United Nations :1293rd .GENERAL PLENARY MEmlG ASSEMBLY Monday~ 7 Deoember 1964~ at 3 p.m. NINETEENTH SESSION Of!icial Records NEW YORK

CONTENTS 4. Regarding Kenya's domestic situation, I would Page like to recall that my president, Mzee JomoKenyatta, Item 9 of the provisional agenda: in our last year's election manifesto stated: General debate (oontinued) "The Government of Kenya would be African be­ Speeoh by Mr. Murumbi (Kenya) ••••'. • • • 1 cause our nation must grow organically from what Speeoh by Mr• .Yifru (Ethiopia) ••••••••• 4 is indigenous. While adopting that which is suitable S~":oh by Mr. Shearer (Jamaioa) ••••••• 9 from other cultures, from the East and from the Speeoh by Mr. Beladnde (Peru). •••••••• 12 West, we must give our people pride and sel£­ Speeoh by Mr. Odaka (Uganda) ••••••• •• 15 respect, building upon all that is good and valid in our traditional society." President: Mr. Alex QUAISON-SACKEY 5. In drawing up our Constitution, we had uppermost (Ghana). in our minds the development of a framework of government which is most suited to the genius of our people and to the need for an efficient administration. ITEM 9 OF THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA We have in our Constitution a provision for the pro­ tection of fundamental rights and liberties which General debate (continued) guarantees to the citizens all the liberties and rights L Mr. MURUMBI (Kenya): My delegation wishes that are specified in the Universal Declaration of to bring to you all warm greetings a.nd best wishes Human Rights. from my President, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. On behalf 6. The theory of mUltiple political parties held in of the President, the people and the delegation of the West, and other parts of the world, is not neces­ Kenya., permit me to express to you, Mr. President, sarily applicable to Kenya. Our Constitution gives our sincere congratulations on yourelectionas Presi­ ~·he people the right to organize political parties in dent of this great andaugust body. Your appointment is . opposition to the Government if they so wish. In fact, a singular honour to Africa, and is a reflection of the after our last election, threepoliticalparties emerged great part that Africa is playing and is destined to in the country. But, realizing that there was no funda­ play in international affairs. Our felicitations go out mental difference of policy between the parties, both to you on your brilliant and eloquent speech, which the oppositionpartiesvoluntarilydissolvedthemselves not only projected the image of Africa but also sym­ and now support the Government. I would like par­ bolized the important contribution which Africa is ticularly to emphasize that this evolution Was com­ making to international affairs. As you rightly said, pletely voluntary: there was no legislation, no force, Mr. President, Africa-which for so many centuries no inducement of any kindwhatsoevertobringit about. has beenexpluLted by so many Powers-mustnow rise Let me add that there isnot a single political pI'isoner fUlly to contribute to the progress of mankind. in Kenya today. This political evolution is a develop­ ment unique in modern history. 2. At the time of its admission to membership of 7. Kenya's foreign policy is based on the principle the United Nations, during the eighteenth session of of positive non-alignment. In pursuance of thispolicy, the General Assembly, Kenya pledged itself to abide we reserve our right to take our own independent by and to promote the basic purposes and prin­ ~iples stand on the many international issues which face of the United Nations Charter. Today, we the world today, irrespective of the attitude of the reaffirm our faith in those principles and pur­ other Powers, whether Eastern orWestern. We refuse poses, which are promotion of international peace to be drawn into Cold War manoeuvres, Power blocs, and security, respect. for the dignity and worth military alliances and similar institutional systems of the human person, belief in the equal rights of men intended to serve the interests of the Cold War. and women and of nations large and smallj the pro­ motion \of social progress and better standards of 8. We believe in respect for the territorial integrity life in larger freedom, and the eliminationof colonial­ and political independence of countries, large and ism and imperialism throughout the world. small, non-interference in the affairs of other States in accordance With the well-establishedroles ofinter­ 3. Kenya. believes that peace, justice, freedom and national law,f:f'lf)ndly relations andco-operationamong seCUrity form the foundation upon which the living States botb for the peaceful resolution ofinternational standards of all the peoples of the world can be: devel­ disputes ~md for the maintenance ofinternationalpeace oped and raised. The developing countries, no less and secu:Mty~ 'unswerving support for the gl'anting of that the developed ones, require peace and sf~\~rity independen~e to territories still lal1g\1i.s~ng under for their political, economi,? and social development~ colonial rule, the promotion of humhh ~t1ghts and :~ 1 A/PV.1293

5 ZiSL L L SW SilC tJ Lp/M bi dL it tU • H 2 General ASRembly ..- Nineteenth Session - Plenary Meetings equality throughout the world, and the further~;lnce and good offices. But his task was made impossible i9. of social progress, technical assistance, andeconl)mic by the intensified military intervention of the United cise development. We are convinced thatthe UnitedNatl.ons states and Belgium, with the actual connivance of the Afrj offers the best possible opportunity for the implem\~n­ United Kingdom Government, whichprovidedfaciUties to t ttlounti~g tation of these principles on which our foreign policy for the military intervention. den l is based. tion 14. This intervention, solicitedunderheavypressure, tion 9. In May 1963, at Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, history in circumstances amounting to breach of faith and in was made when the heads of morethanthirty indepen­ pro1 callous disregard of the efforts of the Organization COUl dent African States formed the Organizationof African of African Unity ad hoc commission, unfolded yet Unity. This organization strives to foster friendship five another chapter in the tragedy of the Congo, resulting sac: and co-(~)eration among its members in political, in the loss of thousands of innocent lives, inclUding mot economic, social and cultural matters. We believe those of some of the hostages. that freedom for any country in Africa cannot be mar complete until the li)ntire continent is free and united. 15. The hostages would probably be alive today had 20. The unity of the African States would strengthen the it not been for the United states-Belgium military gra1 United Nations, and we appeal to the Members of this intervention. The ad hoc commission was not allowed and world Organization to support the Organization of to complete the negotiations with the Stanleyville adn African Unity in its endeavour to promote freedom authorities fol' the release of the hostages, which to e and democracy in Africa. African unity is vital for were being conducted in Nairobi. It almost seemed of t the maintenance of peace and security in the world. that the United States was not as much concerned pro: The Charter of the Organization of African Unity and with the lives of the hostages aswith the fall of Stanley­ guic that of the United Nations are complementary to each ville, which became a top military priority in its thet other and inspired by the same sentiments. Kenya, intervention" This is all the more emphasized by the mer as a champion of African freedom and unity, is a fact that the United States was warned thatits planned member and staunch supporter of the Organization of military objectives would jeopardize the chances of 21. African Unity. success of the talks and also' place the lives of the the hostages in grave danger. Thiswarningwent unheeded, whe 10. As all of you are aware, the most serious problem negotiations were broken off in Nairobi by the United sub; facing the Organization of African Unity is the Congo States Ambassador on instructions from Washington, mU crisis. That unhappy country has become inextricably and the military operation was organized. The grue­ Rho bound up with i~perialism and neo-colon:',alism. and some results of this so-called humanitarian inter­ and . all the sordid intrigues.that go With it, :r cndering it vention are too well known to be recounted here. wor politically ineffective, economically weak despite its the vast mineral resources, and geographically dismem­ 16. We believe that another Congo anywhere inAfrica UpOl bered. In certain parts of the country there is a com­ would be disastrous to the stability and development fune plete breakdown of established law and order and a of Africa and would endanger international peace and Uni1 total absence ofpeaceand security. This Congo tragedy security. I appeal to all the Members ofthis Assembly of I Is the result of naked., unwarranted foreign interven­ to support the effortF3 of the Organization of African inst tion, which continues unabated up to this day. Unity in the restoration of peace, law and order in out the Congo. A solution can be found in the African to I 11. Since its inception, the Organization of African context provided that the Organizationof AfricanUnity aspj Unity has directei all its efforts towards finding a is given full opportunity to solve this problem and min peaceful solution to the Congo problem, which we the interventionists renounce their dreams of neo­ tole believe is essentially political rather than military. colonialist control of the area and workto serve world den To this end, an ad hoc concilLation commission was peace and not their selfish interests or the Cold War. vige appointed tn ;"ddis Abababythe Organization ofAfrican Let it be understood, here and now, that an imagined 22. Unity last September, with the mandate of finding or real danger to certain minority groups in a par­ ways and means to effectnational reconciliationwithin as ; ticular country in Africadoes not conferon any foreign the the Congo and the normalization of relations between Power the rightof militaryinterventioninthatcountry. Congo (Leopoldville) and its neighbOl.lrs. Kenya was SoU1 honoured by the appointment of my President,·Mzee 17. My country regards the Congo problem as so the Jomo Kenyatta, as the Chairman of this commission. vital that it has co-operated with other independent bod African States in calling for a meeting of the 8ecurf:ty con 12. My President immediately issued an appeal for Council to discuss this problem. We propose to set opp: the cessation of hostilities and convened a meeting out the facts in greater detail here. evil of the commission in Nairobi. After protracted nego­ rim tiations and thorout~h deliberations, the commission ·18. Permit rne to remind this' Assembly of the reso­ cen1 decided that all white mercenaries and forei'~ troops lution passed at the Second Conference of the Heads to I should be withdrawn forthwith from the Congo, and that of State or Government of Non-Aligned. Countries, has allforeign interventionshouldceaseimmediately. Iwas held in Cairo inOctober 1964,which appealedurgently: Naz a member of the delegation entrusted with the duty con of explaining to the United states Government the ".". to all foreign Powers at present interfering of a decision of the cotnmission. This was done. in the internal affairs of the Democratic Rep\lJ.blic of the Congo, particularly those engaged in miU.tary 23. 13. In the meantime, my President was in constant intervention in that country, to cease such blter­ den: touch withthe Leopoldv.."'e and stanleyville authorities, ference, whichinfringes theinterestsand sovel'eignty twel desperately trying to implement the decision of the of the Congolese people and constitutes a threat Po" ad hoc comrnission thJ'0ugh the use of negotiations to neighbouring countries." [A/5763, seot. I.] alw;

------,------_._------1293rdmeeting - 7 December 1964 3 lIe i9. We have moved a long way from the San Fran-' . are denied freedom, justice and human dignity, world ;ed cisco Conference of 1945, when only two independent peace, stability and international understanding will :he African countries were amo~lg the original signatories be jeopardized. les to the United Nations Charter. The road to indepen­ dence has been long, fraught with difficulties. opposi­ 24. I would like to put it on record that Africa will tion, prejudices and impediments of various descrip­ no longer tolerate, orpermitthe existence of, colonial­ re, tions and forms. But today, happily enough. we are ism and neo-colonialism. no matter in what form it in proud to see that the number of independent African is disguised or from what sourceitemanates:whether lon countries in this Organization has risen to thirty­ it assumes the form of political subversion, military ~et five. It is evidence of the fact that the enormous intervention. the threat of force, the corruption of lng sacrifices made byfreedomfighters throughout Africa•. leaders, the creation by outside Powers of puppets to lng motivated only by love of freedom and the dignity of disrupt establish~d authority, or economicpressures. man, have not been in vain. 25. My delegation reiterates its stand in supporting lad 20. Here, I would like to express our heartfelt con­ the representation of the People's Republic of China try in the United Nations. China is a vast country, with I gratulations to the new sister African States of Ma'iawi ,ed I and Zambia on their achievement of statehood and a population ot over 700 millionpeople, with a Govern­ .lle ~:. admission to the United Nations. I would also; like ment in full and effective control of the territory and lch to congratulate the State of Malta on its attainment recognized diplomatically by Kenya, other African led of independence. We wish them peace, progress and States. and almost all the major Powers of the world. led prosperity; we are confident that, under the. able It is difficult to understand why it should be refused ~y- guidance of their well-known leaders, they will .m.ake representation. its their impact on international relations for the bE Itter­ 26. Let me briefly make a few remarks about the the ment of humanity. structure of the United Nations. International condi­ led tionshave changed radically; the membership of the 21. Let me strike a note of restraint by sayiIl! ~ that of United Nations has swelled from fifty-five in 1945 to the time for total rejoicing for Af~ca will come only the adequatelyre~ected when all the African territories now under colonial 115 today. These changes are not ed, Charter,which,insomeways,isqui~ subjugation are finally liberated. There a're still in the outmoded. ted My delegation supports fully the view that the size on, millions of our African brothers in Soutb Africa, Rhodesia, Angola. Mozambique, French Somaliland of the security Council and of theEconomic and Social le- Council should be enlarged to reflect the true state ~r- and the Spanish colonies who are living under the worst forms of human oppression. They· are denied of rdfairs in the United Nations$ It is my pleasure to l ~~ ! announce that my Government has already ratified ~ ; the right of self-determination; the r6gimes imposed upon them by brute forc(;} have stamped out their the, General Assembly resolution [1991 (XVm)] for ica amendment of the Charter the above manner. Fur­ .ent fundamental rights and freedoms, contrary to the m thermore, we propose that a special committee of rod United Nations Charter. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the various other international experts should be set up to examine'and recommend bly further amendments that are desirable and neces­ ~an . , instruments intendedtopromotehuman rightsthrough­ l sary in the changed context of thtf world. ~ in out the world. Our African brethren are condemned can to live under fascist tyranny, where their legitimate 27. I should like to touch verybrieflyuponthe affairs dty aspirations to live in freedom are stifled by racist of Cyprus. We supportthe independence andterritorial p..,( rod lA/;' minorities. This situation will not, and cannot, be integrity of the Republic of Cyprus and its protection ~o- tolerated any longer. The United Nations has con­ from outside intervention in its internal affairs. We rId demned it; the conscience of the world has moved particularly wish to stress that all Member States are vigorously against it. should respect the sovereignty of Cypru8 and refrain from threats or use of force against it. The internal o.ed 22. E'ver since the United Nations was first setup ar- problem of Cyprus can be solved only by the people as an bstitution for world peace and security and for themselves,without outside intervention, on theUniver­ ign the attainment of human rights throughout the world, :ry. sally accepted democratic principle of majOrity rule, South Africa and Portugal have repeatedly flouted on the basis of which all democratic countries are so the resolutions of the United Nations and its various administered. .ent bodies; they have hampered the work of the various ~t:&y committees formed to ameliorate the conditions of 28. I have so far dwelt on the political problems set oppressed peoples; they have not learned that the which confront us today. Permit me now to turn to evil philosophy of apartheid based on racial supe­ eQonomic issues. My Government strongly supports riority can never have any meaning in this twentieth the aims and objectives of the Geneva Conference on 30- century. So far the United Nations has confined itself Trade ·and Development. SO long as tWo-thirds of the !lds to passing resolutions. The time for positive action population of the world share less than 15 per cent es, has now come. The prophets and advocates of the of the world's gross"'blCome, there can be no real ~ly: Nazi tyranny, also based on racial superiority, have 'peace and stability• The gap continues to widen. ing come and gone; so will tJ1e prophets and advocates 29. My Government supports the establ1shmentofthe of apartheid. tlic United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ary 23. So long as the sUbjugated African peoples are as a permanent institution of the General Assembly. ar- denied the right of self-determination.relaiions be­ We aCQept the general recommendations of the con-' nty tween African States, on the one hand. andthe colonial ference designed to encourage the export of goods eat Powers and their collaborators on the other, will by de"Veloping countries throughtb.e :reduction oftariffs always be strained; so long as our African brethren and by the elimination of quantitative restrictions and

Ha; ill. U 1:111& . it j, t . i. liSU ti2l2 aJi& 4 General Assembly - Nineteenth Session - Plenary Meetings ,------=------internal taxation. The terms of traqe which are made authority of the International Court of Justice and 4] unfavourable for primary producing countries must the United Nations itself would, in the long run, have rE be rectified through the liberalization of the internal to be greatly affected by the presence or absence of a markets of the developed countries. We also urge China. RI the flow of long-term loans on favo"rable terms to rE developing countries to supplement capital formation 36. Over the last several years, Ethiopia has urged 0] resources available from domestic savings and to the admission of the People's Republic of China to al the United Nations. The time has come, we believe, supplement their foreign exchange reserves. Unless e' the industrialized countries are willing to provide when those who are either opposedto orhesitant about dE funds to meet the development needs of the poorer the admission of the People's Republic of China to h~ countries, the gap will continue to widen. This prob­ the United Nations will have to re-examinetheirposi­ at lem is fundamental to the long-term solution of world tion. The presence of the People's Republic of China Ci problems. in these halls is, we believe, no longer merely desir­ of able, but an imperative necessity if we are to con­ of 30. Finally, let me reaffirm my country's loyalty tinue to work for international peace and security. to the principles and purposes of the United Nations 4~ Charter. Kenya is confident that the United Nations, 37. Despi,;e the critical situations which in the past a which is, and must be, the conscience and hope of year have developed over such far-flung areas as at mankind, will enable humanity to achieve its cherished 'South-East Asia, Africa and the Middle East, despite , cl goals of peace, progress, and happiness. the momentous and perhaps even disheartening de­ I 01 31. Mr. YIFRU (Ethiopia): Allow me, at the outset velopments in recent months, we are again gathered ri today in the calm and deliberative spiritof past years. of my remarks, to congratulate you, Mr. President, 4: on behalf of the Ethiopian delegation, upon yourunani­ The various crises which have arisen since the last c( mous election to the high office of the presidency of session of the Assembly may not as yet have been , at this General Assembly. resolved, but the timely containment of these situa­ tions through the instrumentality of the United Nations· ef 32. Much has already been said by the speakers who and the dedicated efforts of its Secretary-General al have preceded me regardingthose noteworthy qualities are surely cause for gratification. si which make you so eminently suited to the task of cl giving guidance to the deliberations of this august 38. Whatever the causes or the magnitude of any 4t body of 115 nations. My delegation and I fully share international dispute, my Government takes the view h: their confidence in your gifts of intellect, skill and that such disputes should be settled by the appropriate yl wisdom which, God willing, will help steerthis Organi­ peacefUl means provided for under the Charter of R zation through these hazardous times and set it upon the United Nations. We believe that the procedures tc a course of action that will prove beneficent to all provided in the Charter for the peaceful settlement ill mankind. of disputes are not only the most feasible, but the rl wisest and sanest open to us in resolving such dif­ D 33. A further felicitous duty I should like to discharge ferences. We believe that the use of force in these e, now is that of extending the warm congratulations matters can leadonly to self-annihilation. We therefore of my Government to the representatives of Malawi, pi take the view that the parties directly concerned in tl1 Zambia and Malta upon their respective countries' the disputes shouldthemselvesinitiatethe preliminary joining this ever-grOWing family of fre'e nations. The conversations necessary to reach mutually acceptable 4! occasion of welcoming new Members to our Organi­ solutions to their problems. a! zation is an extremely pleasant one, the more so as 01 each addition of new Members increases by that 39. But even while our world is beset by forces that le much more the prestige and effectiveness of this ,tend to make life so uncertain and insecure, there are 01 Organization. counteracting forces at work. Among these are, we c( 34. My Government rejoices that the struggles and believe, the two conferences that convened recently 41 sacrifices of dedicated nationalist leaders such as in Africa: the first session of the Assembly of Heads s,l Prime Minister Mr. Banda of Malawi, Mr. Kenneth of State and Government of the Organizationof African tll Kaunda, President of Zambia, and the PrimeMinister Unity and the Second Conference of Heads of State M of Malta, Mr. GiorgioBorgOlivier,have been rewarded or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, held w with victory, and it is our fervent wish that Southern in July and October respectively in Cairo. Both these U Rhodesia will shortly accede to independence under conferences have done splendid work in advancing tll an African Government and join our distingUished the cause of the United Nations by promoting inter­ d( circle. national peace and co-operation and understanding dE among nations. fe 35. I have remarked that the increase in member­ it ship of this Organization augurs well for its prestige 40. Thus, under the aegis of the Organizationof Afri­ cl and effectiveness. Of this we are all aware, for the can Unity, armed conflicts between neighbouring tll United Nations is bydefinition a comprehensive, inter­ African States have, on more than a single occasion, at national Organization whose effectiveness, therefore, been halted. Equally impressive is the organization's' of depends upon the universality of its representation. achievement in promoting economic, social and cul­ c( The United Nations must be a real family of nations, tural co-operation among African States. The entry UJ and it should not exclude states on grounds of ideology. into force of the agreement establishing the African ,Yet China, with nearly one-fifth of the world's popu­ Development Bank has, we believe, ushered in a pro­ 41, lation, is still debarred from our counsels. Discus­ gressive era of co-operation within the Africanfamily gE sions of world disarmament, the effectiveness of the of nations. al

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1293rd meeting - 7 December 1964 5 and 41. In one of the most sensit!ve areas ofinternational J omo Kenyatta of Kenya, to COnciliate the various llave relations, the Organization of African Unity has taken factions in the CongO j.n an effort to restore order, ~e of a momentous decision. I refer to boundary disputes. and to safeguard peace in that area. The attempt to Recognizing the dangers inherent in any attempt to find a solution to the Congo problem within a purely re-draw existing frontiers in Africa, the highest African. context is, for obvious reasons, the only rged organ of that organization solemnly declared that effective approach to a problem which, .after all, la to all member states pledged respect for the borders concerns an African nation and its fellow-Africans. ,eve, existing upon their achi.evement of nation ~ indepen­ We trusted that there would be nofurtherinterference .bout dence. It·-ia gratifying to note that this dtJclaration from external parties, which could only prove detri­ la to has found expression in the "Programme for Peace mental to peace in the Congo. losi­ and International Co-operation" adopted by the second. ~hina 48. Regrettably, however, certain forces operating Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. The inviolability from without have led to the recent events in the Isir­ of established frontiers has been proclaimed as one con- Congo tragedy. The task of the commission has thus . of the fundamental principles of peacefUl co-existence. been systematically frustrated by the same forces • 42. Thus, these Cairo conferences cannot bat leave which ha,'e been vitiatIng the Congo situation. None­ theless, the ad hoc commission, in its task of finding past a deep impress upon the courseof internationalevents I s as and relations, stressing as they have the need for a solution to the perplexing problem of the Congo, ;pite closer co-operation among nations with corresponding recom.mended at its meeting in Nairobi the convening de­ objectives and resp.ect fer the sovereignty and ter­ of an emergency meeting of the Assembly of Heads ered ritorial integrity of every nation. of State and Government of the OrganizationofAfrican lars. Unity. My Government fully supports the convening 43. One other significant contribution of the Cai:r:o of an extraordinary meeting of the Organization of last conferences to the advancement of internationalpeace been African Unity, and stands ready to explore all the . and security must be mentioned here: through their avenues whereby endUring peace and order can be ltua­ efforts to establish a spirit of moderation inrelations ;ions· among States, they have helped .to ease world ten­ re-established in the strife-torn land of the c.ongo. lera! sions and to clear up an atmosphere already over­ 49. The overwhelming majority of the membership charged with animosities and ri"galries. of this Organization has condemned colonialism as a any 44. One of the most pressing political problems that flagrant violation of the Universal Declaration of view has confronted the United Nations during the last four Human Rights and of the Declaration on the granting ['iate years is, undoubtedly, the situation in the Democratic of independence to colonial cOWltries and peoples; lr of Republic of the Congo. The efforts ofthe United Nations the extirpation of colonialism in all its forms and ures to restore law and order to maintain the territorial guises from all parts of the globe hasbeen a principal tnent integrity of the young Republic were persistently objective of the United Nations. But there are still t the resisted and even challenged to a dangerous degree. a few among our membership who would breathe life dif­ Despite this, our collective effort bore fruit to some into this outmoded and discredited system and give it support and sustenance wherever possible. ~ hese extent, as witness the completion of the United Nations Ifore peace-keeping mission with the phased withdrawal of 50. I wish to mention at this point that the States ~d in the United Nations forces as of 30 June 1964. member;~ of the Organization of African Unity have nary on more ta_J.n one occasion taken a firm joint stand :able 45. Thus, the loss of the lives of the greatly admIred and lamented Dag Hammarsk,jtl1d and his colleagues, to ensure that the Charter of the United Nations and the resolutions of its principal organs are fully re­ of Patrice Lu.mumba, and of the hundreds of Congo­ spected and implemented. That positionwas supported lese nationalists and members of the United Nations ,that by the non-aligned nations which convened in Cairo operation in the Congo, among whom were my own ~ are in October. It is the hope of. my Government that the countrymen, was not in vain. , we other Members of this Organization will take similar antly 46. Nevertheless, unfortunate developments have measures to ensure the implementation of United :eads since taken place within the Democratic Republic of Nations decisions. ~ican the Congo to cause serious concern to a number of State Members of the United Nations, particularly those 51. Despite repeated appeals, despite the resolutions held which are also members of the Organizationof African of both the Security Council andthe GeneralAssembly. hese Unity. Although the situation in the Congo, including some of the Powers have, regrettably, not adoptedthe necessary measures to curtail the supplyof the means lcing the maintenance of law and order, was strictly a lter­ domestic matter for the Congolese Government to which make possible a continued policy ofrepression. It is imperative thatthe majorPowersfully co-operate lding deal with, it appearedthat, regrettably, externalinter­ in this matter, since States maintaining cruel and ference had been brought into play once more.. Thus it was that, in conformity with the provisions of the repressive policies obviously could not continue to Mri­ charter of the Organization of African Unity, and at do so once their supply of arms had been cut off. lring the express request of the Congolese Government, sion, 52. There are other facets to this problem. The ion's' an extraordinary session of the Council of Ministers application. of economic and political pressures could cul­ of the Organization of African Unity was- called to be equallypersuasive. I believethatthe recentdevelop­ mt~ consider the situation and to adopt appropriate meas- ments in Southern Rhodesia are a case in point. ures for its solution. ' Lican 53. The situation in Southern Rhodesia had beencon­ pro­ 47. The ad hoc commission established atthisemer- . tinuingtodeteriorate atanalarming rate. The a:tbitrary ~mily gency session spared no effort, under the astute guid­ arrest of nationalistleaders suchas Mr.JoshuaNkomo ance of one of Africa's valiant sonsS' Prime Minister and the Reverend Sithole, coupled with the threat of

(1 & 6 General Assembly - Nineteenth Session D_ Plenary Meetings a unilateraldeclarationof independencebythe minority 58. There is yet another case involving the appalling settler government. had aggravated the situation to death-grip of colonialism. on the continent of Africa: the point of explosion. The reaction of the United that of Portugal in regard to Angola, Mozambique Kingdom Government to such a threat. though overdue. and so-called portuguese Guinea. Disregarding the was forthright. clear and~mequivocal-no less than irresistible advance of colonial peoples towards a warning of unpleasant economic and political con­ independence. the Portuguese Government continues sequences should the minority government carry out to ~1ing to its quaint. anachronistic and entirely ob­ its plans for unilateral independence. Through its solescent fiction thatthe territoriesunderits adminis­ representative in the Committee of Twenty-Four. tration are not colonies. but actually an extension of Ethiopia made it clear that it welcomed andfully sup­ metropolitan Portugal. Those claims are sountenable ported the position of the UnitedKingdom Government. as to require no further comment here. It appears that the PortugueseGovernmenthas. quite pathetically. 54. My Government has consistently maintained that . failed to learn from the lessons of recent history it recognizes no competent authority other than the and has wilfully shut itself up in a shell of its own United Kingdom in the territory of SouthernRhodesia. making. removed from contemporary events. I need It is unfortunate tha.t the situationinSouthernRhodesia hardly add that Portugal's argument is one that has should have been permitted to rem'4n unresolved for been used and eventl1f,l1y discarded by other metro- so long. However. now that the Government of the politan Powers. . United Kingdom has taken a decisive stand on the matter. reversing previous disavowals of respon­ 59. Despite United Nations appeals ano the joint sibility for the situation in that territory. we should stand. of independent African States. the Portuguese like to see a speedY' conclusion to the whole business Government remains obdurate. The unequal fight -that is. no less than the emergence of an African continues .between. on the one hand. tbe peoples of government in Southern Rhodesia. Angola. Mozambique and so-called PortugueseGuinea and. on the other. a metropolitan Power armed to .55. As regards the territories of Swaziland, Basuto­ the teeth with the help of its friends and allies. land and Bechuanaland. the first session ofthe Assem­ bly of Heads of State and Government of Africa and 60. To those countries which have been extending help to Portugal we appeal. in -all earnestness. to the second Conference ofNon-Aligned Nations. realiz­ desist from contributing further to the sufferings 0: ing t~.e critical position of those territories. recom­ their fellow human beings in Angola. Mozambique and mended certain practical measureSJ inclu.ding a United Nations guarantee of the territorial integrity of the Portuguese Guinea. Surely those countries. no less three territories 8Jld the: taking of steps by the United than'Portugal. must realize that the tide of history Nations to ensure their speedy accession to indepen­ is inexorably against them and that these territories dence and the subsequent safeguarding of their sover­ will inevitably gain their freedom. they must realize eignty. On behalf of my Government I would now urge how much it would be to their credit if they willingly ·~ assi~ted the endorsement of those recommendations by the in has...... ning that freedom rather than impede General Assembly. thereby ensuring both the peaceful it at every turn. And how greatly it would be to the accession to independence of these territories and credit of Portugal if it generously proffered indepen­ the security of their sovereignty. once won. from dence now. rather than being compelled later on by dangers emanating from a powerful neighbour-by circumstances to grant it. Lacking that generous and voluntary gestu:re, this Assemblymustbe prepared which. of course. I mean the RepUblic of South Africa.· to use all measures within its power to resolve the I~ ! 56. Concerning the question of SouthWest Africa. Portuguese problem with firmness and vigour and I should like to touch on two aspects worth consider­ to restore order in that unhappy area. ing here. On the one hand. the International Court 61. Last. but not least. there is also the question of of Justice-having settled in December 1962 the pre­ the French colony surrounding the Port of Djibouti liminary question of jUrisdiction-is now a;..vaiting off the coast of the Gulf of Aden. Cognizant of the use­ the filing ofSouth Africa's rejoinder. due on 23 Decem­ fulness of normal procedure. my delegation would ber 1964. Since, therefore, the matter is sub judice, prefer to reserve making a full statement of its posi­ parties to the case would naturally hesitate to make tion on this important and vital question for the remarks that might be deemed prejudicial to it. We appropriate United Nations forum-namely. the Com": find. on the other hand. that the Government of South mitteeof Twenty-Four. Africa. a party to the dispute before the Court. has attempted.to implement the recommendations of the 62. I would not wish to conclude this portion of my so-called Odendaal commission. in clear disregard remarks to the Assembly without ex:pressing my .of juridical procedure. Indeed•. the timing of the delegation's appreciation of the splendid work of.the publication of the Odendaal report itself was plainly Committee of Twenty-Four. My country. as a mem­ designed to impede the normal course of justice. ber of that committee. has actively participated in all its efforts for the eUmination of ·colonialism. The 57. The United Nations has already taken afirmhand task has rtever been smooth or easy. butin the course in the matter. and so have the statesand Governments of the last year alone the committee has been able which participated in the recent conferences held in to examine the' situation in a remarkable number of Cairo. Yet. should the authorities of South Africa Non-self-Governing Territories and to scrutinize be tempted to ignore those warnings. I should like hundreds of petitions. The committee has covered a to appeal to this Assembly to reaffirm its position. very Wide area in the course of its meetings and has in order to make the intention of our Organization done commendable work. in many. i~stances in dif.. with regard to South West Africa unmistakably clear. ficult circumstances. The chairman of the committee. 1293rd meeting - 7 December 1964 7 lalling Mr. Coulibaly 'of Mali, ind~ed deserves our warmest" 69. These. then, are grave questions for 'the con­ jrica: congratulations on the very able handling of the ex­ sideration of this body. The obduracy of Portugal and lbique tremely important task discharged by that committee South Africa, despite United Nations efforts to curb Ilg the over the past two years. their excesses, continues to stiffen. The intransigence wards 63. One of the most vexatious problems in Africa of these two Governments, in the face of world cen­ tinues sure, has become even more unyielding. My Govern­ ly ob­ today is the policyof apartheidpractisedbythe Repub­ lic of South Africa. P9uth Africa continues 'its re­ ment earnestly hopes that the United Nations, true ninis­ to its declared objectives, will continue to appeal to lion of pressive policy i~ the face of world-wide condem­ nation, and the critical. situation in that area has been' the conscience of nations ina positiontoexert influence :Ulable in the abolition of colonialism and the policy of apar- lpears the subject of considerable and careful review, both within and outside the United Nations. . . theid, a policy disgraceful in the sight both of man lcally, 'and of God. These are matters that lie on the con­ 1story 64. Within the United Nations, the Special Committee science of all of us, not alone on that of the oppres-. ;8 own on the Policies of Apa,rtheid of the Government of Bor. These are matters thatconcernallofus as mem­ I need the Republic of South Africa continues to expose the bers of the human race•. at has excesses and brutalities of this barbarous policy, letro- and the group of experts appointed by the Secretary­ 70. One of the paramount problems deserving our General pursuant to the relevant security Council cl~sest attention is that of general and complete dis­ joint resolutionY completed its report in the middle of armament. The imperative necessity for disarma­ 19uese this year Y. Furthermore,two resolutions were adopted ment was perhaps best expressed in the following fight by the Security Council in the wake of the Rivonia words addressed by His Imperial Majesty Halle Les of trials_ at its 1128th and 1135th meetings, held on 9 and Selassie I, my august sovereign,to the General ~ssem- ~uinea ,f;.. 18 June 1.964 respectively-Y. The operativeparagraphs bly, in October 1963: ) led to of those resolutions. as we all know, urgently call "Disarmament has become the urgent imperative upon the Government of South Africato adopt measures of our time. I do not say this because I equate the to aileviate the deplorable conditions in that coun~ry,. absence of a~rms to peace. or because I believe that mding and appeal once more to all States to "cease forth­ ss, to bringing an el'ld to the nuclear arms race automati­ with" the sale of arms and other military equipment callyguarantees the peace, or because the elimina­ ngs 01 to South Africa. le and tion of nuclear war heads from the arsenals of the ) less 65. Even more stringent measures were recom­ world will bring in its wake that change in attitude 1story mended for the eradication of apartheid bythe Council requisite to the peaceful settlement of disputes tories of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity betw~(jn nations. Disarmament is vital today, quite ealize and the AssemblyofAfrican Heads ofState and Govern­ simply, 'because of the immense destructive capa­ llingly ment, as well as by the second Conference of Non­ city which men now possess." [1229th meeting, ::npede Aligned Countries. para. 15.] to the 66. Yet, oblivlous toitsobligationsunder the Charter, 71. Although great efforts have been made at the lepen- the numerous decisions of the United Nations urging Geneva meetings of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on by it to abolish apartheid, and the cond~mnat1on of most on Disarmament, I regret to note that we are today lerous of the rest of the world, the' South African Govern­ no nearer to general and complete disarmament than lpared ment cold-bloooedly pursues its policywhich, in t~th, we were a year ago. When we met last year in the ve the is tantamoUnt to racial extermination. wake of the partial test ban treaty signed in Moscow, lr and we all expressed our appreciation to the nuclear 67. The question now is howmuchlongerthisOrgani­ Powers for having achieved that much in the direction zatlon can postpone taking a decisive stand on the :ion of of the goal of complete and general disarmament, problem and adopting measures in tha form of total and hoped that more would be achieved in the follow­ iibouti economic blockade. The question is, too, Whether ~ use­ ing months. But the report of the Eighteen-Nation Member States which have continuously supplied arms Committee on Disarmament [~/5731] ~akes it abun­ would and ammunition to South Africa will now, as urged posi- dantly clear thatthe principalnegotiators have reached by the security Council, "cease forthwi,th" ~v.tng, another stalemate. lr the aid a~d support to a morally bankrupt r~gime, or Com"; whether. even at this late stage, they are determined 72. When we ~~onsider this regrettable deadlock in to continue to encourage acts of ra,cism through traf­ the light of the proposals exchanged and accepted in of my fic in arms, obdurately deaf to both conscience and principle by the leaders of the major nuclearPowers, 19 my world opinion. some of us may well won(l~r why no progress has of the been made. I would be the last todepreciate th~ intri­ 68. We welcome the news that the United Kingdom cate problems involved in a disarmament negotiation, mem­ Government, the traditional arms supplier to South ted in but, despite initial difficulties, it is clear that further Africa, has considered terminating further shipment attempts will have to be made to overcome the obsta­ 1. The of arms to that racistGovernment. We urge the imme­ lourse cles, technical or otherwise" in the way of general diate implementation of such a decision, and call and complete disarmament. n able Upon all those still hesitant to take similar action ber of without delay. 73. My delegation woUld, therefore, suggest that the ltinize major nuclear Powers take immediate steps. along ~red a . YOfficial Records of'the Security Council, Nineteenth Year, Supple- the lines recommended in the joint memorandum. of id has ment for April, May, Junti1964, document 5/5471. . the eight non-aligned States Which participated .in n dlf­ :Y ~, documents 5/5658. the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament [AI littee, y ~, documents 5/5761 and 5/5773. 5731, annex I, sect.O], to achieve an agreement com- '

------.. "'-"-- .. ---- ..-.. --4 8 General Assembly - Nineteenth Session - Plenary Meetings pletely banning all nuclear weapons tests and dis­ open markets for the export products of the develop­ continuing all such tests. The urgency of such a step ing countries, which presently suffer from highly' is even greater today than it· was a yea!' ago, a fact restrictive international market situations. To fore­ clearly brought home to us by the recent successful stall this danger, the conference adopted the resolu­ nuclear test explosion by China•.I need hardly dwell tions embodied in the Final Act which, if faithfully on the gravity of the situation precipitated by this implemented, could pave the way for the speedyeco­ .recent. although not wholly unexpected, event, which nomic progress of the developing countries• should galvanize this Assembly to take immediate. decisive steps to halt the further proliferation of 78. The implementation of these resolutions would nuclear devices and completely ban the use of such mark the beginning of an irreversible process for weapons for war purposes. greater worldeconomic co-operation-aprocesswhich would enable the United Nations to accomplish its 74. I think it opportune to recall at this point the unfinished mission, namely. the attainment of "social proposal of the Ethiopian delegation as far back as progress and better standards of life in larger the thirteenth session of the General Assembly. in freedom". 1958. Ethiopia proposed at that time convening a special conference for the purpose of signing a con­ 79. With these remarks, my delegation would like vention on the prohibition of the use of nuclear weap­ to appeal strongly to the developed countries which ons. We maintained that such a move would be an reserved their positions in Genevll to join hands in effective deterrent to the arms race andwould thereby the setting up of the proposed United Nations trade ease world tensions and be conducive to a feeling and development machinery. of mutual trust among the Powers. We maintained that this would be a decisive step towards general 80. There is only one more subject I should like to and complete disarmament and the elimination of the touch upon before concluding my remarks. and that proliferation of nuclear weapons. Today we are more is the chronic problem of financing the Un: ~dNations than ever convinced of the merit of our proposal peace-keeping operations. partiCUlarly the assess­ and WOUld. therefore. urge this Assembly to give it n>:ents on the United Nations Middle East and Congo its closest attention. operations. We all know the background of thesediffi­ culties and the steps thathave been taken to solve them. 75. One other matter which my delegationwould wish to be considered in this connexion is the extension Yet today theOrganizationisfacedwith the most severe crisis in its nineteen years of existence. The argu­ of nuclear-free zones. We all recall t1tat at the last ments on both aides-those who refuse to pay their session the General Assembly adopted resolution'1911 full assessments and those who consequently demand (XVIII) on the denuclearization of Latin America. full application of Article 19 of the ChfLrter-merit Now an item entitled "Denuclearization of Africa" has careful consideration. been inscribed on the agenda of the present session. pursuant to the declaration of the Assembly of Heads 81. ~I should like to mention two points which might of African states and Governments which metinCairo be worth considering here. First. let us not forget last July. My Government urges the extension of that the United Nations Charter, upon which the argu­ nuclear-free zones as a major step in the contain­ ments are based. is the result of compromise and ment of thisfrightful instrument. andI trustthat this is mutual accommodationl, rather than of rigid, intran­ the attitude of the majority Cif thisbody, which. I hope. sigent positions. Secondly, as the Charter does not will give the matter its most serious consideration. provide for every possible contingency under the 76. I should like to turn now to a very important sun, perhaps Member States should make a special event in recent months. The United Nations Conference effort to ensure the broadest possible interpretation on Trade and Development, held at Geneva from of its provisions. rather than demand a strict and 23 March to 16 June last. hasbeendescribed as "pos­ narrow application. Rather than stress differences, sibly the most significant effort to organize world our etldeavour should be to widen areas of·agree­ trade in our time". Conferences on trade and develop­ ment. irhat lS the view of mydelegationon this matter. ment. heretofore regarded as a specialized field. cor~lict are now recognized as having an important bearing 82. It also appears that the lies in legalistic on many of today's socio-political problems. Thus andproceduralfields, and ifthis is l'eally the case, then we find that the United Nations and its agencies are certainly the differences' C ".Il be ironed out by this now devoting more time than ever to economic prob­ body. My Government 11laintains that the effective lems, and we find on our agenda more items dealing functioning of this Organization is the collective res­ ponSibility of tha entire membership. The same view with economics than ever before. was e}cpressed by the Assembly of Heads of State 77. It is gratifying to note that the importanc-e of and GClvernment of the Organi,z;a.tion of African Unity the problems of the developing countries has become which met in Cairo last July11 in. a resolution urging more generally re~ognized. At the United Naticlns Member states to meet their obligations to the United Conference on Trade and Development, the problems Nations and render it all necessary assistance tohelp of economic development of the developing countries it fulfil its role in maintaining peace and security. were discussed in the context of their trade needs, It is. therefore. in a spirit of mutual accornmodation with a view to achieving the modest targets of the . that we should approach this difficult, butnot insoluble Develc,pment Decade. The intense deliberations that problem. As in any family, harmoniou~ relationships took place at the conference bear out the fact that within this Orgl.!nization can depend only upon the the goals of the Development Decade will remain goodwill and generosity of its Members, upon the unimplemented unless bold measures are taken to willingness to give as well as take. upon a genuine

'.I Ai, ~.',------'1293rd'meeting - 7 Dec.'eryber 1964 9 evelop- . desire to co-operate and a readiness to make neces­ 88. At such times of crisis, it is useful to retUrn to highly' sary concessions. first principles; to re-examine our original assump­ '0 fore­ 83. We must realize that the United Nations is the tions about the basic aims we are pursuing through resolu­ best-perhaps last-hope of mankind for international international .co-operation; to retrace in our minds Lithfully peace and security, and that we must do all we can the lines of demarcation between principle on the one dyeco- to keep it going. To keep it going, we must keep it hand, which cannot be compromised, and methods solvent and this, as I said earlier, ,is a collective and machinery on the other, for the latter 'can be responsibility. I should also state tha:t it is my dele­ adjusted and improved upon, even discarded and re­ :I would gation's belief that the settlementofoutstandingfinan­ placed. SuCh a re-examination is necessarily an indi­ ess for cial obligations would gr.eatly facilitate the adoption vidual exercise, but out of many individual exercises is which ~ of a general procedure for future peace-keeping' a consensus might emerge as what within our sys­ lish its operations. temis ripefor reformationand what muston no account "social be tampered with. larger 84. In conclusion, I should like to expressthefervent 89. As far as my Government is concerned, it is hope of my delegation that, despite the difficulties essential that the United Nations should be strong confronting this session, despite the complexities of and that its ability to move with speed and decision lid like the decisions to be made, we shall, with goodwill :I which against threats to peace and acts of aggressionshould and co-operation, arrive at solutions thatwillbebene­ vi~w, ands in ~d~~ . increaae. From our point of itis of vital impor­ s trade tance that the whole United Nations should never be 85. Mr. SHEARER (Jamaica): Mr. President., permit' rendered impotent and incapable of dealing with such me to offer you Jamaica's warm 'congratulationsand threats tu the peace or acts of aggression. If its llike to to associate my country's delegation with the expres­ main peace-keepingorgan, the SecurityCouncil, should md that sions of goodwill which have been addressed to you at any time be paralysed by the veto, but in the con­ Nations upon your election to the presidenoy of this nineteenth sidered judgement of the large majority of our Mem­ lssess­ session of the General Assembly. Your election is bers the occasion is one which callsfor United Nations I Congo a fitting tribute to your great abilities and to the high action, then residual means of enabling the United ;ediffi­ esteem in which you are held by your colleagues in 'Nations to take such action should be found within e them. the United Nations, but it is also a tribute to the the Charter, or written into it. severe .dynamic example your country has set to the new e argu­ 90. It is my Government's view that operations for nations of the world by its creative effort and its the maintenance of peace and security can no longer .y their determination to carve out for its people a destiny be regarded as extraordinarynon-recurrentactivities demand of which great men elm be proud. Representing a -merit of the United Nations. We must now recognize the country whose citizens are predominantly of African indisputable fact that, if experience is any guide, descent, we take a special pride in your elevation to peace-keeping in one form or another will in future h might this high office and we are confident that under your be a normal, regular ever-recurring activity of the ; forget skilful guidance the deliberations of tlrls session of" Organization. For this reason, we attachgreatlmpor­ e argu­ the Assembly will result in lasting benefit to the peo­ tance to the principle that the means of financing ple of the world. ise and each operation shouldn(Jt have tobedeterminedad hoc int:ran­ 86. In the short period of fourteen mon~hs since the on an emergency baSis as the operation is mounted. oes not eighteenth session of,this Assembly was convened, A basis of finance I;hould be agreed upon beforehand Jer the the high hopes we held for the fu;tl1re of world peace and funds should be raised automatically, as required, special have not been realized. Since last we met here, solu­ through annual assessments on the Member States t'etation tions which we thought would be enduring have proved in e~actly the same way as assessments are now ict and to be short-lived; old hostilities have been renewed, levie.'d to defr:;l.y the expenses of the ordinary budget. rences, and where harmony had hitherto prevailed fighting 91. J'iitt!a.tca is concerned to see the securityCouncil 'agree­ has broken out afresh, posing ,new threats to inter­ rethain strong. W':'} wish to see it employing to the matter. national peace. As we gather for the opening of this fUllest extent the Wide and effective powerswithwhich session, we gather in a mood of grave concern, for ,;he Charter has endowed''it. We would be pleased if ~alistic we feel tllat the foundations of our Organization are t;he Council wowd proceed to draw up the ·long-term ;e. then trembling under us. Suddenly it appears that the very agreements with MemberStatesenvisagedbythe Char­ by this su:r.vivd of the United Nations is seriouslythreatened. 'ter through which armed forces would. be) held in ffective :t'eadines~. to be employed whenever the/necessity 87. There is no need to apologize 'for opening my ve res­ arose. We 'wish it would make prop~.r use of the ne view remarks in this debate with a reference to the prob­ lem of peace-keeping, for the subject is uppermost Military Staff Committee, as the Charter intended it )f State should do. ' m Unity in all our minds. We are relieved to find that the lurging shadow which hung over us in recent months is for 92. But Jamaica. does notwantto strengthenone organ ~ United the moment coming no closer. We are happy that a of the United Nations- at the expense of another. Our whol~ i tohelp way has been found for our beloved and respected concern is to see the United Nations as a and ~curity. Secretary-General-and I ,am sure we all pray for his effective instrument for ·saving future generations lodation for his speedy recovery to normal health-tobringhis from the scourge of war", and we are continually lsoluble great qualities of mind and heart and his great skill consoious of the pronouncement of the founders of onships to bear 'on the disagreements which have divided this Organization in the preamble to the Charter tha~ pon the Member states about the relative roles of one orr1.n the people were uniting thei~ strength for t'/,lese pur- . pon the and another of the United Nations in the maintenance poses-not depending upon the·strength of a few great genuine of international peace and security. Powers to secure these ends. . 10 aeneral Assembly - Nineteenth session - Plenary Meetings 93. In regard to the role of the General Assembly 99. The recent Conference on Trade and Develop­ effects in peace-keeping, my Government considers that the ment has laid the foundation for necessary changes in inabilitJ Chal1")l' has vested in this organ the exclusive right the practice of international trade and production. during to ]/;vy assessments for peace-keeping operations, Member states may congratul/;\te t;h.emselves on having which a w~ther these be of a. military or non-military char­ tackled this problem at that high Jevel, but it is of the go'V acter. It is proper in our view that this should be paramount importance that the momentum should not for coni so, for the Assembly is ~he only organ of the United slacken. The immediate next step is to establish the petition Nations on which all Member nations are represented institutions which will enable the United Nations to can offe as of rj,ght. We would find it very difficult to believe give close and continuing attention to trade and develop­ disadvaJ that a way of strengthening the whole Organization ment and so assistinrealizingthehopes of the develop­ 105. Al could be to deprive the Assemblyof thisvital Charter­ ing countries. It is Jamaica's hope that the setting is one. given power. up of the Trade and Development Board, on a fully specific representative basis, will be endorsed bythis Assem­ Confere 94. We recognize that this interpretation of the rela­ bly before the recess at the end Jf this month. tive powers and responsibilities of the Asserll.1bly Capital and the Council is not shared by all Member states. lOO. Let it not be thought, however, that the develop­ tions at If, however, fundamental differences persist amongst ing nations accept the results of the Geneva Trade tributiol Member states, including States which played leading Conference as an adequate fulfilment of their objec­ 106. In roles in the drafting of the Charter, concerning the tives in pressing for United Nations review of trade the decl interpretation of provisions of the Charter, is not the and development problems. From our point of view, Develop time ripeforanew San Francisco,fora new conference the pattern of world trade is still distorted; the terms was en: to be called in which the respective interpretations can of trade are still moving against the developing coun­ time, tl: be thoroughly discussed and the differing views tries; the gap inliving standardsbetweenthe developed of a fUll reconciled? and the developing countries Is still widening. As entrustE matters now stand, developed and developing coun­ of argul 95. Each party to these disputes maintains that the tries are probably agreed on the objectives they are no add! disputed provision in the Charter.oan bear only the willing to have applied in international commercial of a dev precise interpretation he places on it, and no other; intercourse; that is all. sion of J each refers to the wording of an article, or to the intention behind the wording, as authority for the 101. Agreement has been reached on a number of 107. Ja stand he maintains. In such circumstances, my Govern­ rules and principles by which international trade and into cle ment seee no alternative than that the Members of development shoul~ be governed, and certain time­ the inve the United Nations as a body should. once more sit limits have been se't for their application. The under­ therefo! down together, decide what kind of peace-keepingthey standing of objectives, however, is not yet matched Special want, under whose authority the operation shouldpro­ on the part of the advanced countries by precise nical A ceed, and write the agreed decisions into our Charter. decisions signifying that they have accepted com­ progran So far as the Jamaica Government is concerned, we mitments to meet" the real needs of the developing would bE . pledge our support for any well-intentioned efforts countries. Indeed, I fear that in the minds of some national to remove those obstacles which have stood, up to of these nations Geneva has already gone too far, If the I now, in the way of an agreement upon revision of and things are getting out of hand. Let us hope that implemE the Charter. these nations will take early steps to reassure us must COl about their intentions. Voluntal 96. To all appearances, no progress has been made 102. Like other developing nations, Jamaica is anx­ magnitul in the negotiations on disarma~nent in Geneva during ious to promote a more rapid rate of development 108. Or the past year. We cannot, ofcOllrse, allow discour8¥e­ so astodefeatthe common enemies: hunger, ignorance, already ment at this apparent lack 01. progress to overtake disease. We must provide continuing Job opportunities means 0 Us. The effort to find areaS of agreement must go and continually rising standards of living for cur mY\

1293rd 111eeting - 7 December 1964 11 ------=:...... _------.~----- effects of these disgllised costs aL'e evident in our ~he South African authorities to abandon their hateful inability to collect revenues from new industries p,:>licies have failed. during ever-lengthening ta;,c-free periods, revenues which are needed to finance the infrastructure which 110. This failure has been due, of course, to SOuth the government sector must provide. The pressure African intransigence, but. .. unfortunately this intran­ sigence is supported by the :refusal of certain key for concessions is already producing a ruinous com­ Member States to comply with Assembly resolu­ petition amongst the developing countries as to which tion 1761 (XVII), adopted at the seventeenth session, can offer the most attractive conditions, to the serious which called on all Member States-not only some-to disadvantar;e of all of USa break off diplomatic relations with South Africa and 105. Among the problems of capital availability, there to sever all relations in trade and transport. '''!e note is one directly' before this Assembly. I refer to the .with appreciation that steps have been taken by one specific recommendation in theFinalAct of the Geneva permanent member of the security Council to cut Conference on Tzoade and Development1l that the off the shipme'ct of arms to South Africa. This is Capital Development Fund should commence opera­ excellent so far as it goes. To be effective for the tions at an early date on the basis of voluntary con- purpose we all intend, however, it must be followed

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Ne~t ment in co-operation with the local government. The 119. 1 should like to mention one respect in constn United Nations should br able· to carry out full pro­ which tbe United Nationals uniquely well equipped has bel grammes for the training of the personnel who will to serve the aims of international peace and security. tenyeB eventually" conduct their external relations and direct I :refer to the role of United Nations conciliation in in rec. their economic apd social development. I feel cer­ the peaceful settlement of disputes. I would urge nomic tain that the adm~nistering Powers responf)ible for Member States to remember that the Chartertowhich has im such small c()lonies will see the wisdom of co,-opere:',­ we all subscribed requires us to renounce the use tion. I ing with the United Nations in planning and financing of force in the settlement of disputes and to bring and wit the developrJient of these territories. our international disagreements to the conference done wi table. Member States should be guided by this obliga­ by see] 115. I come now to one areaofUnitedNations activity tion at all times. In this connexlon, I would like to of all tl in which my country has tried to take a special offer a genuine tribute to the work which United co-ordi interest. Last year, this Assemblydecided [resolution Nations cono1l1ato:rs and personal representatives of and witJ 1961 (XVII!)] that the twentieth anniversaI'J of the the Secretary-General are performing. Some of these Universal Declaration of Human Rights should be dedicated men have given their lives in the serv.ice 126. T celebrated as an International Year,for HumanRights. of international pe~ce as surely as if they had laid the im: A committee is already at work preparing a draft them down on the field of battle. Jamaica would wish heir to prog:ramme of measures and activities which might to join other Members of the United Nations in paying ment 0 be undertaken during the International Year. The respect to their sacrifice. natural Jamaican G()vernment hopes that room will be found tion eX] within this programme of obse:rvances for a world­ 120. At the beginning of this session, we had the highlanc wide conference on human rights at which the pro­ pleasure of welcoming into United Nations member­ cultural gress made in giving effect to the' rights and freG­ ship three new territories-Zambia, Malawi and Malta. the efj doms set out in the Universal Declaration of Human By agreement among the Commonwealth representa­ overCOI Rights might be reviewed. It seems to us that such tives, wc;>rdsof welcome were expressed by one or for OUt a conference could also offer the opportunity oftaking two speakers only on behalf of us all. I must take the with die a fresp look at the whole human rights programme, opportunlty, however, to say with how much pleasure we haVE to see how best we can ensure that the objectives the 'Jamaican Government and people welcome their arrival in the great community of nations. I will, at 127. Si of the Charter in this main field of United Nations the same time, express our hope that before long the vtous s effort are most effectively pursued. I think we should few remaining Non-self-Governing Territories in the of theU: consider whether the commission charged with this ment W important part of the United Nations effort has the American region will similarly take their place in the community of nations. Act of 1 needed authority to carry out its task, whether it the clo: meets too infrequently and whether the resources 121. I close with a reaffirmation of my count;ryts enjoy E allocated to it in terms of time, of personnel and of profound belief in the future of the United Natiqns cultural funds are sufficient to meet its needs. as the world's best hope for freedom and for the pro­ recogn1: motion of peace and progress for mankind, and with that thB 116. In conolusion, I should like to offer a few re­ our pledge to continue our support of its activities just exp marks of a g6neral character on matters which are for this pu;rpose. to ClOSE not immediately on our agenda. 122. Mr. BELAUNDE (Peru) (translated from Span­ an abysl ish): May I be allowed to say with what pleasure and 117. The existence of the United Nations as an insti­ 128. I tution of, collective securityand iIiternationalcoopera­ great hope I welcome, on behalf of my country and mention tion presupposes the corresponding existence of an my Government, the nineteenth session of the General cern fel ,international legal order. If the Charter needs further Assembly. about b amendment to enable the Organization to meet the 123. Peru has reached a decisive moment in its his­ has bee challenging problems of our time, so must the inter- , tory. While maintaining and developing its Christian with his national legal order be made to respond to the realities and Westerp heritage, it is reviving the values which standing of the changes which are taking place in international are its proud legacy from the empire cf the Incas: ideals ( society. political unity accompanied by respectforthe inherent these w differences between the various .regions, the resolve an exprE 118. In this connexlon, it is appropriate that. with to bring civilization to other lands, and ardent con­ for hisc a view to encouraging the progressive development cern for the welfare of the community~ 129. Tl of international law and its codification, the Assembly over th. should, dUring this session, continue to study the 124. The Government of Peru has devoted its efforts to increasing the amount of arable land, to extending, fidence "principles of international law concerning friendly come. I relations and co-operation, amongstatesin accordance ,through difficult terrain, the road network whioh is to 'link the principal cities With the outlying pro'Vinces history with the Charter of the United Nations". Ifinternational and to provide highways through the jungles of the were ba law is to continue to be the basis of understanding perpetu~ Amazon, filledwith mysteryandpro:rn1Re, subsequently amongst us-and indeed it must-we should not resist linking the terminals of those highways to a forest theimn changes in the law where ohanges are justified. On perimeter road, thus making Humboldt's concept on the ( the other hand, we must not be too adventurous- in of Amazoni'il. as a geographical unit a realityand forg­ sgreemE fostering innoovations not based 01J.-, general accept­ ing closer links between theneighbou1'ing countries. and thei ance. My Government hopes .th9..t' the study now being to the PE undertaken will culminate in significant contributions 125. As a result of our Government's efforts to sion. W to the development of international law and to the implement United Nations recommendat\\ons ,on com­ events \\I rule of law throughout the world. munity services, :many schoolshavebeenhUilt. bridges ization IS ------_. ~ ----~--- ~~------

------~~~- 1293rd meeting - 7 December 1964' " 13 constructed and :!new roads: open-ad and more housing eilable conflicts and fruitless discussions. In 11fcS has been built in a single year than in,the previous there are, however" inexhaustible resources; there ten years. Industrialization has made great advanc~_s, are mysterious forces and the intangible Influenoe in recent years towards the goal of achieving eco~ of spiritual values, which one political realist has nomic independence; the stability of our currency called the "imponderables", the most Important of has improved" as has our balance-of-payments posi­ which is the calm and heroic determination of a peo­ tion. I can state from this rostrum, without boal=lting ple, a head of State or an organization to carry out and with complete objectivity, that all this has been its duty resolutely in the face of all dangers. done without prejudice to our constitutional structure" by seeking" despite all obstacles" the co-operation 130. At a time of bitter disillusion and impending of all the public authorities and the f:)ssential political crisis, the General Assembly solemnly proclaimed , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, an affir­ co-ordination, by meeting the just claims of labour, m~tion and with complete freedom of expression. . of faith, a call to duty and hope, which.had the effect of imbuing the new generations, which yearned 126. This is only a beginning and an indication of for justice and peace, with many ideals. the immense task which still lies before P~ru, the heir to Inca tradition: that of creating new employ­ 131. In the course of these hazardous twenty years, nlent opportunities" developing neglected or latent often on the edge of abysses which appeared impas­ natural resources in order to cope with the popula­ sable, the United Nations survived the Korean crisis tion explosion, arresting the tragic exodus from the and gave its attention to economic co-operation;, highlands" the cradle of our culture" by modern agri­ technioal assistance was developed within the limits cultural methods such as the use of fertilizers and of our resources and the specialized agencies carried the efficient organization of co-operatives, and on their work for children, forthe supportand defence overcoming the handicap of the low prices obtained of labour, f,or agricultural development,and for the for 'our raw materials, -which contrast so unfairly expansion of educational opportunities. Regionalpacts affirmi~ adherence to the Charter were concluded with disproportionatelyhighpricesof the manufactures eve~' we have to import. . and .th2' Suez crisis provided an opportunity: for establishing an emergency force-theforces Which 127. Since this SUbject has been dealt with by pre­ should' have been established under Arti91e 43 not vious speakers, I need only say that the convening having come'into existence-which under the banner of the United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelop­ and insignia of the United Nations, has served the ment was a most valuable step -and that the Final cause of peace. Act of that Conference is a document which deserves the closest study; I trust that the countries which 132. It was pointed out at the time that the respon­ enjoy a favourable geographical position, a great sibility for maintaining international peace and order cultural heritage, expanding capital resources and a lay with the Organization as a whole and not with recognized national personality have been convinced the Security Council alone, although the Council had that 'that personality will find its highest and most primary responsibility. just expression inwhole-heartedco-operationinorder 133. There is no need for me to revive the debates to close that gap, and prevent it from widening into at San Francisco and the arguments that were put an abyss which might threaten human culture. forward at the 1950 session of the General Assembly. 128. I should. be guilty of insincerity if I failed to Thanks largely to the determination of the mafortty , mention, or mentioned only in passing, the deep Con~ of Us Members, and with the growing approval of cern felt by M:embers andfriends ofthe United Nations public opinion, the United Nations has fulfUled the about tile crisis we are facing. A possible solution purpose for which it was founded by interpreting the has been suggested by our secretary-General, who Charter in its true spirit. by ,reference to precedents with his scrupulous impartiality, his universalunder­ and in the light of one decisive faQtor: requirements standing and his'warm humanity embodies the finest of a changing world. - ideals of the United Nations. I trust he will accept 134. It can be claimed without exaggeration that these words. which I am sure you all endorse, ad the United Nations owes its SUrvival durtngthese an expression of our regard for him and of our Wishes twenty years "to the evolutionary interpretation of for his complete and speedy recov~:v~. the Charter, which makes it possible for us to apply 129. The remarkable history of the United Nations immutable principles to the change and progress of over the last twenty years encourages us in our con­ the modern world. I use the word "evolutionary" de­ fidence that ,the present difficulties will be over­ liberately, because it implies that we must constantly I come. I have been, fort1!nate enough to witness this review the application of immutable prinCiples to :; history in the making. At San Francisco our hopes changing objects. were based on two fundamental assumptions: firstly, perpetualhannonybetween th~ greatPowers; secondly, 135. May I. as a former professor, quote the famous the immediate fulfilment of Article 43 of the Charter author§J, of Parliamentary Logic: "Identical prin­ on the conclusion by the Security Council of special ciples do not necessarily produce the same effect; &greements with all Members of the United Nations they do so only when applied to identical objects". and their effective co-operation in cases of threats If the principles 'of the Charter are to be applled to to the peace" breaches of the peace oracts of aggres­ different situations, we, like the Roman praetorwhose sion. When these assumptions were invalidq.ted by decisions were made on the baSis of a just biter- e~ents which we all remember and regret, ourOrgan­ §J WilliarnGerard Hamilton. Parliarnentlry Logic (c. and It. ~Idwin ization seem destined to become the scene ofirrecon- for T. Paine). Lond()D. 1808. 1 ::l. ! iLJi

14 General Assembly ~- Nineteenth session - Plenary Meetings preta.tion of the development of law, must examine should be applied to relieving the dereliction, hunger desl! every circumstance and every·case in order to apply and disease suffered by two thirds of the t~uman race. Powe the unvarying principle in t~fairestpossiblemanner. 142. The resumption of the General Assembly opens or s 136. Although the prel,3ent dispute and the crisis it up an immense field of aotion. There are many en­ for tl has brought about may' be due fundamentally to con­ couraging symptoms, including the ratification by actio: flicting interpretatiorlls of the Charter arld perhaps to more than a hundred countries of the Treaty bannill{ agreE differing legal concepts, it is clear that, apart from nuclear tests.§j -although, unfortunately, not under­ velop these latent difficulties, there are other practice.! ground tests-and the pronouncement of so many Unite difficulties of a. financial and economic nature in institutions in favour of a policy of co-operation and connexion with peace-keeping operations, whether intelligence. The debates on disarmament are show­ 146. for the halting of aggression, for prevention or for ing more and more clearly the undeniable truth of a prE bo-ordination. these principles to which I should like to draw the is inc Assembly's attention: firstly, control applied equally sensE 137. At the same time I feel it my dUty to state, with for t the same sincerity with which I have set forth the to the Powers concerned is contrary neither to their sovereignty nor to their dignity; secondly, control, the s inviolable principles of the Charter, that in consider­ fore, which is a means of application in every multilateral ing the naturG ~ ..; the different financial operations, peaCE we must use common sense together with technlcal treaty, is in the case of disarmament, an essential whicl element of the treaty itself; and, thirdly, maximum knowledge and differentiate between the ordinarypro­ and 1 ceedings of the Organization and its extraordinary nuclear powerwith maximum deterrentforce ismerely contil operations. The latter, although performed in com­ an illusion and a deception because there will always sider be the possibility of a miscalculation, of an unfounded pliance with a duty unquestionably incumb~nt on all value Members, may involve some differentiation based on hope or of a suicidal urge which, like an imminent the fundamental responsibility which the Chartercon­ sanction, accompanies the hallucination of hegemony. 147. of 101 ferred on the great Powers, namely, direct respon­ 143. The conquest of outer space seems certain and one advantage is that there is relative agreement is cl­ sibility in the events that have occurred-a historical over fact that can be proved~andimmediateinterestdeter­ between the Powers on the necessity of keeping it the p mined by geographical position or regional solidarity. free from claims to sovereignty and theuse of nuclear order arms. The road is open to a more solid position 138. The advisory opinion of the International Court affirming the jurisdiction of the United Nations under 148. of Justic.e, which legitimately declared the principle the auspices of a multilateral agreementon the peace­ to e:ll of universality and of the obligation of all Members ful uses of outer space and the scientific results of tions of the United Nations, preserved the criterion that its explorations. specific definition of the obligation should depend on electi the various conditions imposed by ciroumstances. 144. International harmony presupposes not only mous The previous decisions of the General Assembly means of common accord but psychological readiness and i Afric favour this criterion of relativity and flexibility, for peace through the sincere and final refus8:1 tt!, w:hich in no way affects the immutability of the prin­ profit from any circumstance which might harm the effect ciples of the Qharter. 'prestige or position of another nation Which, because but al it is a Member of the United Nations, is a sister 139. At this time, the representative ofa smallPower 149. should really do no more than express his sincerest n8,tion. Today the danger to peace lier; not in open and r: hopes that, in the spirit of San Francisco, which threats, in violent rupture or in flagrant aggression; work« requires all organs of our institution to work in har­ it lies in indirect means, in the encouragement of fidenc mony, a way will be found of restoring to the United political anarchy and in the support of subversive this i Nations its full range of activities. movements as part of the illusion of spheres of inf1\u­ most ence, of. those spheres of influence which led to the eme],'J 140. It would be wrong to overlook the fact that rivalry of the great Powers throughout the nineteenth comic recently there have been important changes in the century and the present twentieth century. It isthere­ have: international environment. A currentof opinion, rising fore most desirable that the principles of economic above ideological and political frontiers, is support­ and cultural co-operation proclaimed in our Cha:t:.ter 150. ing the efforts being made to consol1datepeace. It should be put into practice. There is room within tion " may be said that today all spiritual forces are being this co-operation for peacefUl competition, a sort of .once mobilized in favour of an international order based, creative ri,valry which would initselfbring th~ recom­ Centr not on the mere balance of power, always uncertain pense of great prestige and recognition of the highest of Af: and unreliable, in the nuclear age, but on an acute services in the cause of humanity. iUldp vision of~he essential harmony of human interests, ~'ority and in favour of promoting the improvement of the 145. Our brothers from Africa and Asia have pro­ Meml standard of living of the masses, restoring to science claimed-a policy of non-alignment. that is to say of close considering themselves isolated from the former its spe~1fic mission of furthering life and progress strugl tendeno1es to political, economic or cultural hege­ andt< rather than destruction and death. mony. We interpret this declaration as an intention 141. We today are witnesses. of this extraordinary to give effective application to the principle of self'" 151. mobilization', Which has CUlminated hr the Journey determination. The validity and acceptance of that of the of His JIoliness Paul VI to India, a magnificent pil­ principle will guarantee not only political indepen­ Minis gl'lrnage in which the voices of the representatives dence but also, logically, universal peace. This just deathl of the greatest religions of the world have joined but III in a m~f.leage of peace ~d of mankind's desire that !ll Treaty banning nuc~ear weapon tests in die atmosphere, in outer peace armaments should be redUced and that all resources space and under wllter, signed in Moscow on 5 AUgUSt 1963. and i: 1293rd meeting - 7 December 1964 15 r desire calls for a suitable response from the Great ,establish a worldorderbasedon internationalbrother­ •'. powers, namely, the renunciation of all unilateral hood and justice• s or selfish influence and the decision to co-operate 152. The general world situation since the last ses­ .- for the good of the developing Powers, through parallel sion of the Assembly has not improved acco:l'ding to actions of multilateral agreements, orthrough regional, our hopes. There hasbeen no progresstowards general agreements or arrangements or by generously de~ and complete disarmamentj the partial test bantreaty veloping even further the specialized organs of the has remained partial and has not been extended to United Nations. cover all nuclear tests including those underground. 146. A few moments ago I said that universality was The Uganda delegationisdisappointedthatthe "nuclear r_ a prereqt,dsite not only of justice but of peace. Peace club" has expanded. China has joined this club by )f is indivisible because it is universal in the noblest carrying out its own explosion in the atmosphere. le sense of the word. Peace. like spiritual values, calls Uganda has always opposed nuclear tests by any ly for tribute from the great and contributions from country, not only because they are wasteful but also lr the small. By drawing closer to universality, there­ because they are a dangerous pastime threatening I, fore, the United Nations has given its objective of the future of mankind. The expansion of the "nuclear al peace a sure and strong basis. That desire for pea·~e club" has once again emphasised the great urgency al which has its place in the hearts of all young nations, for action by the United Nations to ensure that the m and which this body has started-and will certainly Organization becomes fully universal. ly continue-to recognize at this session, must be con­ 153. My delegation, as it did at the last session, '6 sidered one of the imponderable factors of spiritual attaches great importance to the admission of Chb~a ~d value which animate this institution. to the United Nations. We have on many occasions nt made our position clear. Indeed, we maintain that y. 147. I shall conclude by merely recalling the lesson the admission of China is one of the most pressing of long exper~ence: the alternative. facing the world rid problems if the United Nations istobe a strong Organ­ is clear. It is not the hegemony of a group of Powers ization embracing all the nations of the world. It nt over other Powers. No, that was the alternative of it is therefore. the hope of my delegation that._ in our the past; today it is either complete legal and moral deliberations. we shall not be blinded by ideological ar order or universal destruction by the atom bomb. on differences but rather motivated by the realities of er 148. Mr. ODAKA (Uganda): Allow me, Mr. President, the current international situation and the noble aims e­ to extend to you my delegation's warm congratula­ of the Charter. of tions and those of the Uganda Government oln your 154. It has been argued in some quarters that the election as President of this Assembly. Your tLllani­ People's Republic of China shouldbeexcludedbecause mous election is of special. significance to Africa lly it does not conform to the provisions of Article 4 of and its friends, and points to a bright future in which the Charter, which stipulates that "Membership in ss Africa hopes to play an increasingly significant and to the United Nations is open to all other·peace-loving he' effective role in the affairs not only ofthis Assembly. states which accept the obligations contained in the ,se but also of all organs of the United Nations. present Charter ••• ". Since the essence of this organ­ :er 149. Your capabilities and your personal warmth ization is to lay down and enforce certain rules of len and magnanimity have impressed all those who have international behaviour, a vicious circle is at once >nj created. for the People's RepUblic of China cannot worked closely with you. My delegation has full con­ be expected to abide by the terms of the Charter of fidence that, underyourwise and experiencedguidance, ,ve until it has gained admission. We have no proof that this Assembly. although confronted with some of the China which. as we all know. was a founding Member. lU­ most intractable p:roblems in its history, will yet ;he is not able and willing to carry out the obligations eme:fge triumphant and in a position to justify the contained in the present Charter. lth confidence that the vast millions of the human race ~e- have reposed in it. 155. It has been further argued that to admit China. lic now that it has become a nuclear Power. would be ~er 150. The Uganda delegation welcomes the emancipa­ to pursue a policy of appeasement tantamount to Din tion 'of Malawi and Zambia, countries which were giving way to threats and .menaces. While my dele­ :of .once part and parcel of' the hated, white-dominated gation categorically condemns explosions of nuclear m­ Central African Federation. and I see it as a triumph weapons by any country. I feel that the acqUisition est of African determination In the struggle for dignity of nuclear weapons by China has demonstrated xno:re lUld political freedom based on the principle of ma­ clearly than ever before the absurdity of regarding Jority rule. We also warmly welcome Malta as a full China as a delinquent school boy who should be kept L'O­ Member of the United Nations and look forward to rof safely in a corner in the hope that this will keep him close co-operation with the Maltese people in our out of mischief. Now that China is a nuclear Power. ler struggle to raise the standard of living of our people it

157. In considering the question of the admission bourse The Uganda delegation would like to pause at 16S of the People's Republic of China, we must not be this Juncture and highlight some of the problems me prejudiced by ideological, economic or political con- involved. cor. siderations. We should be guided only by our deter­ Kill mination to make this Organization truly universal 164. Firstly, we believe that, since it gained its of t and an effective instrument for the preservation of independence, the main problem facing the Congo has tim world peace. been the lack ofa popular leader acceptable to and rea also able to control the whole country and to estabUsh as' 158. Because of the unique geographical position of a government strong enough to maintain law and Uganda, we have for decades had large numbers of and order. Even after the defeat of secessionist Katanga. len people swelling our population from the five coun­ the Congo lacked a leader to unify the country. That tries with which we share a common border. In the wh< problem, in the opinion of the Uganda delegation, firl last three years, however, the influx of peoplepouring cannot be solved from outSide, but the Organization in across the Uganda border from Rwanda, the Demo­ be of African Unity and other well-wishers could help po)j cratic RepUblic of the Congo and, more recently, the Congelese in finding a leader acceptable to them. from the Southern SUdan as refugees have created a c We are convinced that this is a political problem, whi an extremely critical sittlation which calls for spe­ and a political approach would stand a better chance Cial attention on the pe.n of this Organization. of success than a military one. 170 159. Many countries in the world are faced with a if t rising tide of refugees, who continue to seek asylum 165. secondly, it has been argued in some quarters den in neighbouring territories. In my submission, how­ that other countries are helping the legal Government any ever, Uganda has been hardest hit. This is partly of the Congo. While not disagreeing with that, we we because of the timing of the blow-falling as it did must remember that it was President Kasavubu who nizi immediately before and after independence, partly appealed to the Organization of African Unity as the But because the resulting expenditure is very high in only organ that was capable of helping the Congo in sag. relation to the gross national pI'oduct of Uganda, its troubles. Unfortunately, it was not possible for We and alse. because, due to geographical circumstances, his Government and th(1 other Governments concerned of S Uganda has been the victim of a three-prongedassault in the Congo to co-operate with the Reconciliation Nat: Commission. Instead, plans of mil1taryconquestusing of refugees mounted simultaneously from itswestern, 171 southern and northern neighbours. Matters have white mercenaries went ahead, thus ruling out com­ pletely the opportunity for peaceful reconciliation. ter: reached such a pass that today Uganda is giving rea asylum to over 100,000 refugees, which represents 166. We consider that even after the blunders of the insl an unexpected rise in our population of nearly 1.5 per past, which led to the recent massacres, not only of nie: c-ent within a matter of three years. Refugees have whites-as some quarters would have us believe-but to received direct support from the Uganda Government, also of thousands of Africans, it is not too late to mOl and large sums have been spent in providing relief persuade Mr. Tshombe and his helpersto stopfighting POI and resettlement. and withdraw the white mercenaries. That would and 160. 'Uganda is appreciative of the help so far given enable the Reconciliation Commission to visit the of by the United Nations High Commissionerfor Refugees Congo ~d determine what aid would be necessary imr. and other international organizations. It i~, however, in maintaining law and order and assisting the Con­ of t my delegation's view thatthe problemposedby African golese to 'obta~n. a government of their own choosing. We refugees has not received the serious attention it beil deserves from this Organization. So long as some 167. We consider that the present trendof supporting one person and establishing and maintaining his rule 172, major' Powers continue to maintain that refugees are of 1 the responsibility 01 the countries of asylum, the by military force is not onlyunfortunatebutdangerous :Cor newly independent States. If we assume, as we Por collective might of this Organization will never be exal brought to bear on this problem. must necessarily do, that sovereignty is, vested and should at all times be vested in the people, then it Ang 161. I am aware of the fact that there ls a Refugees is a negation of democracy for large ,Powers, indE Commission of the Organization of African Unity through military aid, to throw in their weight in 173. trying to grapple with this problem. But we believe favour of a leader of their own choice, who may not the that until the internal situation in the countries of be acceptable to the people. If tha~ tt:end continues, pra( origin is ameliorated, thus making it possible for small states will have to think seriouslyof their future lng all their citizens to live in peace, we shall continue security and continued independence. It is important tion, to be faced with the problem of provididng the bare to dra:W' a distinction, however, between military Sout necessities of life for men, women and children who assistance given tQ a popular government of a country spir have fled their countries of originI.n searchof ayslum. and assistance given to one faction in a country and con< r~gime 162. Internal problems are not confined to any par­ aimed at establishing one against another, as is now the case in the Congo. 174, ticular country. We all have them. But most of Us Afrl are able to solve them within' our borders. In other '" 168. The Uganda delegation appeals to aU foreign lawI cases they overflow and thus affect the neighbouring Powers involved in the Congo situation to use their tria countries, becoming, in the case of Africa, the Joint influence to end the fighting, which has re:aulted in ablE responsibility of the Organization of African Unity the unnecessary loss of so manyl1ves. It is also vital indi and the United Nations. that the white mercenaries shovJd. be withdrawn, in Po" 163. In the Congo, the problems have certainlyover­ order to give the Reconciliatloii'COkllDlission a chance mOE flowed and have been and still are affecting its neigh- to tackle the problem. sine , "".M' 1293rd meeting - 7 December 1~64 17 i at 169. Like the Congo, Southern Rhodesia is by no "175. Nothing unites African peoples more .closely. ms means past redemption. My delegation warmly wel­ than their opposition to apartheid and all its manifes­ comes the recent statements made by the new United tations. Africa is determined to rid itself of this Kingdom Government, warning the white minority obnoxious policy, and we realize thatourown indepen­ its of the dangerous cons~quences of a unilateraldeclara­ dence and self-respect will be ineffective so long as las tion of independence. My delegation, welcoming that black men)elsewhere in Africa. indeed everywhere md realistic and firm stand, sincerely hopes that such in the world. are still held in bondage on grounds ish a stand will be maintained. Itispossiblefor a peaceful of their colour. To resolve this problem, one of three md and acceptable solution to the SouthernRhodesiaprob­ courses of action has to be adopted: First. trying to ga, lem to be found. It is vital that the African leaders appeal to the conscience of the white settlers in South hat who are now illegally detained shouldbefreed. Uganda . Africa by persuasion: secondly, bringing pressure on. firmly believes that a constitutional conference should to bear on South Africa by the imposition of economic :ion be convened and attended by representatives of all sanctions; thlrdly, waging war. ielp political parties. Such a conference would work out ~m. 176. The first course should be dismissed outright a constitution based on the principle of majority rule as utterly Ineffective. The South African Government ~m. which would lead the country to independence. nce has by its public utterances and actions left no doubt 170. Our stand has already been made clear-that whatever that it is bent on the abhorrent policy of if the minority r~gime declares unilateral indepen­ apartheid, whatever the rest of the world may t1'!nk :ers dence. we not only should oppose its admission into or say. The Minister for Bantu Affairs recently said: lent any of the international or regional organs to which "South Africa is threatened by Black Statesdrive;1 we we belong. but also should seriously consider recog­ by fnternational Communism. They are conducting who nizing a government in exile that might be formed. a hate campaign against the Republic. She was also the But we are optimistic and think that the smooth pas­ threatened by disloyal elements inside the country o in sage to independence of Zambia will act as a guide. and, worst of all, by voices advocating that conces­ for We shall be happy to welcome the true representatives sions should be made. There was no .turning away ~ed of Southern Rhodesia at the next session of the United from the road -followed by the Government. This ,tion Nations General Assembly. policy aims at racial purity." sing om- 171. The position of the Uganda Government on the The emphasis on racial purity could have come from territories under Portuguese administration has al­ the lips of Hitler himself. ready been stated. The basic issue is Portugal's t the insistence that Angola and Mozambique are not colo­ 177. Exertion of pressure is the onlycourse ofaction. lyof nies but part of metropolitan Portugal, thus denying which will bring about sure results with the minimum -but to the people of those colonies any possibility of cost in life and human suffering. ~e to moving towards self-determination and independence. 178. Having failed to appeal to the conscience of the lting Portugal's oppressive and discriminatory policies, South African white settler in the first instance, the 'ould and more recently its brutal attacks on and bombing African States find themselves at the mercy of the ; the of villages in Angola and Mozambique. demand the major Western trading countries. If the United King­ sary immediate attention of this Assembly. and especially dom, the United States of Atn.erlca, France. Japan Jon- of the great Powers which supply arms to Portugal. and the Federal Republic of Germany were to agree ~ing. We cannot be indifferent to the fact that lives are to economic sanctions. the battle would be won. I being lost in those two unfortunate countries. rting must also appeal to all countries. and in particular to socialist countries, not to exploit the vacuum that rule 172. The Uganda Government will not relaxitspolicy of trade sanctions against Portugal. We appeal to would thus be created. A peaceful and speedy solu­ rous Af~ican s we PortUgal to end its unrealistic policy and follow the tion of the South problem is not only in the best interest of South Africa. but also in the long­ I and example of the other colonial Powers, so that both ien it Angola and Mozambique may peacefully gain their term interests of its major economic partners rers. independence. themselves. it in 173. In considering the question of South West Africa, 179. The continued frustration of the non-whites who y not the United Nations is faced with the doctrine and comprise the majority of mankind 1s .leading to a lueS g practice of apartheid and allitsattendantevils spread­ polarization of nations along raoial lines, and may lture ing to a Trust Territory entrusted to this Organiza­ well lead to a breakdown of the United Nations. If a rtant tion. The attempted annexation of the Territory of peaceful solution cannot be found, then a shooting.war itary South West Africa by South Africa is contrary to the would be the only way out. ButI am sure that no Mem­ mtry spirit and the letter of the Charter and should stand berof the United Nations would seriously welcome ~ and condemned by all Members of the United Nations. such a development. We know that South Afri.ca is ,ther, arming itself to the teeth. We also know that, under 174. However, the biggest problem is posed by South 1- an agreement signed in 1959. it was admitted to the Africa alld its policy of apartheid. The Draconian nuclear club. It is my delegation's hope that the big r61gn laws, the massacres, the trumped-up charges. the Powers, which more than any other countries are their trials and sentences of innocent people are unaccept­ responsible for the maintenance of world peace. will :ed in able and. are reminiscent of Nazi Germany. But the do all they can to avert a. head-on collision wbich I vital indifference, .nay, the tacit support, of the Western . might result from this highly explosive situation. rn. in Powers for so atrociOlls a system is perhaps the . . . /: hance most heinous of crimes committ.~d against Africa 180. Unlike theeighteenthsession,this'sessionopened slnoe the days of the slave trade. in an atmosphere of doubt and fear. ·ei1t~ted by the 18 General Assembly - Nineteenth8ession .:.. Plenary Meetings extremely explosive situation concerning payment in the Charter in connexion with the carrying out of for peace-keeping operations~ The question now is peace-keeping operations. I whether Members of the United Nations will be able 187. The General Assembly is expressly enjoined ] to find a permanent solution to this problem. which c threatens the very existence of our Organization. It to refer any questions on which action of a peace­ is my delegation's considered opinion thatallMember keeping nature is necessary to the Security Council. 1 States. large and small. should regard the present and no provision is made in the Charter to meet a ( problem as their problem. We should attempt to find situation where the Security Council is either unable or unWilling to act. There is not even a provision a compromise solution which is in accordance with t authoriZing the Security Council to divest itself of the basic principles of this Organization. In the crisis t its powers in favour of the General Assembly. which has developed over the interpretation of Article 19 of the Charter. the small and medium. nations 188. In the view of my delegation, the last word on are in a better position to look at the issue impar­ this question of peace-keeping operations has still tially. To them. this is not a question of who is right to be said. One thing. however, must be emphasized~ but what is right, and wherein lie the best interests The Charter must be amended. The veto must go and of the United Nations. the Military staff Committee contemplated' under 181. My delegation is encouraged to note that the Article 47 must be rendered effective as a matter of two sides are not adopting an unyieiding attitudp, on urgency_ the issue. 189. It is qUite wrong to regard as sacrosanct or 182. The problem we are facing is not a straight­ inviolable a document drawn up twenty years ago by forward one of enforcing Article 19 of the Charter fewe:f than half a dozen Members and signed by less and thus only penalizing Member states which are than half the present membershipofthisOrganization. in arrears; it is an extremely complicated and dan­ 190. My Government participated with great interest gerous s~.tuation. One does llot have to be an expert and hope in the United Nations Conference on Trade jUrist of international law to observe that. right from and Development in Geneva. the main purpose of the outset when the United Nations Charter was being which was to adopt a programme of practical action worked out at the Conferences of ~mbarton Oaks in the field of international trade aimed at increasing and Yalta. it was the clear intention of founder Mem­ the exports and export earnings of developing ooun­ bers that the key organ of the United Nations in the . tries and accelerating the pace of their economic preservation of world peace was to be the Security development. Council. The salient features of the Charter are: First, the special position of the security Council 191. Although not fully satisfied with the results ,of as the sole depository of worldpeace andinternational the Conference, Uganda welcomed the good start that security; secondly, the provision that, apartfrompro­ was made, and in particular the recommendation to cedural and, therefore, relatively unimportant mat­ establish a continUing machinery as an organ of the ters, the security Council could not function save by United Nations to deal with world trade. We believe a consensus of the five permanent members. that the efforts exerted and the various recommenda­ tiOns made in Geneva could be taken a stage further 183. This undemocratic procedure. where all the big through the continUing machinery, so that the hopes five have to agree beforeimportantdecisio~saffecting and expectations of the international community international peace can be taken, has proved to-be generally, and of the developing countriesinparticular, the main weakness of the Security Council, and it has may soon be realized. The Uganda Government con­ also led to frustrations, accusations and counter­ siders this urgent and important because. as we stated accusations on the part of the big five. in Geneva.' Uganda's economy is based on export 184. The Charterhaving vestedinthe SecurityCouncil earnings from cotton and coffee, two products which the responsibility for world peace and international have perhaps had the greatest fluctuations in value. security. proceeded by a stroke of the same pento to the detriment of our economic plans. It is disap­ render it in3ffective by providing the big five with pointing to recollect, for instance, that if the prices aweto. obtainable· on the world market for those two crops in the early fifties were still current, our gross 185•. The presen.t controversy over payments for domestic income this year would be almost double peace-keeping operations has arisen becau~e the pro­ what it is at present. visions of the Charter have proved vague andunwork­ able. Instead of amending the Charter to bring it into 192. It is the earnest hope of the Government of line with the realities of the present-day- situation, Uganda that the United Nations General Assembly ail attempt has been made from time to time to by­ will soon be in a position ~o approve and adopt the pass the security Council and to conferon the General Final Act of the Conference on Trade and Develop­ Assembly, and also on the secretary-General,powers ment and establish a permanent United Nations body. which were never intended by the signatories of the My Government hopes, therefore. that this process Charter in 1945. will not be delayed undUly by the reopening of another general discussion on subjects covered at the 186. The General Assembly throughout the Charter Conference. is envisaged as a delibero.tive and recommendatory organ is dealing With international peace andsecurity. 193. Uganda welcomes the secretary-General'sdeci­ Nowhere in the Charter is the GeneralAssemblygiven sion to start a United Nations Training Research powers of action in respect of peace-keepingmatters, Institute. We have pledged ours,elves to support it. I and the secretary-General is not, even mentioned and it is our sincere hope that, thro1.1gh its training L 1293rd meeting - 7 December 1964 19 lut of programmes, the United Nations Secretariat and the 195. E'Vsnwithoutmatenalorotherbenefits, Uganda's staff of all United Nations organs will become more faith in the United Nations is strong. We believe that, >ine0, representative and better reflect the composition given goodwill and co-operation amor~ all Member laoe­ of the United Nations. states, we shall find answers to the problems before moH, 194. In conclusion, 'I should like to express my this nineteenth session and ensure the continued eet a Government's sincere gratitude and thanks to the existence of the United Nations. :lable Secretary-General and all United Nations staff for ision the wonderful help rendered to us in our attempts llf of to grapple with so many of the problems that face us. The meeting rose at 6.10 p.m. rd on still bed~ o and mder ;er of et or go by , less ltion. erest rrade 3e of Lotion asing :loun­ lomic

Its of 't that lon to of the ~lieve enda­ lrther hopes iunity mlar, ; con­ 3tated lxport which ~alue, Iisap­ lrices crops gross louble ent of embly pt the relop­ body. 'ocess lother ,t the

:decl­ ,earch >rt it, aining Utho in U.N. 77001-September 1965-2,150