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Miquel Bernades I Mainader. El Gènere Barnadesia I Altres Epònims

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Miquel Bernades I Mainader. El Gènere Barnadesia I Altres Epònims QUADERNS DE LA FUNDACIÓ DR. ANTONI ESTEVE Nº 38 Miquel Bernades i Mainader. El gènere Barnadesia i altres epònims L’epònim Gènere Barnadesia. Gènere botànic descrit per José Celestino Mutis, qui batejà aquestes plantes amb aquest nom en honor de Miquel Bernades i Mainader.1 Miquel Bernades i Mainader, l’home en aquest coneixement) i en fer-la entenedora, introduint el mètode de Linné i abandonant els Miquel Bernades i Mainader (o, segons l’orto- arcaismes de Tournefort, que el seu antecessor, grafia de l’època, Miquel Barnades i Mainader o Josep Quer, havia emprat en la seva obra Flora Maynader) va néixer a Puigcerdà l’any 1708.2-4 española ó Historia de las plantas que se crian en Estudià a Montpeller i es traslladà a Madrid, on España (1762) («Sucedióle Barnades, educado fou metge del XIIè duc d’Alba, Fernando de Silva en Montpeller é iniciado en los principios refor- y Álvarez de Toledo, i metge de cambra del rei madores de Linneo, cuyo sistema dió á conocer Carles III. Ocupà després, per oposició, el càr- sin apartarse enteramente de las antiguas ideas, rec de primer Catedràtic al Real Jardín Botánico que todavía luchaban con las nuevas»).9,10 Amb de Madrid, que Josep Quer havia deixat vacant (1764). Amb Bernades continuà al Real Jardín Bernades, el Real Jardín Botánico s’orientà cap Botánico la influència de l’anomenada «escola a la modernitat científica i la recerca, camí que catalana de Madrid», que havia comptat ja amb seguirien els seus successors, Casimiro Gómez 11 l’esmentat Josep Quer (nascut a Perpinyà) i amb Ortega i Antoni Palau i Verdera, que introduïren Joan Minuart (natural de Barcelona). Fou soci de definitivament a Espanya els nous mètodes bo- l’Academia Médica Matritense.2,4-6 tànics així com altres aspectes institucionals, ad- Metge, botànic i naturalista, sembla que Ber- ministratius i reformistes que Bernades no havia nades herboritzà al sud de França, a Mallorca, a implementat. El seu fill, que succeiria més tard a Castella i també a Catalunya, al País Valencià i Palau, seguiria les seves passes. Així, els Berna- a Andalusia 2,4,5 amb la intenció de confeccionar des, tot i que no van tenir tanta rellevància en el una flora espanyola, que malauradament (com seu temps com altres botànics, que foren molt veurem més endavant) deixà inacabada.7 més reconeguts arreu, van ser, però, molt impor- Per a Bernades, la botànica era una ciència tants en la formació de molts d’aquests botànics, auxiliar de la medicina («[la botànica]... sobre alguns dels quals van explorar Amèrica (entre els todo, es muy util à varios artes, y necesario para el seus deixebles trobem noms tan destacats com uso de la medicina» /... / «Las plantas constituyen José Celestino Mutis, Hipólito Ruiz i José A. Pa- la mayor parte y la mas principal de los reme- vón). dios; por consiguiente su conocimiento ha de ser Bernades va mantenir correspondència fre- absolutamente necesario para la medicina, y se qüent amb alguns dels botànics més destacats dexa pensar que este solo se logra con el estudio de l’època, entre ells, Carl von Linné i Pehr Löfling metodico de la Botanica»8); per això, en part, el (de la correspondència amb Löfling es conserven seu gran interès en sistematitzar i conèixer la flora cartes als arxius del Real Jardín Botánico de Ma- espanyola a fons (hi havia un buit molt important drid).4 Sembla que amb Linné es cartejava amb -15- Miquel Bernades i Mainader. El gènere Barnadesia i altres epònims Figura 1. Encapçalament de la carta enviada per Miquel Bernades a Carl von Linné el 14 d’agost de 1756.12 freqüència. Tres d’aquestes cartes, datades el 14 d’agost de 1756 (Figura 1), el 15 de juny de 1758 i el 26 de març de 1759 es conserven a The Lin- nean Society of London.12 Aquesta relació man- tinguda queda patent en aquestes cartes; així, en la que Bernades envià a Linné el 26 de març de 1759, esmenta correspondència prèvia amb Lin- né i es refereix a espècimens de plantes i d’ocells que li havia enviat amb anterioritat. El 1767, Bernades publicà Principios de Bo- Figura 2. Portada de l’obra de Miquel Bernades i Mainader, Prin- tánica sacados de los mejores escritos, y pues- cipios de Botánica, publicada el 1767.8 tos en lengua castellana 8 (Figura 2), essent el primer en publicar en castellà una obra en què acceptà la nomenclatura binària linneana i intentà intentant atorgar al castellà la precisió i flexibili- de fixar la terminologia botànica procurant de fer tat del llatí, que mica en mica s’estava abando- prevaler formes populars sobre els neologismes nant,14 de la mateixa manera que ho havien fet derivats directament del llatí.2,13 En aquesta obra, altres autors en llengua francesa o anglesa. Ber- dividida en cinc parts, tractà de la botànica en nades justifica la creació del lèxic nou que inclou general, de les plantes i la seva divisió, d’obser- en la seva obra i explica, dirigint-se al lector: 8 «El vacions generals sobre les plantes i de les parts deseo de facilitar à la juventud Española el es- de les plantes en particular, entre altres aspectes. tudio metodico de la Botanica, me mueve, Lec- Inclogué també 13 làmines («bastante bien gra- tor, à presentarte la explicacion de los principios badas para mejor inteligencia de la obra»). Sem- de esta ciencia natural en lengua castellana»; a bla que Bernades hauria planificat una obra molt continuació explica les fonts que ha consultat i, més extensa, però només es va publicar aquesta més endavant, exposa: «quando en las referidas «primera parte» 3 («lástima es no diera á la prensa Fuentes no he hallado voces proprias para mi in- su autor el tomo segundo, como lo ofreció en el tento, ni han ocurrido á los Sabios en la llengua, prefacio, donde dice que lo pensaba publicar un y versados en la materia, que he consultado, he año despues que el primero»6). tomado el unico partido de formar nuevas, bien Aquesta obra, emprada pels botànics con- que con el animo de reformarlas siempre que ha- temporanis de Bernades i els de la generació lle mejores, ó me las comunique algun curioso. posterior, fou, segons alguns autors, un tractat /... / Esta licencia de formar nuevas voces ha sido teòric poc útil per a la pràctica; tot i això cal re- siempre permitida en la Republica de las letras, marcar un aspecte molt rellevant: fou el primer pues lo fue à los Griegos, y à los Romanos, y lo tractat en què aparegueren termes de botànica ha sido en este siglo à los Autores de Botanica, en castellà. Bernades intentà adaptar multitud de assi en lengua Latina, como en Idiomas vulgares. termes vulgars al lèxic descriptiu de la botànica, Por qué no ha de serlo en el Castellano?». Un es- -16- QUADERNS DE LA FUNDACIÓ DR. ANTONI ESTEVE Nº 38 EPONÍMIA MÈDICA CATALANA (III) tudi recent,15 que analitza 141 neologismes creats Botànic de Barcelona; aquest herbari conté una per Bernades, demostra el seu caràcter didàctic i part de les recol·leccions de Miquel Bernades i descriptiu, en adaptar al lèxic de la botànica molts del seu fill (817 plecs), entre les que destaquen termes vulgars. algunes plantes ja extingides, o molt difícils de Bernades participà, el 1769, en el projecte trobar, així com alguns dels primers testimo- de creació d’una acadèmia medicopràctica a nis d’algunes plantes introduïdes a Espanya.4 Catalunya per promoure l’actualització dels co- Aquest herbari és un bon exemple de la transició neixements mèdics (cal recordar que iniciatives entre l’època prelinneana i la linneana, ja que a anteriors ja el 1754 havien intentat restablir l’antic molts plecs hi apareixen determinacions en els Col·legi de Doctors, suprimit [igual que la Univer- dos sistemes, a mans de Bernades pare i fill. sitat] el 1717, arran de la Guerra de Successió). El 1775, pòstumament, fou publicada una obra Va ser ell, junt amb Jaume Bonells, que també de Bernades sobre les morts aparents que por- vivia a la cort, qui es va encarregar de tramitar tà per títol Instruccion sobre lo arriesgado que l’aprovació de la nova institució (els antecedents es, en ciertos casos, enterrar a las personas, sin de l’Academia Médico-Práctica de Barcelona es constar su muerte por otras señales mas que las remuntaven a 1754), que comptava amb el su- vulgares; y sobre los medios mas convenientes port del tinent del Protomedicat i el vistiplau de la para que buelvan en sí los anegados, ahogados Real Audiencia de Barcelona. El 1770 s’aconse- con lazo, sofocados por humo de carbon, vaho guí el reconeixement oficial, però no la protecció de vino, vapor de pozos, ù otro semejante; pas- reial, que no arribà fins el 1786.16 mados de frio, tocados del rayo, y las criaturas Miquel Bernades i Mainader va morir a Madrid que nacen amortecidas.20 Fou el seu fill, Miquel el 1771.2,9 Bernades i Claris, metge i botànic també, qui Segons consta en un document manuscrit feu possible aquesta publicació. Després d’una que es conserva a la Universitat de Valladolid,17 part introductòria, en la qual fa un repàs històric després de la seva mort es va inventariar les lla- als funerals de diverses cultures i al tractament vors que tenia i que havia deixat a la seva vídua. que reben els cadàvers abans de l’enterrament, Donaren testimoni d’aquest inventari, com cons- Bernades revisa minuciosament els casos en ta al final del manuscrit, Casimiro Ortega i Julián què pot semblar que una persona és morta i re- de Milla el 15 de novembre de 1771.
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