DOCSLIB.ORG

Indigenous Self-Determination in Northern Canada and Norway

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indigenous Self-Determination in Northern Canada and Norway IRPP STUDY February 2019 | No. 69 Indigenous Self-Determination in Northern Canada and Norway Gary N. Wilson and Per Selle CANADA’S CHANGING FEDERAL COMMUNITY Indigenous Self-Determination in Northern Canada and Norway ABOUT THIS STUDY This publication was published as part of the Canada’s Changing Federal Communi- ty research program under the direction of F. Leslie Seidle. The manuscript was copy- edited by Zofia Laubitz, proofreading was by Barbara Czarnecki, editorial coordination was by Francesca Worrall, production was by Chantal Létourneau and art direction was by Anne Tremblay. Gary N. Wilson is a professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Northern British Columbia. He is the president of the Association of Canadian Univer- sities for Northern Studies (ACUNS) and a member of the Council of the International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA). His research focuses on Inuit governance and Inuit-state relations in Canada and the Circumpolar Arctic. Per Selle is a professor of comparative politics at the University of Bergen and UiT, the Arctic University of Norway, in Tromsø, Norway. His main research interest is how modern Indigenous politics interacts with the state in developed democracies. He has written extensively on the Sámi in Norway, and on civil society and the welfare state. His most recent book (in Norwegian, with Torvald Falch) is an analysis of the Norwe- gian Sámi parliament (2018). To cite this document: Wilson, Gary N., and Per Selle. 2019. Indigenous Self-Determination in Northern Canada and Norway. IRPP Study 69. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the staff at the IRPP, in particular Leslie Seidle and Francesca Worrall, for their helpful suggestions and comments. We are also grateful to Aaron Spitzer from the University of Bergen for reviewing and com- menting on earlier drafts of this article. The opinions expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IRPP or its Board of Directors. IRPP Study is a refereed monographic series that is published irregularly throughout the year. Each study is subject to rigorous internal and external peer review for academic soundness and policy relevance. If you have questions about our publications, please contact [email protected]. If you would like to subscribe to our newsletter, IRPP News, please go to our website, at irpp.org. ISSN 1920-9436 (Online) ISSN 1920-9428 (Print) IRPP Study | February 2019 CONTENTS Summary .................................................................................................................................4 Résumé ....................................................................................................................................5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................7 Understanding Self-Determination .....................................................................................8 Inuit Self-Determination in Canada ...................................................................................13 Sámi Self-Determination in Norway ..................................................................................22 Comparing Inuit and Sámi Self-Determination ................................................................30 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................34 References ............................................................................................................................36 Indigenous Self-Determination in Northern Canada and Norway SUMMARY Over the last several decades, two circumpolar Indigenous peoples — the Canadian Inuit and the Norwegian Sámi — have made great strides in developing innovative govern- ance regimes to foster greater Indigenous self-determination within their respective states. Their experience, say authors Gary N. Wilson and Per Selle, highlights two different yet complementary dimensions of Indigenous self- determination: self-rule and shared rule. Self-rule is the notion that Indigenous communities should exercise some degree of autonomy over policy decisions at the regional and local levels. Shared rule is the idea that communities should be connected with other, non-Indigenous governments so they can influence decisions that affect them. The Canadian part of this study reviews developments in four Inuit regions: the terri- tory of Nunavut, the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in the Northwest Territories, Nunavik in northern Quebec and Nunatsiavut in northern Labrador. Since the 1970s the Inuit in these regions have focused on building institutions of self-rule within the context of a federal system of government, by negotiating land claims agreements and by creating regional governance institutions with varying degrees of jurisdictional authority. In contrast, the Norwegian Sámi have made considerable progress in developing non-territory-based, shared-rule institutions at the national level, within a unitary sys- tem of government. In particular, they established a national Indigenous parliament, the Sámediggi, which represents the Sámi from all parts of the country, provides limi- ted jurisdictional authority in areas such as language, culture and education, and has close links with departments of the Norwegian government. In recent years, both Indigenous groups have made progress toward creating a better balance between self-rule and shared rule. In Canada, an example is the creation of the Inuit-Crown Partnership Committee, which brings together Inuit leaders and sen- ior Canadian government representatives. A Norwegian example is the establishment of the Finnmark Estate, a land management body whose board is composed of three representatives from the Sámediggi and three from the Finnmark County Council in northern Norway. Despite the progress in both countries, there is still work to do to. For the Inuit, this means continuing to develop regional governance institutions and creating new struc- tures enabling Inuit representatives to interact with and influence the federal, provin- cial and territorial governments. The Sámi need to work toward greater regional self- rule as a complement to the institutions of shared rule at the national level. Although the Inuit and the Sámi continue to face inertia and resistance to change from non-Indigenous governments at all levels, continuing the development of robust and effective institutions of self-rule and shared rule is critical to the success of Indigenous self-determination in Canada and in Norway. 4 IRPP Study | February 2019 RÉSUMÉ Les Inuits du Canada et les Sámi de Norvège — deux peuples autochtones circum- polaires — ont fait d’importantes avancées ces dernières décennies en élaborant des régimes de gouvernance novateurs qui favorisent leur autodétermination au sein des États respectifs. Selon les auteurs de cette étude, Gary N. Wilson et Per Selle, leur parcours met en lumière deux aspects à la fois distincts et complémentaires de l’autodétermination : l’autonomie et le partage du pouvoir. Selon le premier concept, les communautés autochtones exercent une certaine autonomie dans les décisions politiques de niveau local et régional. Quant au partage du pouvoir, il consiste pour ces communautés à collaborer avec des gouvernements non autochtones en vue d’in- fluer sur les décisions qui les concernent. Le volet canadien de cette étude examine les avancées dans quatre régions inuites : le Nunavut, la région désignée des Inuvialuit des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, le Nunavik du Nord québécois et le Nunatsiavut du nord du Labrador. Depuis les années 1970, les Inuits de ces régions ont misé sur la création d’institutions autonomes au sein du système de gouvernement fédéral, négociant à cet effet des accords sur des revendi- cations territoriales et créant des institutions de gouvernance régionale aux pouvoirs juridictionnels variables. À l’inverse, les Sámi norvégiens ont privilégié des institutions non territoriales de par- tage du pouvoir au niveau national, au sein du système de gouvernement unitaire. Ils ont notablement institué un parlement autochtone élu, le Sámediggi, qui représente les Sámi de tout le pays, exerce certains pouvoirs juridictionnels en matière de langue, de culture et d’éducation, et cultive des liens étroits avec les ministères du gouverne- ment norvégien. Au cours des dernières années, les deux groupes autochtones ont trouvé un meilleur équi- libre entre autonomie et partage du pouvoir. En témoigne au Canada la mise sur pied du Comité de partenariat entre les Inuits et la Couronne, qui réunit des leaders inuits et de hauts représentants du gouvernement canadien. De son côté, la Norvège a établi un orga- nisme de gestion des terres, le Finnmark Estate, formé de trois représentants du Sámedig- gi et trois représentants du Conseil du comté de Finnmark du nord du pays. Mais en dépit de ces avancées, il reste beaucoup à faire dans chaque pays. Les Inuits doivent ainsi poursuivre le développement d’institutions de gouvernance régionale et créer de nouvelles structures qui permettent à leurs représentants d’influer sur les gouvernements fédéral, provinciaux et territoriaux. Pour leur part, les Sámi auront tout intérêt à renforcer leur autonomie régionale en complément des institutions natio- nales de partage du pouvoir. Inuits et
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Thermal State of Permafrost in Canada – Results from the International Polar Year
    The Thermal State of Permafrost in Canada – Results from the International Polar Year Sharon L. Smith 1, Antoni G. Lewkowicz 2, Christopher R. Burn 3, Michel Allard 4 & Jennifer Throop 2 1Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 2Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 3Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 4Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada ABSTRACT A snapshot of permafrost thermal state in northern Canada during the International Polar Year was developed with ground temperature measurements from about 170 boreholes. The measurements span a wide range of ecoclimate and geological conditions and are at various elevations. Ground temperatures within the discontinuous permafrost zone are generally above -2°C and range to as low as -15°C in the continuous zone. Permafrost temperatures have generally increased across northern Canada for the past several decades, with greater warming rates occurring north of tree line. Consequently the spatial diversity of permafrost thermal conditions is decreasing over time. RÉSUMÉ Un instantané de l’état thermique du pergélisol dans le nord du Canada au cours de l’Année polaire internationale a été élaboré en utilisant les mesures des températures au sol obtenues d’environ 170 puits. Les mesures couvraient une vaste gamme de conditions écoclimatiques et géologiques et diverses élévations. Les températures au sol au sein de la zone discontinue de pergélisol étaient généralement supérieures à -2°C et descendaient jusqu’à -15°C dans la zone continue. Les températures du pergélisol ont généralement augmenté dans tout le nord du Canada au cours des dernières décennies, les taux de réchauffement les plus marqués étant survenus au nord de la ligne des arbres.
    [Show full text]
  • I. 1. the Influence of Permafrost on Northern Development
    I. 1. THE INFLUENCE OF PERMAFROST ON NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION The expansion of settlement from man's early home in the fertile, friendly and protected river valleys of the Middle East has been marked by conquest of one natural obstacle after another. Broad seas, hot, dry deserts, mountain ranges and dense forests each in their turn arrested his progress until new techniques were devised and perfected, and became common knowledge. His invasion of the tropical rainforests was delayed by diseases, and his ventures into the far north - what Stefansson has termed "The .Northward Course of Empire" (1) - were handicapped by severe cold and snow, and by the heavy ice which impeded and damaged his ships. In his long and frequently frustrated efforts to make a home in even the remotest parts of the earth, man has encountered, and eventually learned to deal with, an enormous variety of natural hazards. Perennially frozen ground in the polar regions is one of his most recent natural obstacles. It has become of major importance only in the past few decades, although its existence has long been known. Alexander Mackenzie mentioned it and Jules Verne wrote a novel (2) based in part on it, while the quick-frozen mammoths of Siberia have been a cause of wonder for generations. How was it that such a widespread phenomenon, covering about one-half of Canada and almost as great a proportion of the Soviet Union, should nevertheless have attracted so little attention that until a few years ago it even lacked a commonly accepted English name and is only now being honoured in Canada by a national symposium ? The world population map demonstrates that man has as yet barely reached in any numbers the southern limit of that one-fifth of the land surface underlain by permafrost.
    [Show full text]
  • Presentation for Madhu's Class
    Inuit Health + Circumpolar Health Andrew Bresnahan MD, MSc, MPH, FRCGS November 2019 PPHS 511: McGill University, Dr. Madhu Pai Fundamentals of Global Health • Interactive • history of global health • global health governance • global burden of disease • global health ethics, • global health diplomacy and advocacy. Learning Objectives • Who? ᑭᓇ Terminology, positionality, ethics • Where? ᓇᒥ Considering the spatial + social • When? ᖃᖓ Historic origins of social determinants of health • What? ᓱᓇ Inuit governance + Inuit health • How? ᖃᓄᖅ Decolonizing practice + ᑭᓇ Who? + ᓱᓇ What? • Terminology • Health equity in Inuit Nunangat and Canada • Positionality • Case studies: • Ethics • Infectious disease: Tuberculosis • Non-communicable disease: Diabetes + ᓇᒥ Where? • Mental health: Suicide • Considering the spatial + social + ᖃᓄᖅ How? • Inuit governance (cf. global health ᖃᖓ governance) + When? • Inuit democracy • Arctic migrations, Inuit odyssey • Inuit-Crown relationship • Colonization and decolonization • Ethical practice It's one thing to say, “Hey, we're on the territory of Anishinaabek and the Haudenosaunee.” It's another thing to say, "We're on the territory of the Anishinaabek and the Haudenosaunee and here's what that compels me to do.” Hayden King yellowheadinstitute.org @yellowhead “I want to start by discussing something that I think a lot about. This is a traditional practice that I want to follow, that Inuit elders from across Inuit Nunangat have stressed. You speak about what you have experienced, and you don’t speak about what you have not seen or experienced. And that’s a really challenging thing to follow.” Natan Obed Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami itk.ca ᑭᓇ Who? “How to talk about Indigenous people” Simple Rules: 1. Be as specific as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada and the American Curriculum
    Canada and the American Curriculum REQUIRED Where is Canadian content taught, at what level, in what course? Recommended: HISTORY Data current as of January 2013 Recommended: ECONOMICS Recommended: GEOGRAPHY Recommended: CIVICS State Elem K-5 Specifics Middle 6-8 Specifics High 9-12 Specifics Grade 9-12: Explain the diversity of human characteristics in major geographic realms and AL regions of the world. Examples: North America, Grade 7: Describe the relationship Middle and South America, Europe, Russia, Africa, between locations of resources and Southwest Asia, Middle East, South Asia, East patterns of population distribution in the Asia, Pacific. Tracing global and regional effects RECOMMENDED: Western Hemisphere. Example, fish from RECOMMENDED World of political and economic alliances such as NATO, Geography Canada. Geography OPEC, and NAFTA. Grade 12: Comparison of the development and characteristics of the world’s traditional, command, and market economies. Contrasting AL Grade 5: Describe how geography and economic systems of various countries with the natural resources of different regions of market system of the United States. Examples: North America impacted different groups of Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Cuba, Native Americans. Describe cultures, North Korea, Mexico, Canada, transitioning governments, economies, and religions of economies of the former Soviet Union. Explain different groups of Native Americans. basic elements of international trade. Examples: Identify the issues that led to the War of Grade 7: Compare the government of the OPEC, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade SUGGESTED: US 1812. Describe major events occurring during United States with other governmental RECOMMENDED: (GATT), NAFTA, European Economic Community History the War of 1812.
    [Show full text]
  • Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus) and Inuit Nutrition Security in Canada
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by R-libre EcoHealth https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-018-1348-z Ó 2018 EcoHealth Alliance Original Contribution Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and Inuit Nutrition Security in Canada Tiff-Annie Kenny ,1 Myriam Fillion,2 Sarah Simpkin,3 Sonia D. Wesche,4 and Hing Man Chan1 1Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada 2Faculte´ de Me´decine, Universite´ Laval, Que´bec, Canada 3Geographic, Statistical and Government Information Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada 4Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Abstract: Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) has been fundamental to the diet and culture of Arctic Indigenous Peoples for thousands of years. Although caribou populations observe natural cycles of abundance and scarcity, several caribou herds across the Circumpolar North have experienced dramatic declines in recent decades due to a range of interrelated factors. Broadly, the objectives of this study are to examine food and nutrition security in relation to wildlife population and management status across Inuit Nunangat (the Inuit homeland, consisting of four regions across the Canadian Arctic). Specifically, we: (1) characterize the contribution of caribou to Inuit nutrition across northern Canada and (2) evaluate the population and management status of caribou herds/populations harvested by Inuit. Dietary data were derived from the 2007–2008 Inuit Health Survey, which included dietary information for Inuit adults (n = 2097) residing in thirty-six communities, spanning three regions (the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Nunavut, and Nunatsiavut) of the Canadian North. Published information regarding the range, abundance, status, and management status of caribou herds/ populations was collected through document analysis and was validated through consultation with northern wildlife experts (territorial governments, co-management, and/or Inuit organizations).
    [Show full text]
  • OBSERVATION TD Economics a Snapshot of Educational Attainment in Canada
    OBSERVATION TD Economics June 28, 2013 A SNAPSHOT OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN CANADA According to the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), Canadian educational attainment continues to increase; a greater proportion is completing high school and going on to complete post-secondary education. The share of Canadians with a college diploma or university degree continues to rise. How- ever, the share with a trades certificate has continued to decline (see chart). There is a great deal of detail on educational attainment in Canada in the NHS, but this observation will focus on some of the trends hidden in the national average, those among particular demographic groups; women, immigrants and Aboriginal peoples. Women - doctors, but not doctorates The 2011 NHS data confirmed the established trend of rising educational attainment among women, and sheds light on where young women have made the greatest strides relative to the first wave of baby- boomer women of their mother’s generation. It should come as little surprise that young women today have higher educational attainment than older women. The results of the NHS also show that the inroads made into post-secondary education by the younger generation are not evenly spread across disciplines. Overall in the working age population (25-64), women accounted for more than half of university degree holders at 53.7%, and that proportion is even higher among the youngest cohort (25-34) at just under 60%. That is up almost 12-percentage points from the older generation. Among university de- grees, young women have made the greatest progress in medicine, holding almost two-thirds of medical degrees (up 34 percentage points from the older cohort) (see chart).
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Decline of Hybrid (Metis) Societies on the Frontier of Western Canada and Southern Africa
    THE RISE AND DECLINE OF HYBRID (METIS) SOCIETIES ON THE FRONTIER OF WESTERN CANADA AND SOUTHERN AFRICA ALVIN KIENETZ, P.O. Box 402, The Pas, Manitoba, Canada, R9A 1K5. ABSTRACT/RESUME A comparison of the development of the Metis in Canada and similar peoples in Southern Africa reveals some remarkable similarities between the two groups. The existence of these parallels suggests that a more extensive comparative study of peoples of mixed race throughout the world would be of value. Une comparaison de l'évolution des Métis au Canada et de celle de certains peuples similaires dans le Sud africain révèle des ressemblances frappantes entre les deux groupes. Ce parallèle suggère qu'une étude comparative plus complete des peuples de race mixte dans le monde entier présenterait une valeur incontestable. THE CANADIANJOURNAL OF NATIVE STUDIES Ill, 1(1983): 3.21 4 ALVIN KIENETZ The comparative study of the "frontier" as a historical-geographical phe- nomenon appears to have, or have had, two main traditions: the first of these, the purpose of which is ultimately practical (i.e. applied geography) is found in the largely pre-World I pioneer settlement studies of Bowman and others (1937). The other tradition involves attempts to apply the "frontier thesis" of Frederick Jackson Turner to other historical settlement frontiers(c.f.Wyman and Kroeber, 1957). What both of these traditions have in common is that they focus almost entirely on the advancing, colonizing culture; the retreating, native groups that are being colonized, or - better - colonialized, 1 are hardly even mentioned. 2 Only relatively recently have scholars begun to give due recognition to the roles and contributions of native or aboriginal societies on the frontier.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Inuit and Chukchi Experiences in the Bering Strait, Beaufort Sea, and Baffin Bay
    water Article Crossroads of Continents and Modern Boundaries: An Introduction to Inuit and Chukchi Experiences in the Bering Strait, Beaufort Sea, and Baffin Bay Henry P. Huntington 1,* , Richard Binder Sr. 2, Robert Comeau 3, Lene Kielsen Holm 4, Vera Metcalf 5, Toku Oshima 6, Carla SimsKayotuk 7 and Eduard Zdor 8 1 Ocean Conservancy, Eagle River, AK 99577, USA 2 Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0, Canada; [email protected] 3 Iqaluit, NU X0A 0H0, Canada; [email protected] 4 Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk 3900, Greenland; [email protected] 5 Eskimo Walrus Commission, Nome, AK 99762, USA; [email protected] 6 Qaanaaq 3971, Greenland; [email protected] 7 North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, Kaktovik, AK 99747, USA; [email protected] 8 Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 May 2020; Accepted: 20 June 2020; Published: 24 June 2020 Abstract: The homeland of Inuit extends from Asia and the Bering Sea to Greenland and the Atlantic Ocean. Inuit and their Chukchi neighbors have always been highly mobile, but the imposition of three international borders in the region constrained travel, trade, hunting, and resource stewardship among neighboring groups. Colonization, assimilation, and enforcement of national laws further separated those even from the same family. In recent decades, Inuit and Chukchi have re-established many ties across those boundaries, making it easier to travel and trade with one another and to create new institutions of environmental management. To introduce Indigenous perspectives into the discussion of transboundary maritime water connections in the Arctic, this paper presents personal descriptions of what those connections mean to people who live and work along and across each of the national frontiers within the region: Russia–U.S., U.S.–Canada, and Canada–Greenland.
    [Show full text]
  • Education As Reconciliation: Resorting Inuit Nunangat
    http://jct.sciedupress.com Journal of Curriculum and Teaching Vol. 4, No. 1; 2015 Education as Reconciliation: Resorting Inuit Nunangat Jay McKechnie1,* 1PO Box #479, Pond Inlet, NU, Canada *Correspondence: PO Box #479, Pond Inlet, NU, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Received: October 12, 2014 Accepted: January 12, 2015 Online Published: March 8, 2015 doi:10.5430/jct.v4n1p56 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jct.v4n1p56 Abstract Education is stated as the number one priority of the Government of Nunavut’s Sivumiut Abluqta mandate. The Nunavut education system is seen by many as failing to provide Inuit with the promise of supporting Inuit economic and social well-being. Today in Nunavut, there is a growing awareness of the effects of past colonialist polices and the need for individual and group healing. However, within the current education reforms, there is little discourse that reflects this colonialist history and how it continues to shape education in Nunavut. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: How did the transition from an autonomous lifestyle on the land, to a dependent lifestyle in communities, affect Inuit society? How are the intergenerational affects of this transition manifested in the classrooms of Nunavut? How can the education system facilitate a public discourse that supports healing and reconciliation? As a high school social studies teacher in Nunavut, I am primarily interested in addressing the role of Qallunaat (non-Inuit) teachers working in Nunavut. As part of the effort across Canada to find meaningful ways of reconciling the relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians, I see myself as an educator as having an important role in this process of reconciliation.
    [Show full text]
  • MG 216 RG Williamson Fonds
    MG 216 RG Williamson fonds Dates: 1921-2011 (inclusive); 1956-2003 (predominant). Extent: 33.6 meters of textual materials, over 2000 photographs, audio cassettes, ~90 audio cassettes, 48 postcards, ~900 negatives, 2377 slides, 25 laser prints, 10 45rpm records, 75 film reels, 31 video cassettes, 6 floppy disks, equipment. Biographical Note: Robert Gordon Williamson was born on 2 November 1931 at Oxley, Staffordshire, England. He immigrated to Canada in 1952 and was employed at a series of jobs; but while wintering at Ft. Simpson, Northwest Territories, he began recording Dené folklore as an independent initiative. This work was later published in Anthropologica, and Williamson’s extensive record of scholarship in cultural anthropology and ethnology can be dated from this period forward. Between July 1953 and October 1954 while based at Pangnirtung, Baffin Island, he learned Inuktitut and extended his ethnological experience by travelling throughout Cumberland Sound. In 1954 Williamson began studying at Carleton University, earning a BA in anthropology in 1957; he earned a PhD from the Royal University, Uppsala, Sweden, in 1974. During the summers while working toward his first degree, Williamson was employed with the Department of Northern Affairs. In 1958 he joined the Department of Northern Affairs on a full-time basis, where he established their Eskimology section, founded the first Eskimo language journal, Inuktitut; and became Welfare and Rehabilitation Superintendent for the district of Keewatin, dealing primarily with social issues. He resigned in 1963, remaining in Rankin Inlet doing private research on a Canada Council grant. His career with the University of Saskatchewan began at the Centre for Community Studies, with a study of Fringe Saulteaux near Kamsack, Saskatchewan; by 1964 he had joined the department of Anthropology as a lecturer and was an associate director with the Institute for Northern Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Snow, Ice and Permafrost Across Canada
    CHAPTER 5 Changes in Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Across Canada CANADA’S CHANGING CLIMATE REPORT CANADA’S CHANGING CLIMATE REPORT 195 Authors Chris Derksen, Environment and Climate Change Canada David Burgess, Natural Resources Canada Claude Duguay, University of Waterloo Stephen Howell, Environment and Climate Change Canada Lawrence Mudryk, Environment and Climate Change Canada Sharon Smith, Natural Resources Canada Chad Thackeray, University of California at Los Angeles Megan Kirchmeier-Young, Environment and Climate Change Canada Acknowledgements Recommended citation: Derksen, C., Burgess, D., Duguay, C., Howell, S., Mudryk, L., Smith, S., Thackeray, C. and Kirchmeier-Young, M. (2019): Changes in snow, ice, and permafrost across Canada; Chapter 5 in Can- ada’s Changing Climate Report, (ed.) E. Bush and D.S. Lemmen; Govern- ment of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, p.194–260. CANADA’S CHANGING CLIMATE REPORT 196 Chapter Table Of Contents DEFINITIONS CHAPTER KEY MESSAGES (BY SECTION) SUMMARY 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Snow cover 5.2.1: Observed changes in snow cover 5.2.2: Projected changes in snow cover 5.3: Sea ice 5.3.1: Observed changes in sea ice Box 5.1: The influence of human-induced climate change on extreme low Arctic sea ice extent in 2012 5.3.2: Projected changes in sea ice FAQ 5.1: Where will the last sea ice area be in the Arctic? 5.4: Glaciers and ice caps 5.4.1: Observed changes in glaciers and ice caps 5.4.2: Projected changes in glaciers and ice caps 5.5: Lake and river ice 5.5.1: Observed changes in lake and river ice 5.5.2: Projected changes in lake and river ice 5.6: Permafrost 5.6.1: Observed changes in permafrost 5.6.2: Projected changes in permafrost 5.7: Discussion This chapter presents evidence that snow, ice, and permafrost are changing across Canada because of increasing temperatures and changes in precipitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing the Role of Non-Indigenous Research Partners in Practice to Support Inuit Self-Determination in Research1
    127 ARTICLE Changing the role of non-Indigenous research partners in practice to support Inuit self-determination in research1 K.J. Wilson, T. Bell, A. Arreak, B. Koonoo, D. Angnatsiak, and G.J. Ljubicic Abstract: Efforts to date have not advanced Indigenous participation, capacity building and knowledge in Arctic environmental science in Canada because Arctic environmental science has yet to acknowledge, or truly practice decolonizing research. The expanding liter- ature on decolonizing and Indigenous research provides guidance towards these alternative research approaches, but less has been written about how you do this in practice and the potential role for non-Indigenous research partners in supporting Inuit self-determination in research. This paper describes the decolonizing methodology of a non-Indigenous researcher partner and presents a co-developed approach, called the Sikumiut model, for Inuit and non-Indigenous researchers interested in supporting Inuit self-determination. In this model the roles of Inuit and non-Indigenous research partners were redefined, with Inuit governing the research and non-Indigenous research partners training and mentoring Inuit youth to conduct the research themselves. The Sikumiut model shows how having Inuit in decision-making positions ensured Inuit data ownership, accessibility, and control over how their Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit is documented, communicated, and respected for its own scientific merit. It examines the benefits and potential to build on the existing research capacity of Inuit youth and describes the guidance and lessons learned from a non-Indigenous researcher in supporting Inuit self-determination in research. Pinasuktaujut maannamut pivaallirtittisimangimmata nunaqarqaarsimajunik ilautitaunin- ginnik, pijunnarsivallianirmik ammalu qaujimajaujunik ukiurtartumi avatilirinikkut kikli- siniarnikkut kanata pijjutigillugu ukiurtartumi avatilirinikkut kiklisiniarnikkut ilisarsisimangimmata, uvaluunniit piliringimmata issaktausimangittunik silataanit qauji- sarnirmut.
    [Show full text]