DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Report COVERS.P65

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Report COVERS.P65 Integrated Assessment Results to Support Policy Decisions in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania POLEYC Project (Policy Options for Livestock-based livelihoods, and EcosYstem Conservation) Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA and the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya of the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program (GL-CRSP) University of California, Davis Integrated Assessment Results to Support Policy Decisions in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania POLEYC Project (Policy Options for Livestock-based livelihoods, and EcosYstem Conservation) Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA and the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya of the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program (GL-CRSP) University of California, Davis June 2002 Integrated Assessment Results to Aid Policy Decisions in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania By the POLEYC Project (Policy Options for Livestock-based livelihoods, and EcosYstem Conservation) Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA and the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya of the GL-CRSP (Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program) University of California, Davis Prepared by Randall B. Boone and Shauna B. BurnSilver Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory a POLEYC Principle Investigators: James E. Ellis (deceased), David M. Swift, Michael B. Coughenour, and Kathleen A. Galvin, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Regional Principle Investigators: Allan J. Kijazi, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, Ngorongoro, Tanzania (Tanzanian Coordinator), and Jenesio I. Kinyamario, Department of Botany, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (Kenya Coordinator) Other Principle Personnel: Robin S. Reid and Philip K. Thornton, International Livestock Research Institute June 2002 Copies of this report may be optained from the Global Livestock CRSP, University of California, Davis, California 95616, or see http://glcrsp.ucdavis.edu/ Front cover photos by Kathy Galvin and Randy Boone, back cover art by Randy Boone, portrait on this page by Jim DeMartini. Dedication This report is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Jim Ellis (October 1938 to March 2002), the architect of the POLEYC project. Jim’s vision of people, livestock, and wildlife existing harmoniously in sustainable landscapes continues to guide our work. His ease, skill, and experience were evident whether he was communi- cating with the world’s most recognized ecologists, listening to land managers describe the concerns they must balance, or responding respectfully to a Maasai elder. To learn more about Jim’s many contributions, please see http://nrel.colostate.edu/events/ellis.html a See Appendix A for full titles and institutional associations of project personnel TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... i Abbreviations........................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. iv Executive summary ................................................................................................................. v 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 2. POLICY QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................ 5 2.1 What is the capacity of NCA to support large herbivores?................................................ 5 2.1.1 Annual rainfall ................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Monthly rainfall ................................................................................................. 8 2.1.3 Management zones........................................................................................... 10 2.1.4 Spatial analyses ................................................................................................ 16 2.1.5 Ecological modeling ........................................................................................ 17 2.1.6 Limitations ....................................................................................................... 18 2.1.7 Estimates of appropriate stocking evaluated.................................................... 20 2.2 Where is cultivation in Ngorongoro Conservation Area?................................................ 21 2.3 What is the balance between wildlife, livestock, and human populations? .................... 27 2.4 What are potential effects of cultivation in NCA? .......................................................... 30 2.5 What are the effects of controlling livestock disease?..................................................... 38 3. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................... 45 4. LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................... 47 Appendix A Team Members and Institutional Participants in POLEYC ........................................ 51 Appendix B NCA portion of the POLEYC January 2002 trip report.............................................. 57 Appendix C Handouts used in presentations, with some KiSwahili ............................................... 62 POLEYC project of the Global Livestock CRSP i ABBREVIATIONS AE - Adult equivalent ETM - Enhanced Thematic Mapper (Landsat 7 satellite sensor) GIS - Geographic Information System GL-CRSP - Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program LHU - Large Herbivore Unit (250 kg of body mass) NCA - Ngorongoro Conservation Area NCAA - Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority PHEWS - Pastoral Household Economic Welfare Simulator POLEYC - Policy Options for Livestock-based livelihoods, and EcosYstem Conservation TLU - Tropical Livestock Unit UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization LIST OF TABLESa Table 1 Current large herbivore population estimates on NCA.......................................................... 6 Table 2 Estimates of appropriate stocking on NCA, based on Coe et al. (1976) ............................... 8 Table 3 Estimates of appropriate stocking on NCA, based on McNaughton et al. (1989)................. 9 Table 4 Estimates of appropriate stocking on NCA, based on Oesterheld et al. (1992) .................. 10 Table 5 Estimates of appropriate stocking on NCA based on monthly rainfall ............................... 12 Table 6 Estimates of appropriate stocking based on management zones .................................... 14-15 Table 7 Summary of appropriate stocking estimates ........................................................................ 20 aThe table legends shown are partial or paraphrased versions of the actual tables. Refer to the tables for full legends. POLEYC project of the Global Livestock CRSP ii LIST OF FIGURESa Figure 1 Ngorongoro Conservation Area and the surrounding area ............................................. 1 Figure 2 Human and livestock populations, and their ratio ........................................................... 3 Figure 3 Monthly net aboveground primary productivity............................................................ 11 Figure 4 Monthly estimates of plant productivity and herbivore biomass ................................... 11 Figure 5 Management zones within Ngorongoro Conservation Area ......................................... 13 Figure 6 Summary of estimates of appropriate stocking ............................................................. 19 Figure 7 Example images and cultivation mapping in NCA .................................................. 23-25 Figure 8 Mapped cultivation in NCA in February 2000 ............................................................... 26 Figure 9 Wildlife and livestock populations at different human populations ............................... 29 Figure 10 Cultivation maps used in modeling ................................................................................ 31 Figure 11 Cultivation maps used in modeling, with cultivation in two blocks .............................. 32 Figure 12 Livestock and wildlife biomass with and without cultivation........................................ 33 Figure 13 Cattle distributions with and without cultivation ........................................................... 34 Figure 14 Effects of cultivation from 0 to 50,000 ac on livestock and wildlife ............................. 34 Figure 15 Supplemental foods required by increasing human populations .................................... 35 Figure 16 Cash reserves for rich households with different human populations............................ 36 Figure 17 Livestock biomass with current and blocked cultivation ............................................... 36 Figure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Northern Tanzania Embodies What Is for Many Mt Kilimanjaro the Quintessential Africa
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd N o r t h e r n T a n z a n i a Why Go? For many visitors to Tanzania, it’s all about the north. With Moshi..............................148 snow-capped Mt Kilimanjaro, wildlife-packed Ngorongoro Machame .......................153 Crater, red-cloaked Maasai warriors and the vast plains of Marangu ........................ 154 the Serengeti, northern Tanzania embodies what is for many Mt Kilimanjaro the quintessential Africa. But there’s much more to this ma- National Park ................ 156 jestic and mythical place and it would draw scores of visitors Arusha ............................161 even if it didn’t host these African icons. Arusha National Park ....176 Crater-capped Mt Meru is a climb that rivals its taller Tarangire neighbour, dry-season wildlife watching in Tarangire Na- National Park .................181 tional Park is as good as any other park in Africa, and the Lake Manyara desolate Rift Valley landscape between Lakes Manyara and National Park ................ 183 Natron will mesmerise you. Sleep in a coff ee plantation, Lake Natron .................. 186 hunt with modern-day nomads, ride camels, canoe with hip- Ngorongoro pos…well, you get the point. Conservation Area ........ 189 You couldn’t possibly do it all in one trip, but you’ll make a lifetime of memories no matter how much time you have. Lake Eyasi ..................... 194 Serengeti National Park ................ 195 When to Go Best of Culture Arusha » Cultural Tourism Programs °C/°F Temp Rainfall inches/mm (p 168 ) 40/104 16/400 » Lake Eyasi (p 194 ) 30/86 12/300 » Coffee Tours (p 149 ) 20/68 8/200 » The Maasai (p 178 ) 10/50 4/100 Best of Nature 0/32 0 J FDNOSAJJMAM » Serengeti National Park (p 195 ) Jan-Mar The Apr-May Rain Sep-Oct The best » The Crater Highlands (p 191 ) wildebeest turns roads time to travel.
    [Show full text]
  • Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Wildlife Reserve Within World's
    Sentinel Vision EVT-439 Ngorongoro Conservation Area, wildlife reserve within 29 April 2019 World's largest crater Sentinel-2 MSI acquired on 16 September 2018 at 07:36:09 UTC Sentinel-2 MSI acquired on 24 September 2018 at 07:46:31 UTC Sentinel-1 CSAR IW acquired on 28 December 2018 at 15:55:36 UTC Author(s): Sentinel Vision team, VisioTerra, France - [email protected] 2D Layerstack Keyword(s): volcano caldera, canyon, UNESCO World heritage, biodiversity, Great African rift, Gregory rift, Tanzania Fig. 1 - S2 (16 & 24.09.2018) - 4,3,2 natural colour - Ngorongoro Conservation Area is a green island within a drier landscape. 2D view Ngorongoro Conservation Area is not only the spectacular landscape of several extensive volcano calderas nested along the Great African rift; it is also an oasis of life encompassing rare large mammals that sustains even during the dry season. UNESCO listed this spectacular location as a World Heritage site, its sheet notes: "The Ngorongoro Conservation Area (809,440 ha) spans vast expanses of highland plains, savanna, savanna woodlands and forests, from the plains of the Serengeti National Park in the north-west, to the eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley. The area was established in 1959 as a multiple land use area, with wildlife coexisting with semi-nomadic Maasai pastoralists practising traditional livestock grazing. It includes the spectacular Ngorongoro Crater, the world's largest caldera, and Olduvai Gorge, a 14km long deep ravine. The property has global importance for biodiversity conservation in view of the presence of globally threatened species such as the black Rhino, the density of wildlife inhabiting the Ngorongoro Crater and surrounding areas throughout the year, and the annual migration of wildebeest, zebra, Thompson's and Grant's gazelles and other ungulates into the northern plains." Overlook on the rim of Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania - Source: Thomas Huston.
    [Show full text]
  • First Enhancing Our Heritage Assessment at Ngorongoro Conservation Area
    2010-2011 First Enhancing our Heritage Assessment at Ngorongoro Conservation Area i Compiled by: Krissie Clark and Wayne Lotter of the PAMS Foundation, Dr Victor Runyoro, Hillary Mushi, Robert Mande, Henry Sweddy and Donatus Gadiye of Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA), and Sue Stolton (Equilibrium Research) Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the Chief Conservator, Mr. Amiyo Amiyo, Dr Justice Muumba, NCAA, UNESCO and all Workshop Participants Photographs by: Krissie Clark & Wayne Lotter i Table of Contents Introduction to the project area, Ngorongoro Conservation Area ........................................................................................................ 1 Project Background ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 The Project Workbook and Tool Kits............................................................................................................................................... 2 How the Project was carried out .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Compilation of EoH Project Report...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Tools completed during the NCA assessment ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation of Northern Tanzania During the Plio-Pleistocene: a Synthesis of the Paleobotanical Evidences from Laetoli, Olduvai, and Peninj Hominin Sites
    Quaternary International 322-323 (2014) 264e276 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint Vegetation of Northern Tanzania during the Plio-Pleistocene: A synthesis of the paleobotanical evidences from Laetoli, Olduvai, and Peninj hominin sites Doris Barboni CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, UM34, CNRS, IRD, Europole de l’Arbois, BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex 4, France article info abstract Article history: More than 40 years of scientific investigations of the hominin bearing Plio-Pleistocene sediments of Available online 5 February 2014 northern Tanzania have provided a number of paleobotanical data, which, taken as a whole, provide today a way to investigate vegetation changes between 4 and 1 Ma, at a time when our early ancestors emerged. Here, I have integrated the data from all vegetation proxies obtained for the paleontological sites of Laetoli, Olduvai, and Peninj (i.e. macroscopic plant remains, pollen and phytolith assemblages, carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios measured on carbonates, and organic biomarkers). This important, yet discontinuous botanical record suggests some similarities between past and present-day vegetation at the regional scale: Afromontane forests with Olea, Podocarpus, Juniperus, Hagenia abyssinica in the highlands, and wooded grasslands with grasses and drought-adapted Acacia, Commiphora, Cappar- idaceae, and Chenopodiaceae and/or Amaranthaceae in the lowlands were present in the southern SerengetieCrater Highlands region since 4 Ma. Grasses of the C4 photosynthetic type made their first appearance in the record at w3.7 Ma, i.e. during the mid-Pliocene, w700 ky before major pCO2 and temperature decline. C4 grasses became dominant in the vegetation soon after (w3.66 Ma), probably in response to reduced precipitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ngorongoro Conservation Area
    nGoronGor conservation area enGLisH www.ngorongorocrater.org Welcome to ngorongoro Dear Esteemed Visitor, We are delighted to have you at the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tanzania, to participate and share the most outstanding tourism experiences of your lifetime. NCA is a world-class tourist destination. The area was established in 1959 as a multiple land use area, with wildlife coexisting with semi-nomadic Maasai pastoralists practicing traditional livestock grazing. Due to its outstanding natural universal values, it was the first to be inscribed, as a Tanzanian site, on the World Heritage List in 1979. In 2010, UNESCO inscribed NCA as a mixed property on the World Heritage List. Internationally, NCA is also recognized as a part of Serengeti-Ngorongoro Biosphere Reserve, under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program since 1981. NCA is the most successful multiple used managed area (IUCN Protected Area Category VI) in the world, where indigenous people (estimated at 88,000people) are, so far, living harmoniously and peacefully with wildlife. NCA also contains the spectacular Ngorongoro Crater (250 km2), which is the world's largest unbroken caldera in the Eastern (Great) Rift Valley. There is a large population of wild ungulates in the crater, including the only visible population of black rhinoceros in their natural environment. The crater also has the densest known population of lion. NCA is the only conservation area in the world where visitors are likely to see elephant, rhino, lion, leopard and buffalo, in their natural environment, within a span of four-hour drive inside the Ngorongoro crater. 2 The Empakai Crater, pristine paradise caldera, is also situated in the highlands of NCA.
    [Show full text]
  • Ngorongoro Conservation Area Tanzania
    NGORONGORO CONSERVATION AREA TANZANIA An immense concentration of wild animals live in the huge and perfect crater of Ngorongoro. It is home to a small relict population of black rhinoceros and some 25,000 other large animals, largely ungulates, alongside the highest density of mammalian predators in Africa. Lake-filled Empakaai crater and the active volcano of Oldonyo Lenga are nearby. Excavations in the Olduvai Gorge and Laetoli to the west, have resulted in discoveries such as Homo habilis and 3.5 million-year old human footprints which have made the area one of the world’s most important for research on the evolution of the human species. Threats to the site: The greatly increased pressures of tourism and high numbers of Maasai pastoralists and settlers have begun to degrade the quality of the site. COUNTRY Tanzania NAME Ngorongoro Conservation Area MIXED NATURAL AND CULTURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITE 1979: Inscribed on the World Heritage List under Natural Criteria vii, viii, ix and x. 1984-1988: Listed as World Heritage in danger owing to conflict with the Maasai. 2010: Inscribed on the World Heritage List as a Cultural Landscape under Cultural Criterion iv. STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE The UNESCO World Heritage Committee issued the following Statement of Outstanding Universal Value at the time of inscription: Brief Synthesis The Ngorongoro Conservation Area (809,440 ha) spans vast expanses of highland plains, savanna, savanna woodlands and forests, from the plains of the Serengeti National Park in the north-west, to the eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley. The area was established in 1959 as a multiple land use area, with wildlife coexisting with semi- nomadic Maasai pastoralists practising traditional livestock grazing.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcolapia Grahami)
    Evolution of Fish in Extreme Environments: Insights from the Magadi tilapia (Alcolapia grahami) Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences (Dr. rer. Nat) Presented by Geraldine Dorcas Kavembe at the Faculty of Sciences Department of Biology Konstanz, 2015 Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-290866 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The University of Konstanz is a wonderful place to study fish biology. It is strategically located at the heart of Lake Constance (the Bodensee) and at the mouth of River Rhine. Even more fascinating, I have been very fortunate to pursue my PhD studies surrounded by an inspiring group of budding and accomplished evolutionary biologists, who define the Meyer lab. I must admit it is impossible to acknowledge all individuals who in one way or another contributed to the completion of this thesis, but I would like to acknowledge some key individuals and institutions for their significant contributions. First, I thank my supervisors: Prof. Dr. Axel Meyer and Prof Dr. Chris Wood for accepting to mentor and walk with me during my PhD research. The great discussions, immense support and your patience with me gave me the impetus to carry on even when everything seemed impossible. Axel and Chris, thank you for believing and investing your time and resources in me. I thank Prof. Dr. Mark van Kleunen for accepting to serve in my defense committee. I am grateful to Dr. Gonzalo Machado-Schiaffino who despite constantly reminding me that he was not my supervisor has been my undercover mentor throughout all my projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Rift Valley
    Great Rift Valley For other uses, see Great Rift Valley (disambiguation). Rift Valley (African rift valley) The Great Rift Valley is a name given in the late 19th century by British explorer John Walter Gregory to the continuous geographic trench, approximately 6,000 kilo- metres (3,700 mi) in length, that runs from northern Jordan Rift Valley in Asia to Mozambique in South East- ern Africa.[1] The name continues in some usages, al- though it is today considered geologically imprecise as New Ocean Basin it combines features that are today regarded as separate, (Red Sea) although related, rift and fault systems. Today, the term is most often used to refer to the val- ley of the East African Rift, the divergent plate boundary which extends from the Afar Triple Junction southward across eastern Africa, and is in the process of splitting the African Plate into two new separate plates. Geolo- gists generally refer to these incipient plates as the Nubian Mature Ocean Plate and the Somali Plate. (Atlantic) Mid-Ocean Ridge Sediments Crust 1 Theoretical extent Mantle Diagram of a rift valley’s future evolution into a sea. 2 Asia Further information: Sinai peninsula The northernmost part of the Rift, today called the Dead Sea Transform or Rift, forms the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon separating the Lebanon Mountains and Anti- Lebanon Mountains. Further south it is known as the Hula Valley separating the Galilee mountains and the Golan Heights.[3] Satellite image of a graben in the Afar Depression. The River Jordan begins here and flows southward through Lake Hula into the Sea of Galilee in Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • Widespread Colonisation of Tanzanian Catchments by Introduced Oreochromis Tilapia Fishes: the Legacy from Decades of Deliberate Introduction
    Shechonge, A., Ngatunga, B. P., Bradbeer, S. J., Day, J. J., Freer, J. J., Ford, A. G. P., Kihedu, J., Richmond, T., Mzighani, S., Smith, A. M., Sweke, E. A., Tamatamah, R., Tyers, A. M., Turner, G. F., & Genner, M. J. (2019). Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced Oreochromis tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction. Hydrobiologia, 832(1), 235-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3597-9 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1007/s10750-018-3597-9 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via SPRINGER at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10750-018-3597-9 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Hydrobiologia https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3597-9 ADVANCES IN CICHLID RESEARCH III Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced Oreochromis tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction Asilatu Shechonge . Benjamin P. Ngatunga . Stephanie J. Bradbeer . Julia J. Day . Jennifer J. Freer . Antonia G. P. Ford . Jonathan Kihedu . Tabitha Richmond . Semvua Mzighani . Alan M. Smith . Emmanuel A. Sweke . Rashid Tamatamah .
    [Show full text]
  • Tanzania National Single Species Action Plan 2010-2020 for the Conservation of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias Minor)
    THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM WILDLIFE DIVISION Sustainable Wetlands Management Program Tanzania National Single Species Action Plan 2010-2020 for the Conservation of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) (Photo courtesy Ma Aeberhard) February 2010 For the establishment of Community Based Natural Resource Management of Wetlands Tanzania Na onal Single Species Ac on Plan 2010-2020 for the Conserva on of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) 1 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM WILDLIFE DIVISION Sustainable Wetlands Management Program Tanzania National Single Species Action Plan 2010-2020 for the Conservation of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) February 2010 For the establishment of Community Based Natural Resource Management of Wetlands Tanzania Na onal Single Species Ac on Plan 2010-2020 for the Conserva on of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) © Wildlife Division, 2011 For further informa on, please contact: Director Wildlife, Wildlife Division, PO Box 1994, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Phone: 255 22 2866408, 2866376, 2866418. Fax: 255 22 2865836, 2863496.Foreword E-mail: [email protected]., ii Tanzania Na onal Single Species Ac on Plan 2010-2020 for the Conserva on of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) Acknowledgements The Director of Wildlife wishes to acknowledge the following: Prepared with Financial and Technical Assistance from: Danida support to Sustainable Wetlands Management Program (SWMP), helped fund the mee ngs, workshops and prin ng of the fi rst dra and publica on. Flamingo Land, supported the publica on of the fi nal document. The support from BirdLife Interna onal for the par cipa on of regional specialists to a end mee ngs, is highly appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • United Republic of Tanzania
    1 United Republic of Tanzania GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE AND POPULATION The United Republic of Tanzania consists of the mainland and Zanzibar, which is made up of the islands Unguja and Pemba. Its total area is 945 090 km2. The country is bordered in the north by Kenya and Uganda, in the east by the Indian Ocean, in the south by Mozambique and in the west by Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. The Indian Ocean coast is some 1 300 km long, while in the northwest there are 1 420 km of shoreline on Lake Victoria, in the centre-west there are 650 km of shoreline on Lake Tanganyika and, in the southwest, 305 km of shoreline on Lake Malawi. The terrain comprises plains along the coast, a plateau in the central area, and highlands in the north and south. The northeast border with Kenya is dominated by Mt. Meru and Mt. Kilimanjaro. Southwards is the Central Plateau reaching elevations above 2000 m. The mountain range of the Southern Highlands separates the Eastern plateau from the rest of the country. Land cover is dominated by woodland, grassland and bushland which account for about 80 percent of the total land area. Cultivable area is estimated to be 40 million ha, or 42 percent of the total land area. In 2002, 13 percent of the cultivable area was actually cultivated, comprising 4 million ha of arable land and 1.1 million ha under permanent crops (Table 1). The climate varies from tropical along the coast to temperate in the highlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Lakes of the East African Rift System
    Appendix: Lakes of the East African Rift System Alkalinity Country Lake Latitude Longitude Type Salinity [‰]pH [meq LÀ1] Djibouti Assal 11.658961 42.406998 Hypersaline 158–277a,d NA NA Ethiopia Abaja/Abaya 6.311204 37.847671 Fresh-subsaline <0.1–0.9j,t 8.65–9.01j,t 8.8–9.4j,t Ethiopia A¯ bay Ha¯yk’ 7.940916 38.357706 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Abbe/Abhe Bad 11.187832 41.784325 Hypersaline 160a 8f NA Ethiopia Abijata/Abiyata 7.612998 38.597603 Hypo-mesosaline 4.41–43.84f,j,t 9.3–10.0f,t 102.3–33.0f,j Ethiopia Afambo 11.416091 41.682701 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Afrera (Giulietti)/ 13.255318 40.899925 Hypersaline 169.49g 6.55g NA Afdera Ethiopia Ara Shatan 8.044060 38.351119 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Arenguade/Arenguadi 8.695324 38.976388 Sub-hyposaline 1.58–5.81r,t 9.75–10.30r,t 34.8–46.0t Ethiopia Awassa/Awasa 7.049786 38.437614 Fresh-subsaline <0.1–0.8f,j,t 8.70–8.92f,t 3.8–8.4f,t Ethiopia Basaka/Beseka/ 8.876931 39.869957 Sub-hyposaline 0.89–5.3c,j,t 9.40–9.45j,t 27.5–46.5j,t Metahara Ethiopia Bischoftu/Bishoftu 8.741815 38.982053 Fresh-subsaline <0.1–0.6t 9.49–9.53t 14.6t Ethiopia Budamada 7.096464 38.090773 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Caddabassa 10.208165 40.477524 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Chamo 5.840081 37.560654 Fresh-subsaline <0.1–1.0j,t 8.90–9.20j,t 12.0–13.2j,t Ethiopia Chelekleka 8.769979 38.972268 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Chitu/Chiltu/Chittu 7.404516 38.420191 Meso-hypersaline 19.01–64.16 10.10–10.50 22.6–715.0f,t f,j,t f,j,t Ethiopia Gemeri/Gummare/ 11.532507 41.664848 Fresh-subsaline <0.10–0.70a,f 8f NA Gamari Ethiopia Guda/Babogaya/ 8.787114 38.993297
    [Show full text]