The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat in the Middle Neolithic An introduction Klassen, Lutz; Iversen, Rune; Wincentz, Lisbeth

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Citation for published version (APA): Klassen, L., Iversen, R., & Wincentz, L. (2020). The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat in the Middle Neolithic: An introduction. In L. Klassen (Ed.), The Pitted Ware Culture on Djursland: Supra-regional significance and contacts in the Middle Neolithic of southern Scandinavia (pp. 13-33). Aarhus Universitetsforlag. East Jutland Museum Publications

Download date: 27. sep.. 2021 THE PITTED WARE CULTURE ON ­DJURSLAND Supra-regional significance and contacts in the Middle Neolithic of southern Scandinavia

Edited by Lutz Klassen

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Edited by Lutz Klassen

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Edited by Lutz Klassen East Jutland Museum Publications vol. 5 © Museum Østjylland and Aarhus University Press 2020

Graphic design: Jørgen Sparre Typesetting: Ea Rasmussen Cover illustration: The moraine cliff Gjerrild Klint in northeastern Djursland, an important source of high-quality flint for the Pitted Ware culture and other Stone Age cultures on Djursland. Photo: Niels Axel Boas. Printed at Narayana Press, Denmark

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VELUX Fonden Dronning Margrethe II’s Arkæologiske Fond Farumgaard-Fonden Den Hielmstierne-Rosencroneske Stiftelse Elisabeth Munksgaard Fonden Contents ......

11 Preface

13 The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat in the Middle Neolithic An introduction Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen & Lisbeth Wincentz

13 1 Introduction 14 2 The Pitted Ware tradition in Denmark: status of research, research questions and hypotheses 23 3 The Djursland peninsula 26 4 The CONTACT project 29 5 References

35 Kainsbakke and Kirial Bro The two main sites of the Pitted Ware culture on Djursland Lisbeth Wincentz

35 1 Introduction 35 2 Kainsbakke 35 2.1 Landscape and topography 37 2.2 Investigation history and settlement size 38 2.3 Archaeological investigations 58 2.4 The finds 110 2.5 Absolute dating 112 2.6 Subsistence economy 113 2.7 Kainsbakke: Concluding remarks 114 3 Kirial Bro 114 3.1 Investigation history 116 3.2 Topography 116 3.3 Archaeological investigation in 1988 119 3.4 Finds 136 3.5 Absolute dating 136 3.6 Subsistence economy 137 3.7 Kirial Bro: Concluding remarks 137 4 References

141 Four minor Pitted Ware culture sites on Djursland Their individual character and function Uffe Rasmussen

141 1 Introduction 141 2 Hunting, fishing and flint exploitation in Gjerrild Bay – Musefælden and Neden Skiden Enge 142 2.1 The landscape at Gjerrild Bay 143 2.2 Musefælden 173 2.3 Neden Skiden Enge A1 191 2.4 Flint resources in northeastern Djursland 194 3 Elevated sites with ritual pits – Ginnerup and Skærvad 194 3.1 The landscape of Kolindsund 195 3.2 Ginnerup 227 3.3 Skærvad 238 4 References

243 Pitted Ware culture settlement on Djursland Overview and interpretation Uffe Rasmussen, Lisbeth Wincentz, Lutz Klassen & Ole B. Poulsen

243 1 Introduction 243 2 Source-critical considerations 246 3 The two main clusters of PWC sites on Djursland 251 4 Areas of temporary or seasonal PWC activity 253 5 PWC inland activity 253 6 Northwestern Djursland 253 7 Pitted Ware culture grave finds? 255 8 Conclusion 255 9 References 257 The Pitted Ware culture chronology on Djursland New evidence from Kainsbakke and other sites Bente Philippsen, Rune Iversen & Lutz Klassen

257 1 Introduction 257 2 14C-dated sites and their contexts 258 2.1 Ginnerup 263 2.2 Kirial Bro 263 2.3 Kainsbakke 271 2.4 Ajstrup Krat 273 2.5 Selbjerg 275 3 Conclusion 276 4 References

279 Herder-hunter-fishers and agricultural contacts Zooarchaeological perspectives on Pitted Ware animal exploitation strategies from Djursland Cheryl A. Makarewicz & Sarah Pleuger

279 1 Introduction 279 1.2 The PWC site of Kainsbakke 281 2 Zooarchaeological methods 282 2.1 Survivorship 283 2.2 Biometrics 283 2.3 Skeletal element/part representation 284 2.4 Taphonomy 285 3 Kainsbakke results 285 3.1 Taxonomic and skeletal element breakdown by pit feature 285 3.2 Bos spp. 292 3.3 Sus scrofa 295 3.4 Ovis aries and Capra hircus 298 3.5 Cervus elaphus 299 3.6 Alces alces 300 3.7 Pinnipeds 303 3.8 Ursus arctos 305 3.9 Capreolus capreolus 305 3.10 Equus ferus 306 3.11 Other taxa 306 3.12 Fish 306 3.13 Invertebrate remains 307 3.14 Birds 308 4 Taphonomic analyses of the Kainsbakke faunal assemblage 308 4.1 Bone marrow extraction and trampling 312 4.2 Weathering data 314 4.3 Skeletal element distribution 317 5 Kirial Bro: Zooarchaeological analyses 319 6 Ginnerup: Zooarchaeological analyses 321 7 Conclusions 322 8 References 329 Appendices

341 Exploitation of marine fish by Pitted Ware groups at Kainsbakke and Kirial Bro Sarah Pleuger & Cheryl A. Makarewicz

341 1 Introduction 342 2 Marine environments in the Kattegat 343 3 Methods: Material recovery and faunal analysis 345 4 Results 348 5 Distribution of skeletal elements 351 6 Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of the fish remains from Kainsbakke 352 6.1 Carbon isotopes in marine environments 353 6.2 Nitrogen isotopes in marine environments 353 6.3 Methods 355 6.4 Stable isotope analysis: Results 360 7 Discussion 362 7.2 Fishing activities at Kainsbakke and Kirial Bro – location and technology 364 7.3 The significance of fishing for the subsistence of PWC people on Djursland 365 8 References

371 Agriculture during the Pitted Ware culture in the Kattegat region? Marianne H. Andreasen

371 1 Introduction 371 2 Previous evidence of PWC agriculture 371 2.1 Indirect evidence 372 2.2 Direct evidence 373 3 Carbonised cereal grains from PWC contexts 374 3.1 Western Sweden 375 3.2 Kainsbakke (DJM 1900) 380 3.3 Kirial Bro (DJM 1930) 382 4 Discussion 383 5 Conclusion 383 6 References 385 Provenancing Neolithic pottery An investigation of the elemental composition of Pitted Ware and Funnel Beaker pottery from Djursland and adjacent regions Malou Blank, Torbjörn Brorsson & Imelda Bakunic Fridén

385 1 Introduction 385 2 Pottery and sites 387 3 Pottery analysis and statistics 389 4 Results and discussion: The elemental composition of pottery from Djursland and adjacent regions 389 4.1 The elemental composition of TRB and PWC pottery 392 4.2 Inter-regional variations in the elemental composition of Neolithic pottery 394 4.3 Elemental composition of pottery compared between sites 397 4.4 Techniques, recipes and materials employed in pottery production in eastern Jutland 398 5 Conclusions 399 6 References 401 Appendix

407 Strontium and lead isotope studies of faunal and human remains from Kainsbakke and Kirial Bro Lutz Klassen, T. Douglas Price, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Lisbeth Wincentz & Bente Philippsen

407 1 Introduction 408 2 Sr isotope provenancing 408 2.1 Principles of Sr isotope analysis 409 2.2 Sr isotope baselines 429 3 Bears, Eurasian elk/elks and a human 429 3.1 The human from Kainsbakke 429 3.2 Eurasian elks from Kainsbakke 430 3.3 Brown bears from Kainsbakke 432 4 The origin of non-local animals 432 4.1 Brown bear and Eurasian elk 436 4.2 Red deer and cattle 437 5 Pb (lead) isotope analysis 441 6 Summary and conclusion 442 7 References 447 Genetic sex and haplogroup identification of the Pitted Ware culture human upper jaw from Kainsbakke, Denmark Morten E. Allentoft

447 1 Introduction 448 2 DNA extraction, library preparation and sequencing 448 3 Bioinformatics 448 4 Molecular authenticity 449 5 Mitochondrial haplogroup and sex determination 449 6 Conclusion 450 7 References

451 The Pitted Ware culture on Djursland in the Neolithic world Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen, Niels Nørkjær Johannsen, Uffe Rasmussen & Ole B. Poulsen

451 1 The identity of the Pitted Ware culture on Djursland 452 1.1 Material culture 452 1.2 Economy 452 1.3 Settlement and land-use 453 1.4 Ritual activities and graves 465 1.5 Genetic information 465 1.6 Appearances and reality: The nature of the PWC group on Djursland 466 2 Why Kainsbakke? The site and its surroundings in the late Early and early Middle Neolithic 466 2.1 The landscape setting of the Kainsbakke site 468 2.2 A TRB ritual superstructure 471 2.3 A TRB depositional landscape 472 2.4 Parallels to the ritual structures and sites around Kainsbakke 473 2.5 The flint resources of northeastern Djursland and their importance for the Kainsbakke site 476 3 Kainsbakke and the Pitted Ware culture on Djursland in a wider geographical context 477 3.1 The emergence of the Pitted Ware culture on Djursland 480 3.2 The major deposition in pit A47 and the end of the Pitted Ware culture on Djursland 483 4 References The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat in the Middle Neolithic An introduction

Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen & Lisbeth Wincentz ......

1 Introduction (SGC), in central and western Jutland, as revealed Since the introduction of cereal cultivation and indirectly by pollen analysis (cf. Andersen 1993), animal husbandry to southern Scandinavia ap- but also in the Late Funnel Beaker culture (TRB) proximately 6000 years ago, arable and pastoral in more easterly parts of Denmark (Madsen 1982)). agriculture have generally been on a progressive In other areas, agriculture was apparently at least path towards modern industrial production. In the partly abandoned in favour of a return to hunt- course of this development, ever-larger parts of ing and gathering, as witnessed by the emergence the landscape have been taken under the plough of local Pitted Ware culture (PWC) groups in the or transformed into pasture, and exploitation of Limfjord and Kattegat areas (for Denmark: Becker existing cultivated areas has been intensified. There 1951; Iversen 2010). Subsistence during this period is, however, one period in the (pre-)history of the was obviously as much a cultural choice as it was area, when agricultural developments apparently dictated by environment and climate. Large-scale took a different course. communication networks extending across major Approximately 1000 years after neolithisation, parts of Europe, regionally differentiated reception and for about the next c. 500 years (later part of the of the information relayed via these networks and Middle Neolithic, c. 3000-2500 BC), major region- possibly also immigration played key roles in these alisation took place within southern Scandinavia developments. as a result of both social reorganisation and ritual The aim of the present publication is to contrib- and economic innovation. During this period some ute to an understanding of this historically unique areas saw a massive intensification of agriculture, situation by investigating one of the regional de- especially in animal husbandry (most evident with- velopments in southern Scandinavia mentioned in the distribution area of the Single Grave culture above: the emergence of the PWC in Denmark. Ar-

13 chaeology today makes use, to an ever-increasing 2 The Pitted Ware tradition in degree, of analytical methods from a wide variety Denmark: status of research, of natural sciences. A precondition for the appli- research questions and hypotheses cation of many of these methods is the preserva- tion of organic remains, not least bones and teeth. The history of research into the PWC in Denmark Within the total distribution area of the PWC in is rather short, especially when compared to that Denmark, northern Jutland (the Limfjord region – in neighbouring regions of Sweden and Norway, Marseen 1953; 1963), and especially the Djursland where relevant finds were recognised much earlier peninsula in eastern Jutland (Wincentz Rasmus- as belonging to a distinct cultural entity. Hence, sen 1984; 1986a; 1986b; 1991; 1993; 2000; Wincentz the PWC was already defined in the early 1900s Rasmussen/Boas 1982; Richter 1986a; 1986b; 1989; in east-central Sweden as the “East Swedish set- 1991), are the only regions where this precondition tlement culture”, based on O. Almgren’s excava- is fulfilled. While the finds from northern Jutland tions at Åloppe in Uppland (Almgren 1906). Later are sparse and derive from earlier, less well docu- investigations of some very large and finds-rich mented excavations, a wide range of sites of all sites, such as Säter and Fagervik, led to the estab- sizes have been excavated in recent decades on lishment of an East Swedish Pitted Ware pottery Djursland (see references above; several sites are chronology, demonstrating the PWC’s origins in hitherto unpublished). These sites, and not least the Early Neolithic TRB (Bagge 1952). It was the the abundant organic remains recovered from characteristic pit-decorated pottery that at an early some of them, are the topic of the present vol- stage defined, and later also gave its name to, the ume. Its chapters reflect the results of the investiga- PWC. With O. Lidén’s excavations of the Jonstorp tions undertaken by members of the CONTACT settlements in northwestern Scania, which began research project, which was funded by the VELUX about 10 years after Almgren’s initial discoveries at Foundation and conducted at East Jutland Museum Åloppe, the PWC was also recognised in southern and several collaborating museums and universi- Scandinavia (Kjær 1920, 36ff.; Lidén 1940). ties between 2014 and 2018. The Danish research history on the PWC begins In addition to investigations of the PWC sites in 1951 with the classic publication by C.J. Becker. and finds from Djursland published in this book, In this, Becker recognises for the first time the the CONTACT project also included several supra- presence of the PWC in Denmark and addresses a regional and specialised studies. These were aimed broad range of topics. In its scope and importance, at gaining a better understanding of the Djursland this contribution remained unique for many dec- group of the PWC within its much larger overall ades and it still sets the agenda for many research distribution area and/or the specialised investiga- questions discussed today (Becker 1951). tion of specific aspects of supra-regional interest The reason for the late recognition of the PWC and significance. These studies have already been in Denmark was not the absence of relevant finds, published in a number of separate papers (Iversen as Becker’s 1951 catalogue already includes 34 sites 2016a; Iversen/Klassen 2016; Iversen et al. in prep.; with relevant material that had been collected dur- Brorsson et al. 2018; Hernek in prep.), but their ing excavations and field surveys in course of the results are also integrated here into the final, syn- second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th cen- thetic chapter. tury. These finds appeared, however, geographically In the following, a short research history of the somewhat isolated from the Swedish sites located PWC in Denmark is presented, together with a primarily in east-central Sweden, including the is- brief description of the Djursland peninsula. These land of Gotland, and southern and eastern Scania serve as points of departure for a description of the and Blekinge, and from the Norwegian localities. actual research questions addressed in the subse- Furthermore, the characteristic tanged arrowheads, quent chapters. one of the two lithic type artefacts for the PWC,

14 · Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen & Lisbeth Wincentz were often found in the megalithic graves of the been questioned and a functional interpretation TRB. Becker (1951, 259ff.) lists no less than 90 in- of the observed typological variation proposed stances of this, and by 2010 this number had risen instead (Iversen 2010; 2016a). to 113 (Iversen 2010, 15). Due to their finds contexts, Despite the lack of finds from sealed contexts, these artefacts were not immediately recognisable Becker also managed to recognise a certain type as indicators of the presence of a different cultural of harpoons and fishhooks as characteristic PWC group. Furthermore, apart from a few sherds at only artefacts by comparing the modest number of pos- a few sites, pottery was practically absent from the sible Danish finds with Swedish material. His as- localities known at that time. It was the publica- sumptions have subsequently been confirmed, at tion of the important PWC sites at Jonstorp (Lidén least with regard to the harpoon type (Wincentz 1940), geographically very close to Denmark, that Rasmussen 1991, 56). prompted Becker to undertake a survey of all po- For reasons mentioned above, pottery was the tential Danish finds and to reach the conclusion only major artefact group not dealt with by Becker that the PWC was in fact also present in Denmark. (1951). However, he correctly identified the Jon- Becker’s contribution has had a profound im- storp material as representing a model for what pact on research into the PWC in subsequent dec- could be expected in Danish PWC contexts, as ades and some of his hypotheses are still relevant later demonstrated by the hitherto only publi- today. The work of Lidén on the Scanian Jonstorp cation of an extensive PWC assemblage (from sites played an important role in this further re- Kainsbakke in Djursland) by L. Wincentz Rasmus- search. It was Lidén who first proposed that the sen (1986a, 166; 1991, 50ff.). Becker’s comments bipolar cylindrical blade cores were characteristic regarding the typological relationship between PWC artefacts, a theory that Becker (1951, 156f., Danish and western Swedish pottery assemblages 184f.) could confirm based on his survey of Dan- were later augmented by the work of O. Marseen ish finds, which consisted almost exclusively of (1963, 126), who remarked on similarities between flint artefacts. the limited amount of pottery recovered from the Together with S. Müller’s early classification of Smedegårde settlement in the Limfjord region of Danish Stone Age artefacts (1888), Lidén’s work northern Jutland and PWC pottery from Bohuslän formed the point of departure for Becker’s detailed in western Sweden. typology of the second characteristic lithic type ar- Among Becker’s most important observations tefact for the PWC: the tanged arrowheads (Fig. 1). was the limitation of the PWC distribution area to Becker divided these arrowheads into types A-C, coastal locations in the northeastern parts of Den- with several subtypes, while singling out type D as mark (Fig. 2), with a clear relationship to the Kat- belonging to the late SGC (Becker 1951, 188ff.). His tegat, Øresund and Limfjord (Becker 1951, 232f.). In assumption that types A, B and C not only formed a study published 30 years later, Becker (1982, 14) a typological, but also a chronological succession was able to confirm this region as the distribution was based on Müller’s earlier deduction that simple area of the PWC in Denmark, based on a much- arrowheads (type A) were succeeded by more elab- expanded record of finds and sites (see also Iversen orate types (types B and then C; Müller 1888, nos. (2010, 13 Fig. 5) for the most recent total distribu- 174-176), as well as on Lidén’s work on the Jonstorp tion map). According to Becker, this specific dis- material. The idea that the tanged arrowheads con- tribution area, which has no parallels in any other stituted a typo-chronological sequence was, until Stone Age culture in Denmark, reflects visits by very recently, of crucial importance to all work on groups of hunters and gatherers from Norway and the PWC chronology (cf. Becker 1955, 83ff., Fig. 36; western Sweden. Becker argues that these groups 1982, 24ff.; Wincentz Rasmussen 1986a; Hübner travelled to Danish coasts on hunting expeditions 2005, 680ff., Fig. 496). It is only recently that the and to procure high-quality flint. In fact, he went validity of the tanged arrowhead chronology has as far as postulating that all the finds are reflections

The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat · 15 Fig. 1 | Classification of Stone Age artefacts by S. Müller. As early as the late 19th century, long before the PWC was recognised as an archaeological culture present in Denmark, Müller singled out several kinds of pointed arrowheads from Denmark as distinctive types. Number 174 is a PWC A-type arrow- head, according to present-day nomenclature, while 175 is a C-type arrowhead. The D-type arrowhead shown as number 176 is from the Late SGC. From Müller (1888).

16 · Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen & Lisbeth Wincentz of such temporary visits and that no permanent 1951, 251ff.). His assumption has recently gained PWC settlement took place in Denmark (Becker renewed relevance in the light of modern aDNA 1951, 241ff.). His argument was founded on the analyses (see below). difference in character between Danish and espe- Due to his interpretation of the PWC finds in cially eastern Swedish PWC assemblages. While Denmark as a reflection of temporary visits by for- the Danish finds almost exclusively consist of (a eigners, Becker has some difficulty in explaining few) flint artefacts, the Swedish assemblages are the occurrence in PWC contexts of several arte- much larger and contain huge amounts of pottery, fact types that have their origins in other cultures thereby indicating permanent habitation. (Becker 1951, 250f.). While we now know that some In Becker’s view, largely reflecting the theoretical of the artefacts mentioned by Becker cannot be framework of the time, all PWC artefacts represent regarded as part of the PWC inventory, others defi- the products of a single ethnic group of people. nitely can. This is especially true of the thick-butted He cautiously places the origin of this (intrusive) flint axes, which are identical to those of the Late group in the east, specifically in Russia (Becker TRB. While Becker is unable to offer any satisfac-

Fig. 2 | Distribution map for the PWC settlements and stray finds of cylindrical blade cores in Denmark and important PWC settlements in Scandinavia, from Becker (1951). The singular and very specific dis- tribution in the northeastern part of Denmark, with coastal relations for all the sites, is already appar- ent from this map, and has not changed since despite a marked increase in the number of recorded sites.

The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat · 17 tory explanation, his observation of the appearance riculture has still not been directly demonstrated. of these artefacts continues to be of the utmost There are, however, indirect indications of cereal importance for an understanding of the PWC. cultivation both from Denmark and the nearby Based on his discussion of (apparently) sealed- Jonstorp sites in Scania (see Iversen 2010, 14 for a context finds of PWC artefacts with remains from summary of the available evidence). both the TRB and SGC, Becker (1951, 208ff.) as- A final topic addressed by Becker in his 1951 sumes that the PWC in Denmark existed in the paper is still under discussion: Whether it is justi- later part of the Middle Neolithic (MN A II-IV at fied to use the common term “Pitted Ware culture” the time – later (Becker 1955) augmented by the for the diverse groups distributed between the At- newly defined final Middle Neolithic TRB phase lantic façade in southwestern Norway, all along the V). The SGC was assumed to have existed contem- coast of the Skagerrak and Kattegat to the Baltic poraneously, during almost exactly the same period coast of southern and eastern Sweden and then as (MN A III-IV/V). The chronology of the Middle far north as the Åland Islands (Becker 1951, 245ff.). Neolithic has undergone a major revision since Becker answers this question in the affirmative (cf. then, and the finds discussed by Becker played a his discussion in response to Egil Bakka’s presen- crucial role in this revision – see below. tation at XIII Nordiske Arkeologmøte in Tromsø The PWC material presented by Becker in 1951 (Simonsen/Munch 1973, 82f.)), but his conclusion is characterised by the absence of sealed-context is based on a number of rather weak arguments, settlement finds or sites with associated preserved because typological observations normally used organic material. Becker had therefore to base his to define archaeological cultures could easily be assessment of the subsistence economy of the employed to justify separation into a large number PWC on circumstantial evidence, information of regional groups or cultures. A crucial aspect of derived from Swedish sites (in Scania, Blekinge Becker’s argument is that, in his opinion, all the and on the island of Gotland) and his assumption regional groups in question represent people who that PWC sites in Denmark reflect the remains totally, or to a very great degree, lived on (seal) of hunting expeditions. The Swedish evidence hunting. When compared with the various agro- pointed in the direction of the PWC people being pastoralist groups of southern Scandinavia, they marine-oriented hunters with a special focus on therefore possessed a strong unifying component, hunting seals. This observation fitted well with which Becker judged important enough to justify the coast-bound location of the Danish sites and, the uniform denomination “Pitted Ware culture”. not least, the large number of finds from islands Of course, Becker’s view is strongly influenced by in the Kattegat well known for their seal colonies his assumption that a single ethnic group was re- (Anholt, Læsø and Hesselø; seal bones also have sponsible for all sites/finds. been found in case of the latter, but only in rela- This view has been criticized in subsequent years tion to a TRB settlement (Becker 1951, 164ff.)). The – not only with reference to typological differences, sparse finds of harpoons and fishhooks ascribed but also economic diversity between the various to the PWC by Becker corroborated this view. In groups (see summary in Nielsen, S. 1979, 34ff.). the light of the Swedish evidence, Becker assumed Nevertheless, the term “Pitted Ware culture” is still pig husbandry to be the only potential Neolithic used today in reference to a very large part of the component of the PWC economy (Becker 1951, region in question. The theoretical concept of what 241ff.). The picture of the PWC in Denmark as a an archaeological culture represents has, however, seal-hunting culture he thereby established still been altered in the meantime, and the term culture dominates the literature today (e.g., Jensen 2001, has partly been abandoned. In its place, concepts 470ff.), even though the (limited) direct evidence such as identity and phenomenon, which demand now available (Marseen 1953, 113ff.; Richter 1989; neither uniform material culture nor economy, 1991) reveals a more nuanced picture. Arable ag- have been introduced (Iversen 2010).

18 · Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen & Lisbeth Wincentz Only two years after the paper by Becker dis- 1977; 1982; Sterum 1978; Nielsen, P.O. 1979, 54ff.; cussed above, Marseen published the results of an Nielsen, S. 1979; 1982; Malmros 1980; Ebbesen investigation of a PWC site at Selbjerg in the Lim- 1982; Becker 1982; Adamsen/Ebbesen 1986). The fjord region of northern Jutland (Marseen 1953). PWC had previously played an important role in This site is important, both because it yielded the the chronological discussion (Becker 1955, 108ff.), otherwise rare PWC pottery, and especially be- because there was a lack of finds that could indicate cause it takes the form of a shallow kitchen mid- directly the relative chronological positions of the den in which bone is preserved. The bone assem- TRB and SGC (Fig. 3). Finds in which materials of blage contains remains, in considerable numbers, the PWC and each of the two other cultures appear of a several domesticated animals– not only pigs, together (as listed by Becker (1951)), in combina- which had already been recorded at PWC sites in tion with the arrowhead-based internal chronology Sweden, but also cattle and sheep/goats (Marseen of the PWC, were therefore instrumental in es- 1953, 113ff.). Furthermore, the presence of different tablishing the chronological relationship between species of seabirds indicates both summer and win- the TRB and SGC. The PWC lost this role as the ter occupation of the site. Marseen therefore ar- number of 14C dates increased for both Late TRB rived at two important conclusions which directly and SGC finds. contradict Becker’s view. Firstly, the presence of At the same time, the very first14 C dates for the domesticated animals indicates that the PWC can- PWC became available – from the sites of Kains- not generally be characterised as a hunter culture. bakke and Kirial Bro on Djursland (Wincentz Ras- Secondly, Selbjerg is an example of year-round, mussen/Boas 1982; Wincentz Rasmussen 1986b; permanent occupation and not the result of tem- Tauber 1986). Subsequently, three dates from a porary visits by hunters from the opposite side of third site, Ajstrup Krat (Rasmussen 1999, 314), were the Kattegat or Skagerrak. As already mentioned, added to these. The suite of dates available today these observations have not been incorporated to indicates a lifespan for the PWC extending from a sufficient degree into subsequent research into about 2910 to 2450 BC (Hübner 2005, 668.; Iversen the PWC, and the Selbjerg excavation, and the stra- 2010, 7f.) corresponding to the Late TRB (MN A tigraphy it revealed, has been described differently V) and Early and Middle SGC (Under and Ground (Becker 1955, 85ff.) or directly questioned (Sterum Grave periods). It is not clear, however, whether 1978, 66f.), as TRB sherds (presumably MN A II- these dates cover the entire temporal extent of the III), SGC pottery and Late Neolithic flint artefacts PWC. Evidence from contact finds may indicate a have been recovered from the shell midden. somewhat earlier start date for the Danish PWC, From the early 1970s onwards (e.g., Tauber 1971, as far back as 3100 BC (MN A II; Iversen 2010, 9). 128; Davidsen 1975; 1977; Malmros/Tauber 1977), The (partial) publication of the Kainsbakke and an increasing number of 14C dates and stratigraphi- Kirial Bro sites (Wincentz Rasmussen 1984; 1991; cal observations indicated deficiencies in the Mid- 1993; 2000; Wincentz Rasmussen/Boas 1982) rep- dle Neolithic chronology as established by Becker resented a crucial step forward in the understand- (1955). As already mentioned, this chronology im- ing of the PWC in Denmark. Information from plied a long period of contemporaneity between the reliably sealed and uncontaminated PWC sites/ TRB and SGC. In contrast, the 14C dates showed contexts, including a variety of finds categories, only a minor, if any, overlap between the two. This became available for the first time. The large finds led not only to adjustments to chronological tables, assemblages, combined with excellent preserva- but also to an intense debate on processes of cul- tion conditions for bones, not only enabled the tural change. The latter was encouraged by a new first 14C dates to be obtained, as well as the first generation of Danish archaeologists who, at least in investigations of economic aspects (see above and part, also introduced the theoretical principles of Richter 1989; 1991), but also contributed a number processual archaeology into their work (Davidsen of hitherto unknown artefact types. At the same

The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat · 19 Fig. 3 | Neolithic chronology according to Becker (1955). The PWC (Grübchenkeramische Kultur) phases A and B/C, as defined by the arrowhead chronology, were instrumental in establishing the relative po- sitions of the Middle Neolithic part of the TRB (Trichterbecherkultur) and the different phases of the SGC (Einzelgrabkultur) in the chronological table. 14C-dates and an increasing body of stratigraphical evidence proved the presumed major overlap between the TRB and SGC to be wrong in the late 1970s. Furthermore, the typological succession of PWC arrowhead types does not, as Becker assumed, reflect a chronological succession of PWC phases.

time, the remains of Eurasian elk (Alces alces) and an updated theoretical framework (Iversen 2010). brown bear (Ursus arctos) found at the Kainsbakke Iversen’s work was the first since Becker’s study 60 site are important with regard to the faunal history years earlier to take into account all the available of Denmark, as they represent the latest finds of evidence in a comprehensive review, with the aim both species and, in case of the brown bear, also of understanding the entire phenomenon, and not the largest settlement assemblage yet recorded in only selected parts such as individual settlements, Denmark (Richter 1986a). or chronological or typological aspects. Based on With publication of, first and foremost, the revised absolute (3000-2450 BC) and relative chro- Kainsbakke site during the 1980s and early 1990s, nologies (the tanged-arrowhead typology does not as cited above, research into the Danish PWC came reflect chronological phases), Iversen used all the to an almost complete halt for the following 20 available evidence to define three types of PWC years. It was R. Iversen, in 2010, who revived inter- settlement (Iversen 2010, 11ff.): Base camps (recog- est in the PWC in Denmark by looking at the avail- nised as year-round, permanent settlement sites), able evidence with fresh eyes and in the light of camp sites and temporary camps. The camp sites

20 · Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen & Lisbeth Wincentz were of longer duration (e.g., seasonal camps) than clearly unevenly spread, with the great majority of the temporary sites, which may reflect specialised, graves in the northern half of Zealand and only a short-term activities. Iversen’s map of the various few in Jutland and other parts of Denmark (apart sites reveals clear differences in the distribution from notable, minor concentrations on the Stevns of the three site types, especially the important peninsula in eastern Zealand, the northeastern part base camps. These are only evident in eastern and of Funen and the southern coast of Bornholm). By northern Jutland, and not in the northern half of combining all the evidence, Iversen was able to Zealand, which has frequent camp and temporary identify several PWC activity zones in Denmark sites. Iversen compared and contrasted these ob- (Fig. 4). These obviously have rather different char- servations with the presence of contemporaneous acters: The PWC identity is strongly expressed in TRB sites and, not least, the distribution of PWC Jutland, where actual permanent settlements exist, finds in megalithic graves of the TRB (graves with no TRB settlements are present within the PWC more than one tanged arrowhead): The latter re- activity zones and the re-use of earlier megalithic sembles very closely the total distribution of PWC tombs is very restricted. In the activity zones on sites in Denmark. These incidences are, however, Zealand, on the other hand, no permanent PWC

Fig. 4 | PWC activity zones as identified by Iversen (2010). There are marked differences in character between the PWC activity zones in Jutland and those in eastern Denmark.

The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat · 21 sites are known, contemporaneous (Late) TRB set- time (Madsen 1982). The emergence of the SGC in tlements do exist within the PWC activity zones the hitherto sparsely settled areas of central and and the re-use of earlier megalithic graves is wide- western Jutland, and the observed massive graz- spread and extensive. The PWC in northeastern ing activities associated with this, can, as already Jutland has a very different expression from that on outlined above, be seen as a clear indicator of the Zealand. As is evident from the continuity of sev- coeval intensification of animal husbandry, espe- eral types of TRB artefacts (especially thick-butted cially cattle breeding. flint axes and clay discs), the PWC in both areas In his 2010 study, Iversen was able to show that had its origins in earlier TRB societies. However, the arrowhead-based PWC chronology was no groups in Jutland adopted a “Pitted Ware identity” longer valid, because the tanged arrowhead types to a much greater degree than those in Zealand. A, B and C must be seen as coeval. However, the The persistence of TRB elements in the PWC on scope of that study did not permit further investi- Zealand led Iversen to describe these groups as gation of the explanations for the observed stylistic having creolized identities, an approach he has ex- variation. This first became possible with establish- panded upon in later works (Iversen 2013; 2015a; ment of the CONTACT project in 2014 (Iversen 2015b; 2016b). 2016a). One possible explanation for the contem- Based on his insight into settlement types, the poraneous existence of different arrowhead-types chronology and the identity of local groups, Iversen could be that these reflect different PWC groups (2010, 18ff.) addressed the question of what exactly who used the arrowheads as “ethnic markers” is reflected by PWC finds in Denmark. He con- signifiers. A quick look at the distribution map, vincingly refutes Becker’s (1951), original idea of however, clearly refutes this suggestion. Instead, PWC finds being an expression of visiting hunters the stylistic variation can be explained as being from the opposite side of the Kattegat. This sce- functionally determined. The PWC arrowheads fall nario not only conflicts with the observed conti- into two main categories: relatively short, broad nuity of certain artefact types from the preceding hunting arrowheads (type A) and long, slender war TRB, but also with the continued use of megalithic arrowheads (type C). Type B would then repre- tombs. Furthermore, no pioneering colonisation sent a multifunctional group of arrowheads, which phase can be identified. When a foreign people combines features from types A and C. Due to its migrates, then settles in a new region, a pioneering coarsely denticulate edges, subtype B2 is, however, phase of landscape familiarisation undertaken by seen as being affiliated with the group of war -ar a limited number of scouts is to be expected, but rowheads. In this respect, the new excavations the archaeological record does not support such a undertaken in 2016 at the Helgeshøj palisaded scenario. Furthermore, the base camps singled out enclosure in eastern Zealand (Giersing 2004) are by Iversen indicate permanent, year-round occu- of particular interest as they reveal new, and poten- pation and not just short-term visits, as envisaged tially violent, aspects of the PWC. More than 150 by Becker. tanged arrowheads, several of which show impact S. Nielsen (1979) saw the PWC as an adaption fractures, were recovered from a restricted area of by TRB societies to climate change, which had re- the palisade: This is consequently the greatest com- duced the agricultural potential during this period bined concentration of tanged arrowheads in Den- and necessitated increased hunting activities to mark, not including the large number of stray finds meet requirements for fat- and protein-rich food. recorded from Kainsbakke. The Helgeshøj arrow- This view is rejected by Iversen (2010, 20f.), who heads are mainly of type B (61%), with the ferocious points out that there is nothing to indicate the ex- type B2, with coarsely- denticulate edges, forming a istence of such a necessity. This is apparent from major proportion (44% of the B-arrowheads). Type contemporaneous TRB settlements, which even C constitutes 30%, whereas type A only makes up suggest an intensification of food production at this 9% of the assemblage. (Information about the site

22 · Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen & Lisbeth Wincentz was kindly provided by L. Sparrevohn, Kroppedal Neolithic and Chalcolithic farmers and the preced- Museum, 1 February 2017. Helgeshøj area 2, archive ing Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture (Malm- no. TAK 1726. Typological classification of the ar- ström et al. 2009; 2015; Skoglund et al. 2012; 2014; rowheads by R. Iversen.) The site has not yet been Mittnik et al. 2018). As there is no evidence for the published or considered in depth, which of course survival of Mesolithic populations into the Middle restricts the current interpretation and its possible Neolithic in east-central Sweden and neighbour- violent implications. ing regions with Neolithic settlement, the genetic In addition to exciting new sites and discoveries evidence now available for eastern Swedish PWC such as that at Helgeshøj, the increasing number populations may well indicate migration of people of archaeogenetic studies of human ancient DNA from regions where hunter-gatherer traditions still (aDNA) in recent years has provided important persisted at the time, i.e. most likely located to the insights into the PWC. As PWC inhumations are east of Sweden (the eastern Baltic). known first and foremost from east-central Sweden (in particular Gotland and Öland), these studies have not directly contributed to clarifying the ori- 3 The Djursland peninsula gins of the Danish PWC population. Nonetheless, The Djursland Peninsula extends out from the east aDNA studies of the eastern Swedish PWC skele- coast of Jutland, between the present-day cities of tons have yielded significant results that are largely Aarhus to the south and Randers to the north (Fig. in line with Becker’s early conclusion. The eastern 5). There is no geographically defined western bor- Swedish PWC individuals appear to be genetically der for the area. In this book, the term Djursland related to a larger complex of European Mesolithic is used to designate the land east of a line extend- hunter-gatherers from Scandinavia, central Europe, ing from the coastline of eastern Jutland, south Iberia and Russia. In comparison, the hitherto of Djursland, to the coastline of northern Jutland, analysed TRB individuals show genetic affiliation north of Djursland. The resulting area has a maxi- with contemporaneous central European Middle mum E-W extent of c. 48 km and a maximum N-S extent of c. 50 km. Since the end of the last ice age, Djursland 0 50 km (like all of southern Scandinavia) has undergone N dramatic changes with regard to the relationship between land and sea due to land uplift follow- ing deglaciation and a series of transgressions and regressions. In the Late Atlantic and Early Sub- boreal, a complex comprised of one major fjord and numerous minor ones extended far into areas that are currently used as agricultural land (Fig. 6). Coastal cliffs and slopes associated with the so-called Littorina Sea of that time are therefore now found inland (Schack Pedersen/Strand Pe- tersen 1997, 18). The maximum level of the Littorina Sea was reached in eastern Denmark, and consequently also on Djursland, in conjunction with the Late Atlantic and the Subboreal transgression, between the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 3rd mil- Fig. 5 | The geographical location of the Djurs- lennium BC. In northeast Djursland, the sea level land peninsula in Denmark. was c. 5 m higher than that of today (Fig. 6). When

The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat · 23 Fig. 6 | Land-sea rela- tionship on Djursland in the Late Atlantic and Early Subboreal. The present-day coastline is indicated by a white line.

0 5 km N

the water level was at its highest, Kolindsund took tury. Prompted by increasing problems with flood- the form of a c. 50 km long fjord-like strait running ing, reclamation of the Kolindsund lake became through Djursland. This prevailed at least until the one of the major Danish drainage projects being end of the Neolithic, in the early 2nd millennium undertaken in the 1870s. This resulted in the crea- BC, but precisely how long it existed is unknown tion of 24 km2 of arable land. The large lake is now (Lewis 2011, 70). Due to falling sea level and con- dry land, drained by a system of canals (Schack tinuing land uplift, this sound eventually became Pedersen/Strand Petersen 1997, 87). a c. 20 km long freshwater lake. It is thought that The shift from sound to lake naturally had major formation of the major beach ridges at its outlet consequences for life in and around Kolindsund: It into the Kattegat, which hindered free passage was not a gradual development and periods with and resulted in Kolindsund becoming a freshwa- fluctuations in for example salinity were of crucial ter body, first took place late in Subboreal times significance for the populations of various molluscs or even later (Schack Pedersen/Strand Petersen (Strand Petersen 1993). Investigations in Korup 1997, 83). In the narrow western parts, intensive Sø, a lake in central Djursland that was originally growth of peat gradually transformed the lake into linked to Kolindsund from the north, have dem- a bog. The wider and deeper eastern part remained onstrated major fluctuations in the salinity during a lake (Denmark’s largest) until the late 19th cen- the Neolithic. Around 2800-2700 BC, i.e. largely

24 · Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen & Lisbeth Wincentz contemporaneous with the PWC settlements at about 4 km inland, the northern and northeastern Kainsbakke and Kirial Bro, there is evidence of a coasts of Djursland were much more irregular than stable, fully marine environment with a salinity on they are today. a par with that in Atlantic times. Synchronous with From the central part of Djursland, a branch of this, there was a massive increase in the abundance Kolindsund extended as much as 8 km to the south. of salt-demanding molluscs, including oysters, in In its northern parts, this body of water was up this southern branch of the Kolindsund system. to 9 km wide and hosted a number of large and This fully marine environment continued until the small islands characterised by low elevation and a Late Neolithic, at the end of the 3rd millennium complex coastline. BC (Lewis 2011, 211-257). In the western part of Djursland, a flat, sandy, Marine molluscs were a natural part of the area called Tirstrup Hedeslette (2-5 km wide) fol- diet of people living on the settlements along the lows the southern shore of the Kolindsund Fjord. sound up until the Early Iron Age. Oysters, which In the eastern part of Djursland, these meltwater are most sensitive to changes in salinity, disap- deposits from the end of the last ice age border the peared first, as the salt content declined. The southern edge of the moraine plateau immediately latest known settlements with associated oyster south of Kolindsund. The area is characterised by shells are from the Late Neolithic, c. 2400-1700 very poor, sandy and gravelly soils. BC, for example Ballegården near Koed (East Jut- Finally, south of Tirstrup Hedeslette, the pen- land Museum archive no. DJM 2196) (Hougaard insulas of Tved, Helgenæs and (to a lesser degree) Rasmussen 1989; Wincentz Rasmussen 1994; Hasnæs are characterised by undulating moraine Boas 2001, 8). A pit from the Late Bronze Age, terrain. The coastal areas around the Kalø Vig bay which did not contain oysters, only cockles and and the eastern parts of the Hasnæs peninsula are mussels, was encountered at the same site (DJM covered by clayey soils; the remainder is character- 2371). Settlements from the Pre-Roman Iron Age ised by better-drained soils. The Mols hills (which are found to contain primarily shells of mussels, reach a maximum height of 137 m a.m.s.l.) are the for example incorporated into layers in refuse highest in Djursland. They were pushed up by the pits at sites in the eastern part of the area closest final advance of glaciers from the south during the to the Kattegat (Wincentz/Boas 1995). Gathering last ice age, these also carved out the comparatively of oysters and other molluscs can, of course, be deeper bay of Kalø Vig, near to the coast. taken as an indirect indicator that marine re- Investigations in the bog Fuglsø Mose, locat- sources, which also included fish, featured in the ed c. 15 km northwest of the major PWC sites of diet (Løkkegård Poulsen 1978). Kainsbakke and Kirial Bro in northern Djursland, North of Kolindsund, northern Djursland have demonstrated that at the time of the PWC formed the largest of the Neolithic islands and the woodland suddenly became dense and adopt- included almost all the land north of the fjord. It ed the character of primeval forest, as seen in the measured c. 35 km E-W and 15 km N-S. Northern Mesolithic. This shows that it was subjected to very Djursland is a moraine plateau with smooth, roll- little cultural impact from arable agriculture and ing hills situated between c. 40 and 60 m a.m.s.l.. livestock grazing at this time (Aaby 1985). Several large peat bogs (which may, to some de- A detailed description of the landscape and its gree, have been lakes in the Neolithic) are found history has been presented by S.A. Schack Ped- in this area. The predominant soil type is sand, ersen and K. Strand Petersen (1997). The geology although more clayey soils are found to the north- of Djursland is described in more detail in Chapter west and northeast. This kind of landscape is also 10 of this volume, dealing with strontium isotope found south of Kolindsund Fjord in the eastern analysis, while more detailed descriptions of the part of Djursland. Due to the presence of some land-sea relationship in the environs of the ar- minor fjords and inlets which penetrated up to chaeological sites are given in Chapters 2 and 3.

The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat · 25 4 The CONTACT project tegat and consequently occupy a central position As mentioned earlier, Djursland was one of the between the western Swedish and northeastern most prominent PWC areas in southern Scan- Danish distribution areas of the PWC. Both host dinavia but it also saw extensive Early Neolithic large populations of seals and were therefore of and early Middle Neolithic TRB presences. This major interest to PWC people. Furthermore, flint leads directly on to questions about the nature of could be collected on Anholt, which made the is- contact between early farming communities of the land attractive to the western Swedish PWC com- TRB in Denmark and early PWC communities in munities that lacked high-quality flint. A distinct the east-central Swedish parts of the Baltic. These interest in the island by Swedish groups can be communities predate the Danish PWC by about identified at least from the Early Neolithic onwards 300 years (Iversen et al. in prep.). Stable isotope (Vang Petersen 2004). The islands could therefore analyses have demonstrated that these early east- have served as steppingstones for contacts between ern Scandinavian PWC communities lived largely coastal groups on each side of the Kattegat. These on seals (Eriksson 2004; Lidén/Eriksson 2007; two hypotheses have formed the foundations for a Eriksson et al. 2008; Fornander et al. 2008) and range of investigations into the maritime contacts could therefore be nicknamed “the Inuit of the Bal- of the PWC communities on Djursland presented tic”. The partial adoption of these seal-hunters’ way in the present volume. of life by Danish TRB communities, as apparent As shown primarily by Kainsbakke, but also from the transformation to several local variants by Jonstorp, the southern Scandinavian PWC of PWC or creolised PWC-TRB societies (sensu economy, and probably also its identity, differed Iversen 2010), testifies to the huge impact this markedly from the sealing economy of eastern contact must have had. In this regard, it is worth Sweden. Kainsbakke is the only Danish PWC site noting that, in Denmark, true PWC communities from which detailed archaeozoological studies only evolved in regions that lay at a greater distance have been presented (Richter 1986a; 1986b; 1989; from the early eastern Swedish PWC communities 1991). Almost all the animal bones derive, however, than those in which a creolised TRB-PWC identity from a single pit (A47). This was originally inter- emerged. There are two possible explanations for preted as a settlement pit but should rather be seen this situation. (1) The existence of direct contacts as a ritual feature (Malmer 2002, 122). This raises between east-central Sweden and areas such as serious doubts about the reliability of our present Djursland, as indicated by southern Scandinavian understanding of the PWC in Denmark. A fraction objects found in PWC graves on Gotland (David- of the content of a single ritual pit is not necessar- sen 1982, 39; Iversen 2010, 24), several large flint ily representative of the entire PWC phenomenon. axe hoards recorded along the coast of Norrland It is the aim of this project to improve this situ- (Becker 1953) and the Swedish PWC-type objects ation substantially by continuing the analyses of recovered at Kainsbakke (Wincentz this vol.). The the Kainsbakke site and finds, and by investigating northeastern Swedish hoards each contain up to additional sites both with and without preserved 175 unpolished, semi-finished thick-butted adzes bones – archaeologically, archeozoologically and and chisels of mainly Zealand Senonian flint and archeobotanically. As all of the sites in question are might be the result of PWC contacts as originally located within a short distance of Kainsbakke, the proposed by Becker (1953; Malmer 1962, 506ff.; settlement system and perception of the landscape Knutsson 1986; Olausson et al. 2012). (2) It was by the local PWC community can be analysed and contact with western and not eastern Swedish compared to that of the preceding TRB groups. PWC groups that led to the emergence of Danish Ritual features and structures are by no means PWC communities. PWC finds are very abundant unknown in the PWC (Larsson 2006; 2007), but pit on the islands of Læsø and Anholt (Becker 1951, A47 at Kainsbakke is a very special case. As already 166ff.), which are located in the middle of the Kat- mentioned above, it contained the largest assem-

26 · Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen & Lisbeth Wincentz blage of brown bear remains ever found in Den- only dealt with parts of the available evidence from mark (Richter 1986a) and the bones of at least one these two sites. In her contribution to the present Eurasian elk. These bones represent some of the volume (Ch. 2), the excavator of both sites, L. Win- latest finds of these species from Denmark. The as- centz, presents all the available evidence on the tonishing quantity of material, the predominance of structural and material remains from these two cranial parts in the bear remains, and the combina- key localities, which have seen the largest excava- tion with Eurasian elk begs the question of whether tions of PWC sites, not only on Djursland, but in these animals originated in Jutland or might pos- Denmark as a whole. sibly have been brought to Kainsbakke from Swe- The subsequent Chapter 3, by U.L. Rasmussen, den, where they are still found to the present day. deals with a further four PWC sites on Djursland: Pit A47 also contained a number of artefact types Ginnerup, Skærvad, Neden Skiden Enge and that are not encountered on other Danish PWC Musefælden. Excavations have been undertaken at sites but typical of the PWC in east-central Sweden all of these, albeit of a rather restricted and some- (Wincentz Rasmussen 1986a, 166; Wincentz this what divergent character. Structural evidence and, vol.). These significant finds make it reasonable, as a not least, a detailed analysis of the finds from these working hypothesis, to consider Kainsbakke as a rit- localities is presented. The results are of the utmost ual site of super-regional importance, to which peo- importance for an understanding of the PWC ac- ple travelled a great distance by sailing across the tivity zone on Djursland and the functioning of the Kattegat to engage in shared ritual activities. These PWC settlement system in the region. The latter would have included the deposition of bear heads is described in the next chapter, 4, co-authored by and specific artefacts (cf. evidence from Neolithic U.L. Rasmussen, L. Wincentz, L. Klassen and O.B. ritual sites of super-regional importance in other Poulsen. This concludes the primary archaeologi- parts of Europe, e.g., Stonehenge and Herxheim: cal analysis of the available PWC evidence from Parker Pearson 2012; Turck et al. 2012; Zeeb-Lanz Djursland and is instrumental in characterising 2010; 2012; 2016). Pit A47 also contained the only the PWC activity zone in the northeastern part of uncharred human skeletal remains recorded from the peninsula. the entire Kattegat province of the PWC. These The following section is dedicated to a series extraordinary depositions may represent the acts of scientific investigations of both organic and of foreigners who came from Swedish PWC com- inorganic remains, recovered primarily from the munities, because depositions of non-local origin Kainsbakke and Kirial Bro sites. Organic remains, are also known from other super-regional ritual in particular, are almost exclusively known from sites (e.g., Herxheim, referred to above). The ritual these two localities. feature pit A47 is without parallel in the entire dis- Faunal remains are addressed in two separate tribution area of the PWC. It is therefore of great chapters dealing with the mammal and bird re- interest to investigate why such a site came into mains (Makarewicz/Pleuger this vol., Ch. 6) and existence on Djursland. fish remains (Pleuger/Makarewicz this vol., Ch. 7) A precondition for addressing the large-scale respectively. These contributions are crucial, not research questions outlined above is detailed only to research into the Djursland PWC group, knowledge of the available archaeological record but also to investigations of the PWC across its for the PWC on Djursland. The first chapters of entire area of distribution, most parts of which are this book, following this introduction, therefore characterised by unsuitable preservation conditions contain a detailed presentation and analysis of six for organic remains. The aim of these analyses is to excavated PWC sites on Djursland. Only two of trace developments in animal exploitation practices these – Kainsbakke and Kirial Bro – have hitherto which contributed to shifts in the economic and been mentioned to any significant degree in the social organisation of PWC communities on Djurs- literature. These earlier publications have, however, land. In addition to basic information gained from

The Pitted Ware Phenomenon on Djursland and Maritime Relations across the Kattegat · 27 faunal analyses (species, age, sex, frequency, metric older dates from these regions, and from eastern data), several specific research problems are ad- Sweden, have been reassessed. Dating the west- dressed by stable isotope analysis (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ18O). ern Swedish PWC is essential to an evaluation of The focus of this section is on questions regarding maritime contacts across the Kattegat and thereby the relative exploitation of wild species, including the potential role of western Swedish PWC groups fishes, and domestic animals. Did PWC groups on in the emergence of PWC communities on Djurs- Djursland pursue animal exploitation strategies land. It is also important for the discussion of the for domestic animals consistent with those of the relationship between PWC and TRB groups in the earlier TRB? Did PWC communities on Djursland Kattegat area and, with that, a general understand- exploit marine resources on a seasonal basis? And, ing of the PWC phenomenon. Chapter 5, by B. if so, did these groups alter their management strat- Philippsen, R. Iversen and L. Klassen, concentrates egies for animal domesticates, perhaps in ways that on the evidence from Djursland, while the super- were not optimal for herd maintenance, in order regional analysis of the PWC chronology is pub- to pursue the culturally important exploitation of lished in a separate paper (Iversen et al. in prep.). seals? Did PWC herders adapt local grazing strat- From a methodological point of view, re-evaluation egies to the different animal species? Were cattle of older dates for food crusts, is particularly es- and caprines (sheep/goats) grazed on separate pas- sential. For dates obtained for sample material of tures, and were pigs free-ranging or maintained in this kind, research has been undertaken into po- enclosures? Did herders exploit coastal pastures to tential reservoir effects and their correction; by buffer against potential grazing shortages in inland dating food crusts and terrestrial material from pastures during the winter months? To what extent the same context where available, by investigating were animal mobility patterns dictated by grazing the chemical and isotopic compositions of food availability or other factors, such as seal hunting? crusts, by dating different fractions of food-crust Were fishing grounds located in the direct vicinity material, by dating soot and other charcoal in the of the site or more distant? clay of pottery and by dating marine and terres- The archaeobotanical investigations presented trial material from the same context to assess the by M. Andreasen in Chapter 8 are focused on the marine reservoir effect. question of cereal cultivation during the PWC on Archaeogenetic investigations have proved to Djursland, and in Denmark as a whole. Only in- be of great importance in research into the PWC direct evidence for this practice has hitherto been of eastern Sweden and the recognition of genetic presented in the literature, while actual macro- differences between PWC and TRB populations. remains of cereals have never been recorded. As mentioned above, pit A47 at Kainsbakke has Andreasen bases her contribution on investiga- yielded the only human remains found in a sealed tions of the abundant soil samples recovered from PWC context in Denmark. Undertaking aDNA re- Kains­bakke and Kirial Bro, in combination with a search on this material was therefore a logical step, number of AMS 14C-dates (see below), and also not least in relation to the question of whether im- presents an up-to-date survey of all available indi- migration of Swedish PWC people could have been rect evidence for PWC cereal cultivation. instrumental in the creation of PWC communities The CONTACT project also includes a dating in Denmark. In Chapter 11, M. Allentoft presents module focused on the production of a large num- the initial results of an aDNA analysis of a single ber of new AMS 14C-dates, as well as an assess- human individual from Kainsbakke. ment of these, in conjunction with dates obtained A further chapter dealing with scientific analyses previously. Clarification of chronological issues of organic remains from Kainsbakke and Kirial Bro is pertinent to many research questions. Samples is devoted to Sr-isotope and, to a minor degree, have therefore been dated not only from Djursland, experimental Pb-isotope analysis (Klassen et al. but also from Norway and western Sweden, and this vol., Ch. 10). The aim of this chapter is to iden-

28 · Lutz Klassen, Rune Iversen & Lisbeth Wincentz tify possible translocation of humans and animals of the results presented in previous chapters of across the Kattegat. As described above, the abun- the book and in the papers previously published dant finds of brown bears and Eurasian elk from in several journals (Klassen et al., Ch. 12). The Kainsbakke, not least, are of considerable interest scope of this work extends far beyond the PWC in this respect. A broad range of species, including on Djursland and aims to exploit the potential of red deer, cattle, pigs and sheep/goat have, however, the research on a much broader scale. It includes also been subjected to analysis. A precondition for reflections on the effect of contacts between ethni- meaningful interpretation of the results of these cally and culturally different groups, as well as the isotope measurements on PWC faunal remains role of large-scale European contact networks in is the availability of baselines for their potential shaping local identities. regions of origin. Very different geological origins and ages, and rock and sediment types, character- ise the two main regions of interest in this investi- 5 References gation, Djursland and western Sweden: Tertiary/ Adamsen/Ebbesen 1986 Quaternary on Djursland, Precambrian in western Ch. Adamsen/K. Ebbesen (eds.), Stridsøksetid i Syd­ Sweden. Markedly different86 Sr/87Sr ratios should skandinavien. Beretning fra et symposium 28.-30.X.1985 therefore be expected and enable distinction of i Vejle. Arkæologiske Skrifter 1 (København 1986). humans and animals originating on each side of Almgren 1906 the Kattegat. These differences are also reflected O. Almgren, Uppländska stenåldersboplatser. Fornvän- nen 1, 1-19, 101-118. in existing data (Sjögren/Price 2013; Sjögren et al. 2009; Frei/Price 2012; Frei/Frei 2011), which are Andersen 1993 S.T. Andersen, Det tidlige landbrug. In: S. Hvass/B. though by no means adequate. A substantial num- Storgaard (eds.), Da Klinger I Muld…25 års arkæologi i ber of Sr-isotope analyses have therefore been used Danmark (København/Århus 1993), 88-91. to create new baselines and improve existing ones. Bagge 1952 The final chapter in this section deals with sci- A. Bagge, Fagervik. Ein Rückgrat für die Perioden­ entific analyses (both chemical and technological) einteilung der Ostschwedischen Wohnplatz- und of PWC pottery (Blank et al., Ch. 9). As with the Bootaxtkulturen aus dem Mittelneolithikum. Acta investigations into the absolute chronology of the ­Archaeologica XXII, 1951, 57-118. PWC, this work includes one study focusing on Becker 1951 the finds from Djursland and another dealing with C.J. Becker, Den grubekeramiske kultur i Danmark. Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1950, a much larger geographical region. The latter has 153-274. already been published separately by Brorsson et Becker 1953 al. (2018). This chapter scrutinises the origin of the C. J. Becker, Die Nordschwedischen Flintdepots. Ein clay and the techniques used in pottery production Beitrag zur Geschichte des Neolithischen Fernhandels by the PWC on Djursland. It includes thin-section in Skandinavien. Acta Archaeologica XXIII, 1952, 31-79. analysis and the application of various types of el- Becker 1955 emental analysis (pXRF, ICP-MS). The results are C.J. Becker, Die Mittelneolithischen Kulturen in Süd­ compared with data from analyses of TRB pottery, skandinavien. Acta Archaeologica XXV, 1954, 49-150. with the aim of identifying any potential culture- Becker 1982 specific traits. In addition to characterising PWC C.J. Becker, Om grubekeramisk kultur i Danmark. Korte craft traditions on Djursland with regard to chem- bidrag til en lang diskussion (1950-1980). Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1980, 13-33. istry and technology, the identification of possible imports from Swedish PWC groups constituted Boas 2001 one of the main goals of this sub-project. N.A. Boas, Blakbjerg. En befæstet plads fra tragt- bægerkulturen i yngre stenalder ca. 3.500 f.Kr. In: En The final section of the publication is exclusively by og dens mennesker. Marie Magdelene før og nu devoted to a synthesis and overall interpretation ­(Ryomgård 2001), 4-8.

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