.2 Temperature maximum (°C) -15.5 3.2 -35.2 2.6 -37.1 -7.9 0.5 -45.6 (date) (7) (17) (29) (22) (16) (15) (7) (22) Temperature minimum (°C) -38.1 -9.3 -75.3 -11.0 -69.8 -37.7 -25.6 -74.3 (date) (17) (4) (19) (7) (2) (27) (26) (31) Average station pressure (mb) 986.8 962.8 675.2 994.1 691.9 991.40 994.1 677.6 Pressure maximum (mb) 1017.71 1020.3 693.9 1018.0 706.0 1009.01 1014.8 696.3 (date) (30) (27) (31) (5) (18) (1) (17) (1) Pressure minimum (mb) 956.32 969.2 662.0 960.1 677.8 973.69 961.0 661.8 (date) (6) (18) (23) (2) (10) (31) (30) (31) Snowfall (mm) 129.54 41.0 Trace 397.0 Trace 143.51 290.0 Trace Prevailing wind direction 700 NE 3600 NE 100 1100 N, NE 600 Average wind (m/sec) 4.63 4.63 5.51 4.94 6.23 5.15 4.89 5.61 Peak wind (m/sec) 28.31 31.9 16.54 30.89 16.99 29.34 34.50 12.87 (date, direction) (20,180) (10,30) (24, 30°) (28,30) (19, N) (15,180) (30,30) (21, E) Average sky cover 6.4 7.2 6/10 7.7 3/10 5.3 8.3 1/10

Number of clear days 4 _ 5 _ 22 8 - 29 Number of partly cloudy days 9 -° 15 - 5 9 - 2 Number of cloudy days 18 _ - 3 14 _ Q Number of days with visibility less than 0.4 km 11- 8 - 10 6 - 5

Data not available.

Prepared from information from the stations. Locations: McMurdo 77 051S 166040E, Palmer 64°46S 64°3W, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 900S. Elevations: McMurdo sea level, Palmer sea level, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 2,835 meters. For prior data and daily logs, contact the National Climate Center, Asheville, North Carolina 28801. Weather at U.S. stations-August 1994 through October 1994

Septernber1994 October 1W4

Average temperature (°C) -27.1 -6.6 -59.6 -27.2 -6.3 -58.4 -16.4 -52.1 Temperature maximum (°C) -10.5 2.6 -37.0 -11.0 4.0 -29.3 -6.1 -38.5 (date) (30) (27) (13) (1) (11) (29) (2) (1) Temperature minimum (°C) -43.6 -24.6 -74.8 -43.3 -20.0 -76.4 -31.8 -64.3 (date) (16) (12,21) (5) (7) (15) (8) (16) (7) Average station pressure (mb) 978.0 984.0 671.8 986.4 977.5 677.2 980.5 678.7 Pressure maximum (mb) 992.8 1010.4 687.9 1009.5 1003.9 698.3 997.0 694.5 (date) (2) (13) (29) (25) (7) (30) (3) (3) Pressure minimum (mb) 963.1 961.0 653.9 963.2 943.2 652.2 957.3 664.8 (date) (15) (9) (12) (8) (19) (6) (20) (15) Snowfall (mm) 35.56 417.0 Trace 10.16 485.0 Trace 167.64 Trace Prevailing wind direction 1000 N 3600 1000 N 360° 1300 200 Average wind (m/sec) 4.1 7.7 5.3 5.7 6.8 6.8 5.7 5.6 Peak wind (m/sec) 26.3 32.9 13.9 21.1 37.1 17.4 30.4 13.0 (date, direction) (28, 1800) (9, 200) (12, N) (10,150-) (1, 3500) (13, N) (6,200) (1, N) Average sky cover 4.9 8.8 6/10 4.1 8.8 6/10 6.8 5/10 Number of clear days 9 -° 10 13 0 9 5 11 Number of partly cloudy days 8 _ 10 10 5 11 8 11 Number of cloudy days 14 - 11 7 25 10 18 9 Number of days with visibility less than 0.4 km 5 - 6 1 -° 14 1 6

Data not available.

Prepared from information from the stations. Locations: McMurdo 7751S 16640E, Palmer 64°46S 64°3W, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 900S. Elevations: McMurdo sea level, Palmer sea level, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 2,835 meters. For prior data and daily logs, contact the National Climate Center, Asheville, North Carolina 28801.

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL - DECEMBER 1994 19 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ARLINGTON, VA 22230 BULK RATE POSTAGE & FEES PAID National Science Foundation Permit No. G-69 OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE $300

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A temporary field camp near Lake Hoare in Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys. In the background is the terminus of the . The 32-kilometer-long Lake Hoare, one of three major lakes in Taylor Valley, is a research site for the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research program, multi-disciplinary project supported by NSF and begun during the 1993-1994 austral summer. The project brings togeth- er biologists, geologists, limnologists, glaciologists, climate researchers, and modelers to study how climate and material transport have shaped and is shaping the relatively simple ecosystem in this region.

NSF 95-67